Joseph Mashao Managing Director SMA Solar Technology...

SMA Solar Technology AG

Joseph Mashao

Managing Director

SMA Solar Technology South Africa (Pty) Ltd

Decentral Energy Concepts with Sunny Island

Solar and Off-Grid Renewables Africa Nairobi: 04 – 05 March 2014

1


Agenda

1. Introduction SMA Off-Grid Solutions

2. Functions

3. Components

4. Installation

5. Battery Technology

6. Communication in Island Systems

7. Dimensioning

2


Introduction SMA Off-Grid concepts

3


Off-Grid solution

4


DC Coupling

> Connection of PV array and load via a DC power bus

PV array Load

DC power bus

Charge controller

Example 2: Solar home system (with battery)

DC power bus

Battery

Example 1: DC water pump (without battery)

DC power bus

PV array Load

5


AC Coupling

> Connection of sources and loads via an AC bus

PV array

PV inverter

Load Source

AC power bus

6

Example 1: PV inverter feeds an AC power bus (typical for utility connected systems)


AC Coupling

> Connection of PV array and load via an AC power bus

Example 2: SMA off-grid systems (micro grid/mini grid)

Load

PV array

PV inverter Battery inverter

Battery

AC power bus

7


Advantages of AC Coupling:

> Independent energy supply (self-sufficient)

> Free choice of power sources and loads (flexible)

> Simple to expand even after many years (expandable)

> Large distance between components possible (decentralized)

Load

PV array

PV inverter Battery inverter

Battery

AC power bus

8

SMA Solar Technology AG 9

Sunny Island – Standard Installation


Sunny Island – Extendable


Sunny Island – Modular Design


Sunny Island – Multiple Energy Sources


Sunny Island – Power in Network Quality


Technical data

Technical data SI 8.0H SI 6.0H

AC

AC power 30 min 8000 W 6000 W

Rated power 6000 W 4600 W

DC

Rated input voltage 48 V 48 V

Rated DC charging current 115 A 90 A

Fea

ture

s /

fun

ctio

n

1~ paral. | 3~ | Multicluster || ||

Mixed systems |Easy to Use | |

SOC | SOH | |

Display SRC-20 SRC-20

Ge

ne

ral

da

ta Operation temperature range

-25 °C ... +60 °C

-25 °C ... +60 °C

Protection class IP54 IP54

14


Sunny Island – Basic Tasks

> Grid forming

> Supply and control of frequency

> Supply and control of voltage

> Supply of power

> Supply of active power

> Supply of reactive power

> Transfer and conversion of energy

> Conversion from AC into DC form for battery charge

> Conversion from DC into AC form for supply of energy

[f] [U]

[P] [Q]

~ =

15


Product Portfolio

Nominal AC-Output at 25 ºC

16

MC-Box-6 MC-Box-12 (U) MC-Box-36

30Min.AC-Output at 25 ºC

6 12 36

48 96 kW 288

36 72 kW 216

55 110 kW 328

1Min. AC-Output at 25 ºC

SI 6.0H SI 8.0H

6,0

4,6

6,8 (5 Min)

8,0

6,0

9,1 (5 Min)

6,0 4,5

7,0 5,3

8,4 (1 Min) 8,4 (1 Min)

SI 4548-US SI 6048-US


Sunny Remote Control

> The SI system is configured with Sunny Remote Control

> Connection to Sunny Island 6.0 H via an RJ45 data cable

(max. length 20 m)

> Four-line display showing operating data

> SD card slot

> Loading and saving parameters

> Saving the event history and fault history

> e.g. 4 years in one-minute intervals

> Firmware updates

SMA Flexible Storage System


Battery Inverter Sunny Island, the Manager of the Off-Grid System

18


Application Examples

> Sunny Island forms and controls the stand-alone grid (battery, generator and load management)

> PV array and PV inverter supply the stand-alone grid (AC-coupled) with electricity

> Battery stores electricity

> Self-sufficiency period depends on battery capacity

Straight Off-Grid System

PV array

PV inverter

Battery

Load

Battery inverter

19






> When the battery is empty, the combustion generator supplies the loads and charges the battery (grid-

forming) 20

Off-Grid System and Combustion Generator

PV array

PV inverter

Battery

Load

Battery inverter

Combustion generator






> When the battery is empty, the public grid supplies the loads and charges the battery.

Off-Grid System and Public Grid

Battery inverter

Load Public grid

PV inverter

PV array

Battery

21


> In normal operation, the public grid supplies the loads and charges the battery

> If the grid fails, the Sunny Island forms a stand-alone grid after a maximum of 30 ms, and supplies the

loads

> Hold-up time depends on battery capacity

Straight Backup System

22

Power distribution grid

Battery inverter

Battery

Load



Functions

23


Basic principle of battery supply


Off-Grid system with solar power

PPV < PLoad


Off-Grid system with solar power

PPV > PLoad


Off-Grid system with solar and generator power

PPV < PLoad


Adjustable battery SOC limits

29

SOC

100%

70%

50%

40%

SOC1 – State-of-Charge Limit for generator start

User set to 70% (example)

Generator start requested


Adjustable battery SOC Limits

30

SOC

100%

70%

50%

40%

Generator Failure !

SOC2 – State-of-Charge Limit for load shedding

User set to 50% (example)

System SOC warning

Load shedding


Components

31


Components & Functions

AC 2 AC1

Public Grid Battery PV array Wind turbine systems

Hydro-electric systems

Consumption

Gas/Diesel Generator

Bi-directional Battery Inverter

PV Inverter Windy Boy Hydro Boy Load

32


PV Inverters in Off-Grid Systems

> SMA PV inverters can be used in off-grid

systems *

> All Sunny Boys with transformer

> All Sunny Boys without transformer

> All Sunny Mini Centrals

> All Sunny Tripower 10000-17000 TL-10

> All Sunny Tripower 5000-9000 TL-20

* Observe special requirements in off-grid operation: set to off-grid mode

33


BatFuse

> As an external DC fuse, the BatFuse secures the battery connection cables and enables DC

disconnection (without load)

34

Load shedding contactor

BatFuse-B.03

Battery

Sunny Island Charger

Sunny Island

Line Protection of SIC 40 e.g. 63 A circuit breaker


BatFuse

> All-pole fusing near by the battery

> NH (low voltage high power) fuse

> Inclusive fuse link + spare fuse

> ‚Always‘ necessary

> BatFuse-B.01

> For one Sunny Island (AC, one phase)

> BatFuse-B.03

> For three Sunny Island (Commercial installation)

35


> Several options for controlling internal and external

processes

> two relays integrated in the Sunny Island (potential-

free contacts)

> Relay function as contact

> Configuration: In menu #241

> 241.01 Rly1Op

> 241.02 Rly2Op

> Functions/contactor/fault controlling

> Functions: load shedding and generator request at

master

Multi-Function Relay

NC

NO

C

36


Relay Functions: (Expert)

Function / Settings:

Meaning: Function Description:

Off Relay remains permanently switched off (deactivated)

On Relay remains permanently switched on (e.g. relay function test during commissioning)

AutoGn Automatic generator request

Generator is automatically connected due to set criteria (see section 14.1.5 "Automatic Generator Operation" (page 112)) zugeschaltet

AutoLodExt Automatic load shedding depending on an external source

Automatic connection/disconnection of loads. Connecting only if the device is connected to an external source (e.g. generator) or if the absorption phase is active

AutoLodSoc1 Auto LoadShedding Soc1 Automatic connection/disconnection of loads. Connecting only if SOC limit 1 has exceeded the set value again

AutoLodSoc2 Auto LoadShedding Soc2 Automatic load disconnection. Connecting only if SOC limit 2 has exceeded the set value again

Tm1 Timer 1 (time-controlled switching of relay 1) Programmable time (timer) (once, daily, weekly) with duty cycle

Tm2 Timer 2 (time-controlled switching of relay 2) Programmable time (timer) (once, daily, weekly) with duty cycle

ExtPwrDer The off-grid inverter controls additional loads in order to put excess energy to practical use

37


> Internal relay switches on (e.g.) an external power contactor (load shedding contactor)

> Safety function prior to deep discharge of battery

Load Management: Load Shedding

AC power contactor

DC power contactor

Low energy generation

Fully discharged battery

High energy demand

High energy demand

38


Load Management: Load Shedding

> Example: The load-shedding function should not be active at night (from 6.00pm to 6.00am) if

possible, as the battery may be discharged by up to SOC= 30% before the load-shedding contactor

is connected

39


Load Shedding Contactors

> For different power ranges

> 45A and 100A

> 48 V DC

> 3-Pole Contactor

> All loads should be connected with a

contactor (danger of battery discharging

in spite of load shedding)

> However, selective load shedding of

only one load group is possible

40


> Through the off-grid frequency, the Sunny Island can limit the output power of the PV and wind

inverters so as to prevent battery overload

Generator Management: Power Adjustment via Frequency

f= 50 Hz

Low energy demand

Fully charged battery High

energy generation

f= (50+∆f) Hz

41


Frequency Shift Power Control

> No additional communication necessary

> A rising grid frequency lowers the energy output of the Sunny Boys

PAC [%]

FAC [Hz]+1 +2 +3-1-2-3 f0

50

100

FAC-Start Delta (1Hz)

FAC-Limit Delta (2Hz)

+4

FAC-Delta+ (4,5Hz)

-4

FAC-Delta- (4,5Hz)

42


> The Sunny Island supports the integration of external

energy sources

> The integration of the combustion generator or the

power distribution grid takes place via the AC-2

terminal

> Integration can be one-phase or three-phase

> Depending on the battery state of charge or the load

power, a combustion generator can be started and

stopped

> Important points for the Sunny Island:

> Grid-forming or parallel to the grid

> Manual start or remote start

> Remote start with one or two contacts

Generator Management

43


> In this case, the Sunny Island does not have the option of starting the generator

> By monitoring the generator input (AC-2), the Sunny Island can determine whether the voltage and

frequency of the generator are within the set limits, then synchronize and connect

Manual Generator Start

44

Generator that cannot be started remotely

Sunny Island

Island grid

Generator


> In this case, the Sunny Island has the option of starting the generator. It requests the generator using the

GnReq signal

> If the generator voltage and frequency are within the set limits, the device is synchronized and switched

on following the warm up time (#233/12)

Automatic Generator Start

45

Generator that can be started remotely

GnReq signal

Sunny Island

Island grid


Automatic Generator Start

> Example: If possible, the combustion generator should not run at night. From 6.00am to 6.00pm, the

generator is started with an SOC= 40%. From 6.00pm to 6.00am, the battery may be discharged to

30% before the generator starts

46


Sunny Island Charger SIC50

> The universally usable Sunny Island Charger from SMA

> Its broad DC input voltage range makes sensible system configuration possible for almost all PV

modules

> Thanks to the integrated MPP tracking system, the charger guarantees an energy yield between 15 to

30% higher than that of conventional charge controllers

47


DC Coupling with SIC

> For 12/24/48 V off-grid systems (630/1250/2100W)

> Parallel connection of up to four devices

> BMS for OPzS and OPzV

> Part of SMA communication bus

> Efficiency > 98%

50

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

95

100

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400

PPV in W

eta

in %

C-Muster@70V

C-Muster@85V

C-Muster@100V

Battery

Sunny Island

PV array

Sunny Island Charger

Sunny Boy

Generator Load

48


Technical Data SI Charger

49


Measuring Shunt

> Separate measuring shunt for battery current measurement on the DC side

> Use with DC generators or DC loads, the Sunny Island cannot measure internal power accurately and

the battery’s charge state is not precisely determined otherwise

> 200 and 600 A available

> The measuring shunt must be looped around the negative pole of the battery

> Use intrinsically safe and twisted cables

> Compatible with Sunny Island 6.0H, 8.0H

50

Sunny Island

DC -

Battery

DC -

BatCur + BatCur -


> The Multicluster Boxes allow easy installation of off-grid systems from 30 to 300 kW

> For this purpose, between two and twelve three-phase clusters consisting of three SI 5048 or 6.0H and

8.0H mixed can be connected in parallel

> The Multicluster Boxes were specially developed as AC distribution centers for connecting generators

and for supplying loads

Multicluster Box

51


Three Phase Sunny Island Systems


52

MC-Box-6 MC-Box-12 MC-Box-36


6 12 36

48 96 kW 288

36 72 kW 216

55 110 kW 328


SI 6.0H SI 8.0H

6,0

4,6

6,8 (5 Min)

8,0

6,0

9,1 (5 Min)


Multicluster Box

53


Technical Data MC-Box

54


Technical Data MC-Box

55


> Communication lines allow communication (synchronization) between the Sunny Island and the Multicluster Box

Interior View of the Multicluster Box 6

56


Multiclusterbox

57


1 Phase parallel Sunny Island System

58

Slave 1 Slave 2

Loads

Battery

Battery fuse

Solar modules

Sunny WebBox

optional

Synchronous Generator

optional

Equipotential bar with foundation earth


RC

D

Sunny Island

Sunny Island

Charger 50

M aster

Sunny Boy,

Sunny M ini Central

Solar modules

Comments:

Live wire

Neutral wire

Earth wire (PE)

Negative DC wire

Positive DC wire

Communication wire

Further options:

Instead of using a generator the public grid (TN type only) can be

connected to the system

The Sunny Island can control different operations automatically depending

on SOC, power, time, ...

e.g. Automatic generator start, load shedding

optional

optional

optional

Sunny Remote

Control


3-Phase Sunny Island System

59

Loads

Battery

Battery fuse

Sunny Boy,

Sunny M ini Central,

Sunny Tripower

Solar modules

Sunny WebBox

optional

Synchronous generator

Equipotential bar with

foundation earth


RC

D

Sunny Island

M aster Slave 1 Slave 2

Sunny Island

Charger 50

Solar modules

optional

Comments:

Live wire

N eutral wire

Earth wire (PE)

N egative DC wire

Positive DC wire

Communication wire

Further options:


connected to the system.

The Sunny Island can control different operations automatically depending

on SOC, power, time…


optional

Sunny Remote

Control


Planned village power supply (>100 kW)

60

Sunny Island

Charger 50

Cluster 1 Cluster 2 Cluster y Cluster z

to

Cluster 3

(not for M C-Box 6)from

Cluster x

Battery fuse

Sunny Boy,

Sunny M ini Central,

Sunny Tripower

M ulticluster Box 6 , 12 or 36

Generator

contactorLoadshedding

Sunny

Webbox

External

Communication

External

Communication

Solar modules

PV Unterverteilung / PV–Subdistribution Box

PO

WER

SY

STE

M

RE

PO

RT

ME

MO

RY

SM

AC

OM

NE

TCO

M

US

BC

OM

Sunny

WebBox

BatteryBattery

Battery fuse Battery fuseBattery fuse

Battery Battery

Sunny Island

Loads

RC

DR

CD

optional

AC - Service Pa nel

Loads

Solar modules

Synchronous Generator (optional)

Equipotential bar with foundation earth

Comments:

Live wire

Neutral wire

Earth wire (PE)

Negative DC wire

Positive DC wire

Communication wire

Further options:


connected to the system

The Sunny Island can control different operations automatically

depending on SOC, power, time, ...


optional optional optional optional

Solar modules Solar modules Solar modules

Sunny Remote

Control


Battery Technology

61


Battery in an Off-Grid System

> The purpose of the battery is to ensure that the supply and demand of energy are always in balance

> All Sunny Island systems require a battery

> It is one of the most important components in an Off-Grid system

Sunny Island

Battery

62


Battery in an Off-Grid System

> Overcharging or deep discharging of the battery will shorten its service life

> SMA battery management can help prevent battery damage

> SMA battery management prolongs the service life of the battery

63

Battery damage: Condition: Countermeasures:

Corrosion Irreversible Avoid overcharging

Sulfation Irreversible Avoid deep discharging

Acid stratification Reversible Gas loading and "mechanical" circulation

Cell divergence Voltages (V)

Reversible Selective overcharging and evenly distributed thermal load

Siltation Irreversible Avoid deep discharging, Avoid overcharging

Desiccation Irreversible Avoid overcharging


Battery design life time

64


VRLA / OPzV

Valve Regulated Lead Acid: Closed lead-acid batteries with electrolyte fixed in gel or glass mat in all standard designs currently on the market (e.g., OPzV)

FLA / OPzS

Flooded Lead Acid: Closed lead-acid batteries with liquid electrolyte in all designs currently on the market (e.g., OPzS).

NiCd / FNC

Nickel Cadmium: Closed nickel cadmium batteries with pocket-type plate or fiber plate design

Battery Type

65


Discharge Time

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100

Av

aila

ble

ca

pa

city

in A

h

Discharge time in h

Battery 10 OPzS 1250

66


Battery Capacity

> The nominal capacity is always relative to the discharge time that C n refers to

Type C100/1.85 V Ah

C50/1.85 V Ah

C24/1.83 V Ah

C10/1.80 V Ah

C5/1.77 V Ah

Max. weight kg

Length L mm

Width B mm

Height H mm

Fig.

4 OPzV solar.power 250 250.0 225.0 225.6 207.0 188.5 20.0 105 208 420 A







8 OPzV solar.power 1000 1080.0 995.0 981.6 910.0 795.0 68.0 215 193 710 B




16 OPzV solar.power 2300 2320.0 2235.0 2210.4 2030.0 1695.0 165.0 215 400 815 C

20 OPzV solar.power 2900 2930.0 2795.0 2760.0 2540.0 2125.0 200.0 215 490 815 D


C100,C50, C24, C10, nd C5 = capacity at 100, 50, 24, 10 and 5 hours of discharge time

67


Battery Capacity in Sunny Island System

> The battery capacity in a Sunny Island must be indicated as the nominal capacity for a ten hour

discharge rate C10 ("221.02 NomBatCpy" parameter)

> If this rated capacity is not specified in the battery manufacturer's data sheet, it can be estimated

based on the data for other discharging times as follows:

C10 C1/0.61

C10 C5/0.88

C10 C10

C10 C20/1.09

C10 C100/1.25

C10 C120/1.28

68


Battery Terms

69

SOC

State of Charge: The state of charge refers to the percentage amount of battery capacity that is currently available

DOD

Depth of Discharge: The depth of discharge is an alternative method for displaying the state of charge of a battery. DOD can be indicated as a percentage or in units of ampere-hour

SOH

State of Health: The state of health of a battery refers to the percentage amount of usable capacity relative to rated capacity C n

Total number of battery cycles

A battery cycle is the complete cycle of charging and discharging of a battery


Battery Terms

> Only when a cell is new its usable capacity will match the rated capacity specified by the battery

manufacturer

> (e.g., rated capacity 1000 Ah a C 10 and 20 ºC)

2 V 2 V

1000 Ah 1000 Ah

70


Cell condition: "Used"

Battery Terms: SOH

Cell condition: "New"

0%

100% Nominal capacity

0%

90% current, max.

Capacity

> As a battery ages, its usable capacity may temporarily or permanently drop by a significant margin

(new)

(used)

capacity Nominal

capacity max.Current SOH

71


0%

100%

SOC

0%

100%

SOC



Battery Terms: SOH and SOC

> The Sunny Island can use a self-adapting procedure to determine the state of health.

> Required time: approx. 4 to 8 weeks

72


0%

100%

SOC

0%

100%

SOC



Battery Terms: DOD and SOC

SOC

DOD

0%

100%

SOC

DOD

100%

0%

SOCDOD100% )x.capacity(currentma

73


0%

100%

SOC

0%

100%

SOC

Battery Terms: Maximum Depth of Discharge

SOC

DOD

0%

100%

SOC

DOD

0%

100%

SOC

DOD

0%

100%

0%

100%

SOC

DOD

0%

MinMax)x.capacity(currentma SOCDOD100%

74




Service life in cycles

75


Battery Temperature

> The battery temperature is taken into consideration when the charging voltage is calculated

> The present capacity for the Sunny Island is automatically adjusted for the current temperature

Battery temperature sensor

76


Charging Voltage

77

Ambient temperature

Charging voltage in relation to ambient temperature (continous battery power supply)

Cha

rgin

g v

olta

ge

per

cel

l


State of Charge Determination

> The Sunny Island has a very precise internal state of charge

calculation ("120.01 BatSoc" display value) that is based on three

different methods of calculation:

> 1. Ampere hour balancing

> 2. Recalibration via battery voltage (at night)

> 3. Calculation of self-discharges and charge losses caused by

gassing

> Both the ampere hour balancing and recalibration via battery

voltage methods will automatically adapt themselves to the

connected battery over time (approx. 4 to 8 weeks)

> If other loads or generators are connected to the battery, then an

external battery current sensor (shunt) must be connected to

allow the proper functioning of the state of charge calculation

Ah Ah

78


Boost Charge(U0 Phase)

Full Charge(U0 Phase)

Equalization Charge(U0 Phase)

Float Charge(U Phase)

Silent Mode(Ruhephase)

Cha rging Process

Ch

arg

ing

Ph

ase

s

Manuell

3 2

2

54

76

4 4

explanations:1: If BatVtg = BatChrgVtg 2: after time CycTmEqu (#225.05)3: after time CycTmFul (#225.04)4: if AptTmRmg = 0 (#120.04)5: if SOC < 70 % (#120.01)6: only with Grid, after time SilentTmFlo (#224.02)7: only with Grid, after time SilentTmMax (#224.03)

I-Phase

1

Charging Process

79


Battery Preservation Mode

Level 1: "223.05 BatPro1Soc" parameter For example: SOC limit < 20%

4W

4W

0h 6h 12h 18h 24h

BatPro1TmStp BatPro1TmStp

Standby Operation Standby

> The battery preservation mode is designed to prevent, to the greatest degree possible, any deep

discharge of the battery when the energy supply is low, thus avoiding total system failure and battery

damage.

> The first level is used to switch the inverter to standby mode when there is no urgent need for power (e.g.,

at night). For example: only if SOC limit is < 20%

80



Level 2: "223.03 BatPro2TmStr" parameter. For example: 8 a.m.

Energy supply

Charging the battery

4W

4W

0h 6h 12h 18h 24h

BatPro2TmStp BatPro2TmStr

Standby Regular starts Standby

> The second level of the battery preservation mode ensures that the inverter regularly starts every two hours

during the time window when a supply of energy is expected and then attempts to charge the battery from

the AC side. For PV plants, the time window is daytime.

81


Automatic shutdown


Level 3: "223.07 BatPro3Soc" parameter. For example: SOC limit < 10%

0 W

0h 6h 12h 18h 24h

> The third level ensures that the battery is protected from deep discharging and associated damage

> The inverter is completely shutdown for this purpose

> "Last protective function„

82


Different battery sizes - 24 x 2V cells


Different battery sizes - parallel connection


Battery Systems bad


Battery Systems good


Installation

88


Grounding and DC connection - Sunny Island

Sunny Island

Battery 48 V

Battery Fuse

+ -

> Grounding connection in use without

Multi Cluster box!

> Recommended cable size 16mm²

> Cable lug M8


DC connection - 1 phase system with 1 Sunny Island

Sunny Island

Battery 48 V

Battery Fuse

Bat +

Bat -

+ -


> Cable lug M8

> Same cable length

> Max torque clamps 5-6 NM


DC connection - 1 phase system 3 Sunny Island in parallel

Master Slave 2 Slave 1

Battery 48 V

Battery Fuse

Bat +

Bat -

+ -


Sunny Island

> Cable lug M8

> Same cable length


91


DC connection - 3 phase / Multi Cluster system

Master (L1) Slave 2 (L3) Slave 1 (L2)

Battery 48 V

+ - Bat +

Bat -


Sunny Island

> Maximum cable size 185mm²

BatFsue-B.03

> Cable lug M8

> Same cable length


Battery Fuse

92


AC 1/2 connection - 1 phase system with 1 Sunny Island

Equipotential-bar Generator

Loads Connection necessary


AC 1/2 connection - 1 phase system 3 Sunny Island in parallel

Equipotential-bar


Generator Loads

Connection necessary


AC 1/2 connection - 3 phase system

Equipotential-bar


Generator Loads



Multi Cluster Systems

MC-Box-6.3 MC-Box-12.3 Dimension 760*760*210 1000*1400*300 (W*H*D in mm) Weight (in kg) 60 kg 140 kg Diameter Bolt clamps 6mm 10mm Max torque bolt clamps 3-6 Nm 10-20 Nm Fuse for Gen / Loads 80A 160A Max cable dimension 35qmm 120qmm


AC connection Multi Cluster system - Main Cluster

MC-BOX-6

From main cluster


AC connection Multi Cluster system - Main Cluster


Main Cluster

MC-BOX-12


AC connection Multi Cluster system - Extension Cluster

MC-BOX-6

From Extension cluster


AC connection Multi Cluster system - Extension Cluster

Extension Cluster 1

MC-BOX-12


AC connection Multi Cluster system - Generator

MC-BOX-12

From Generator


AC connection Multi Cluster system - Loads

MC-BOX-12

To Loads



AC connection Multi Cluster system - Grounding

MC-BOX-12

To Equipotential-bar

MC-BOX-6

To Equipotential-bar


AC connection Multi Cluster system - Sunny Boy/Sunny Mini Central

Sunny Boy (L3)

Sunny Boy (L2)

Sunny Boy (L1)

From other Sunny Boys

Distribution

From other Sunny Boys



Resistor

Internal communication - 1 phase system with 3 devices

> Can bus communication

> Information transfer

> Synchronization

> Measured Values

> Software update


Internal communication - 3 phase system / Multi Cluster system


Resistor > Can bus communication

> Information transfer

> Synchronization

> Measured Values

> Software update


Internal communication - Multi Cluster Box Overview


Internal communication - Multi Cluster box - Main Cluster


Main Cluster

MC-BOX-12

Resistor

to Extension Cluster

Sync

VtgCur

SysCAN

L1 L3 L2


Internal communication - Multi Cluster box - Extension Cluster


Extension Cluster

MC-BOX-12

Resistor

to Main Cluster

Sync

SysCAN

Either resistor or to Extension Cluster 2


Communication in Island Systems

111


> Sunny Island and Sunny Remote Control can file firmware,

parameters, and measurement data on an MMC/SD card

> Measurement data from the battery, inverter, sources, and

loads are stored cyclically

> Events and errors only stored when they occur

> Stored data can be processed using common table

calculation programs

> The installer must ground himself/herself before inserting or

removing the MMC/SD card at the Sunny Island enclosure

(ESD protection!)

MMC/SD Card

Sunny Island 5048


MMC/SD card

112


Data/information

Analyses/solutions

MMC/SD card


MMC/SD card

> Always use the MMC/SD card for storing data and events. This way, SMA can help you quickly

in the event of a fault. Send the data via the Internet or by post

> When the Sunny Island starts up or when the MMC/SD card is inserted, the Sunny Island

searches for special update files on the card. If it finds such files, it performs an update when it is

on standby

MMC/SD Card

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Communication

www.SM A.deSM A Sola r Technology AGSonnenallee 1 34266 N iestetal Germany

Tel. +49 561 9522 0 Fax +49 561 9522 100

SI2

22

4_

18

12

09

NPE NPE N

N

PE

PV

Verbraucher / Loads

M aster Slave1 Slave2

Sunny

Boy

L1

L2

L3

Sunny

WebBox

Batterie Temperatursensor /Battery temperature sensor

Batterie / Battery

Erläuterung / Discription:

AC-N etz / AC Grid

DC-N etz / DC Grid

Kommunikationsleitungen / Communication

M essleitungen / M easurement wires

Steuerleitung / Control wire

* ) Lastschütz/ Loadshedding contactor

BATFUSE-B.03

PV PV

* )

DigIn

AC2

AC2

AC1

Com

SM A In

Relay1/ 2

Bat

TmpBatCur DC

Bat

VtgOut

DigIn Display

Relay1/ 2

ComSM A In

Com Sync In

DigIn

AC2

AC2

AC1

Com

SM A In

Com Sync Out

Bat

TmpBatCur DC

Bat

VtgOut

Relay1/ 2 Display

Relay1/ 2

ComSM A In

Com Sync In

DigIn

AC2

AC2

AC1

Com

SM A In

Com Sync Out

Bat

TmpBatCur DC

Bat

VtgOut

Relay1/ 2 Display

Relay1/ 2

ComSM A In

Com Sync In

SRC-1

Sunny

Boy

Sunny

Boy

Dieselgenerator

NPE

N PE N PE N PE

N

PE

PE

+ I

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Dimensioning

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1. Dimensioning Questionnaire

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Project Data

> Use the specific yield instead of insolation for an estimation > E PV : Specific yield kWh/a/kWp (worst case!)

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Demand of Energy

> E a : Average consumption kWh/a

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Typical daily load curve

> P max : 30 min max. AC Consumption at 25ºC

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Electric Data

Battery Gas generator PV Wind CHP

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Which Bi-directional Inverter?


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MC-Box-6 MC-Box-12 MC-Box-36


6 12 36

48 96 kW 288

36 72 kW 216

55 110 kW 328


SI 6.0H SI 8.0H

6,0

4,6

6,8 (5 Min)

8,0

6,0

9,1 (5 Min)


N SI Number of Sunny Islands

P max Maximum AC power of usage for less than 30 minutes and at 25 ºC [kW]

P SI-30 Maximum AC power of the Sunny Island for 30 minutes and at 25ºC [kW]

2.1 Number of Sunny Islands

P SI-30

P max

30SIP

maxP

SIN

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C 10 Battery capacity for 10-hour discharge E a Average power consumption [kWh/a]

η Batt Average battery efficiency P d Maximum deep discharge

U Batt

Battery voltage [12V, 24V, 48V] N d Autonomous time [d]

Ea

3. Which Battery Capacity (C10)?

C 10

[Ah]*

BattU

dP

Battη

d/365)N

aE (

10C

η Batt = 80 – 90%

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Bridging time

N d (days)

Battery type Battery cost

Backup (good grid) 0.5 OPzV ~ 260 €/kWh

Backup (bad grid) 1.0 OPzV ~ 280 €/kWh

System with PV 4.0 OPzS ~ 200 €/kWh

System with PV + diesel 2.0 OPzS ~ 200 €/kWh

System with water turbine 0.5 OPzS ~ 200 €/kWh

Recommended Values N d

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Recommended Values P d

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Sunny Island Battery Capacity

The rated capacity is always related to the discharge time on which the nominal capacity Cn is based. The parameter "221.02 NomBatCpy" is to be entered as the nominal capacity for a ten hour discharge (C10)

Type C100/1.85 V Ah

C50/1.85 V Ah

C24/1.83 V Ah

C10/1.80 V Ah

C5/1.77 V Ah

Max. weight kg

Length L mm

Width B mm

Height H mm

Fig.












16 OPzV solar.power 2300 2320.0 2235.0 2210.4 2030.0 1695.0 165.0 215 400 815 C



C100,C50, C24, C10, and C5 = capacity for 100, 50, 24, 10 and 5 hour discharge

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PPV PV array capacity in kWp E a Average power consumption [kWh/a]

SF Solar fraction η System System efficiency

EPV

Specific energy yield [kWh/a/kWp]

[kWp]η*E

SF*EP

SystemPV

aPV

4. Which PV Array Capacity PPV?

PPV

Ea

η System ≈ 70%

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Specific yield EPV

Source: DGS

kWh/m²x anno

kWh/ kWp

2000 1700

1700 1450

1400 1200

1100 930

800 680

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Specific energy yield (EPV) kWh/a/kWp

Solar fraction (SF)

Germany 800 – 900 50 – 70%

Southern Europe 1300 – 1450 60 – 90%

Africa 1450 – 1700 60 – 100%

Saudi Arabia 1800 – 2000 70 – 100%

Solar Irradiation in kWh/kWp/a

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Solar radiation kWh/m2/d

http://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/sse/RETScreen/

Month Air

temperature Relative humidity

Daily solar radiation - horizontal

Atmospheric pressure

Wind speed Earth

temperature Heating

degree-days Cooling

degree-days

°C % kWh/m2/d kPa m/s °C °C-d °C-d

January 22.1 59.3% 5.57 88.2 3.3 22.7 0 375

February 22.8 57.2% 5.79 88.2 3.5 23.6 0 361

March 22.0 70.3% 5.53 88.2 3.5 22.9 0 376

April 21.1 79.1% 5.20 88.2 3.4 21.7 0 337

May 21.0 74.9% 5.00 88.4 3.3 21.2 0 343

June 21.5 62.7% 4.89 88.5 3.5 21.9 0 342

July 21.9 55.1% 4.91 88.5 3.3 22.7 0 362

August 22.1 59.6% 4.99 88.5 3.3 23.1 0 369

September 21.4 70.9% 5.15 88.4 3.3 22.2 0 342

October 20.6 79.9% 4.80 88.3 3.3 21.3 0 333

November 20.5 79.1% 4.78 88.3 3.1 20.9 0 319

December 21.0 70.1% 5.18 88.3 3.0 21.2 0 345

Annual 21.5 68.2% 5.15 88.3 3.3 22.1 0 4204

Lowest radiation = worst case!

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5. Which inverter?

5,0 kW 3,8 11,0

Sunny Boy Sunny Boy TL-20 Sunny Mini Central

1,2

Sunny Boy

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5. 1 Sunny Design

> Worldwide choice of location

> Use of high-resolution meteorological data

> Database with all common PV modules

> System design made easy

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P SI Continuous AC power of the Sunny Island [W]

P SB Continuous AC power of the Sunny Boy [W]

5. 2 Selection Criterion for PV Inverter

P SB P SI

SISB P2P

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P SI Continous AC power of the Sunny Island [W]

P Gen Continuous AC power of the combustion generator [W]

6. Which Combustion Generator Capacity?

P Gen P SI

0.8 P SI < P Gen < 1.2 P SI

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Let‘s be realisic and try the impossible!

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Joseph Mashao Managing Director SMA Solar Technology...

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