Jornalismo Cultural Na TV Educativa

8/9/2019 Jornalismo Cultural Na TV Educativa

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[mk`{~e _{e~`v _e{{`a{ev

EJ^M LEJEB^@7

Gm{bejavim Fj~{ej be ^\ @nfe~a|e

K`jm Hm{awmb~` F`b~{m Pba|`{va~å{am n` K`jmHm{awmb~` (PBA)KH! ;??1



[mk`{~e _{e~`v _e{{à{ev

EJ^M LEJEB^@7Gm{bejavim Fj~{ej be ^\ @nfe~a|e

_{mg`~m n` imbmc{elae labej n` f{vm ep{`v`b~enm em f{vm n`Gm{bejavim nm F`b~{m Pba|`{va~å{am n` K`jm Hm{awmb~` (PBA)KH!fmim {ùava~m pe{faej pe{e ep{m|eãæm bev navfapjabev _{mg`~m@xp`{ai`b~ej ì Gm{bejavim AE ` AK"

M{a`b~enm{e7 _{ml`vvm{e Ie{ae F{av~abe Jà~` _àxm~m

K`jm Hm{awmb~` F`b~{m Pba|`{va~å{am n` K`jmHm{awmb~` (PBA)KH! ;??1



Ec{en`ãm p{aià{ei`b~` e N`v p`jm nmi ne |ane* ` pm{ i` p{mpm{fambe{

vek`nm{ae pe{e fmbfja{ ieav ie `~epe aipm{~eb~` ne iabhe |ane" Ï iabheiæ`* c`{{à{e* vabþbaim n` lá* jèjnen` ` eim{" Vì i`na{ `vlm{ãmv* ~{ebvia~a~mne e jw u` p{`fave|e bev hm{ev n` n`v`vp`{m" Fmipe{~ajhebnm vìp{` ~mnevev ej`c{aev* i` ieam{ `xìpjm* i` pm{~m v`c{m" I` pea* pm{ bæm `v~e{

p{`v`b~` lavafei`b~`* iev pm{ ~`{ i` `bvabenm e ~`{ fe{å~`{ ` ~`{ vanm i`xìpjm n` nacbanen`* lm{ãe ` abf`b~a|m* ` u` em jenm nm _ea fmb~abe caebnmi`v feiabhmv" Iabhe a{iæ [`be~e* u` vìp{` `v~`|` ` `v~å p{mb~e pe{e iègne{* v`bnm fmipebhà{e* p{`v~e~a|e ` fe{abhmve" Ï Ie{ae F{av~abe Jà~`_àxm~m ` Iþbafe nm Bevfai`b~m Ke{{mv* m{a`b~enm{ev vekaev" Mk{acene p`jem{ãe* `bvabei`b~mv* fipjafanen`* pefaçbfae ` ~mne vek`nm{ae ~{ebvia~ane pm{

|mfçv" Fmj`cev ne M|anm{ae C`{ej ` ne [`cambej M`v~`* u` ef{`vf`b~e{ei bm

i` ep{`bnawenm p{mlavvambej" Iabhev u`{anev eiacev Kå{ke{e ` [eu`j*mk{acene p`jm fe{abhm* abf`b~a|m* imi`b~mv ej`c{`v ` pm{ i` `bvabe{ì mvacbalafenm ne peje|{e eiawen`" Ejab`* Neba`j* K{`bm ` Ieqe{e* mv i`jhm{`vimi`b~mv be lefjnen`* ` |a|a fmi |mfçv* mk{acene p`je lm{ãe ` p`je ~m{fanevìp{`" Mk{acene e ~mnmv u` ~m{f`{ei pm{ `vve |a~ö{ae%



5 AB^[MNPÃÆM

E p{`v`b~` imbmc{elae ~ì fmim p{abfapej mkg`~a|m ebejave{ fmim m _{mc{eie Ej~m Lejeb~`*jacenm em gm{bejavim fj~{ej* enùå)v` emv pe{ëi`~{mv n` ie ^\ @nfe~a|e ([`n` Iabev!"

Ej~m Lejeb~` á `xakanm p`je [`n` Iabev emv nmiabcmv* e pe{~a{ nev 5>76? hm{ev* fmi

{èp{`v`b~eãæm be ue{~e)là{e ïv 58 hm{ev ` v`x~e)là{e ïv ??76? hm{ev" E na{`ãæm c`{ej `

ep{`v`b~eãæm á nm gm{bejav~e ^`{`bf` Iefhenm" M p{mc{eie lma f{aenm ì 5113 p`jm gm{bejav~e* ` á

fmbvan`{enm ie {`|av~e `j`~{þbafe n`nafene ï i÷vafe _mp ` ïv vev |`{~`b~`v" Bm p{mc{eie* hå

uen{mv fmi ekm{nec`bv ivafeav |e{aenev* ` m i`vim {èjawe e fmk`{~{e n` |å{amv l`v~a|eav n`

i÷vafev befambeav ` ab~`{befambeav"

Bm n`fm{{`{ n`v~e imbmc{elae* v`{æm n`vf{a~mv mv pe{ëi`~{mv n` ie ^\ @nfe~a|e* m lm{ie~m

evvianm p`jm p{mc{eie Ej~m Lejeb~`* j`|ebnm)v` ì fmb~e e jabhe `na~m{aej* mv ~ìev* ev lm{iev

n` ekm{nec`bv ~ìå~afev* e jabcecì @^F* ` pmb~mv n` |av~e n` e~m{`v {`jefambenmv emv ~ìev

ekm{nenmv"

Ejcbv e~m{`v ` f{é~afmv fj~{eav fmbfà~ei e fj~{e ` m Gm{bejavim Fj~{ej" N` efm{nm fmi

Neba`j _awe (;??>!* m gm{bejavim fj~{ej á n`nafenm ï e|ejaeãæm n` anáaev* |ejm{`v ` e{~`v ` á

p{mn~m n` ie `{e u` v` abafae epöv m [`bevfai`b~m* uebnm ev iåuabev fmi`ãe{ei e

~{ebvlm{ie{ e `fmbmiae* ` e aip{`bve gå he|ae vanm ab|`b~ene" ^{e~ebnm)v` nm gm{bejavim fj~{ej

k{evajà{m* m i`vim cebhm lm{ãe bm labej nm váfjm XAX* uebnm Iefhenm n` Evvav (5861 ‖

51?8! ` Gmvá \`{évvaim (5803 ‖ 515<! abafae{ei vev fe{{à{ev fmim f{é~afmv ` `vf{a~m{`v"

E~eji`b~`* m Gm{bejavim Fj~{ej bæm ek{ebc` vmi`b~` `b~{`~`bai`b~m* vml{`bnm abljçbfae ne

abn÷v~{ae fj~{ej* pmav ~ì n` jane{ fmi m p{öp{am gm{bejavim ` fmi ev ~áfbafev n` p{mnãæm* `

p`jm imnm fmim m e{~av~e pevvm pm{ i najìe ueb~m ï `xpmvaãæm n` ve mk{e bm i`{fenm"

E ~`j`|avæm á ie c{ebn` fmb~{akanm{e nm gm{bejavim fj~{ej* fepew n` e~abca{ iajhe{`v n`

p`vvmev bm ibnm* fmi m `bfeb~ei`b~m nev aiec`bv ~{ebvia~anev pm{ `je" E aiecì á p`ãelbnei`b~ej pe{e e ~`j`|avæm* iev n`|` ebne{ ì fmbgb~m fmi e iebà{e fmim væm na|jcenev ev

ablm{ieãð`v" E jabcecì ~ajawene pe{e ~{ebvia~a)jev n`|` `v~e{ fm`{`b~`"



Be ~`j`|avæm* e fj~{e v` `xpebn` ` pmvvakaja~e ek{ebc`{ |å{amv evvb~mv" @nce{ Im{ab mkv`{|e u`

e ~`j`|avæm n`v~efe ~ìev fmi mv ueav m p÷kjafm v` leiajae{awe `* n`v~e iebà{e* enua{`

aipm{~ëbfae be vmfa`nen`"

Ej~m Lejeb~` á |mj~enm pe{e e å{è ne fj~{e ivafej" Fmi nmw` ebmv n` `xav~çbfae* m p{mc{eie

enua{a |å{amv p{çiamv" @i ;??0* cebhm m _{çiam Fje{m n` I÷vafe Abn`p`bn`b~`* be fe~`cm{ae

‚I`jhm{ _{mc{eie n` I÷vafe be ^\’4 ì ;??<* cebhm m _{çiam Kaww be i`vie fe~`cm{ae `

cebhm bm|ei`b~` m _{çiam Fje{m4 ì ;??3* bm eba|`{vå{am n` n`w ebmv nm p{mc{eie* le~{m m

_{çiam ^mnnq n` I÷vafe n` Abn`p`bn`b~` (bm|e |`{væm nm _{çiam Nqbeia~`! ` |`bf`* ~eikái

p`je p{aià{e |`w* be fe~`cm{ae ‚I`jhm{ _{mc{eie n` [ånam’"

_e{e m n`v`b|mj|ai`b~m n`v~e imbmc{elae* ~`{à fmim kev` e p`vuave kakjamc{ålafe* ` ~ajaweãæm

nev ebåjav`v n` ue~{m p{mc{eiev c{e|enmv* bm p`{émnm n` 65 n` ieam e 51 n` gjhm n` ;??1"



; GM[BEJAVIM7 EV_@F^MV KÅVAFMV

M e~m{ Ge{`w Kehae (511?! n`lab` m vacbalafenm ne peje|{e gm{bejavim* u` u`{ naw`{ ep{e{*{`ba{* v`j`fambe{ ` nalbna{ bm~éfaev* anáaev* efmb~`fai`b~mv* ` ablm{ieãð`v c`{eav fmi |`{efanen`*

`xe~anæm* fje{`we* {epan`w* n` imnm e fmbgce{ p`bvei`b~m ` eãæm"

M gm{bejavim evvi` pmvaãæm n` ab~`{i`naå{am ne vmfa`nen`* n` imnm e j`|å)je e pe{~afape{ nmv

efmb~`fai`b~mv naå{amv ` ne |ane vmfaej" Kehae (511?! ela{ie u` m gm{bejavim á ie e{~`* ie

~áfbafe ` ie façbfae* ` fa~e m p`bvei`b~m n` [a Ke{kmve* ‚e aip{`bve á e |av~e ne beãæm" _m{ `je

á u` e beãæm efmipebhe m u` jh` pevve em p`{~m ` em jmbc`’ T"""Y" (KEHAE* 511?* p" 1!"

Abn`p`bn`b~ì`b~` nm fmbfà~m u` ev p`vvmev ~çi vmk{` m gm{bejavim* e ve lbãæm v` n`v`b|mj|`

be jak`{nen`* bev ce{eb~aev fmbv~a~fambeav ` bm {`vpà~m emv na{à~mv abna|aneav"

Bæm lma låfaj pe{e m gm{bejavim fmbuav~e{ e ve ‚jak`{nen`’ e~ej" Bm K{evaj ` be Eiá{afe Je~abe*

e j~e p`je jak`{nen` n` aip{`bve {`cav~{m imi`b~mv n` p{makaãæm ` {`p{`vvæm" V`bnm evvai* m

fe{å~`{ n` i |`éfjm n` ablm{ieãæm* v`ge `j` gm{bej* {ånam m ^\* pmn` v`{ i`nanm p`je {`vav~çbfae

u` ml`{`f` ïv p{`vvð`v pmjé~afev* fmim ela{ie m e~m{7 ‚abn`p`bnçbfae ` {acm{ væm b`f`vvå{amv e

ie aiecì n` f{`nakajanen` n`vevvmik{m’ (KEHAE* 511?* p" 55!"

M gm{bejavim ~ì {`vpmbvekajanen`v e fip{a{* v`bnm mv iàmv n` fmibafeãæm abv~a~aãð`v u`

v`{|ì ï vmfa`nen`* be uej p{`favei ~`{ m pmn`{ n` n`fana{ ` lm{b`f`{ ablm{ieãð`v u` `xp{`vvì

e {èjanen` ` ~eikái lefaja~ì e ve fmip{``bvæm"

_e{e Kehae (511?!* e iavvæm nm gm{bejav~e á vek`{ ` naw`{ m iåxaim pmvvé|`j" ^`{ |`{efanen`* bæm

naw`bnm m fmb~{å{am nm u` v` p`bve4 ` bæm lew`{ m fmb~{å{am nm u` v` naw" Bm gm{bejavim* e

|`{nen` u` v` ep{e á c`{eji`b~` e |`{efanen` u` v` pkjafe"

@i gm{bejavim* e mkg`~a|anen`* ì i v`b~anm ieav eipjm* vacbalafe ep{e{ fm{{`~ei`b~`* v`{

lan`nacbm* {`cav~{e{ ev |å{aev |`{vð`v n` i efmb~`fai`b~m* v`{ f{a~`{amvm* hmb`v~m ` aip`vvmej

(KEHAE* 511?* p" 56!"



E~eji`b~`* e fmk`{~{e gm{bejév~afe i`jhm{m ia~m ` mv pen{ð`v nev bm~éfaev væm ieav {acm{mvmv"

Ejái ne lbãæm kåvafe n` nalbna{ ev bm~éfaev* m gm{bejavim ekvm{|` |å{aev m~{ev* fmim n`v~efe

Kehae* ‚e n` p{mim|`{ m kì fmii ` e n` `v~aije{ e ieav eipje ` ja|{` ~{mfe n` anáaev `b~{` evp`vvmev* ueavu`{ u` v`gei vev fmb|afãð`v’ (KEHAE* 511?* p" ;?!"

M gm{bejavim bæm v` gv~alafe vì e jak`{nen` n` `xp{`vvæm ` p`bvei`b~m ~ì e fepefanen` n`

ablm{ie{* mpabe{* m{a`b~e{ ` `b~{`~`{"

M e~m{ n`v~efe m gm{bejavim fmim

E p{mlavvæm u` {`÷b` ie |e{a`nen` n` ep~anð`v ` ie ij~apjafanen` n` ~ej`b~mv u` mveb~acmv jaia~`v nm {`pö{~`{* nm {`ne~m{ ` nm `na~m{ ~m{be{ei abvlafa`b~`v pe{e `xp{`vvå)je" Ebm~éfae ìa~ane pm{ nal`{`b~`v ` e~þbmimv iàmv* `v~`ge bm p{mf`vvm e{~`vebej m bm vav~ìe~`fbmjmcafei`b~` ieav e|ebãenm* á ie pmn`{mve lm{ãe n` e~{eãæm ~eb~m pe{e mv u`navpðì kvfå)je pe{e ~{ebvia~a)je ueb~m pe{e mv u` e {`f`kì ` e vei fmim ieb`f`vvanen` ne uej bæm ek{ì iæm" (KEHAE* 511?* p" 65!

V`cabnm e jabhe n` p`bvei`b~m vmk{` m vacbalafenm nm gm{bejavim* m e~m{ Fjö|av [mvva (511>!

n`v~efe u` m i`vim á* ‚abn`p`bn`b~ì`b~` n` ueju`{ n`labaãæm efençiafe* ie levfabeb~`

ke~ejhe p`je fmbuav~e nev i`b~`v ` fm{eãð`v n` v`v ej|mv7 jà~m{`v* ~`j`vp`f~enm{`v ` m|ab~`v’

([MVVA* 511>* p" ?3!"

M gm{bejavim á ie e{ie `lafa`b~` nm pmb~m n` |av~e pmjé~afm ` vmfaej e aip{`bve n`vìp`bhe

pep`j aipm{~eb~` ` fmjekm{enm{ be mpabaæm p÷kjafe* u` v` nå e~{e|áv nm fmbvim nev bm~éfaev* v`ge

p`jmv gm{beav aip{`vvmv* {`|av~ev ` gm{beav n` ~`j`|avæm"

M ia~m ne mkg`~a|anen` fmbvav~` bm le~m n` e aip{`bve ieb~`{)v` b`~{e ` pkjafe{ ~nm m u`

efmb~`f`* nàxebnm u` m jà~m{ ~a{` ev vev p{öp{aev fmbfjvð`v" [mvva (511>! n`v~efe u` mv le~mv

væm i`naenmv e~{e|áv n` i gm{bejav~e u` fe{{`ce fmbvacm ie lm{ieãæm fj~{ej* p{mpm{fambebnm

mpabað`v nal`{`b~`v nev n` m~{mv gm{bejav~ev" Fene abna|énm {`je~e ` `xp{`vve ìmãð`v vmk{` i

le~m ï ve iebà{e* vmk `vv` evp`f~m* á aipm{~eb~` m|a{ mv nmav jenmv n` ie hav~ö{ae"

@i {`jeãæm em ~`j`gm{bejavim* [mvva (511>! `xpjafe u` m u` v`{å j`|enm em e{ {`|`v~`)v` n`fanenmv `xf`pfambeav* pmav e aiecì feve c{ebn` aipef~m bmv ~`j`vp`f~enm{`v" Iev m e~m{



nàxe fje{m* ~eikái* u` e ^\ bæm p{`fave ab|`b~e{ bene" @je pmn`* ep`bev fmi e v`j`ãæm nàiec`bv {èav* f{ae{ ie {èjanen` ieav lm{~` nm u` e u` n` le~m efmb~`f`"

N` efm{nm fmi [mvva (511>!* e aip{`bve bæm v` jaia~e emv `pavönamv mfm{{anmv ì i n`~`{iabenm

nae ` v` ~ajawe ~eikái n` efmb~`fai`b~mv ` va~eãð`v ~ìpm{eav" Bmv gm{beav* {`|av~ev m ~`j`|avæm*

m pmb~m n` pe{~ane pe{e v` n`laba{ m u` v`{å pkjafenm m j`|enm em e{ á e pe~e" E pe~e v`{|`

pe{e m{a`b~e{ mv {`pö{~`{`v vmk{` m u` n`|ì lew`{ bm v` nae* ` ablm{ie ~eikái ev fh`laev*

na{`~m{`v ` p{mp{a`~å{amv vmk{` fmim v`{å m v` nae n` ~{ekejhm"

[mvva (511>! `xpjafe u` `xav~ì ev fheienev bm{iev n` `v~ajm* ì u` ~mne {`pm{~ecì n`|`

{`vpmbn`{ e vàv p`{cb~ev lbnei`b~eav* u` lm{ei ~{enwanev nmv iebeav bm{~èi`{afebmv7 m

uç=* uì=* uebnm=* mbn`=* fmim= ` pm{ u`=" Ev {`vpmv~ev pe{e `vvev p`{cb~ev n`|ì `b~{e{

bm jèn * bm abéfam nm ~`x~m"

Ev lmb~`v væm `x~{ìei`b~` b`f`vvå{aev pe{e m gm{bejav~e" M e~m{ n`v~efe u` á aipm{~eb~` ieb~`{

m fmb~e~m fmi `jev* v`bnm lbnei`b~ej fh`få)jev* p{abfapeji`b~` ev lmb~`v mlafaeav"

Mv e~m{`v Dm|efh ` [mv`b~a`j (;??>! j`|eb~ei e u`v~æm ‚pe{e u` v`{|` m gm{bejavim’=* `

ela{iei u` hmg` m mléfam* `v~å ieav ef`vvé|`j pe{e uì en`{` ïv ‚bm|ev ~`fbmjmcaev n`

fmibafeãð`v* fmi kev` bi imnì m ì i fmip~enm{* p`{ia~ì e ueju`{ p`vvme

p{mfjeie{ u` v~å ‚lew`bnm gm{bejavim’ (DM\EFH @ [MV@BÂ@J* ;??>* p" 6?!"

Mv e~m{`v (;??>! n`v~efei u` e labejanen` nm gm{bejavim bæm á n`labane p`je ~`fbmjmcae m p`jev

~áfbafev ~ajawenev* iev p`je lbãæm `x`{fane p`jev bm~éfaev be |ane nev p`vvmev"

E aip{`bve á e pm{~e)|mw pe{e u` m p÷kjafm ~mi` fmbh`fai`b~m nmv le~mv ` efmb~`fai`b~mv"

Dm|efh ` [mv`b~a`j (;??>! ela{iei u` ‚e p{abfapej labejanen` nm gm{bejavim á lm{b`f`{ emv

fanenæmv ev ablm{ieãð`v n` u` b`f`vva~ei pe{e v`{ì ja|{`v T"""Y’ (DM\EFH @ [MV@BÂ@J*

;??>* p" 65!"

E~eji`b~`* m gm{bejavim |ì vml{`bnm n`velamv pe{e v` ieb~`{* vì v` vki`~`{ e m~{mvab~`{`vv`v nev ìp{`vev gm{bejév~afev* fmim e~mp{mimãæm ` ablm{ieãæm fmi`{faej" _e{e Dm|efh `

[mv`b~a`j (;??>!* n`laba{ m gm{bejavim v`{ae jaia~å)jm ` ie n`labaãæm ieav `vp`félafe ~m{be{ae ep{mlavvæm ieav {`vav~`b~` ïv inebãev em jmbcm nm ~ìpm" Iev e



labejanen` ne p{mlavvæm á `vfje{`fane ì ie l{ev` n` Gefd Ljj`{* `vf{a~m{ ` p{`van`b~` nm ^{akb`_kjavhabc Fmipebq7 ‚E i`~e p{abfapej nm gm{bejavim á fmb~e{ e |`{nen` n` lm{ie u` ev p`vvmevnavpmbhei n` ablm{ieãæm pe{e ve p{öp{ae abn`p`bnçbfae’ (DM\EFH @ [MV@BÂ@J* ;??>* p"6>!"

V` p`bve{imv vmk{` fmim ev bm~éfaev lbfambei be |ane nev p`vvmev* lafe fje{m m |ejm{ u` ev

ablm{ieãð`v ~çi" Mv e~m{`v (;??>! `xpjafei u` ev p`vvmev p{`favei n` ablm{ieãæm" @jev

b`f`vva~ei ~`{ m fmbh`fai`b~m n` le~mv u` efmb~`fì em v` {`nm{ ` nm m~{m jenm nm ibnm"

Ueb~m ieav nìmf{å~afe lm{ ie vmfa`nen`* ieam{ e ~`bnçbfae n` `v~e{ ï pe{ nev bm~éfaev `

ablm{ieãð`v"

Fmi m pevve{ nmv ebmv* hm|` inebãev bm gm{bejavim7

m bm|m gm{bejav~e bæm n`fan` ieav m u` m p÷kjafm n`|` vek`{" @j` egne m p÷kjafm e pþ{m{nì bev fmavev" Avvm bæm vacbalafe vaipj`vi`b~` ef{`vf`b~e{ ab~`{p{`~eãæm m ebåjav` eie {`pm{~ecì" E p{aià{e ~e{`le n`vve iav~{e n` gm{bejav~e ‚`xpjafenm{’ á fh`fe{ v` eablm{ieãæm á fmblaå|`j ` m{n`bå)je n` lm{ie u` m jà~m{ pmvve `b~`bnç)je (DM\EFH @[MV@BÂ@J* ;??>* p" >5!"

;"5 Gm{bejavim ‖ efmb~`fai`b~m ` bm~éfae

_e{e En{aebm Ne{~` [mn{ac`v (5188!* bm navf{vm gm{bejév~afm* m efmb~`fai`b~m fmbv~a~a m

{`l`{`b~` n` u` v` leje" Mv efmb~`fai`b~mv væm le~mv fm{{auà{mv u` mfm{{ì bm nae )e )nae" M

m{bejavim ab~`{`vve)v` pm{ euajm u` ‚{mip`’ e m{nì be~{ej nev fmavev"

M efmb~`fai`b~m pmvva ~{çv fe{ef~`{év~afev* v`bnm `jev7 efmb~`fai`b~m u` `b|mj|` m `xf`vvm*

~nm u` á nìeav c`{e bm~éfae* fmim ì efan`b~` n` fe{{m u` ie~e v`~` ne i`vie leiéjae4~vbeia m ~`{{ìm~m u` ie~ei iajhe{`v n` p`vvmev4 efmb~`fai`b~m u` `b|mj|` lejhe* uebnm

ejcm nå `{{enm* fmim uebnm i e|aæm fea4 v` m e|aæm ~a|`vv` fh`cenm bm{ieji`b~` em v`

n`v~abm* bæm v`{ae bm~éfae* iev uebnm hå lejhe* ~m{be)v` bm~éfae4 efmb~`fai`b~m u` c`{e ab|`{væm*

uebnm efmb~`fì fmavev ekv{nev* e `xìpjm n` pmjafaeav u` v` `b|mj|ì fmi m ~{ålafm n`

n{mcev* ébnamv u` |`bnì e{iev* ba|`{va~å{amv n` na{à~m u` {mkei `~f"

^{euabe (5188* p" 5<3! jìk{e u` ‚T"""Y m pep`j nm gm{bejav~e á n`labanm fmim m nm mkv`{|enm{

b`~{m* n`vjacenm nmv efmb~`fai`b~mv ` fe~`jmvm ì bæm ìa~a{ mpabað`v p`vvmeav T"""Y’" Mvm{bejav~ev ~çi m pep`j n` ebejave{ mv efmb~`fai`b~mv pe{e u` pmvvei |a{ e v` ~m{be{



bm~éfaev" _e{e u` mv efmb~`fai`b~mv v` ~m{bì bm~éfaev* `j`v væm imnalafenmv ` ~{ebvlm{ienmv" Ebm~éfae á ie `vfmjhe vkg`~a|e u` mv gm{bejav~ev lewì nm efmb~`fai`b~m* ` `vv` ~{ekejhm á`jekm{enm nae{aei`b~`" Bæm hå e mpãæm n` bæm `xav~a{ bm~éfae ejci nae* mv gm{bejav~ev ~çi e lbãæmn` n`vfmk{a{ mv efmb~`fai`b~mv ` `jekm{e{ bm~éfaev ~mnmv mv naev* fmb~ebnm fmi e p{`vvæm nm ~ìpm

pe{e v` l`fhe{* ~`{iabe{ m gm{bej"

Ev ìp{`vev gm{bejév~afev n`|ì n`laba{ pe{e uì v` `vf{`|`* )m p÷kjafm ej|m )na{`fambebnm m

lmfm ` e m{nì nm ~ìpm" Ev be{{e~a|ev gm{bejév~afev væm vìp{` bm p{`v`b~`* i`vim u` m le~m

~`bhe efmb~`fanm bm nae eb~`{am{* pm{ `xìpjm" E u`v~æm nev lmb~`v ~eikái á ia~m aipm{~eb~`*

pmav mv gm{bejav~ev b`f`vva~ei n`jev pm{ bæm pmn`{ì leje{ pm{ va vö* ‚T"""Y pe{e pmn`{ ef{`na~e{ be

lmb~` á p{`favm u` `v~e p{m|` e ve f{`nakajanen`" Ev i`jhm{`v lmb~`v væm eu`jev u` gå

nìmbv~{ei ve f{`nakajanen` ` m gm{bejav~e pmn` ~`{ fmblaebãe T"""Y’" (^[EUPABE* 5188* p" 53;!"

M ~ìpm ~eikái á i le~m{ aipm{~eb~` pe{e mv efmb~`fai`b~mv ~m{be{ì)v` bm~éfaev" M u` á

fheienm n` b`sv p`c (fekan`!* á i efmb~`fai`b~m nm pevvenm u` pmn` v` ~m{be{ bm~éfae ieav n`

ie |`w* uebnm* pm{ `xìpjm* ve)v` ‚T"""Y lew hmg`* i* fabfm* n`w* ebmv T"""Y’" (^[EUPABE*

5188* p" 53>!"

;"; Jabcecì gm{bejév~afe

N` efm{nm fmi Bajvmb Jec` (;??5!* m gm{bejavim n`|` v` p{`mfpe{ fmi m fmb~`÷nm nev

ablm{ieãð`v u` v`{æm ~{ebvia~anev em ‚fmbvim ai`nae~m’" M ~`x~m gm{bejév~afm n`|` fmb~`{

ablm{ieãæm fmbfà~ej* vp{aiabnm ‚m vm jabcúév~afm pmk{` n` |ejm{`v’* ` `v~ek`j`f`{ m vm n`

ie jabcecì låfaj n` v`{ e~ejawene* fevm b`f`vva~`"

M e~m{ `xpjafe ev {`v~{aãð`v ne jabcecì gm{bejév~afe n` efm{nm fmi mv {`cav~{mv n` jabcecì

lm{iej* u` á ‚p{öp{am ne imnejanen` `vf{a~e ` nev va~eãð`v ~`bvev4 ` fmjmuaej* u` fmip{``bn`

ev `xp{`vvð`v fm{{`b~`v be imnejanen` lejene* be fmb|`{ve leiajae{* `b~{` eiacmv’" (JEC@* ;??5*

p" 6<!"

Jec` (;??5* p" 68! n`v~efe u` e jabcecì fmjmuaej á ieav ef`vvé|`j ` p`{ia~` ieam{ lefajanen` pe{e ev p`vvmev v` `xp{`vve{ì" Gå e jabcecì lm{iej ‚á ie aipmvaãæm n` m{nì pmjé~afe ` p{`vvæm vmfaej’" E jabcecì gm{bejév~afe ‚á kevafei`b~` fmbv~ a~éne n` peje|{ev*



`xp{`vvð`v ` {`c{ev fmikabe~ö{aev u` væm pevvé|àv bm {`cav~{m fmjmuaej ` efà~ev bm {`cav~{mlm{ie’ (JEC@* ;??5* p" 68!"

Vmk `vv`v evp`f~mv* m e~m{ `v~ek`j`f` u` væm abfm{pm{enmv e jabcecì gm{bejév~afe

T"""Y e! b`mjmcavimv n` m{acì fmjmuaej* vab~á~afmv (lvfe* l{`vfæm! m n` c{ebn``xp{`vva|anen` (n`nm)n{m* pe)n`)e{e{e!4 k! n`bmiabeãð`v n` mkg`~mv bm|mv* n` m{acìfa`b~élafe m pmpje{ (jàv`{* |én`m)~àp`* m{`jhæm!4 f! i`~ålm{ev fmi ab~`bãæm f{é~afe(v`benm{ kaþbafm* im{nmiae!4 n! e~ejaweãð`v b`f`vvå{aev ({muà{m* iejlav~e!4 `!n`vacbeãð`v ~áfbafev u` p{`favì v`{ fmbvan`{enev ì ve `xe~e vacbalafeãæm pe{e`b~`bnai`b~m m `lafåfae nm ~`x~m T"""Y (JEC@* ;??5* p" 61!"

E fmibafeãæm gm{bejév~afe `v~å jacene ï na|jceãæm n` ablm{ieãæm vmk{` ejcm bm ibnm `~ajawe)v` bm{ieji`b~` e ~`{fà{e p`vvme" M v` mkg`~a|m á e fmip{``bvæm nm fmb~`÷nm ~{ebvia~anm

n` i ìavvm{ e |å{amv {`f`p~m{`v"

Bajvmb Jec` (5118* p" 58! epmb~e ~{çv lev`v nm p{mf`vvm n` p{mnãæm n` ie bm~éfae7 e v`j`ãæm nmv

`|`b~mv* ì u` m be{{enm{ mia~` mfm{{çbfaev u` ~çi i`bm{ aipm{~ëbfae4 e m{n`beãæm nmv

`|`b~mv* ì u` m fmb~e~m* e e~`bãæm nm ab~`{jmf~m{* v` laxei e pe{~a{ nm `|`b~m ieav aipm{~eb~`

m ab~`{`vveb~`4 ` e bmièãæm nmv `|`b~mv* ì u` hå m fmip{miavvm ` v~aj`we bmv bmi`v u` v`

e~{akì ïv fmavev"

M e~m{ mkv`{|e u` e {`jeãæm `b~{` m gm{bejav~e ` m p÷kjafm n`~`{iabe {`v~{aãð`v `vp`félafev bm

fönacm jabcúév~afm" E lbnei`b~eãæm ~`ö{afe n`vve p{mpmvaãæm v` fmbla{ie ì va~eãð`v p{å~afev*

pen{mbawebnm ev |mw`v n` fmiebnm"

‚V`bnm fmbv~{ãæm {`~ö{afe {`l`{`bfaej* e bm~éfae ~{e~e nev epe{çbfaev nm ibnm" Fmbfà~mv u`

`xp{`vvei vkg`~a|anen `v~æm `xfjénmv’ (JEC@* 5118* p" 51!" E anáae n` |`{nen` `v~å {`v~{a~e em

fmbfà~m n` enùeãæm nm `bbfaenm emv le~mv* aipm{~ebnm ep`bev v` n` le~m efmb~`f`"

E bm~éfae aip{`vve n`v`b|mj|`)v` em jmbcm nm ~ìpm ` {`lj`~` i ~apm n` m{cebaweãæm ne

vmfa`nen`" Gå e bm~éfae ì ~`j`|avæm fmb~abe v`bnm i p{mf`vvm" B`je v` e{~afjei `v~{~{ev

nalafaji`b~` fmipe~é|àv* fmi e `xpmvaãæm pm{ m{nì n`f{`vf`b~` n` aipm{~ëbfae* e be{{eãæm ì

vùúçbfaev ~ìpm{eav ` e ab~`{p{`~eãæm fmbfà~ej u` l`fhe m navf{vm* vp{aiabnm e `v~aijeb~`

eikacúanen` ne aiecì"



;"6 Gm{bejavim ` abn÷v~{ae fj~{ej

N` efm{nm fmi V~{abe~a (5111!* ì 5166 lma lbnene pm{ Ejìæv ` Gn`v* n` fjevv` iánae ej~e

ejìæ* e @vfmje n` L{ebdl{~ ‖ _`vuave Vmfaej* ~`bnm fmim mkg`~a|m f{ae{ ie ~`m{ae f{é~afe nm

fepa~ejavim imn`{bm* nìmbv~{ebnm ev fmb~{enaãð`v vmfaeav nev vmfa`nen`v fepa~ejav~ev ` ve

an`mjmcae" N` efm{nm fmi e ~`m{ae f{é~afe n`v`b|mj|ane p`jmv l{ebdl{~aebmv*

m fepa~ejavim vp`{m ev fmb~{enaãð`v ` f{av`v `bl{`b~enev* cebhebnm bm|mv pmn`{`v n`

`v~ekajanen`"

V~{abe~a (5111! `xpjafe u`* n` efm{nm fmi e @vfmje n` L{ebdl{~* e abn÷v~{ae fj~{ej {`lj`~` m

nmiébam nm |ejm{ n` ~{mfe ` e vp{ìefae nm fepa~ejavim* ablj`bfaebnm bev p{`l`{çbfaev `

`vfmjhev ne vmfa`nen` em ab~{mnwa{ m n`v`gm n` b`f`vvanen`v vpá{ljev* vì u` ev ievvev

p`{f`kei m u` `v~å efmb~`f`bnm"

M e~m{ `xpjafe e n`labaãæm n` abn÷v~{ae fj~{ej n` efm{nm fmi mv p{aià{mv ~`ö{afmv f{é~afmv ne

@vfmje n` L{ebdl{~* Hm{dhài`{ ` Enm{bm* u` ‚ve{ei m ~`{im abn÷v~{ae fj~{ej pe{e v`

{`l`{a{ì ï i`{feb~ajaweãæm nev lm{iev fj~{eav mfevambenev p`jm v{cai`b~m nev abn÷v~{aev n`

`b~{`~`bai`b~m be @{mpe ` bmv @v~enmv Pbanmv bm labej nm váfjm XAX ` abéfamv nm váfjm

XX" Fmim `xìpjm* `j`v navf~aei mv laji`v* m {ånam* e ~`j`|avæm* e i÷vafe pmpje{* ev {`|av~ev `

mv gm{beav’" (^HMI_VMB* 5110* p"565 ‖ 56;!"

N` efm{nm fmi ^hmipvmb (5110!* pe{e mv ~`ö{afmv l{ebdl{~aebmv* m v{cai`b~m ` m f{`vfai`b~m

nev abn÷v~{aev fj~{eav ablj`bfae{ei bm fmipm{~ei`b~m ` p`bvei`b~m nm abna|énm" ‚Mv k`bv

fj~{eav p{mnwanmv pm{ `v~ev abn÷v~{aev væm pjeb`genmv ` ieble~{enmv n` efm{nm fmi mv

mkg`~a|mv ne efijeãæm fepa~ejav~e ` ne kvfe nm jf{m4 `j`v bæm v{cì `vpmb~ebèi`b~` nev

p{öp{aev ievvev* væm pjeb`genmv pe{e fmbvim nev ievvev’" (^HMI_VMB* 5110* p" 56;!"

E abn÷v~{ae fj~{ej v{ca e pe{~a{ nm n`v`b|mj|ai`b~m abnv~{aej ` nm vav~ìe fepa~ejav~e" Fbhe*

L`{{à{e ` Iecejhæ`v (;??;! n`v~efei m u` v`{ae AF ~eikái e~{e|áv ne fmbf`pãæm n` Enm{bm `

Hm{dhài`{* e pe{~a{ ne mk{e Naejá~afe nm @vfje{`fai`b~m n` 51>3*



T"""Y e AF aipjafe e f{aeãæm* n`b~{m n` ie `v~{~{e fepa~ejav~e* n` p{mnãð`v fj~{eav u`v`cì mv i`vimv imjn`v ` p{mf`nai`b~mv ne p{mnãæm ì vá{a` n` k`bv bæm fj~{eav*~{ebvlm{iebnm ev iebal`v~eãð`v e{~év~afev ì i`{fenm{ae ` `b~{`~`bai`b~m ef{é~afm*n`v|abfjenev n` v` p{öp{am pm~`bfaej n` ìebfapeãæm" Ejái navvm* e AF |ave{ae e ieab~`c{eãæm n`jak`{ene* e pe{~a{ nm ej~m* nmv fmbvianm{`v n` k`bv fj~{eav* e uì {`v~e{ae

i pep`j pevva|m ` eja`benm’" (ENM[BM* 5135 epn FPBHE4 L@[[@A[E ÌECEJHÆ@V* ;??;* p" ?;!"

Mv e~m{`v `v~ek`j`fì u` ev fmbf`pãð`v ne abn÷v~{ae fj~{ej* fmblm{i` ev anáaev nmv

l{ebdl{~aebmv* ~çi vml{anm f{é~afev pm{ pe{~` n` ejcbv `v~namvmv ne Fmibafeãæm" Im{ab (5183!*

pm{ `xìpjm* ‚ef{`na~e u` mv l{ebdl{~aebmv `xec`{e{ei em abfja{ bi i`vim pjebm ~mne `

ueju`{ p{mnãæm là~e bm ëika~m ne AF* |av~m u` `je ep{`v`b~e imnejanen`v kì nal`{`b~`v `b~{`

va T"""Y’" Gå ^hmipvmb ej`{~e u` bæm v` n`|` fmblbna{ m p{mn~m |àfjenm ` |`bnanm p`je AF* m

i`vim v` fmb~`÷nm* fmi mv |e{aenmv T"""Y `là~mv u` `j` p{m|mfe bm p÷kjafm7 `vve {`f`pãæm á i

p{mf`vvm vmfaej fmipj`xm T"""Y’" (IM[AB (5183!4 ^HMI_VMB* 5110* p" 561 epn FPBHE4

L@[[@A[E ` IECEJHÆ@V!

Vmn{á (511<* p" ?3! f{a~afe m fmbfà~m n` AF* u` `v~e{ae ‚n`vcev~enm ` n`ve~ejawenm pm{ ve

|abfjeãæm fmi ev p`{vp`f~a|ev f{é~afev ` im{ejav~ev ne @vfmje n` L{edl{~’" _e{e `j`* m ~`{im

‚~`fbmfj~{e’ v`{ae m ieav enùenm i lbãæm nm e~ej uen{m fmibafefambej"

N` efm{nm fmi e @vfmje n` L{ebdl{~* mv e~m{`v n`v~efei ejcbv evp`f~mv ne abn÷v~{ae fj~{ej

{`j`|eb~`v pe{e `j`v

T"""Y ~{ebvlm{ieãæm ne mk{e n` e{~`* ì `b~{`~`bai`b~m ` `|`b~m n` fmbvim* m fe{å~`{{`p`~a~a|m ` e pmk{`we vaiköjafe n` vev p{mnãð`v ieav ~épafev* e bæm)nìmf{e~aweãæm nepmvvakajanen` n` f{aeãæm ` |àfjeãæm n` p{mn~mv fj~{eav* e fmbf`b~{eãæm nm pmn`{ n`n`favæm* e kebejaweãæm ` najaãæm n` im|ai`b~mv abm|enm{`v m fmb~`v~enm{`v (FPBHE4L@[[@A[E ` IECEJHÆ@V ;??;* p" ?6!"

Mv e~m{`v bæm v` an`b~alafei fmi e fmbf`pãæm n` Vmn{á )^`fbmfj~{e )pm{ `j` e~{aka{ |ejm{ ï

ab~`{b`~* nal`{`b~ì`b~` nm mkg`~m `v~nenm* u` á m gm{bejavim aip{`vvm naå{am" _m{ái* m p{öp{am

Vmn{á bæm mkv`{|e ieam{`v p{mkjìev ì ~ajawe{ e bmãæm n` ‚Abn÷v~{aev Fj~{eav’* pmav ev

fe{ef~`{év~afev p{mpmv~ev p`jmv l{ebdl{~aebmv fmb~abei ev i`viev" (VMN[Á* 511<* p" 55< epn

FPBHE4 L@[[@A[E ` IECEJHÆ@V* ;??;* p" ?6!

Vmn{á (511<! |ç fmi n`vfmblaebãe m ei`b~m ne p{mnãæm fj~{ej ` e fmbf`b~{eãæm n` imbmpöjam

ne p{mp{a`nen` n` ìp{`vev gm{bejév~afev* n` `b~{`~`bai`b~m ` n` pkjafanen`* iev pe{e `j` avvm

bæm vacbalafe u` m p÷kjafm iebapjenm"



^hmipvmb (5110! `xpjafe u` e abn÷v~{ae fj~{ej ~ì m pmn`{ n` lew`{ m fmbvianm{* pm{

`xìpjm* ef{`na~e{ u` `bfmb~{e{å n` ai`nae~m fmi ie mk{e n` e{~`* vì vek`{ u` e i`vie a{å{`f`k`{ mv jf{mv n` efm{nmv eb~`{am{i`b~` `v~ek`j`fanmv"

M e~m{ n`v~efe u` mv p{mn~mv ne abn÷v~{ae fj~{ej væm fmbv~{énmv ` imjnenmv n` efm{nm fmi

fe{ef~`{év~afev p{á)`v~ek`j`fanev ` `v~`{`ö~apmv" @vv`v p{mn~mv ~çi e labejanen` n` {`lj`~a{ì e

{èjanen` vmfaej* pm{ái* m le~m n` fmbvia{ mv p{mn~mv fj~{eav f{aenmv pm{ `vve abn÷v~{ae lew fmi

u` ev p`vvmev v` an`b~alauì fmi ev bm{iev vmfaeav ` fmb~abì e v`{* ` eca{ ne i`vie iebà{e"

N` efm{nm fmi ^hmipvmb (5110!* Hm{dhài`{ ` Enm{bm ef{`na~ei u` m n`v`b|mj|ai`b~m ne AF

`v~å jacenm em f{`vfai`b~m nev vmfa`nen`v imn`{bev* ` mv abna|énmv `v~æm ï i`{fç ne

iebapjeãæm ` fene |`w ieav n`p`bn`b~`v nmv p{mf`vvmv vmfaeav u` `j`v pmvvì pmfm m

b`bhi fmb~{mj`"

^hmipvmb (5110! fmbvan`{e e ebåjav` ne AF là~e pm{ Hm{dhài`{ ` Enm{bm ‚ie ~`b~e~a|e

fm{egmve’ pe{e fmip{``bn`{ e be~{`we ` ev fmbvùúçbfaev ne fmibafeãæm n` ievve bev

vmfa`nen`v imn`{bev" @j` f{é~afe e fmbf`pãæm n` abn÷v~{ae fj~{ej nmv ~`ö{afmv l{ebdl{~aebmv

n`v~efebnm u`

T"""Y `j`v p{mf{ei {èjãe{ m le~m n` u`* vmk f`{~mv evp`f~mv)fhe|`* `vvev abn÷v~{aev bæm væmnal`{`b~`v nev m~{ev `vl`{ev ne p{mnãæm ì ievve u` e~a{ei em i`{fenm f{`vf`b~`vueb~anen`v n` k`bv n` fmbvim" @i ~mnmv mv fevmv* mv k`bv væm p{mnwanmv ` nav~{akénmvn` efm{nm fmi p{mf`nai`b~mv {efambejawenmv ` fmi m p{mpöva~m n` fmbv`ca{ jf{m4 ì~mnmv mv fevmv* mv p{öp{amv k`bv væm pen{mbawenmv ` `v~`{`m~apenmv* i`vim v` jh`v áfmbl`{ane ie epe{çbfae n` abna|anejanen` ‖ e vabcje{anen` n` ie ie{fe* e

p`{vmbejanen` n` ie `v~{`je ‖ e lai n` ei`b~e{ v` ep`jm4 ì ~mnmv mv fevmv* mv{`f`p~m{`v væm |av~mv fmim pmfm ieav u` fmbvianm{`v pm~`bfaeav* fgev b`f`vvanen`v `n`v`gmv pmnì* e~{e|áv n` `v~{e~ácaev enùenev* v`{ iebapjenmv* `v~aijenmv `fmb~{mjenmv" Hm{dhài`{ ` Enm{bm {`fmbh`fì u` ev lm{iev fj~{eav pmvvì ~eikáife{ef~`{év~afev `vp`faeav* `bueb~m `jev ml`{`fì aiec`bv ` {`p{`v`b~eãð`v u` pmnì mbæm v`{ e lmb~` n` {`lj`xæm* i mkg`~m n` an`b~alafeãæm m i {`l`{`bfaej n` ab~`{p{`~eãæm(^HMI_VMB* 5110* p" 56<!"

M e~m{ fmbfja u`* em {`f`k`{ ` fmbvia{ mv p{mn~mv ne AF* m abna|énm bæm ~`{å* b`f`vve{aei`b~`* u` en`{a{ ïm{nì vmfaej* m v` an`b~alafe{ fmi ev aiec`bv p{mg`~enev ` efà~e{ m u` v`{å |àfjenm" ‚T"""Y á m~{e fmave~m~eji`b~` nal`{`b~` imv~{e{ u` em {`f`k`{ ` fmbvia{ `vv`v p{mn~mv* mv abna|énmv væm aip`janmv e eca{ nìebà{e aia~e~a|e `



fmblm{iav~e* m e eca{ n` iebà{e u` va{|e* ì c`{ej* pe{e jacå)jmv ï m{nì vmfaej ` lew`{ fmi u` {`p{mnwei mv~e~v um’ (^HMI_VMB* 5110* p" 561!"

;"6"5 E abn÷v~{ae fj~{ej bm K{evaj

N`|anm em e|ebãm ` n`v`b|mj|ai`b~m nev bm|ev ~`fbmjcaev* e AF bm K{evaj v`{|` ï vmfa`nen` n`

ievve* ` `vve vmfa`nen` e abfm{pm{e ì vev p{öp{aev iebal`v~eãð`v" N`v~e iebà{e* pmn`v` {`lj`~a{

u` e abn÷v~{ae fj~{ej abfm{pm{m f`{~e ‚nìmf{e~aweãæm vmfaej’* p`{ia~abnm ev fjevv`v vmfaeav

`xfjénev e iebal`v~e{ vev na|`{vanen`v fj~{eav"

_e{e Bajne Gedv (5118!* e abn÷v~{ae fj~{ej {`vj~e be f{aeãæm* p{mnãæm ` nav~{akaãæm nmv p{mn~mv

fj~{eav pe{e m p÷kjafm" @i {`jeãæm ï {`f`pãæm n`vv`v p{mn~mv* á j`|ene ì fmbvan`{eãæm e

va~eãæm vmfam`fmbþiafe ` fj~{ej an`b~alafene be pmpjeãæm k{evajà{e" @i v`v `v~nmv vmk{`

{`f`pãæm n` p{mn~mv ne abn÷v~{ae fj~{ej bm peév* e e~m{e n`v~efe u` m i`vim bæm á {`f`kanm n`

lm{ie pevva|e ` bæm á fmip{``bnanm p`jm {`f`p~m{"

@i {`jeãæm em pe~{mfébam nmv iàmv n` fmibafeãæm bm K{evaj* Ce{`vfha (5111! {`vvej~e u`* bmv

ebmv 51>?* ~mne e Eiá{afe Je~abe lma pe~{mfabene pm{ |å{amv vav~ìev bm{~`)ei`{afebmv `xav~`b~`v"

E~eji`b~`* e nav~{akaãæm n` p{mn~mv fj~{eav bm peév* `v~å {`jefambene ~eikái e c{ebn`v

ìp{`vev fmbþiafev"

K{eb~ (;??>! `xpjafe u`* bm K{evaj* ev p{mnãð`v fj~{eav `|mjé{ei pevva|ei`b~`* cebhebnm

`vpeãm e pe{~a{ n` 511?* epöv e aipjì`b~eãæm n` jàv n`v~abenev em abf`b~a|m ï fj~{e" @vve jà

ablj`bfam e i`jhm{ae nm fabìe befambej ` pmpje{awm m ~è~{m fmi ev feipebhev ebeav* u`

p{mpm{fambe e vmfa`nen` n` ievve ieam{ ef`vvm e `vve e{~`"

V`bnm iàm n` fmibafeãæm n` ievve ` jacene ï abn÷v~{ae fj~ej* e ~`j`|avæm ablj`bfae be |ane ne

vmfa`nen`" N`v~e iebà{e* e pkjafanen` ` m pe~{mfébam `v~æm abv`{anmv be ^\ p`jev ìp{`vev

`fmbþiafev u`* n` f`{~e lm{ie* ieb~ái mv p{mc{eiev bm e{ fmi m v` pe~{mfébam"

;"> ^\ ` Gm{bejavim

M n`v`b|mj|ai`b~m abafaej ne ~`fbmjmcae ne ~`j`|avæm mfm{{` ì 516<* be Abcje~`{{e fmi evp{aià{ev ~{ebviavvð`v em p÷kjafm" @i v`cane* nalbna)v` be Ejìebhe ì 5168* bmv



@v~enmv Pbanmv ì 5161* be L{ebãe ì 51>0 ` fh`cm em K{evaj* peév pambà{m be Eiá{afe Je~abe*ì 510?"

@i 51<; m ve~ája~` n` fmibafeãæm ^`jv~e{ A p`{ia~a e p{aià{e ~{ebviavvæm ì fe{å~`{

`xp`{ai`b~ej `b~{` mv @v~enmv Pbanmv ` e @{mpe* v`bnm fmbvan`{enm m pambà{m nmv ve~ája~`v

fmi`{faeav" Iev m Ab~`jve~ A* jebãenm ì 51<0* u` ie{fm m abéfam ne aipjeb~eãæm n` i vav~ìe

cjmkej n` ve~ája~`v" @j` mp`{m n{eb~` 6 ebmv* >? ne vp`{léfa` ~`{{`v~{`" (_E^@[BMV^[M*

5111* p" ;0!

E anáae n` aipjeb~eãæm ne ^\ bm K{evaj lma abafaene bm fmi`ãm ne náfene n` >? pm{ Evvav

Fhe~èk{aebn* ieam{ ìp{`vå{am n` fmibafeãæm nm peév be ápmfe ` na{ac`b~` nmv Naå{amv `

@iavvm{ev Evvmfaenmv" Ie{ae K{`~ev (5181! `xpjafe u` Fhe~èk{aebn {`ba ablm{ieãð`v pe{e e

|aekajaweãæm ne ^\* fmb~ef~m c{pmv ìp{`ve{aev pe{e vv~`b~e{ m ab|`v~ai`b~m* ebejavm m

aipef~m nev ìavvm{ev `xav~`b~`v ì m~{mv peév`v ` pjeb`gm e f{aeãæm ` abv~ejeãæm n` nev

ìavvm{ev* e ^\ ^pa n` Væm _ejm ` e ^\ ^pa nm [am n` Gebà{m* ì 5105"

N{eb~` mv p{aià{mv vàv i`v`v* e ^pa ~abhe ep`bev fabfm hm{ev n` p{mc{eieãæm naå{ae )nev vàv

ïv mbw` ne bma~` ‖ ì u` `{ei ~{ebvia~anmv laji`v* `vp`~åfjmv n` ena~ö{am ` bm~afaå{am"

Bm abéfam* e ^\ `{e an`b~alafene fmim ie bm|e imnejanen` n` {ånam m fmim ‚fabìe ì feve’*

å v`bnm fe{ef~`{awene fmim ieav i bm|m `vpeãm n` aiecì ì im|ai`b~m* pmav m fabìe gå

pmvvakaja~e|e avvm em p÷kjafm"

N` efm{nm fmi Ie{ae K{`~ev (5181!* mv p{aià{mv epe{`jhmv n` ~`j`|avæm p{mnwanmv bm K{evaj

v{ca{ei ì 5105 ì u` fmip`~aei fmi ie{fev `v~{ebcà{ev* iev ep{`v`b~e|ei n`vìp`bhm

ve~avle~ö{am bev |`bnev e ie iabm{ae u` ~abhei i`jhm{ pmn`{ n` euavaãæm be ápmfe"

E e~m{e n`v~efe u`

T"""Y E enaçbfae ne ^\ `{e* `b~æm* {`v~{a~e ï pmpjeãæm nev c{ebn`v fanen`v*nenm v` pù`bm ejfebf`* ì ~`{imv n` nav~ebfae nev ~{ebviavvð`v" V`bnm

evvai* mv fmb~`÷nmv ep{`v`b~enmv p`je ~`j`|avæm {`lj`~aei m imnm n` |ane nevfanen`v u` ek{ace|ei ev ìavvm{ev* fmbl`{abnm emv p{mc{eiev ie an`b~anen`fmi mv evp`f~mv fj~{eav n`vv`v f`b~{mv {kebmv" Em i`vim ~ìpm* e ^\fmb~{akée pe{e imnalafeãð`v nmv håka~mv n` v` p÷kjafm* ej~`{ebnm* abfjva|`* ïv{`jeãð`v n` |awabhebãe" E {`vançbfae u` pmvvée i



epe{`jhm {`bae* ì ~m{bm n`j`* mv |awabhmv* pe{`b~`v ` eiacmv* å|anmv pm{evvav~a{ emv p{mc{eiev (K[@ÊV* 5181* p" 66<!"

E pe{~a{ nm vav~ìe n` f{`naå{am* e pmpjeãæm pmn` enua{a{ ieav lefaji`b~` m epe{`jhm n` ^\"@vv` fmbvim ì ievve pmn` n`~`{iabe{ ` imnalafe{ e p{mc{eieãæm n` fene |`éfjm u` pevvm e

p{mnwa{ p{mc{eiev u` ~a|`vv`v ieav e fe{e nm k{evajà{m* fmim ev ~`j`bm|`jev ` p{mc{eiev n`

ena~ö{am"

M cmjp` n` 51<> ì u` mfm{{` e vv~`b~eãæm ne e{~afjeãæm ne abafae~a|e p{a|ene fmi ev lm{ãev

pmjé~afev lma i le~m{ lm{~` pe{e e imnalafeãæm ne `v~{~{e ne ~`j`|avæm" Ev m{cebaweãð`v Cjmkm

aipjeb~e{ei i bm|m imn`jm abv~a~fambej u` lma eipe{enm p`jm {`cai` iaja~e{* bm uej

p{mpm{fambm e lm{ieãæm n` {`n`v e~{e|áv nm f{`vfai`b~m n` abl{e)`v~{~{e n` ~`j`fmibafeãð`v*

v`bnm aipjeb~ene ie c{ebn` ~{ebviavvæm n` vabeav n` ~`j`lmbae* {ånam ` ~`j`|avæm" Ie{ae K{`~ev

(5181! `vfje{`f` u` e fmbvmjaneãæm nev {`n`v n` ~`j`|avæm mfm{{` be náfene n` 8?* uebnm m

bi`{m n` ìavvm{ev abn`p`bn`b~`v bæm fh`ce|e e ie n`w`be" Be ápmfe `v~e|e n` i jenm e

[`n` Cjmkm ` n` m~{m e [`n` Kebnà{eb~`v* e Iebfh`~`* e [`fm{n ` m VK^ )Vav~ìe K{evajà{m n`

^`j`|avæm"

‚Aiec`bv nm Nae’ lma m p{aià{m ~`j`gm{bej ne ^\ k{evajà{e `xakanm ì 5"10?* e~{e|áv ne ^\ ^pa

n` Væm _ejm" Iev m ~`j`gm{bejavim bm K{evaj fmbh`f` m vf`vvm uebnm `v~{`m ì 5106 ‚M

[`pö{~`{ @vvm’ ~eikái be ^\ ^pa* u` p`{ieb`f` bm e{ n{eb~` ;? ebmv" M e~ej jén`{ n`

enaçbfae u` fmipj`~m >? ebmv n` `xav~çbfae `vv` ebm á m ‚Gm{bej Befambej’ ne [`n` Cjmkm* u`

`v~å bm e{ n`vn` 51<1"

E e~m{e (5111! n`v~efe u` ‚á fmi e aiecì u` e ~`j`|avæm fmip`~` fmi m {ånam ` m gm{bej" Á

fmi e aiecì u` e ^\ `x`{f` m v` levfébam ` p{`bn` e e~`bãæm nev p`vvmev’" Á b`f`vvå{am

{`vpà~e{ e ablm{ieãæm |avej* ` n`laba{ uej e i`jhm{ iebà{e ne {`jeãæm ~`x~m-aiecì

(_E^@[BMV^[M* 5111* p" <5!"

@i i ~`x~m gm{bejév~afm pe{e ~`j`|avæm* ejciev fe{ef~`{év~afev n`|ì v`{ fmbvan`{enev* fmim

ve{ jabcecì fmjmuaej* fje{e ` mkg`~a|e4 m ~`x~m ~eikái n`|` v`{ mkg`~a|m* na{`~m* ablm{ie~a|m*

vaipj`v ` pevenm" _e~`{bmv~{m ne ï nafe n` u` m gm{bejav~e u` v` n`nafe{ em ~{ekejhm n`

~`j`gm{bejavim n`vfmk{a{å* fmi m ~ìpm ` e `xp`{açbfae* m i`jhm{ feiabhm pe{e m `x`{féfam nep{mlavvæm"



E ~`j`|avæm fmikabe e ~ajaweãæm vaij~ëbè n` nmav v`b~anmv nm v`{ hiebm* e |avæm ` e enaãæm4 e

e~m{e `xpjafe u` ie bm~éfae n` c{ebn` aipef~m el`~e ev p`vvmev ìmfambeji`b~` `* n`p`bn`bnm

ne ab~`bvanen`* e aiecì p`{ieb`f` bm e{ pm{ ejcbv v`cbnm* iev be iìö{ae nm ~`j`vp`f~enm{pmn` n{e{ pm{ ia~m ~ìpm"

@i v` ~{e~ebnm ne p{mc{eieãæm n` ie ^\ ek`{~e* fmim iàm p{öp{am n` fmibafeãæm n` ievve*

ev bm~éfaev væm ~{ebvia~anev n` iebà{e k{`|`" V`bnm evvai* fmblm{i` `xpjafeãæm n` _e~`{bmv~{m

(5111! e ^\ `v~aije ` p{m|mfe m ab~`{`vv` ` e b`f`vvanen` n` v` eipjae{ m fmbh`fai`b~m nmv

le~mv7 ef{`na~e)v` bm pmn`{ im~a|enm{ ne ^\ `bueb~m iàm n` ablm{ieãæm"

Epöv ebåjav` ne ^\ fmim iàm n` fmibafeãæm n` ievve* e e~m{e n`vf{`|` fe{ef~`{év~afev ne ve

`v~{~{e u` mv gm{bejav~ev n`|ì fmbh`f`{ ` `v~e{ e~`b~mv uebnm `v~a|`{ì `vf{`|`bnm i ~`x~m

pe{e ~`j`gm{bejavim7 ablm{ieãæm |avej u` ~{ebvia~` i`bvec`bv ì u` m ~`j`vp`f~enm{ |ç ` v`

ablm{ie* {`f`k` e bm~éfae ` eipjae v` fmbh`fai`b~m4 ai`nae~avim u` ~{ebvia~` ablm{ieãæm

fmb~ìpm{ëbè uebnm imv~{e m le~m bm imi`b~m `xe~m ì u` `j` mfm{{` e~{e|áv ne aiecì4

ejfebf`* gå u` e ^\ bæm nav~abc` fjevv` vmfaej m `fmbþiafe* e~abcabnm e ~mnmv" M gm{bejavim be

^\ ~ì u` fmbvan`{e{ fmim |ea ~{e~e{ ie bm~éfae* gå u` `je pmn` v`{ ‚|av~e’ ` ‚m|ane’ n`

|å{aev iebà{ev nal`{`b~`v4 abv~eb~ebànen` gå u` e ablm{ieãæm ne ^\ á imi`b~ëbè `

abv~eb~ëbè* v`bnm ‚fep~ene’ n` ie vö |`w* bm `xe~m imi`b~m u` á ìa~ane* v` bæm lm{ c{e|enm*

bæm hå fmim |mj~e{ ` |`{ bm|ei`b~`* em fmb~{å{am n` gm{bej* {`|av~e4 `b|mj|ai`b~m7 hå bm

~`j`gm{bejavim e iebà{e p`vvmej n` ‚fmb~e{’ bm~éfae ` e leiajae{anen` fmi {`pö{~`{`v `

ep{`v`b~enm{`v* u` v`nwì ` e~{eì mv ~`j`vp`f~enm{`v4 vp`{lafaejanen`7 m {a~im ne ^\

p{mpm{fambe ie be~{`we vp`{lafaej ïv vev i`bvec`bv" (hå p{mc{eiev `vp`félafmv n` ieam{

n`bvanen` gm{bejév~afe!4 ébnaf` n` enaçbfae4 e i`naãæm nm ab~`{`vv` nm ~`j`vp`f~enm{ m{a`b~e e

p{mc{eieãæm ` f{ae fmbnaãð`v n` vv~`b~eãæm fmi`{faej"

@i ~`j`gm{bejavim m ~`x~m á `vf{a~m pe{e v`{ lejenm p`jm jmf~m{ ` m|anm p`jm ~`j`vp`f~enm{"

Uebnm v` `vf{`|` ì ie jene (be ^\ á fheienm n` ‚vf{ap~’! pe{e i ~`j`gm{bej ~ì u` v`

p{`mfpe{ fmim m le~m n` u` m ~`x~m v`{å janm ì |mw ej~e pm{ ejcái* m {`pö{~`{* ep{`v`b~enm{ `

fep~enm n` ie vö |`w p`jm ~`j`vp`f~enm{" (_E^@[BMV^[M* 5111* p" <<!

_e~`{bmv~{m (5111! jìk{e u` ì ejcbv fevmv* uebnm `xav~` ie aiecì lm{~` n` iefmb~`fai`b~m* `je j`|e |eb~ecì vmk{` ev peje|{ev* v`bnm vlafa`b~` pe{e ~{ebvia~a{ em i`vim~ìpm ablm{ieãæm ` ìmãæm" M ~`x~m fevenm fmi e aiecì á `vv`bfaej bm gm{bejavim



n` ^\* n`|ì feiabhe{ gb~mv vì i fmip`~a{ fmi m m~{m* m pep`j ne peje|{e á ne{ epmam eaiecì" Vì n`vf{aãð`v {`nbneb~`v* fmi ablm{ieãð`v lbnei`b~eav* vaipj`v ` na{`~m* m ~`x~m |eabe~{eji`b~` v` feve{ fmi e aiecì"

Ejái nm ~`x~m fevenm fmi e aiecì* m~{e fe{ef~`{év~afe lbnei`b~ej bm ~`x~m n` ^\ á e

jabcecì fmjmuaej* vìp{` u` m gm{bejav~e lm{ `vf{`|`{ n`|`)v` jìk{e{ u` `v~e{å fmb~ebnm

ie hav~ö{ae pe{e ejcái* fmim v` `v~a|`vv` fmb|`{vebnm fmi `vve p`vvme"

Kav~eb` ` Kef`jje{ (;??<! mkv`{|ei u`* pe{e mv gm{bejav~ev* mv evvb~mv væm fmbvan`{enmv

{`j`|eb~`v ï i`nane u` ab~`{`vvei e i c{ebn` b÷i`{m n` p`vvmev* uebnm fevei aipef~mv m

el`~ei e |ane nmv fanenæmv" @vv` fmbfà~m n` bm~éfae v` epjafe e ~mnm ~apm ` |`éfjm" M u` ine á

e iebà{e fmim ev ablm{ieãð`v væm ~{ebvia~anev"

M ~{ekejhm nmv {`pö{~`{`v á ia~m aipm{~eb~`* pmav ‚ie aiecì á fepew n` ce{eb~a{ e |àfjeãæ m

n` i evvb~m u` ~ej|`w bì lmvv` em e{ v` m fab`c{elav~e bæm ~a|`vv` e vm{~` n` fep~e{ i

ljec{eb~`’ (KAVÊB@4 KEF@JJE[* ;??<* p" >5!" Aiec`bv {`lm{ãei ev bm~éfaev ` næm

f{`nakajanen`"

Ev e~m{ev nàxei fje{m u` e lej~e n` ie aiecì bæm pmn` v`{ im~a|m n` `xfjvæm n` ie

bm~éfae* v` m evvb~m i`{`f`{ `blmu`* pmn`)v` ne{ ie bm~e m m {`pö{~`{ em |a|m n` ejci jmfej"

Pie bm~éfae pmn` bevf`{ n` nal`{`b~`v iebà{ev" _mn` fmi`ãe{ e pe{~a{ n` i kme~m* n`b÷bfae

ebþbaie* |ae ab~`{b`~* m e~{e|áv nm ie~`{aej `b|aenm p`jev evv`vvm{aev n` aip{`bve" Væm {èjawenev

~eikái ev {mbnev ~`j`lþbafev* ì kvfe n` ablm{ieãæm ev {`neãð`v jacei pe{e |å{amv ö{cæmv

mlafaeav* fmim m Fm{pm n` Kmikà{mv* _mjéfaev Iaja~e{ ` Fa|aj* Fëie{e n` \`{ènm{`v* Hmvpa~eav*

`~f"

;">"5 Nm pevvenm em l~{m

Epöv m v{cai`b~m nm p{aià{m ~`j`gm{bej* ì 510?* ‚Aiec`bv nm Nae’* mv pe~{mfabenm{`v ke~awe{ei p{mc{eiev* ` ì 510; e ^pa ep{`v`b~m m ~`j`gm{bej ‚_ebea{’* ke~awenm pm{ ie

fmipebhae eá{è* ` bm i`vim ebm v{ca m ‚[`pö{~`{ @vvm’" N` efm{nm fmi KAVÊB@4



KEF@JJE[ (;??<!* ‚ev bm~éfaev {ei janev p`jmv jmf~m{`v (ep{`v`b~enm{`v! bm `v~÷nam he|ae pmuévvaiev aiec`bv pe{e ajv~{e{ ev ablm{ieãð`v’"

Be náfene n` 51<?* e na~en{e iaja~e{ `v~ek`j`f` m fmb~{mj` nev ablm{ieãð`v bm peév" M Cm|`{bm

f`bv{e|e lefaji`b~` mv |`éfjmv n` fmibafeãæm* fmim {ånam ` ^\* ` ab~`{{mip` e ~{eg`~ö{ae nm

‚Gm{bej ne \ebce{ne’ u` `{e mvenm be jabcecì* a{{`|`{`b~` ` f{ae~a|m" @vv` ~`j`gm{bej

{`f`k` m _{çiam Mbnev* be @vpebhe* fmim i`jhm{ ~`j`gm{bej nm ibnm" Fmi m pevve{ nm ~ìpm*

ì 51<1* `v~{è|e m pambà{m ~`j`gm{bej be [`n` Cjmkm* Gm{bej Befambej"E ìavvm{e fe{amfe fmi m

‚pen{æm cjmkm n` gm{bejavim’ abm|m bmv u`va~mv uejanen` ~áfbafe* f`bå{amv `jekm{enmv* `

aiec`bv ep{enev nmv ~`j`gm{beav ` p{mc{eiev cjmkeav" Ev e~m{ev n`v~efei u` `vve lö{ije lma

f{a~afene pm{ kvfe{ abfebve|`ji`b~` e `v~á~afe* iev u` á b`f`vvå{am {`fmbh`f`{* u` n` bm|e

fe{e* {im ` leie ïv p{mnãð`v k{evajà{ev"

M gm{bejavim ~`j`|ava|m pevvm mfpe{ ieav `vpeãm be {`n` n` p{mc{eieãæm ne ^\ bmv ebmv 3?*

`xakabnm ~`j`gm{beav bm hm{å{am nm ejimãm ` bm lai ne bma~`" V{ca{ei evvai ev {`n`v elajaenev u`

~a|`{ì ieam{ fmbf`b~{eãæm bm [am ` Væm _ejm"

Ev e~m{ev `xpjafei u`* be náfene n` 518?* bm hm{å{am ne iebhæ* `{e `xakanm m ‚^\ Ijh`{’ be

[`n` Cjmkm ì u` v` n`ke~aei ~ìev n` ab~`{`vv` nm p÷kjafm lìababm* ~eav fmim

fmipm{~ei`b~m v`xej ` fanenebae" Be i`vie ápmfe* lm{ei f{aenev ieav nev bm|ev ìavvm{ev* m

VK^ ‖ Vav~ìe K{evajà{m n` ^`j`|avæm ‖ ` e [`n` Iebfh`~`"

Bmv ebmv 511?* mv ëbfm{ev (ep{`v`b~enm{`v! abm|e{ei m ~`j`gm{bejavim* k{evajà{m ef{`vf`b~ebnm*

ïv fmk`{~{ev* ebåjav`v ` fmi`b~å{amv" B`vve ápmfe* m VK^ fmi`ãm e `xaka{ i ~`j`gm{bej na{`~m

n` Iaeia ‖ @v~enmv Pbanmv ‖ m ‚^`j`bm~éfaev’ u` n{m 6 ebmv bm e{ " @i 5118* e ^\ Cjmkm ì

Væm _ejm abafam m p{mg`~m n` gm{bejavim fmiba~å{am* ì u` jan`{`v fmiba~å{amv ` kea{{mv `

e~m{anen`v n`ke~aei em |a|m p{mkjìev ne fanen`" @vv` p{mg`~m v`{|a n` imn`jm pe{e mv

~`j`gm{beav jmfeav ne ìavvm{e (KAVÊB@4 KEF@JJE[* ;??<* p" 55?!"



6 GM[BEJAVIM FPJ^P[EJ

^hmipvmb (5110! e|ejae* ì v`b~anm ieav eipjm* u` mv `v~nmv nmv l`bþi`bmv fj~{eav pmnìv`{ p`bvenmv fmim i `v~nm vöfam)hav~ö{afm fmbv~a~énm fmim feipm n` vacbalafenmv" M fmbfà~m

n` fj~{e* n` efm{nm fmi m e~m{* ‚v` {`l`{` e ie |e{a`nen` n` l`bþi`bmv ` e i fmbgb~m n`

ab~`{`vv`v u` væm* hmg`* fmipe{~ajhenmv pm{ `v~namvmv n` na|`{vev navfapjabev* n`vn` e vmfamjmcae

` e eb~{mpmjmcae’"

Fbhe4 L`{{à{e ` Iecejhæ`v (;??;! n`v~efei m fmbfà~m n` fj~{e n` efm{nm fmi Je{eae (5111!*

u` ela{ie u` ‚e fj~{e `bcjmke ~nm euajm u` á p{mnwanm p`jm p`bvei`b~m m p`je eãæm

hiebe* ` ~{ebvia~anm pe{e ev c`{eãð`v pmv~`{am{`v" B`vve n`labaãæm* abfjì)v` ev f{`bãev*

|ejm{`v* håka~mv* ~`m{aev* mkg`~mv* mk{ev n` e{~`"’ (JE[EAE* 5111 epn FPBHE4 L@[[@A[E @

IECEJHÆ@V* ;??;* p" ?>!

V`bnm evvai* m gm{bejavim fj~{ej ~`{ae e lbãæm n` fmk{a{ ~mnmv mv le~mv {`jefambenmv ï `fmbmiae*

pmjé~afe* emv `vpm{~`v* e façbfaev* ïv fanen`v* `~f* bæm v` gv~alafebnm e `xav~çbfae n` i fen`{bm n`

fj~{e* pmav ~mnm gm{bej gå jane fmi `vv`v evvb~mv n` lm{ie ek{ebc`b~`" M gm{bejavim fj~{ej v`

`b|mj|`{ae `b~æm fmi e~a|anen`v e{~év~afev ` n` `b~{`~`bai`b~m"

@i v` ~{e~ebnm n` gm{bejavim fj~{ej k{evajà{m* m i`vim cebhm lm{ãe bm labej nm váfjm XAX*

uebnm Iefhenm n` Evvav (5861 ‖ 51?8! ` Gmvá \`{évvaim (5803 ‖ 515<! abafae{ei vev fe{{à{ev

fmim f{é~afmv ` `vf{a~m{`v"

_awe (;??>! lew n`vf{aãæm n`~ejhene vmk{` mv c{ebn`v f{é~afmv* `na~m{`v n` {`|av~ev ` ja|{mv fj~{eav

bm váfjm XX n` ejcbv peév`v* ì `vp`faej nmv @PE* e~á fh`ce{ em gm{bejavim fj~{ej k{evajà{m

nm i`vim p`{émnm" Bm váfjm XX* m f{é~afm fj~{ej bm K{evaj mk~ái ieav `vpeãm bev {`|av~ev `

m{beav mbn` |å{amv `vf{a~m{`v k{evajà{mv fmbvec{enmv abafae{ei vev fe{{à{ev fmim f{é~afmv

fj~{eav"

Aiecabe|e)v` u` v`ca{ae ~nm kì fmi m n`v`b|mj|ai`b~m nm gm{bejavim fj~{ej* iev e pe{~a{

ne i`~en` nm váfjm XX* m i`vim vml{` f{av`v n` an`b~anen`v fmbv~eb~`v"

E pe{~a{ nmv ebmv 510?* e aip{`bve fj~{ej cebhm lm{ãe* ~m{bebnm)v` mk{ace~ö{ae bmv c{ebn`v|`éfjmv" _awe (;??>! lew {åpane {`jeãæm nmv c{ebn`v e~m{`v fj~{eav* ~eav fmim K`bgeiab*



Hm{dhài`{* Enm{bm ` Ke{~h`v* ` ablm{ie u` ‚e aip{`bve fj~{ej ~ì m n`|`{ n` v`bvm f{é~afm*ne e|ejaeãæm n` fene mk{e fj~{ej ` nev ~`bnçbfaev u` m i`{fenm |ejm{awe pm{ v`v ab~`{`vv`v* ` mn`|`{ n` mjhe{ pe{e ev abnãð`v vaiköjafev ` im{eav u` m fanenæm {`f`k`’" (_AWE* ;??>* p" >0!

M e~m{ lew ie {`jeãæm `b~{` mv fen`{bmv fj~{eav aip{`vvmv naå{amv u` næm ieav e~`bãæm ï |ane

nmv leimvmv* ` mv fen`{bmv fj~{eav u` veì bm labej n` vìebe* ` v` p{`mfpei ieav fmi

`b~{`~`bai`b~m* mpãð`v ` f{é~afev n` laji`v* p`ãev ivafeav* `~f" @v~ek`j`f`* ~eikái* n`vf{aãæm

n`~ejhene nm {a~im _mp* ` lew e mkv`{|eãæm n` u` e imne* cev~{mbmiae ` n`vacb cebhe{ei `vpeãm

` ei`b~e{ei m feipm n` ek{ebcçbfae ne aip{`bve fj~{ej" (_AWE* ;??>*

p" 00* 0<* 03!

Hå f{é~afmv fj~{eav u` cmv~ei n` leje{ nm u` `v~å efmb~`f`bnm bm peév* fmim hå f{é~afmv u`

p{`l`{ì leje{ vmk{` m u` `v~å v`bnm p{mnwanm* ep{`v`b~enm ab~`{befambeji`b~`" Fmim efmb~`f`

ì |å{amv jce{`v* hå ~eikái m p{`fmbfà~m n` cmv~e{ n` ep{`v`b~e{ vmi`b~` m u` á ieav p{`v`b~`

bm fm~anaebm* `vu`f`bnm n` e|ejae{ m u` mfm{{` ì m~{mv jce{`v* ab~`{befambeji`b~` lejebnm"

N` efm{nm fmi m e~m{

^nm avvm n`p`bn`* mk|aei`b~`* ~eikái ne pkjafeãæm ì u` v` `v~å" V` e p{mpmv~e á ~`{i c{e n` vmlav~afeãæm ieam{* pm{u` leje e i p÷kjafm fmi ieam{ `vfmje{anen` ` fmiieav ef`vvm e aipm{~enmv ` |aec`bv pe{e m `x~`{am{* ie fepe vmk{` ie `xpmvaãæmaipm{~eb~` ì _e{av* pm{ `xìpjm* bæm jh` pe{`f`{å i evvb~m {ìm~m* n`vab~`{`vveb~` T"""Y(_AWE* ;??>* p" <5!"

‚M `xf`vva|m e~{`jei`b~m ï ec`bne* m ~eiebhm ` e uejanen` nmv ~`x~mv* ` e ie{cabejaweãæm ne

f{é~afe’ (_AWE* ;??>* p" <;* <6! væm mv ~{çv iej`v fmbvan`{enmv bev na|jceãð`v n` gm{bejavim

fj~{ej* u` hmg` ì nae pmnì v`{ p`{f`kanmv i`vim p`jmv jà~m{`v i`bmv efmv~ienmv e `vv`

~apm n` bm~éfae"

6"5 _{mnãæm nmv fen`{bmv n` fj~{e

Bmv ebmv n` 51<? ` 513?* mv fen`{bmv fj~{eav ne|ei ieav `blmu` ï p{mnãæm e{~év~afe befambej*

m ev u` v` an`b~alafe|ei fmi ev fevev pmpje{`v" E pe{~a{ nmv ebmv 518?* fmblm{i` ela{ie

Ke{{mv ` Vaj|e (;???!* mv fen`{bmv n` gm{bejavim fj~{ej en`{a{ei ie `vpáfa` n` ‚iaja~ëbfae

ab~`{befambejav~e ` p`je j`ca~aieãæm ne fj~{e n` ievvev u` ie{fm mv ebmv ieav `bcegenmv ne

‚Ajv~{ene’ ‖ fen`{bm ne Lmjhe n` væm _ejm’"



Fbhe4 L`{{à{e ` Iecejhæ`v (;??;! n`v~efei u` m~{ev inebãev n` pmv~{ev nmv gm{bejav~ev bmv

ebmv 8?* á u` mv i`vimv bæm efà~e|ei {m~je{ e fj~{e n` ievve pm{ ~`{ì |a|`bfaenm e

fmb~{efj~{e"

N` efm{nm fmi mv e~m{`v* bmv ebmv 511?* ejcbv fen`{bmv n` gm{bejavim fj~{ej ab~`{`vve{ei)v`

p`je p{mnãæm ne fj~{e n` peév`v p`{alá{afmv" V`cbnm L{aev Lajhm (;??5! b`vve ápmfe ‚e

an`mjmcae nm gm{bejavim fj~{ej v` ~m{bm `fjá~afe ` {`je~a|av~e* pe{e bæm naw`{ `{{å~afe’* bm uej m

i`vim gm{bej pmn` u`v~ambe{ e abn÷v~{ae fj~{ej ` v`v p{mn~mv* ` ì i m~{m imi`b~m pmn`

en`{a)je" Gå Fm~m (511<! n`l`bn` u` m gm{bejavim fj~{ej u`v~amb` ev p{mnãð`v vp`{lafaeav ne

abn÷v~{ae fj~{ej ‚ep{`v`b~` {`l`{çbfaev u` eipjaì

m ejfebf` n` mk{ev u` `vfepì ï `v~á~afe pen{mbawene n`vve abn÷v~{ae’

Vaj|e (;???! ef{`na~e u` m gm{bejavim fj~{ej lefaja~e pe~ev ` ~`x~mv* ` be mpabaæm nmv e~m{`v

Fbhe4 L`{{à{e ` Iecejhæ`v (;??;!* avvm j`|e mv fen`{bmv n` fj~{e e vaipjalafe{ ~nm*

`x`f~ebnm i gm{bejavim ep`bev n` `b~{`~`bai`b~m* u` `xaca{å nm jà~m{ i`bm{ ~ìpm ` e~`bãæm"

N`vve iebà{e* lafe |avé|`j e {`vpmbvekajanen` nm gm{bejav~e ì {`jeãæm ï fj~{e ` i`{fenm" M

m{bejavim fj~{ej n`|` u`v~ambe{ ` naejmce{ f{a~afei`b~` pe{e u` e abn÷v~{ae fj~{ej bæm v`

vab~e e |mb~en` pe{e {`p{mnwa{ ab~`bvei`b~` ‚~{ebvlm{iebnm ev mk{ev fj~{eav ì e{~acmv

p{mnwanmv ` nav~{akénmv ì vá{a`’" L{aev (;??5! mkv`{|e u`

T"""Y Pi nmv {avfmv* ejaåv* u` böv fm{{ìmv ` u` v` `xp{ai` bm bmvvm nae ‖ e ‖ nae á bmv~m{be{imv m fmbvan`{e{imv `xö~afmv n`b~{m ne bmvve p{öp{ae fj~{e T"""Y M kmi gm{bejavimfj~{ej n`|` {`pnae{ `vve abfjabeãæm p`{|`{ve n` bmv imv~{e{ `xö~afmv n`b~{m neuajm u`{èji`b~` vmimv (L[AEV* ;??5* p" 8; epn FPBHE4 L@[[@A[E ` IECEJHÆ@V* ;??;*

p" ?1!"

6"; Najìev nm gm{bejavim fj~{ej

_e{e Fbhe4 L`{{à{e ` Iecejhæ`v (;??;!* mv fen`{bmv fj~{eav pkjafenmv nae{aei`b~` `bl{`b~ei

ie vá{a` n` p{mkjìev* u` {`vj~ei nev {m~abev n` p{mnãæm ` ne naléfaj {`jeãæm fmi e abn÷v~{ae

fj~{ej"



Gmæm _ejm Fbhe (VGF* 5118! u` á `na~m{ n` fj~{e nm gm{bej @v~enm n` Iabev* n`lab` u` i

nmv ieam{`v najìev nm gm{bejavim fj~{ej `v~å ‚bm fmb~{epmb~m `b~{` fj~{e ` `b~{`~`bai`b~m’

|àfjenmv e ab~`{`vv`v ne abn÷v~{ae fj~{ej"

M gm{bejavim gå á {`vj~enm n` i p{mf`vvm abnv~{aej* ì u` jane fmi aipmvaãð`v ` jaia~`v

p{öp{amv nm p{mf`vvm* n`v~e iebà{e m gm{bejavim fj~{ej gå vml{` abljçbfae n` fe{å~`{ abnv~{aej*

pe{e e~e{ b`vv` feipm* e p{öp{ae p{mnãæm vml{` aipef~m ne abnv~{aejaweãæm"

Á aipm{~eb~` pe{e m gm{bejav~e fmip{``bn`{ mv p{mf`nai`b~mv u` abnwì e e~eãæm ne abn÷v~{ae

fj~{ej* fmim n`v~efe m gm{bejav~e Ie~abev Vwda G{"

M `b~`bnai`b~m nm navpmva~a|m ne Abn÷v~{ae Fj~{ej T"""Y lm{b`f` ie an`b~anen` `b~{` e{~` `m gm{bej* `b~{` e f{aeãæm ` m navf{vm gm{bejév~afm vmk{` e f{aeãæm" E{~av~e ` gm{bejav~epe{~afapei nm fa{fa~m* ì pmb~mv nal`{`b~`v7 i i÷vafm* i pab~m{* i `vf{a~m{* n`p`bnìbæm nm v` p{öp{am lew`{* iev ~eikái ne aiecì u` fmbv`cì e{~afje{ l{`b~` empkjafm" M gm{bejavim fj~{ej* i`vim m ieav abn`p`bn`b~`* á m |a{~ej fmipjì`b~m nmi`{fenm e{~év~afm* á ejcm u` `v~å lm{e ` n`b~{m ne fj~{e" T"""Y M gm{bejavim fj~{ej nec{ebn` aip{`bve ~ebc`bfae ev f{|e~{ev nm i`{fenm bæm vö ì vev wmbev n` en`{çbfae (mvvf`vvmv n` navfm* ne ~`j`|avæm ` nm fabìe!* fmim ~eikái be ~mpmc{elae n` f{av` (p{mnãæmn` |ebce{ne* e fheiene e{~` abn`p`bn`b~` ` ie{cabej* e p{mnãæm efençiafe* `~f!(VPWPDA G["* 518<7 31 epn FPBHE4 L@[[@A[E ` IECEJHÆ@V* ;??;* p" ?0 ?<!"

Væm epmb~enev u`v~ð`v e~{akénev p`je abn÷v~{ae fj~{ej* n`b~{` `jev `v~æm ì u` i`nane mp~e{

p`jm bm|m bæm fea{ bm p{`|avé|`j4 uebnm e `xp`f~e~a|e nm jà~m{ (~`j`vp`f~enm{! n`|` v`{ e~`bnane*

m {`bm|ene* ì u` i`nane m e~m n` bæm `xaka{ ie f`j`k{anen` nai`bvambene p`je abn÷v~{ae

fj~{ej* á f`bv{e m m~{m ~apm n` gjcei`b~m (FPBHE4 L@[[@A[E ` IECEJHÆ@V ;??;* p"

?<!"

E {m~abe p{mn~a|e n` i fen`{bm fj~{ej naå{am p`n` emv gm{bejav~ev ` `na~m{`v ie |avæm eipjenm u` v`{å pkjafenm" Fbhe4 L`{{à{e ` Iecejhæ`v (;??;! n`v~efei u` v` `j`v fmbvan`{e{ì e

bm~afae{ ~nm m u` á p{mnwanm e{~av~afei`b~` ieav ev mpãð`v n` jew`{ ` `b~{`~`bai`b~m

navpmbé|àv bm i`{fenm* v`{å b`f`vvå{am u` v` cev~` i ieam{ `vpeãm be pkjafeãæm nav~{akabnm

ieav e~`bãæm pe{e mv p{mn~mv fj~{eav ` bæm pe{e mv p{mf`vvmv fj~{eav" Mv gm{beav `{mp`v* pm{

`xìpjm* bm~afaei p{mn~mv e{~év~afmv ` `vp`~åfjmv fj~{eav u` fmbvan`{ei ieav {`j`|eb~`v* bm

uej nàxei ev pkjafeãð`v ieav n`~ejhenev pe{e {`|av~ev ` caev `vp`faejawenmv" L{aev (;???!

jei`b~e u` m gm{bejavim fj~{ej k{evajà{m ~ì {`v`{|enm c{ebn` `vpeãm pe{e i`{ev ablm{ieãð`v*

`b~{ebnm be `{e n` ‚~nm pe{e lew`{ e |mb~en` nm fmbvianm{’"



Be mpabaæm n` Nepa`|` (;??5!* mv fen`{bmv n` gm{bejavim fj~{ej e~eav ml`{`fì ~ìev

nal`{`bfaenmv* iev ef{`na~e u` m n`vùajék{am ieam{ `v~å `b~{` e ablm{ieãæm ` e f{é~afe" _e{e `j`*ablm{ie)v` ieav nm u` v` f{a~afe* m |af` )|`{ve"

Bæm v` pmn` `vu`f`{ u` m gm{bejavim naå{am `bl{`b~e e nalafjnen` n` vp`{e{ mv mkv~åfjmv

`xav~`b~`v nm {a~im u` hå b`vv` |`éfjm" E ec`bne fj~{ej nev na|`{vev fevev n` `vp`~åfjmv á

ab~`bve ` e ~`bnçbfae e na|jce{ ev i`viev vö ei`b~e" @vv` p{mkjìe á ei`bawenm* fmim gå

fa~enm eb~`{am{i`b~`* fmi ev {`|av~ev" @i ie pkjafeãæm i`bvej* pm{ `xìpjm* ejái nm `vpeãm

ieam{ n`nafenm e fj~{e* navpmbakajawe)v` ~eikái n` ieav ~ìpm pe{e ep{e{ ` ablm{ie{"

@i fmb~{epmb~m* m `na~m{ nm @I Fj~{e nm gm{bej @v~enm n` Iabev* Gmæm _ejm Fbhe* n`v~efe

u` ‚e jöcafe nm gm{bejavim naå{am bmv mk{ace e ~{ekejhe{ fmi ie jöcafe u` bæm á vö e ne

uejanen` ne ablm{ieãæm* iev u` fmip`~` fmi ie vá{a` n` m~{ev ablm{ieãð`v ` bm~éfaev’ (VGF*

5118!"

M gm{bejavim fj~{ej vml{` fmi m `vpeãm pe{e e |àfjeãæm nev ie~á{aev ` fmi m ~ìpm pe{e

ep{eãæm ` `naãæm nm u` v`{å na|jcenm" Mv e~m{`v mkv`{|ei u` `vve fmk`{~{e `v~å

fmb~ìpjebnm m v~e~v n` ‚fmipm{~ei`b~m’" E~eji`b~`* mv fen`{bmv fj~{eav `v~æm nav~{akabnm

e~`bãæm pe{e ~ìev u` eb~acei`b~` `{ei pmfm |àfjenmv* fmim e fjabå{ae* e imne* m

`vm~`{avim `~f" Pi `xìpjm fa~enm p`jmv e~m{`v á nm fen`{bm Iecewab`* nm Gm{bej M ^ìpm n`

K`jm Hm{awmb~` ‖ IC* u` ~mne ~`{ãe )là{e |àfje ie påcabe n`nafene em `vm~`{avim (FPBHE4

L@[[@A[E ` IECEJHÆ@V ;??;* p" 55!"

@vvev ~`bnçbfaev n` i`{fenm ` fmipm{~ei`b~m cebhe{ei `vpeãm bm gm{bejavim fj~{ej* pmav

ve~avlewì m jà~m{)fmbvianm{* iev* ì m~{m evp`f~m* p{`gnafei m jà~m{)fanenæm* u` gå bæm

mk~ái ev ablm{ieãð`v fj~{eav n` lm{ie ekv~{e~e"

M e|ebãm ~`fbmjöcafm ~eikái á i le~m{ n` fmb~{akaãæm pe{e e p{mnãæm e{~év~afe" N`|anm e v`

n`v`b|mj|ai`b~m* e fa{fjeãæm n` ablm{ieãð`v f{`vf` kev~eb~`" E c{e|eãæm n` i FN* hmg` ì

nae* `v~å ieav ef`vvé|`j* ~m{bebnm naléfaj e `vfmjhe ne `na~m{ae fj~{ej vmk{` m u` v`{å pkjafenm"M ~{ekejhm abn`p`bn`b~` vea p{`gnafenm* pmav bæm fmbv`c` fmip`~a{ fmi m c{ebn` ljxm n`

nav~{akaãæm nev c{ebn`v c{e|enm{ev* u` ejfebãei uev` ~mnmv mv |`éfjmv"



N`vve iebà{e* m `na~m{ nm Fen`{bm ; n` m @v~enm n` Væm _ejm* Imfe{w`j* ela{ie u`

E abn÷v~{ae lmbmc{ålafe* `na~m{aej* fabìe~mc{ålafe* `blai* e p{mnãæm fj~{ej lmaab~`bvalafene n` ~ej iebà{e bev ÷j~aiev náfenev u` ep`bev m jù` n` mpãð`v ne ec`bnefj~{ej gå á ieav u` vlafa`b~` pe{e p{``bfh`{ fene |`w ieav `vfevvev påcabev nm fen`{bmn` fj~{e T"""Y (IMFE[W@J* ;??5* epn FPBHE4 L@[[@A[E @ IECEJHÆ@V ;??;* p"5;!"

@j` {`je~e* ~eikái* u` mv fen`{bmv n` fj~{e n`|ì egne{ m jà~m{ e nav~abca{ ev |å{aev mk{ev

jebãenev* n` i imnm c`{ej* ne p{å~afe e{~év~afe u` bæm ~ì e |`{ fmi `vv` fmiá{fam kebej"

M l{m n` {`pm{~ecì lew pe{~` ne p{å~afe gm{bejév~afe" Mv e~m{`v `xpjafei u` m l{m bm

m{bejavim fj~{ej ‚ùa|ej` e p{a|aj`cae{ m aipef~m ì n`~{ai`b~m neuajm u` á abána~m m

abva~enm be fmbv~{ãæm ne bm~éfae’ T"""Y* ` n`vf{`|ì m `xìpjm n` u` v` hå ie c{ebn` `v~{áae

be fanen`* m e |abne n` ejci e{~av~e leimvm* bm{ieji`b~` mv |`éfjmv fj~{eav n`v~efei fmim

ie~á{ae n` fepe" Kvfebnm m nal`{`bfaej ì {`jeãæm ï fmbfm{{çbfae* mv |`éfjmv ef{`vf`b~ei e

bm~éfae ieav ablm{ieãð`v* fmim `xìpjm fa~enm p`jmv e~m{`v* ‚e{~acmv n` `vp`faejav~ev vmk{` m

~ìe-`vp`~åfjm ekm{nenm* `b~{`|av~ev `xfjva|ev* p`{laj n` e{~av~ev* na{`~m{`v `-m p{mn~m{`v

`b|mj|anmv* `~f’ (FPBHE4 L@[[@A[E @ IECEJHÆ@V* ;??;* p" 5;!"

@vv`v f{a~á{amv væm ab`{`b~`v em gm{bejavim fj~{ej* iev bæm pmnìmv nàxe{ n` bm~e{ u`* bmv

fen`{bmv fj~{eav* v` i gm{bej fmbfm{{`b~` bm~afae p{aià{m n`~`{iabenm p{mn~m (ja|{m* laji`*

FN!* mv gm{beav ~`bnì e n`vp{`we{ e bm~éfae* fmim v` e i`vie bæm lmvv` aipm{~eb~` bì pe{e m

m{bej* bì pe{e m jà~m{"

Fbhe4 L`{{à{e ` Iecejhæ`v (;??;! `vfje{`fì u` m l{m pmn` v`{ ~eikái ie eãæm nm

m{bejav~e* u`* em ab|`v~ace{ fmbv`c` n`vfmk{a{ ~ej le~m abána~m ` m pkjafe eb~`v ne fmbfm{{çbfae"

@vv` ~apm n` l{m ~ì {`j`|ëbfae ` n`|` fmb~abe{ n`|` fmb~abe{ v`bnm i `jì`b~m aipm{~eb~`

bm gm{bejavim fj~{ej"

Mv e~m{`v mkv`{|ei u` m GF vml{` p{`vvð`v pm{ pe{~` ne AF* gå u` `v~e |ave ï na|jceãæm nmv

v`v p{mn~mv ‖ m u` |àfje ` pe~{mfabe ‖ ` m gm{bejavim vml{` p{`vvð`v"



@vvev p{`vvð`v efmb~`fì n` nal`{`b~`v iebà{ev" Fbhe* L`{{à{e ` Iecejhæ`v (;??;! n`v~efei

ejciev n`jev" M ‚gekå’* pm{ `xìpjm* á uebnm m gm{bejav~e ‚p{a|aj`cae* ì ve fmk`{~{e* m

p{mn~m-`|`b~m fj~{ej u` m pecm* ~{ebvlm{iebnm m u` v`{ae i `vpeãm n` ep{eãæm gm{bejév~afeì `vpeãm fmi`{faej* vì ablm{ie{ `xpjafa~ei`b~` em jà~m{’" Kffa (;???* p" 581! mkv`{|e u`

`vve iebà{e eb~aá~afe eabne v` lew p{`v`b~` bmv fen`{bmv n` fj~{e" M~{m p{mkjìe `v~å

{`jefambenm emv {`jèv`v* u` væm ‚`b|aenmv pm{ p{mn~m{`v fj~{eav-evv`vvm{aev u` ia~ev |`w`v*

be p{`vvæm abnv~{aej nm gm{bej ` naeb~` nm l`fhei`b~m ne påcabe* væm ~ajawenmv uev` u`

ab~`c{eji`b~`’ (FPBHE4 L@[[@A[E @ IECEJHÆ@V* ;??;* p" 56 ` 5>!"

Hå* ~eikái* e p{`vvæm n` e{~av~ev u` fmbh`fì m væm eiacmv ne na{`ãæm {`vpmbvå|`j p`je å{è

fj~{ej" Fevm `j`v v` vab~ei j`venmv n` ejcie iebà{e* pbì mv gm{bejav~ev u` m n`b`c{a" E

÷j~aie p{`vvæm n`v~efene p`jmv e~m{`v á uebnm hå ‚ec`bnei`b~mv nm |`éfjm’* fmim pm{

`xìpjm* ì u` m gm{bej m ìavvm{e pmn` vp{aia{ m ie~`{aej ` ev ablm{ieãð`v u` v`{æm

na|jcenev"

Fbhe4 L`{{à{e ` Iecejhæ`v (;??;! fmbfjì u` m gm{bejavim fj~{ej n`|` `xpebna{ mv |ejm{`v

nìmf{å~afmv ` e ab~`c{eãæm gb~m em v` p÷kjafm ` vìp{` mkg`~a|e{ `vfje{`f`{ ` fmb~{e)e~efe{ ev

iebal`v~eãð`v vmlav~afenev ` `j`~{þbafev"



> ^\ @NPFEÂ\E7 EV_@F^MV KÅVAFMV

Ej`xebn{` L{endab (;??8! `xpjafe u` m bevfai`b~m ne ^\ @nfe~a|e bm K{evaj mfm{{` ì 51<3*uebnm lma em e{ e p{aià{e ìavvm{e* e ^\ Pba|`{va~å{ae n` _`{beikfm* |abfjene em Iabav~á{am

ne @nfeãæm" E anáae abafaej n`vve aipjeb~eãæm bm peév lma n{eb~` m p`{émnm nm {`cai` iaja~e{ `

pe{~a nm p{aià{m _{`van`b~` ne [`p÷kjafe* m ie{`fhej Hik`{~m Fev~`jjm K{ebfm* u` f{am `vve

abána~e imnejanen` n` ~`j`|avæm em {`v~{abca{ e jak`{nen` n` `xp{`vvæm fmi m n`f{`~m5

jà ;6< )51<3"

M mkg`~a|m `{e na|jce{ e anèjaweãæm nm {`cai` iaja~e{ ` navpmbakajawe{ `nfeãæm pe{e mv

ebejlek`~mv nm peév"

Fmi e f{aeãæm nm Iabav~á{am nev Fmibafeãð`v ` e fmbf`b~{eãæm ne nav~{akaãæm nev m~m{cev ï

Pbaæm* f{`vf` ab~`bvei`b~` m ab~`{`vv` nmv iaja~e{`v p`je fmibafeãæm* pmav* lm{ei f{aenev

i`nanev pe{e m{cebawe{ ` `xpjm{e{ m vav~ìe" B`vve ápmfe* ev fe{ef~`{év~afev n` ~ej ìavvm{e `{ei

ev na|jceãð`v n` p{mc{eiev `nfefambeav* fmi ~{ebviavvæm n` ejev* fmbl`{çbfaev* n`ke~`v `

pej`v~{ev" Bæm `{e p`{ia~ane e |àfjeãæm n` pkjafanen`"

E ^\ @nfe~a|e lma aipjeb~ene bm p`{émnm n` `xpebvæm ne ^\ Fmi`{faej" Ibaw Vmn{á (518>!

`xpjafe u` ejcbv le~m{`v ablj`bfae{ei bm ei`b~m ne nìebne ne p{mc{eieãæm ~`j`|ava|e* fmim

e abnv~{aejaweãæm k{evajà{e4 m ei`b~m ne {`bne pmpjefambej ` m v{cai`b~m nev bm|ev feienev

n` fmbvianm{`v4 e {kebaweãæm ` imn`{baweãæm nev fanen`v4 ` e naiabaãæm bm p{`ãm nmv

epe{`jhmv {`f`p~m{`v fmi m p{mn~m befambejawenm" M~{m le~m{ n`v~efenm p`jm e~m{ lma u`* b`vve

ápmfe* m `bvabm vp`{am{ ~eikái v` `xpebna* ‚M p{mc{eie `v~{e~ácafm n` n`v`b|mj|ai`b~m

(51<8-3?!* ~anm fmim m ieav e|ebãenm ì p{mc{eieãæm `nfefambej* p{`|ae i `bm{i` `j`bfm n`

i`nanev n`v~abenev e `j`|e{ e p{mn~a|anen` nm vav~ìe n` `bvabm ì c`{ej’ (VMN[Á* 518>* p"

5?8!"

5

N`f{`~m)jà b·;6< n` 51<3* navpmbé|`j ì7 h~~p7--sss"pjebej~m"cm|"k{-ffa|aj-N`f{`~m)Jà-N`j?;6<"h~i* `b~{` evinebãev aipmv~ev p`je imnalafeãæm nm FK^* |an` m e{~acm E{~" 06" " V`cbnm `v~` ‚E n`labaãæm n` ekvm* bm`x`{féfam n` jak`{nen` ne {enamnalvæm* m ìp{`cm n`vv` iàm n` fmibafeãæm pe{e e p{å~afe n` f{ai` mfmb~{e|`bãæm p{`|av~mv be j`cavjeãæm ì |acm{ bm peév* abfjva|`7 e! abfa~e{ e n`vmk`naçbfae ïv jàv m n`favð`vnafaå{aev4 k! na|jce{ v`c{`nmv n` @v~enm m evvb~mv u` p{`gnauì e n`l`ve befambej4 f! j~{ege{ e hmb{e

befambej4 n! lew`{ p{mpecebne n` c`{{e m n` p{mf`vvmv n` vk|`{væm ne m{nì pmjé~afe ` vmfaej4 `! p{mim|`{feipebhe navf{aiabe~ö{ae n` fjevv`* fm{* {eãe m {`jacaæm4 l! abvlje{ e {`k`jnae m e abnavfapjabe bev lm{ãeve{ienev m bev m{cebaweãð`v n` v`c{ebãe p÷kjafe4 c! fmip{mi`~`{ ev {`jeãð`v ab~`{befambeav nm _eév4 h! ml`bn`{

e im{ej leiajae{ p÷kjafe* m mv kmbv fmv~i`v4 a! fejbae{* abg{ae{ m naleie{ mv _mn`{`v J`cavje~a|mv* @x`f~a|mm Gnafaå{am m mv {`vp`f~a|mv iìk{mv4 g! |àfje{ bm~éfaev lejvev* fmi p`{acm pe{e m{nì p÷kjafe* `fmbþiafe `vmfaej4 j! fmjekm{e{ be p{å~afe n` {`k`jnae* n`vm{n`bv m iebal`v~eãð`v p{makanev+"



B`vv` f`bå{am ne `nfeãæm ~ane fmim c{ebn` le~m{ pe{e i`jhm{e{ e |ane nmv k{evajà{mv* n` efm{nm

fmi L[ENDAB (;??8!* lm{ei aipjeb~enev* e~á e i`~en` ne náfene n` 513?* ieav 8 ìavvm{ev

`nfe~a|ev4 e ^\@ nm [am n` Gebà{m ` e ^\@ nm [am C{ebn` nm Bm{~`* jacenev em I@F ‖ Iabav~á{am ne @nfeãæm ‖ ` ev ^\@ nm Eiewmbev* Fè{å* @vpé{a~m Veb~m* Ie{ebhæm* [am C{ebn`

nm Vj ` Væm _ejm lafe{ei |abfjenev ev V`f{`~e{aev n` @nfeãæm nmv v`v {`vp`f~a|mv `v~enmv"

@vvev ìavvm{ev lm{ei n` vie aipm{~ëbfae pe{e e na|jceãæm ne pmjé~afe `nfefambej nmv

cm|`{bmv iaja~e{`v ` e ve an`mjmcae" V`cbnm _a`{eb~a*

@i 5135* ev ìavvm{ev `nfe~a|ev* v`cbnm nenmv mlafaeav* e~abcaei 1> ne pmpjeãæmk{evajà{e" Bm ebm v`cab~`* m Iabav~á{am ne @nfeãæm {`lm{ãm e aipm{~ëbfae nev ìavvm{evem f{ae{ m _{mc{eie Befambej n` ^`j`)`nfeãæm (_{mb~`j!* em uej fek`{ae fmm{n`be{ eve~a|anen`v n` `nfeãæm ~`j`|ava|e bm peév" V`{aei `vvev ìavvm{ev ev {`vpmbvå|àv pm{nalbna{ e pmjé~afe `nfefambej nmv cm|`{bmv iaja~e{`v ` pm{ na|jce{* be p{å~afe* m an`å{am nm{`cai` (_A@[EBÂ* ;??3* p"<>!"

_e{e Ej`xebn{` L{endab (;??8!* ejciev ^\”v @nfe~a|ev lm{ei aipjeb~enev pm{ ab~`{`vv`v

pmjé~afmv ` pmfev fmi mkg`~a|mv n`labanmv" N`vn` m abéfam* e j`cavjeãæm p`{ia~ae u` `vvev

ìavvm{ev lmvvì ieb~anev p`jm Cm|`{bm L`n`{ej* `v~enmv* ibafépamv ` pm{ abv~a~aãð`v p{a|enev

vì labv jf{e~a|mv" _m{ái* ev p{aià{ev ìavvm{ev `{ei p÷kjafev ` e~e|ei abn`p`bn`b~ì`b~`*

vì ab~`c{e{ ie {`n` m vav~ìe `nfe~a|m n` ~`j`|avæm"

@i 5138* hm|` e ~`b~e~a|e n` f{ae{ ie {`n` n` ~{ebviavvæm n` p{mc{eiev `nfe~a|mv* ab~`c{enmv

fmi e ^\ @nfe~a|e* ì i `bfmb~{m p{mim|anm fmi abafae~a|e ne Lbneãæm F`b~{m K{evajà{m n`

^\ @nfe~a|e ` nm _{mb~`j" L[ENDAB (;??8! ela{ie u` `vve ~`b~e~a|e bæm |abcm* ‚v`{|abnm

ep`bev pe{e e lm{ieãæm n` ie ‚{`nabhe’ T"""Y pe{e e ~{ebviavvæm n` gmcmv ne Fmpe nm Ibnm n`

5138* be E{c`b~abe* ì |a{~n` ne ^\ Fj~{e n` Væm _ejm n`~`{ mv na{à~mv pe{e `v~e

~{ebviavvæm’ (L[ENDAB* ;??8* p"03!"

Ej`xebn{` L{endab (;??8! {`je~e u`* bm ebm v`cab~`* m _{mb~`j lma vkv~a~énm p`je V@E^

)V`f{`~e{ae n` Epjafeãð`v ^`fbmjöcafev )u` epöv {`baæm fmi ~mnev ev ìavvm{ev f{am m

VAB^@N )Vav~ìe Befambej n` [enamnalvæm @nfe~a|e" E ve {`cjei`b~eãæm |àm ep`bev bm ebm

n` 518;* fmi m mkg`~a|m n` u` ~mnev ev ìavvm{ev `nfe~a|ev ~{ekejhevvì ab~`c{enev

~{ebvia~abnm e p{mc{eieãæm iev nev m~{ev* pe{e v` nal`{`bfae{ì nev ìavvm{ev fmi`{faeav u`

{`~{ebvia~aei p{mc{eiev nm [am n` Gebà{m ` Væm _ejm"



@i 5181* gå `xav~aei 50 ìavvm{ev b`vv` v`ci`b~m* bm uej v{ca e b`f`vvanen` ne eipjaeãæm n`

v`v vabeav" Bm `b~eb~m* e aipjeb~eãæm n` `v~eãð`v {`~{ebviavvm{ev nmv vabeav {`p{`v`b~e|e i

fv~m kev~eb~` `j`|enm pe{e `vvev ìavvm{ev evvia{ì" N`v~e iebà{e* e vmjãæm nene lma u` ev{`~{ebviavvð`v nev ~`j`|avð`v `nfe~a|ev pmn`{aei abv`{a{ ì ve p{mc{eieãæm jmfej* 50 n`

p{mc{eiev n` ab~`{`vv` fmiba~å{am" Ep`ve{ n` `vve anáae ~`{ vanm pmva~a|e mv {`vj~enmv bæm lm{ei

mv `vp`{enmv" L[ENDAB (;??8! {`vvej~e u` fmim bæm `xav~ae ie j`cavjeãæm pe{e {`cjei`b~e{

`vvev {`~{ebviavvð`v* ev i`viev bæm `v~e|ei {`p{mnwabnm mv mkg`~a|mv {èav {`l`{`b~` ï

p{mc{eieãæm n` fe{å~`{ fmiba~å{am" Vmi`b~` ì 5118 lma abv~a~énm m bm|m [`cjei`b~m Nmv

V`{|aãmv n` [`~{ebviavvæm ` [`p`~aãæm ì ^`j`|avæm* u` `x~abca e {`~{ebviavvæm iav~e"

Ev ìavvm{ev ab~`c{eb~`v ne Evvmfaeãæm K{evajà{e n` @iavvm{ev _÷kjafev* @nfe~a|ev ` Fj~{eav ‖

EK@_@F ‖ f{ae{ei* ì gjhm nm ebm n` 5111* e [`n` _÷kjafe n` ^`j`|avæm ‖ [_^\ ‖* ‚fmi m

mkg`~a|m n` `v~ek`j`f`{ ie c{en` n` p{mc{eieãæm fmii ` mk{ace~ö{ae pe{e ~mnev ev ìavvm{ev

evvmfaenev’" @vve p{mc{eieãæm abfja p{mc{eiev gm{bejév~afmv* fj~{eav ` n` `b~{`~`bai`b~m*

fmb~`bnm e fmbn~e ne `nfeãæm" (L[ENDAB* ;??8!"

>"5 E [`nÌabev ;

N` efm{nm fmi m va~` ne ìavvm{e* e [`n` Iabev lma f{aene bm ebm n` 518>* v`bnm `v~e~ej* |avebnm

em ab~`{`vv` p÷kjafm ` fmi m mkg`~a|m n` `xpebna{ |ejm{`v* `nfeãæm ` fj~{e ï vmfa`nen` iabà{e"

Bm abéfam* e å{è n` ek{ebcçbfae ne ìavvm{e ec{`ce|e 66 ibafépamv* fmi {`~{ebviavvæm ne

p{mc{eieãæm e~{e|áv ne ^\@ nm [am n` Gebà{m* |àfjene nev 587?? ïv ;>7?? hm{ev" @i 5180*

mfm{{`{ei ev p{aià{ev p{mnãð`v jmfeav* fmim mv p{mc{eiev ‚Ej~e ^`bvæm’* ‚^`v~ìbhe Jmfej’

` ‚Ec`bne’" B`vv` p`{émnm* e [`n` Iabev v` `xpebna* em v`{ abv~ejenm i jabd n` ~{ebviavvæm be

~m{{` ne V`{{e nm F{{ej"

;

Fmblm{i` nenmv na|jcenmv bm va~`7

h~~p7--sss"{`nìabev"~|-fia-pecabe"evpx=6;ef`vvenm ì ;< n` bm|ìk{m n` ;??1"



Be náfene n` 511?* e p{mc{eieãæm ei`b~m n` < pe{e 53 hm{ev ` iàe naå{ae" Nmav ebmv n`pmav*

ejái ne p{mc{eieãæm ne ^\@* e ìavvm{e pevvm e `xaka{ ieav p{mc{eiev ne ^\ Fj~{e n` Væm

_ejm" B`vv` i`vim ebm* ì pe{f`{ae fmi m N`pe{~ei`b~m Befambej n` ^`j`fmibafeãð`v )N`~`j)e [`n` Iabev pevvm e v`{ ~{ebvia~ane pe{e ieav ;?? fanen`v"

Ejái ne ieam{ae nmv ibafépamv n` Iabev C`{eav* e p{mc{eieãæm ne ìavvm{e pevvm e v`{ `xakane

bm ab~`{am{ n` Væm _ejm* p`je ^\ Pba|`{va~å{ae n` Ke{4 bm bm{~` nm _e{ebå* p`je ^\ Jmbn{abe `

pe{~` nm ~`{{a~ö{am ljiab`bv` pm{ elajaenev `xav~`b~`v be Wmbe ne Ie~e"

E~eji`b~`* e ìavvm{e pmvva 1 hm{ev n` p{mc{eieãæm p{öp{ae* v`bnm 0 ~`j`gm{beav* > p{mc{eiev

naå{amv* ;5 p{mc{eiev vìebeav )56 p{mnwanmv ab~`{bei`b~` ` 8 `x~`{bei`b~` )` ; p{mc{eiev

i`bveav"

@i ;??0* e [`n` Iabev abv~a~a i Fmbv`jhm F{enm{ pe{e lm{~ej`f`{ ve an`b~anen` fmim iàm

n` lm{ieãæm ` ablm{ieãæm* ` m v` mkg`~a|m n` f{a~afe{ ` lm{b`f`{ vpm{~` e eãð`v pe{e e i`jhm{ae

ne uejanen` ne ^\ _÷kjafe"

>"5"5 ^\ @nfe~a|e - _÷kjafe X Abn÷v~{ae Fj~{ej

E ^\ @nfe~a|e - _÷kjafe |ave ~{ebvia~a{* pe{e e vmfa`nen`* p{mc{eiev {`je~a|mv em gm{bejavim*

fj~{e ` `b~{`~`bai`b~m* ~`bnm fmim lmfm fmbn~m{* e `nfeãæm"

_e{e @cçbam Kffa (;??<!* ev lbãð`v `x`{fanev pm{ ie {`n` p÷kjafe n` ~`j`|avæm ‖ [_^\ ‖

`v~æm jacenev em v` pmvafambei`b~m naeb~` nm i`{fenm* {`je~a|mv emv ‚|ébfjmv labebfà{mv’ ` ï

fmip`~a~a|anen` `xav~`b~` `b~{` mv |`éfjmv n` fmibafeãæm" _e{e `j`* `vve jöcafe v` vv~`b~e

e~{e|áv nev iénaev ‚u` v` p{mfjeiei fmim ‒pjeq`{v” nm b`cöfam nm ‒`b~`{~eabi`b~”" (KPFFA*

;??<* p" 50!"

V`cbnm V~`|ebai (;??3!* e ~`j`|avæm p÷kjafe - `nfe~a|e navpð`)v` e ~{ebvia~a{ fmb~`÷nmv u` bæm

væm ~{ebvia~anmv ì ie ^\ fmi`{faej* p{abfapeji`b~` bm u`va~m ‚na|`{vanen`v fj~{eav’" @j`

mkv`{|e u` mv |`éfjmv n` fmibafeãæm n`|ì ‚T"""Y `bx`{ce{ m p÷kjafm fmim ie abföcba~e u`

p{`fave v`{ fmip{``bnane ieav nm u` fmbuav~ene T"""Y’* bæm e~{akabnm ep`bev m ébnaf` nènaçbfae" ‚Mv fmb~`÷nmv ne ~`j`|avæm p÷kjafe bæm ~çi v`b~anm v` bæm lm{ì p{mnwanmv vmk `vve

ö~afe T"""Y’ (V^@\EBAI* ;??3* p" ?1!"



V~`|ebai (;??3! n`v~efe i ~`x~m n` @cçbam Kffa* ab~a~jenm ‚E ^\ _÷kjafe bæm lew* bæm

n`|`{ae naw`{ u` lew* ` p`bvebnm kì* n`|`{ae n`fje{e{ ek`{~ei`b~` u` bæm lew `b~{`~`bai`b~m’"@i fmb~{epmb~m e `vve f{é~afe nm e~m{* V~`|ebab n`v~efe e mpabaæm n` K`bgeiab Ke{k`{* u` ela{ie

u` `vv` `b~{`~`bai`b~m ~m{bm)v` jf{e~a|m pe{e ev c{ebn`v ìp{`vev* fmbv~a~abnm ‚`vve bm|e

{eãe n` hmi`bv ` ijh`{`v u` væm mv fmbvianm{`v’" (V^@\EBAI* ;??3* p" ?1!"

M e~m{ mkv`{|e u` m ‚`b~{`~`bai`b~m fmim m |ìmv hmg` |`bnanm p`je abn÷v~{ae á u` n`v|a{~e

m fe{å~`{ p÷kjafm ` bæm m cçb`{m ì va’ (V^@\EBAI* ;??3* p" ?1!"

@i {`jeãæm ï fmibafeãæm ~`{ v` ~m{benm ie abn÷v~{ae* m e~m{ {`je~e u` e i`vie ‚T"""Y vml{`

ie p{mlbne ej~`{eãæm bm v`b~anm fjåvvafm e~{akénm e `vl`{e p÷kjafe7 ie imnalafeãæm u` lma nm

`bcegei`b~m pmjé~afm emv mkg`~a|mv n` jf{m" Nå)v` ie inebãe `v~{~{ej bm n`v`bhm nev

m{cebaweãð`v n` iénae T"""Y’ (V^@\EBAI* ;??3* p" ?1!"

N` efm{nm fmi Nçbav n` Im{e`v (;??>!* e iénae n`v`b|mj|` m ‚pep`j n` {`lm{ãm an`mjöcafm ne

cjmkejaweãæm ` n` e~eãæm fmim ec`b~` `fmbþiafm ì i`{fenmv n`v{`cjei`b~enmv’ (IM[E@V

;??>* p" 583!" Fmbvan`{ebnm e mkv`{|eãæm nm e~m{* e ^\ _÷kjafe ~`{ae u` {`|ave{* ì v`b~abnm

ieav eipjm* m v` |`{nenà{m v`b~anm n` ‚p÷kjafe’"

N` efm{nm fmi Ne{~` (;???!* mv evp`f~mv ne abn÷v~{ae fj~{ej na|anì)v` ì mkg`~a|mv* u`

fmbvav~ì bmv ec`b~`v fj~{eav e~abca{ì v`v anèav `fmbþiafmv ` an`mjöcafmv" Epöv v`{ {èjawene

p`vuave n` mpabaæm {`l`{`b~` ïv ml`{~ev n` i`{fenm{aev fj~{eav ì n`~`{iabene ~ìpm{ene* mv

fmbvianm{`v væm fmb|`bfanmv n` u` `v~æm `vfmjh`bnm m u` n`v`gei* iev* pm{ ~{åv navvm* gå lma

{èjawenm i ~{ekejhm pe{e mk~`{ `vv` {`vj~enm"

M~{m evp`f~m {`je~enm p`jm e~m{ væm mv vkg`~a|mv ‚n`l`bva|mv’* bmv ueav e abn÷v~{ae fj~{ej

n`v~efe)v` fmim iàm n` vmfaejaweãæm* pm{ `xìpjm* ì ie fmb|`{ve vmk{` laji`v* navfmv* mk{ev*

`~f"* fmi m ab~a~m ne vmk{`|a|çbfae bm iàm nev {`jeãð`v vmfaeav4 ` mv vkg`~a|mv ‚ec{`vva|mv’* u`

fmbvav~` be nmiabeãæm n` ejciev p`vvmev (iabm{ae!* `jev v` `b~{`cei fmi lefajanen` ï abn÷v~{ae

fj~{ej ` væm iebapjenev pm{ `vv` vav~ìe"



B`vve fmbf`pãæm n` Ne{~` vmk{` e abn÷v~{ae fj~{ej (;???!* pmn`)v` `b~`bn`{ u` e ^\ _÷kjafe -

@nfe~a|e `v~å {`jefambene fmi mv evp`f~mv vkg`~a|mv ‚n`l`bva|mv’"

^hmipvmb (5110!* fmim gå n`vf{a~m eb~`{am{i`b~`* n`v~efe u` mv p{mn~mv ne abn÷v~{ae fj~{ej

væm fmbv~{énmv ` imjnenmv n` efm{nm fmi fe{ef~`{év~afev p{á)`v~ek`j`fanev ` `v~`{`ö~apmv" @vv`v

p{mn~mv ~çi e labejanen` n` {`lj`~a{ì e {èjanen` vmfaej* pm{ái* m le~m n` fmbvia{ mv p{mn~mv

fj~{eav f{aenmv pm{ `vve abn÷v~{ae lew fmi u` ev p`vvmev v` an`b~alauì fmi ev bm{iev vmfaeav

` fmb~abì e v`{* ` eca{ ne i`vie iebà{e"

>"; M p{mc{eie Ej~m Lejeb~` 6

M p{mc{eie Ej~m Lejeb~` á `xakanm p`je [`n` Iabev emv nmiabcmv* e pe{~a{ nev 5>76? hm{ev* fmi

{èp{`v`b~eãæm be ue{~e)là{e ïv 58 hm{ev ` v`x~e)là{e ïv ??76? hm{ev" E na{`ãæm c`{ej*

ep{`v`b~eãæm ` `naãæm n` ~`x~m ` aiecì á nm gm{bejav~e ^`{`bf` Iefhenm* e p{mnãæm* {`pm{~ecì

` `naãæm n` ~`x~mv á n` ^haecm _`{à{e* e fmjekm{eãæm n` En{aebm Lejek`jje* e `naãæm n` Neba`j

Vaj|e* p{mnãæm ` ep{`v`b~eãæm nm uen{m ‚Ce{aipm’ n` Jéwe Neiåwam* e p{mnãæm n` {ånam*

m{bej ` ab~`{b`~ á n` [mn{acm Gei`v ` ^haecm Vå á m `v~ecaå{am ne p{mnãæm"

Ej~m Lejeb~` á ~{ebvia~anm p`je ìavvm{e [`n` Iabev* lma f{aenm p`jm gm{bejav~e ^`{`bf` Iefhenm

ì 5113 á fmbvan`{enm ie {`|av~e `j`~{þbafe* n`nafene ï i÷vafe _mp ` ve |`{~`b~`v" Ejái n` v`{

|àfjenm ì ieav n` ;0? ibafépamv nm `v~enm n` Iabev C`{eav* ì 5111 m p{mc{eie lma abfjénm

~eikái be c{en` n` p{mc{eieãæm ne ^\ Fj~{e)V_" @v~` ebm m Ej~m Lejeb~` nàxm e c{en` ne

^\ Fj~{e* ` pevvm e v`{ `xakanm ì {`n` befambej e~{e|áv ne ^\ K{evaj"

M p{mc{eie {èjawe e fmk`{~{e n` |å{amv l`v~a|eav n` i÷vafev befambeav* ÂI L`v~a|ej ([G-V_!4

Fje{m U` á [mfd ([G-V_!4 Ek{aj _{m [mfd (_@!4 [mfd ab [am* I"E"N"E" ([B!4 Vdmj Kè~v (V_!4

\e{enm{m (EF!4 _vqfhmkajjq L`v~ (_[!4 Kebebene (CM!4 F{a~ake _mp L`v~a|ej (_[! ` _m{æm nm

[mfd (NL!" E ùap` nm p{mc{eie ~eikái {èjawe fmk`{~{ev `vp`faeav ì

6

Fmblm{i` nenmv na|jcenmv bm va~`7

h~~p7--p{mc{eieej~mlejeb~`"mj"fmi"k{-abn`x"php=iev~`{9p{mc{eiev,vk9~|ef`vvenm ì ;0 n` ieam n` ;??1"



ejcbv l`v~a|eav ab~`{befambeav* pm{ `xìpjm* m Ab~`{be~ambej Kè~j` S``d (L`v~a|ej n` Kebnev

Fm|`{ nmv Kè~j`v bm ibnm!"

M Ej~m Lejeb~` pmvva uen{mv fmi |å{aev ekm{nec`bv ivafeav7 ‚@bfafjmpánae nm [mfd’* `xak`

hav~ö{aev n` c{ebn`v kebnev nm {mfd* ep{`v`b~enev p`jm {enaejav~e ` {muà{m En{aebm Lejek`jje4

‚Ce{aipm’ á n`nafenm ï na|jceãæm n` e{~av~ev abn`p`bn`b~`v4 ì ‚L`{{ei`b~e’* mv i÷vafmv

imv~{ei vev ‚l`{{ei`b~ev’ n` ~{ekejhm* ca~e{{ev* ke~`{aev* ~`fjenmv `~f4 ‚Lm{bm’* na|jce*

ep{`v`b~e ` f{a~afe bm|mv jebãei`b~mv lmbmc{ålafmv (FN* N\N* Ja|{mv `~f!4 ‚NBE’ á

m `vpeãm ì u` mv e{~av~ev lejei vmk{` navfmv u` `x`{f`{ei abljçbfae ì vev fe{{à{ev4

‚[ene{’ á e ec`bne nmv p{abfapeav vhmsv p`jm K{evaj4 ` ‚Fe{~ev’ væm mv p`nanmv n` fjap`v là~mv

p`jmv ~`j`vp`f~enm{`v"

>";"5 Ie~`{aej ìpé{afm

Fmim ie~`{aej ìpé{afm n`v~e p`vuave* lm{ei ~ajawenev fabfm c{e|eãð`v nm p{mc{eie Ej~m

Lejeb~` `xakanmv bmv naev 65 n` ieam* ?3 n` gbhm* 5> n` gbhm ` ;8 n` gbhm n` ;??1"

>";"5"; Ebåjav` n` Fmb~`÷nm

M iá~mnm ~ajawenm lma ebejave{ m fmb~`÷nm nm p{mc{eie Ej~m Lejeb~` `xakanm emv nmiabcmv p`je

^\ @nfe~a|e [`n` Iabev" E ebåjav` v` n` e~{e|áv nev c{e|eãð`v nmv p{mc{eiev* fmi m mkg`~a|m

n` an`b~alafe{ fmim i`vim p`{~`bf`bnm ï fe~`cm{ae n` gm{bejavim fj~{ej* v` enáue emv

pe{ëi`~{mv n` ie ^\ @nfe~a|e" E ebåjav` lma na|anane fmbvan`{ebnm mv evp`f~mv c`{eav nm

p{mc{eie* mv p{mpöva~mv nm lm{ie~m ` `v~{~{e nmv kjmfmv* ` e an`b~alafeãæm n` `jì`b~mv {`je~a|mv

em gm{bejavim fj~{ej"

_e{e ebåjav` nm lm{ie~m nm p{mc{eie ` `v~{~{e nmv kjmfmv* lm{ei fmbvan`{enmv (ev!7

• Ev ablm{ieãð`v ~{ebvia~anev bm p{mc{eie ‖ fmbvan`{ebnm mv cçb`{mv gm{bejév~afmv

(bm~e* ie~á{ae* `b~{`|av~e* f{é~afe!4

• Evvb~mv ekm{nenmv bev {`pm{~ec`bv (~ìev u` v` n`v~efei!4

• Na|avæm nmv ~ìev ` uen{mv `xakanmv bm p{mc{eie4• [`jeãæm `b~{` ~`x~m ` aiecì4



• Fmim m ep{`v`b~enm{ - {`pö{~`{ v` fmipm{~e ì ie `b~{`|av~e (pmv~{e!4

• _mvafambei`b~m l{`b~` ïv bm~éfaev (f{é~afev* mpabað`v ` vc`v~ð`v!4

E ebåjav` nmv `jì`b~mv {`je~a|mv em gm{bejavim fj~{ej {`p{`v`b~enmv bm fmb~`x~m c`{ej nm

p{mc{eie lma {èjawene j`|ebnm)v` ì fmb~e ejcbv fmbfà~mv n` e~m{`v {`l`{`b~`v em GF"



)Ebåjav` nmv evp`f~mv c`{eav nm p{mc{eie Ej~m Lejeb~`

M p{mc{eie ~ì e n{eãæm n` 5 hm{e* v`bnm na|ananm ì ~{çv kjmfmv n` ;? iab~mv" Ejái ne

na|jceãæm ivafej befambej ` ab~`{befambej* Ej~m Lejeb~` pmvva |å{amv uen{mv `xakanmv

ejè~m{aei`b~` e fene `pavönam nm p{mc{eie4 bæm v`cì ie m{n`beãæm laxe" Uebnm hå

fmk`{~{e n` l`v~a|eav* m p{mc{eie f`n` ieam{ `vpeãm pe{e `v~`v" Bm{ieji`b~`* e fmk`{~{e n` i

n`~`{iabenm l`v~a|ej á ~{ebvia~ane ab~`c{eji`b~` beu`je `xakaãæm nm p{mc{eie"

_mn`)v` n`v~efe{ fmim fe{ef~`{év~afe c`{ej nm p{mc{eie* m le~m n` m ep{`v`b~enm{ (e!* {`pö{~`{`v `

fmjekm{enm{`v pmvvé{ì ie iebà{e n`vfmb~{eéne n` na|jce{ ev ablm{ieãð`v* ì u` ~ajawei

jabcecì fmjmuaej )l{ù`b~ì`b~` n` f{é~afev ` mpabað`v )* ` nìmbv~{ei c{ebn` e~`bãæm be

`naãæm* em v` ‚feve{’ m ~`x~m fmi aiec`bv"

Em mkv`{|e{ mv p{mc{eiev c{e|enmv* pmn`)v` p`{f`k`{ u` ejciev pe{~`v ` uen{mv nm p{mc{eie*

v`cì m i`vim pen{æm be ~{ebviavvæm7

• ‚Ce{aipm’ ~ì e fek`ãe (fheiene* ek`{~{e! n` Jéwe Neiåwam ` pmvva vmi`b~`

vmbm{e nmv `b~{`|av~enmv (ab~`c{eb~`v nev kebnev m c{pmv! fmi `xakaãð`v n` aiec`bv nmv

i`vimv* `* bm `bf`{{ei`b~m* á ep{`v`b~enm fjap`* m i÷vafe nm (e! e{~av~e pe{~afapeb~`"

• ‚@bfafjmpánae nm [mfd’ á ep{`v`b~enm pm{ En{aebm Lejek`jje ` vìp{` bm

`bf`{{ei`b~m á ~{ebvia~anm i fjap` m ep{`v`b~eãæm ì vhms nm (e! e{~av~e pe{~afapeb~`"

• ‚Lm{bm’ ` e pe{~` n` ‚bm~éfaev’ væm vìp{` {èjawenmv ì mll ‖ fmb~ái vmi`b~`

jmfãæm nm ep{`v`b~enm{ - {`pö{~`{ ‖ fmi `xakaãð`v n` fjap`v nm (e! e{~av~e pe{~afapeb~`"



• E v`vvæm ej~m lejeb~` á ie `b~{`|av~e {èjawene bm `v~÷nam Pj~{e* fmi e p{`v`bãe nm

ep{`v`b~enm{ - {`pö{~`{ na|anabnm)v` ì ~{çv pe{~`v* v`bnm `xakane e fene kjmfm nm p{mc{eie4 `

em labej n` fene pe{~` m (e! e{~av~e pe{~afapeb~` ep{`v`b~e ie i÷vafe* b`vv` `v~÷nam"

• @i {`jeãæm e ejciev `b~{`|av~ev* pmn`)v` p`{f`k`{ u` væm ~ajawenev |å{aev vmbm{ev

nmv `b~{`|av~enmv ‖ bæm epe{`f` m ep{`v`b~enm{ - {`pö{~`{ bì e |mw nmv i`vimv* ` væm

`xakanev aiec`bv {`l`{`b~`v em u` `j`v `v~æm naw`bnm" Bev fmk`{~{ev nmv l`v~a|eav vìp{`

epe{`f` m ep{`v`b~enm{ - {`pö{~`{* pmn` fmb~`{ ~eikái mll nmv i`vimv* fmi ia~ev aiec`bv

nm l`v~a|ej"

)Ebåjav` nm lm{ie~m nm p{mc{eie ` `v~{~{e nmv kjmfmv7

_{mc{eie |àfjenm bm nae ‖ 65-?0

5· kjmfmep{`v`b~enm{ abafae e v`vvæm ej~m lejeb~` fmi e pe{~afapeãæm ne kebne ‚F{iai’4 `

fmi e p{aià{e pe{~` ne fmk`{~{e nm l`v~a|ej ‚Kebebene’" ;· kjmfmuen{m ‚@bfafjmpánae nm

[mfd’ fmi En{aebm Lejek`jje4 ` e v`vvæm ej~m lejeb~` v`cbne pe{~`" 6· kjmfm`bf`{{ei`b~m

nm l`v~a|ej ‚Kebebene’ ;??1 ` ÷j~aie pe{~` ne v`vvæm ej~m lejeb~`"

Be v`vvæm ej~m lejeb~`* efmb~`f` ie `b~{`|av~e bm `v~÷nam Pj~{e (ep{`v`b~enm{ epe{`f` n{eb~`

~mne `b~{`|av~e!* ì u` m ep{`v`b~enm{ v` fmipm{~e n` iebà{e n`vfmb~{eéne* ~ajawebnm

jabcecì fmjmuaej* ` ìa~` mpabað`v ` k{abfenà{ev n{eb~` e `b~{`|av~e" @vve v`vvæm v` na|an` ì

~{çv pe{~`v* v`bnm `xakane ie ì fene kjmfm nm p{mc{eie" E fene `bf`{{ei`b~m n` ie pe{~` ne

v`vvæm* e kebne pe{~afapeb~` ep{`v`b~e ie i÷vafe"

Be fmk`{~{e ne `naãæm ;??1 nm l`v~a|ej befambej ‚Kebebene’ (CM!* m ep{`v`b~enm{ { ejawe e

fek`ãe ne {`pm{~ecì na{`~m nm `v~ånam n` l~`kmj V`{{e Nm{ene (CM!* ì u` fmipe{e mv naev nm

l`v~a|ej fmi mv nmav ‚~ìpmv’ nm gmcm Ab~`{befambej X Cmaåv" Bm l`v~a|ej* ^`{`bf` `b~{`|av~e

ejcbv ab~`c{eb~`v n` kebnev pe{~afapeb~`v* vìp{` fevebnm m ~`x~m fmi aiec`bv ne ep{`v`b~eãæm

n`vvev kebnev" N{eb~` `vvev `b~{`|av~ev* væm imv~{enev p`vvmev fmbviabnm k`kanev ejfmöjafev" Mep{`v`b~enm{ fmipm{~e)v` n` iebà{e n`vfmb~{eéne* ` ev `b~{`|av~ev væm f{~ev* lmfebnm ieav bm

l`v~a|ej ì va* pmav pe{~afape{ei ia~ev kebnev n{eb~` mv nmav naev"



B`v~e `naãæm nm p{mc{eie* ev nev pevvec`bv n` kjmfm )`bf`{{ei`b~m nm 5· ` fheiene nm ;·*

`bf`{{ei`b~m nm ;· ` fheiene nm 6· )lm{ei {èjawenev pm{ Jéwe Neiåwam"

Bm uen{m ‚@bfafjmpánae nm [mfd’* m {muà{m ` {en aejav~e En{aebm Lejek`jje fmb~e i pmfm ne

hav~ö{ae ne kebne pe{~afapeb~`* vìp{` ìa~abnm f{é~afev ` mpabað`v fmi jabcecì fmjmuaej ` vm

n` cé{aev" Bm `bf`{{ei`b~m* vìp{` á `xakanm i fjap` {`l`{`b~` ï kebne m evvb~m ekm{nenm (e!

bm uen{m"

_{mc{eie |àfjenm bm nae ‖ ?3-?<

5· kjmfmbm~e v`fe vmk{` m P; ` fjap` ne kebne4 uen{m ‚Ce{aipm’ fmi pe{~afapeãæm ne kebne

‚Vekmb`~`v’4 bm~e v`fe vmk{` V~`je Feipmv ` v` bm|m FN ‚Iv~ebc Ke{’* ~`{iabe m kjmfm fmi

pevvecì nm ep{`v`b~enm{" ;· kjmfm uen{m ‚@bfafjmpánae nm [mfd’4 |abh`~e bm~éfaev ‖ nev

fmi mll n` Jéwe4 uen{m ‚Lm{bm’ fmi mll n` ^`{`bf` ` ~`{iabe m kjmfm fmi pevvecì nm

ep{`v`b~enm{" 6· kjmfmfek`ãe nm ep{`v`b~enm{ fheiebnm `b~{`|av~e fmi m `na~m{ ne {`|av~e

‚Pbf~’* Ejjeb Gmb`v4 `bf`{{ei`b~m vmk{` e fmk`{~{e nm l`v~a|ej ‚Kmbbe{mm’ ` `xakaãæm nm fjap`

ne kebne ‚Cm|”~ Ij`’ fmb~`bnm e i÷vafe ‚Jmbc`{ ^heb Jal`’ nm navfm ‚Nmv`’"

M ep{`v`b~enm{ ablm{ie ì bm~e v`fe vmk{` m bm|m åjki ne kebne P;* ~ajawebnm jabcecì

n`vfmb~{eéne* n` låfaj `b~`bnai`b~m" M uen{m ‚Ce{aipm’* ep{`v`b~enm pm{ Jéwe Neiåwam* xak`

ie ie~á{ae fmi e kebne ‚Vekmb`~`v’" Be ie~á{ae* bæm hå aiecì bì leje nm {`pö{~`{* vmi`b~`

e vmbm{e (leje nmv ab~`c{eb~`v! ne kebne fmi aiec`bv ‖ fjap`v* vhmsv ‖ * u` lewì {`l`{çbfae em

u` `j`v `v~æm naw`bnm" Epöv m uen{m ‚Ce{aipm’* Jéwe Neiåwam* ì bm~e v`fe* leje vmk{` m

jebãei`b~m nm bm|m FN ne feb~m{e V~`je Feipmv* ` á `xakanm i fjap` eb~acm ne i`vie"


`bf`{{ei`b~m nm ;· ` fheiene nm 6· )lm{ei {èjawenev pm{ ^`{`bf` Iefhenm"

Bm uen{m ‚@bfafjmpánae nm [mfd’* En{aebm Lejek`jje fmb~e i pmfm ne hav~ö{ae ne kebne

pe{~afapeb~` ` e{~av~e pe{~afapeb~`* vìp{` ìa~abnm f{é~afev ` mpabað`v fmi jabcecì fmjmuaej `ve ~`{imv fmim ‚jmfm’4 ‚ja|{m á c{mvvm kafhm’4 ‚n`|m{e{ ì ~{çv naev’4 ‚`{e ne



på |a{ene’" Bm `bf`{{ei`b~m á vìp{` `xakanm i fjap` {`l`{`b~` ï kebne m evvb~m ekm{nenm (e!

bm uen{m"

Nev bm~éfaev lm{ei ~{ebvia~anev fmi mll (vmi`b~` jmfãæm* vì aiecì nm {`pö{~`{! n` Jéwe

Neiåwam* v`bnm `xakanmv fjap`v vmk{` ev kebnev ` - m e{~av~ev p{`v`b~`v bev bm~éfaev" E p{aià{e á

n` låfaj `b~`bnai`b~m ` e v`cbne ‚fmblve’* naléfaj n` `b~`bn`{* pmav ejái nm fmb~`÷nm ne bm~éfae

v`{ fmblvm* á vmk{` ie kebne ei`{afebe (peje|{ev ì abcjçv! ` fmim á i mll * he|`bnm vmi`b~`

jmfãæm* ` ev aiec`bv væm vmi`b~` fjap`v* nalafj~m m `b~`bnai`b~m ne ablm{ieãæm"

M uen{m ‚Lm{bm’ á {èjawenm fmi mll (jmfãæm! n` ^`{`bf` Iefhenm vmk{` m bm|m FN n` ‚Kì

He{p`{’" Væm `xakanev |å{aev aiec`bv nm feb~m{* `bueb~m m ep{`v`b~enm{ leje vmk{` m v` bm|m FN

` lew fmi`b~å{amv vmk{` m i`vim* ` f{é~afev vmk{` mv `v~ajmv pmp ` {mfd* ~ajawebnm jabcecì

fmjmuaej"

E ÷j~aie pevvecì n` kjmfm n`v~e `naãæm nm p{mc{eie fheie e~`bãæm* pmav ejái n` ebbfae{ m u`

mfm{{`{å bm 6· kjmfm* ^`{`bf` Ifhenm a{mbawe em naw`{ ‚Fmb~ab` be å{è pm{u` m ab~`{|ejm |ea

v`{ ieav {åpanm nm u` m Vjevh ~mfe{ ca~e{{e% _m{u` v` lmvv` lew`bnm `vfm|e bm fek`jm* |mfç ~`{ae

n`vfjpe pe{e ~{mfe{ n` febej’" Vjeh á i ca~e{{av~e u` pmvvé i fek`jm ‚kjefd pms`{’* avvm

v~alafe e k{abfenà{e nm ep{`v`b~enm{"

Bm ÷j~aim kjmfm* m ep{`v`b~enm{ lew e fek`ãe (fheiene! ne `b~{`|av~e fmi m `na~m{ ne {`|av~e

abcj`ve ‚Pbf~’* Ejjeb Gmb`v* ì u` l ma ~ajawenm vmi`b~` vmbm{e (e leje! nm `b~{`|av~enm fmi

aiec`bv lew`bnm {`l`{çbfae em u` `j` `xpjafe|e" Bæm ~`|` leje ` aiec`bv nm {`pö{~`{"

M ep{`v`b~enm{ `bf`{{e n`v~efebnm u` e ùap` nm p{mc{eie |aege{ae pe{e mv @PE pe{e fmk{a{ m

l`v~a|ej ‚Kmbbe{mm’ ` `xak` m fjap` ne kebne ‚Cm|”~ Ij`’ fmb~`bnm e i÷vafe ‚Jmbc`{ ^heb Jal`’

nm navfm ‚Nmv`’"

_{mc{eie |àfjenm bm nae ‖ 5>-?<

5· kjmfmep{`v`b~enm pm{ Jéwe Neiåwam* ek`{~{e vmk{` _mp ` `xak` m p{aià{m |én`m fjap` ne

kebne ‚^{ebviavvm{’" I÷vafe ‚_{aià{m n` Ecmv~m’ nm navfm ‚Vmfa`nen` nm F{a|m I÷~m’4|abh`~e bm~éfaev* 6 fmi mll n` Jéwe4 pevvecì n` Jéwe"



;· kjmfmuen{m ‚@bfafjmpánae nm [mfd’4 |abh`~e ‚Lm{bm’ mll n` Ljå|ae Im{à{e4 fek`ãe

ep{`v`b~enm{e* uen{m ‚Ce{aipm’ kebne ‚C{e|`mje’" 6· kjmfmvmbm{e kebne ‚Ef÷v~afmv

\ej|jenmv’4 bm~e v`fe vmk{` e kebne ‚N`p`fh` Imn`’"

E ep{`v`b~enm{e Jéwe Neiåwam ek{` m p{mc{eie fmi m ~ìe pmp* ì u` fmi`b~e vmk{` e kebne

iabà{e ‚^{eviavvm{’" Á xakanm m p{aià{m |én`m fjap` n`v~e kebne"

Jéwe Neiåwam ep{`v`b~m ~{çv bm~éfaev ì mll (vmi`b~` jmfãæm* vì aiecì nm {`pö{~`{!* v`bnm

`xakanmv fjap`v vmk{` ev kebnev ` - m e{~av~ev p{`v`b~`v bev bm~éfaev" Bm `bf`{{ei`b~m n`v~e pe{~`

lma `xakanm i fjap` {`l`{`b~` ï kebne ne ÷j~aie bm~éfae"


`bf`{{ei`b~m nm ;· ` fheiene nm 6· )lm{ei {èjawenev pm{ Jéwe Neiåwam"

Bm uen{m ‚@bfafjmpánae nm [mfd’* En{aebm Lejek`jje fmb~e i pmfm ne hav~ö{ae ne kebne

pe{~afapeb~` ` e{~av~e pe{~afapeb~`* vìp{` ìa~abnm f{é~afev ` mpabað`v fmi jabcecì fmjmuaej `

ve ~`{imv fmim ‚fm{me `bx~e’" Bm `bf`{{ei`b~m á vìp{` `xakanm i fjap` {`l`{`b~` ï kebne m

evvb~m ekm{nenm (e! bm uen{m"

M uen{m ‚Lm{bm’ á fmi mll (jmfãæm* vì aiecì! n` Ljå|ae Im{à{e vmk{` e I_K ` m ~{ekejhm

ne feb~m{e ‚Fá’" Ljå|ae `jmcae* naw`bnm u` e feb~m{e pmvva ‚~ej`b~m* k`je |mw* ` kme p{mnãæm’"

Jéwe Neiåwam {èjawe e fek`ãe (fheiene* ek`{~{e! nm uen{m ‚Ce{aipm’* fmi e pe{~afapeãæm nm

c{pm iabà{m ‚C{e|`mje’* u` fmb~e i pmfm vmk{` m c{pm ` m ‚jaxm pmjalþbafm’" @v~e ie~á{ae

fmb~ái vmbm{e nmv ab~`c{eb~`v nm c{pm ` aiec`bv n` ep{`v`b~eãð`v nmv i`vimv"

Bm ÷j~aim kjmfm nm p{mc{eie* e ep{`v`b~enm{e fheie e `b~{`|av~e fmi e kebne ‚Ef÷v~afmv `

\e|jenmv’" @v~e `b~{`|av~e pmvva vmi`b~` vmbm{e nmv ab~`c{eb~`v ne kebne* fmb~`bnm aiec`bv

nmv i`vimv ì vhmsv ` i÷vafev"



Jéwe Neiåwam `bf`{{e m p{mc{eie na|jcebnm ie bm~e v`fe (ablm{ieãæm nm ep{`v`b~enm{* vì

aiec`bv! vmk{` m febf`jei`b~m nm vhms ne kebne ‚N`p`fh` Imn`’ bm K{evaj ` á `xakanm i fjap`

n`j`v"

_{mc{eie |àfjenm bm nae ‖ ;8-?<

5· kjmfmek`{~{e nm ep{`v`b~enm{* fmi fheienev nmv p{abfapeav ~ìev4 Jéwe Neiåwam

ep{`v`b~e e p{aià{e pe{~` ne v`vvæm ej~m lejeb~` fmi e kebne ‚[enam~ep`’4 ` á `xakanm e p{aià{e

pe{~` ne fmk`{~{e nm l`v~a|ej ‚Kmbbe{mm’" ;· kjmfm|mj~e e v`vvæm ej~m lejeb~` fmi e kebne

‚[enam~ep`’4 uen{m ‚@bfafjmpánae nm [mfd’4 v`cbne pe{~` ne fmk`{~{e nm l`v~a|ej" 6· kjmfm

pe{~` labej ne v`vvæm ej~m lejeb~` ` `bf`{{ei`b~m nm l`v~a|ej ‚Kmbbe{mm’ ;??1"

Be v`vvæm ej~m lejeb~`* efmb~`f` ie `b~{`|av~e bm `v~÷nam Pj~{e (ep{`v`b~enm{e epe{`f` n{eb~`

~mne e `b~{`|av~e!* ì u` Jéwe Neiåwam fmipm{~e)v` n` iebà{e n`vfmb~{eéne* ~ajawebnm

jabcecì fmjmuaej* ìa~abnm mpabað`v ` k{abfenà{ev n{eb~` e `b~{`|av~e" @vve v`vvæm v` na|an`

ì ~{çv pe{~`v* v`bnm `xakane ie ì fene kjmfm nm p{mc{eie" E fene `bf`{{ei`b~m n` ie pe{~`

ne v`vvæm* e kebne pe{~afapeb~` ep{`v`b~e ie i÷vafe"

^`{`bf` Iefhenm* na{`~m nmv @v~enmv Pbanmv* ne abéfam ï fmk`{~{e nm l`v~a|ej ab~`{befambej

‚Kmbbe{mm’" M ep{`v`b~enm{ epe{`f` pmfev |`w`v bm |én`m* {èjawebnm ieav mll‑v (vmi`b~`

jmfãæm fmi aiec`bv!* vìp{` fevebnm e jmfãæm fmi aiec`bv nev ep{`v`b~eãð`v nev kebnev"

@vv` l`v~a|ej lma {èjawenm n{eb~` ~{çv naev* fmb~`bnm pejfmv fmi |å{aev kebnev ep{`v`b~ebnmv` em

i`vim ~ìpm" Lm{ei `xakanev aiec`bv n` |å{aev ep{`v`b~eãð`v* ne `v~{~{e ` nm p÷kjafm*

bm{ieji`b~` fmi e jmfãæm n` ^`{`bf`" Bæm lm{ei imv~{enev `b~{`|av~ev* ` e ~{ebviavvæm ne

fmk`{~{e nm l`v~a|ej lma na|ane ì ~{çv pe{~`v* ie fene kjmfm nm p{mc{eie"

B`v~e `naãæm nm p{mc{eie* m `bf`{{ei`b~m nm 5· kjmfm lma fmi e `xakaãæm n` ie pe{~` ne

ep{`v`b~eãæm n` ‚Ejj C{``b’ bm l`v~a|ej ‚Kmbbe{mm’" E ÷j~aie pevvecì n` kjmfm `bf`{{ei`b~m

nm ;· ` fheiene nm 6· )lm{ei {èjawenev pm{ ^`{`bf` Iefhenm"

Bm uen{m ‚@bfafjmpánae nm [mfd’* m {muà{m ` {enaejav~e En{aebm Lejek`jje lew i epebhenm

vmk{` fe{{à{e n` Iafhe`j Gefdvmb n`vn` e ve ablëbfae e~á e ve im{~` (`j` he|ae lej`fanm ~{çv naeveb~`v n`v~` `pavönam nm p{mc{eie!" _e{e `bf`{{e m uen{m lma `xakane ie imb~ecì fmb~`bnm

|å{aev aiec`bv n` ep{`v`b~eãð`v* FN”v ` lm~mv n` Iafhe`j Gefdvmb"



)Ebåjav` nmv `jì`b~mv {`je~a|mv em gm{bejavim fj~{ej {`p{`v`b~enmv bm fmb~`x~m c`{ej nm

p{mc{eie

M gm{bejavim fj~{ej* fmim gå lma `xpjafenm eb~`{am{i`b~`* jane fmi ev p{mnãð`v e{~év~afev `

m `b~{`~`bai`b~m ì å{èv na|`{vev* iev bæm ~ì e lbãæm vmi`b~` n` na|jce{ `vvev ablm{ieãð`v"

M gm{bejav~e fj~{ej ‚T"""Y vek` ebejave{ ev iebal`v~eãð`v fj~{eav ` á em i`vim ~ìpm ec`b~`*

p{mn~m{ ` f{é~afm n`vve fj~{e’" (VMPWE* ;??1* p" 86!

M gm{bejavim fj~{ej n`|` `xpjm{e{ ` ebejave{* ì i v`b~anm ieav eipjm* mv p{mn~mv e{~év~afmv* `

bæm n`|` v` jaia~e{ e jebãei`b~mv n` FN”v* ja|{ mv ` `xpmvaãð`v n` e{~av~ev" Ie{abe n` Iecejhæ`v

Vmwe `xpjafe u`

M gm{bejavim fj~{ej bæm n`|` vmi`b~` `vp`jhe{ e fj~{e n` ie iabm{ae vmfaej* iev~eikái `xpjm{e{ ` ne{ |avakajanen` ïv iebal`v~eãð`v pmpje{`v ne fj~{e k{evajà{e*{`p{`v`b~ene pm{ ie `bm{i` fjevv` n` `xfjénmv4 pmn` fmb~{aka{ pe{e e abfjvæm vmfaej* bei`nane ì u` imv~{e be iénae ie bm|e {èjanen`* m K{evaj n` |`{nen`* `vfmbnanm p`je`xfjvæm vmfaej (VMPWE* ;??1* p 86!"

Bm p{mc{eie Ej~m Lejeb~ * pmn`)v` ebejave{ u` ev fmk`{~{ev n` `|`b~mv fj~{eav `v~æm jacenev

na{`~ei`b~` em gm{bejavim fj~{ej* bm uej e ùap` nm i`vim `v~å l{ù`b~ì`b~` imv~{ebnm mu` efmb~`f` bmv l`v~a|eav n` i÷vafe pmp ` {mfd befambej ` ab~`{befambej" E ~é~jm n` `xìpjm*

pmnì v`{ fa~enmv e `naãæm ;??1 nm L`v~a|ej ‚Kebebene’ mfm{{anm be fanen` n` Cméev* `xakanm bm

p{mc{eie nm nae 65 n` ieam n`v~` ebm4 ` m L`v~a|ej ‚Kmbbe{mm’* mfm{{anm bmv @v~enmv Pbanmv*

`xakanm bm nae ;8 n` gbhm n`v~` ebm" M ep{`v`b~enm{ ^`{`bf` Ifhenm ela{ie u` ‚b`vv`v nmw`

ebmv n` `xav~çbfae m p{mc{eie efmipebhm e f{aeãæm nm lá{~aj fej`bnå{am n` l`v~a|eav n`nafenmv ï

p{mnãæm abn`p`bn`b~`* |aegm pe{e lm{e nm peév pe{e efmipebhe{ n` p`{~m mv p{abfapeav l`v~a|eav

n` i÷vafe pmp nm ibnm (`x" Kmbbe{mm* @{mfdá`bb`v* K`bafevvai* [mvdajn`* b~{` m~{mv!’"

Mv e~m{`v `xpjafei u` ‚T"""Y m gm{bejavim á im|anm pm{ efmb~`fai`b~mv* pm{ bm|anen`v* m u`

ce{eb~` ie nal`{`bfaeãæm fmbv~eb~` `b~{` v`v p{mn~mv’ (FPBHE* L@[[@A[E @

IECEJHÆ@V* ;??;* epn IM[AB* 5183* p" ?>!"

Ejái ne fmk`{~{e n` l`v~a|eav ivafeav* m p{mc{eie ~ì |å{amv uen{mv )n`vf{a~mv eb~`{am{i`b~`

)fmi nal`{`b~`v ekm{nec`bv ivafeav"



N` efm{nm fmi Avek`jj` Ebfha`~e (;??1* p" 01!* nev fe{ef~`{év~afev lbnei`b~eav nm GF á

‚nìmf{e~awe{ m fmbh`fai`b~m’* u` fmbvav~` `xpebna{ m fmbh`fai`b~m pe{e ~mnev ev fjevv`v

vmfaeav* vì nav~abãæm4 ` m ‚fe{å~`{ {`lj`xa|m’* u` v` ~{e~e nm GF ejái n` na|jce{* `x`{f`{ ie{`lj`xæm e~{e|áv n` f{é~afev* f{þbafev* {`v`bhev* `~f"

Bm Ej~m Lejeb~`* væm an`b~alafenev fe{ef~`{év~afev ie{feb~`v n` ‚fe{å~`{ {`lj`xa|m’* jacenev em

m{bejavim fj~{ej* fmim ev mpabað`v* f{é~afev* ebåjav`v* n`ke~`v n` anáaev ` fmi`b~å{amv u` v`

lewì em jmbcm nm p{mc{eie ` pmnì v`{ `xìpjalafenmv ì |å{amv imi`b~mv nmv `pavönamv" Be

`xakaãæm nm uen{m ‚Ce{aipm’* bm nae ?3 n` gbhm* e ep{`v`b~enm{e Jéwe Neiåwam fmi`b~e vmk{`

e kebne pe{~afapeb~`* ‚Vekmb`~`v’* n`v~efebnm u` ‚m {mfd u` `j`v p{mnwì ~{ewì j`~{ev

pmá~afev* ~é~jmv f{amvmv’" M~{e ebåjav` là~e pm{ Jéwe Neiåwam* b`v~` i`vim nae* lma vmk{` m

bm|m FN )Iv~ebc Ke{ )ne feb~m{e ‚V~`je Feipmv’7 ‚ev j`~{ev nm ~{ekejhm fmjmfei bm|ei`b~` e

feb~m{e be pmvaãæm n` f{mbav~e {kebe* fmb~ebnm hav~ö{aev u` pmn`{aei v` pevve{ ì ueju`{

fanen` c{ebn`’"

Bm uen{m ‚Lm{bm’* nm i`vim nae* ^`{`bf` Iefhenm fmi`b~e m bm|m FN nm feb~m{ ‚K`b

He{p`{’* n`v~efebnm u` ‚mv læv vö ~çi u` fmiìm{e{ fmi ieav `v~` jebãei`b~m* ` ~eikái fmi

e p{mi`vve u` `j` fmb~abe{å lew`bnm vhmsv fmi v`v |`jhmv fmipebhà{mv n` ke~ejhe’" B`vv`

i`vim uen{m* `xakanm bm nae 5> n` gbhm* Ljå|ae Im{áae `jmcae e feb~m{e n` I_K ‚Fá’*

ela{iebnm u` `je pmvva ‚kme i÷vafe* ~ej`b~m* k`je |mw ` kme p{mnãæm’*

‚@bfafjmpánae nm [mfd’* ep{`v`b~enm p`jm {muà{m ` {enaejav~e En{aebm Lejek`jje á i uen{m u`

v` n`ve~efe bm p{mc{eie" @i `b~{`|av~e {èjawene pm{ `)ieaj bm nae ;< n` bm|ìk{m n` ;??1* m

ep{`v`b~enm{ ^`{`bf` Iefhenm `xpjafm u`* ejái n` ne{ `blmu` pe{e e{~av~ev abn`p`bn`b~`v* m

p{mc{eie {`vvej~e ‚mv e{~av~ev u` egne{ei ï ‒pe|ai`b~e{” `vve `v~{ene" Elabej* ~ìmv i uen{mfmi `vve lbãæm uev` `xfjva|e )m ‒@bfafjmpánae nm [mfd” )ep{`v`b~enm p`je j`bne |ane `

‚`bfafjmpánae eikjeb~` nm {mfd’* En{aebm Lejek`jje’"

_mnì v`{ n`v~efenmv b`v~` uen{m ejcbv `xìpjmv n` f{é~afev ` mpabað`v nm ep{`v`b~enm{*bm{ieji`b~` n` iebà{e a{{`|`{`b~`" Bm nae ?3 n` gbhm* Lejek`jje f{a~afm naw`bnm u` ‚uìefekm fmi e kebne Cbv B” [mv`v lma m |mfejav~e Exj [mv`4 fmi m v` `v~{`javim* `cmf`b~{avim*fe{e fhe~m* naléfaj n` v` {`jefambe{ fmi ev p`vvmev’" B`v~` i`vim nae* `j` ~ajawm ~`{imv fmim‚jmfm’* ‚ja|{m á c{mvvm kafhm’* ‚n`|m{e{ ì ~{çv naev’* ‚`{e ne på |a{ene’" Bm nae 5> n` gbhm* em

leje{ vmk{` e |mfejav~e Vmbae F{av~abe* ne kebne ‚F{|`n Ea{’*



Lejek`jje n`fje{e u` `je á ‚ce~e* ie{e|ajhmve"""e fm{me `v~å* fmim böv nawìmv eua* `bx~e%’" Bmnae ;8 n` gbhm* em leje{ n` Iafhe`j Gefdvmb* m {muà{m ela{ie u` ‚m fe{abhe gå iebne|e kìn`vn` f{aebãe’" Bm `bf`{{ei`b~m nm uen{m* Lejek`jje ~`{iabe fmi e nàxe7 ‚Cmv~ev nm n`jé{am*

kekq’"



0 FMBFJPVÆM

M _{mc{eie Ej~m Lejeb~`* jacenm em gm{bejavim fj~{ej* enáue)v` emv pe{ëi`~{mv n` ie ^\@nfe~a|e - _÷kjafe ‖ [`n` Iabev ‖ * u` p{am{awe* ejái ne `nfeãæm* e fj~{e ` m `b~{`~`bai`b~m*

u` væm fe{ef~`{év~afev `bfmb~{enev bm i`vim"

M p{mc{eie `v~å bm e{ hå nmw` ebmv* nìmbv~{ebnm u` e ve f{`nakajanen` p`{eb~` e ìavvm{e ` mv

~`j`vp`f~enm{`v" @i `b~{`|av~e* m f{aenm{ ` ep{`v`b~enm{ nm p{mc{eie ^`{`bf` Iefhenm* `xpjafe

u` ‚M p{mc{eie lma f{aenm pe{e v`{ i uen{m vìebej n` i÷vafe* n`b~{m nm p{mc{eie ‚Ec`bne’

([`n` Iabev!" @j` gå bevf` bm lm{ie~m n` {`|av~e `j`~{þbafe* fmi uen{mv nal`{`b~`v* e~á u`* ì

5113* cebhm `vpeãm be p{mc{eieãæm ne ìavvm{e fmim p{mc{eie n` 5 hm{e n` n{eãæm" Nmav ebmv

n`pmav* `v~å|eimv be c{en` ne ^\ Fj~{e* v`bnm `xakanmv ì {`n` pe{e ~mnm m K{evaj" Avvm n{m

e~á `v~` ebm* uebnm m Ej~m)Lejeb~` vea ne ^\ Fj~{e ` jmcm pevvm e v`{ `xakanm ì {`n` p`je

^\ K{evaj’"

Ev ìavvm{ev fa~enev p`jm ep{`v`b~enm{ )^\ Fj~{e ` ^\ K{evaj ‖ p`{~`bfì ï {`n` n` ^\

@nfe~a|e - _÷kjafe nm peév" E p{öp{ae [`n` Iabev* ì ablm{ieãæm fmb~ane bm va~`* lma f{aene fmi

m mkg`~a|m n` `xpebna{ |ejm{`v* `nfeãæm ` fj~{e"

N` efm{nm fmi m ep{`v`b~enm{* m mkg`~a|m nm p{mc{eie á n`v~efe{ e i÷vafe _mp fmbh`fane `

n`vfmbh`fane be iénae* u` lew m bæm vf`vvm" @ `j` ef{`vf`b~e* `xpjafebnm u` ‚e bmvve iavvæm á

ieb~`{ mv ~`j`vp`f~enm{`v ablm{ienmv vmk{` vhmsv aipm{~eb~`v* bm~éfaev u` lewì ke{jhm bm

iàm ivafej* navfmv vv`bfaeav u` fmbv~{é{ei e hav~ö{ae ne ivafe pmp’"

_mn`)v` mkv`{|e{ u` m p{mc{eie pmvva jak`{nen` be `xakaãæm nm v` fmb~`÷nm" Væm `xakanev

f`bev ` aiec`bv n` p`vvmev fmbviabnm k`kanev ejfmöjafev ` lew`bnm vm nm face{{m n` iebà{e

be~{ej* bæm he|`bnm ì b`bhi imi`b~m* f`{~m ‚n`vfmblm{~m’ nm p{mlavvambej u` `v~`ge

`b~{`|av~ebnm m fmk{abnm m `|`b~m"

Pi pmb~m n` n`v~eu` n`vve jak`{nen`* á m le~m nm p{mc{eie v`{ `xakanm pe{e m `v~enm n` Iabev

C`{eav* emv nmiabcmv* ïv 5>76? hm{ev" V`bnm i nae u`* bm{ieji`b~`* ev p`vvmev `v~æm ì feve*

abfjva|` f{aebãev ` anmvmv* ` epöv m hm{å{am n` ejimãm"



_`bvebnm)v` n` iebà{e ieav eipje* pmn`)v` fmbfja{ u` m p{mc{eie ~ì `vve jak`{nen` pm{ v`{

|àfjenm ì ie ^\ @nfe~a|e* u` bæm jane n` iebà{e na{`~e ` ab~`bve fmi e pkjafanen` `

pe~{mfébam* ` n`v~e lm{ie* bæm ~ì e b`f`vvanen` n` `xfja{ f`{~ev aiec`bv"

@i v` ~{e~ebnm n` i p{mc{eie |mj~enm pe{e m gm{bejavim fj~{ej ì ie ^\ @nfe~a|e* `vve

p`vuave pmn`)v` `v~`bn`{ ì i p{öxaim ~{ekejhm* {èjawebnm e fmipe{eãæm n`v~` fmi m~{m

p{mc{eie ivafej |àfjenm ì ie ìavvm{e fmi`{faej"



[@L@[ÇBFAEV

EWWMJABM* En{aebe _`vve~~`4 CMJAB* Fane4 EJWEIM[E* Cèb`4 EBFHA@Ê* Avek`jj`4IE[ABHM* Ie{ce{`~h Evvav4 VMPWE* Ie{abe n` Iecejhæ`v4 ^@AX@A[E* Bévam" V`~` _{mpmv~ev

pe{e m Gm{bejavim Fj~{ej" [`lj`xð`v ` @xp`{açbfaev" 5§`n" Væm _ejm7 Ia{ö @na~m{aej* ;??1"

KEHAE* Ge{`w" Gm{bej* hav~ö{ae ` ~áfbafe" >§`n" Væm _ejm7 Å~afe* 511?"

KAVÊB@* Jfaebe4 KEF@JJE[* Jfaeb`" Gm{bejavim n` ~|" ;"§`n" Væm _ejm7 Fmb~`x~m* ;??<"

KPFFA* @cçbam" K{evaj ì ^ìpm n` ^\" 6§`n" Væm _ejm7 Kma~ìpm* 5113"

K[EB^* J`mbe{nm" I`{fenm Fj~{ej7 pebm{eie f{é~afm ` cae p{å~afm pe{e c`v~æm ` fep~eãæm n`

{`f{vmv" Fmj`ãæm \avð`v ne Fj~{e* Væm _ejm7 Abv~a~~m _`bve{~`* ;??>"

K[@ÊV* Ie{ae Kè~{aw Ejiàne V" M |én`m fevv`~` be Kakjam~`fe _÷kjafe7 p`{vp`f~a|ev pe{e ejà~{e f{é~afe ne ~`j`|avæm" K`jm Hm{awmb~`7 @vfmje n` Kakjam~`fmbmiae ne PLIC* 5181"

FPBHE* J`mbe{nm Eb~b`v4 L@[[@A[E* Bévam Eb~þbam ^àxà{e4 IECEJHÆ@V* JawH`b{au` \aà{e" Najìev nm Gm{bejavim Fj~{ej K{evajà{m" ^ìev7 @bveamv n` Fmibafeãæm*K`jm Hm{awmb~`7 b"5* |"5* ecmv~m)n`wìk{m ;??;"

FHE[EPN@EP* _e~{afd" Navf{vm nev Iénaev" ^{enãæm n` Ëbc`je I" V" Fm{{çe" Væm _ejm7Fmb~`x~m* ;??<"

NEBA@J LAJHM* M fa{fm `j`~{þbafm4 Lew`bnm ^\ bm K{evaj @n"?5 ‖ [am n` Gebà{m7 Gm{c` Wehe{@na~m{* ;??5

CPE[@VFHA* _`n{abhm" Fmibafeãæm ` _mn`{ 7 e p{`v`bãe ` m pep`j nmv iàmv n` fmibafeãæmn` ievve `v~{ebcà{mv be Eiá{afe Je~abe" 5;§ `n" _`~{öpmjav7 \mw`v* 5111"

DM\EFH* Kajj4 [MV@BÂ@J* ^mi" Mv `jì`b~mv nm gm{bejavim7 m u` mv gm{bejav~ev n`|ìvek`{ ` m p÷kjafm `xaca{" ;§`n" Væm _ejm7 C`{eãæm @na~m{aej* ;??>"

JEC@* Bajvmb" Jabcecì Gm{bejév~afe" <§`n" ` 3§`n" Væm _ejm7 Å~afe* 5118* ;??5"

IEFHENM* E{jabnm" ^`j`|avæm J`|ene e Vá{am" ;§`n" Væm _ejm7 V`bef* ;??5" _E^@[BMV^[M*\`{e É{av" M ~`x~m be ~|7 iebej n` ~`j`gm{bejavim" [am n` Gebà{m7 Feipv* 5111"

_A@[EBÂ* Mf~e|am _`bbe" _mjé~afev p÷kjafev pe{e {enamnalvæm ` aip{`bve" [am n` Gebà{m7 @n"LC\* ;??3"

_AWE* Neba`j" Gm{bejavim Fj~{ej" ;§`n" Væm _ejm7 Fmb~`x~m* ;??>"

[MN[ACP@V* En{aebm Ne{~`" M Efmb~`fai`b~m" Ab7 ^[EUPABE* B`jvmb (m{c"! Gm{bejavim4u`v~ð`v* ~`m{aev ‚`v~ö{aev’" ;§`n" Javkme7 5111"



[MN[ACP@V* En{aebm Ne{~`" M feipm nmv i`nae" Javkme7 \`ce* 5188"

[MVVA* Fjö|av" M u` á gm{bejavim= 5?§`n Væm _ejm7 K{evaja`bv`* 511>

VMN[Á* B`jvmb S`{b`fd" Véb~`v` n` hav~ö{ae ne Fj~{e K{evajà{e" ;§`n" [am n` Gebà{m7Fa|ajaweãæm K{evajà{e* 513;"

VMN[Á* I" M imbmpöjam ne leje4 lbãæm ` jabcecì ne ~`j`|avæm bm K{evaj" [am n` Gebà{m7@n"\mw`v* 5183" p"8>)"55>"

V^[ABEÂ* Nmiabaf" Fj~{e _mpje{7 ie ab~{mnãæm" 5§ `n" Væm _ejm7 H`n{e* 5111"

^HMI_VMI* Gmhb K" An`mjmcae ` Fj~{e Imn`{be7 ~`m{ae vmfaej f{é~afe be `{e nmv iàmv n`fmibafeãæm n` ievve" _`~{öpmjav7 \mw`v* 5110"

^[EUPABE* B`jvmb" Ev Bm~éfaev" Ab7 ^[EUPABE* B`jvmb (m{c"! Gm{bejavim4 u`v~ð`v* ~`m{aev `‚`v~ö{aev’" ;§`n" Javkme7 5111"

\EBBPFFHA* Ejnm" Fj~{e K{evajà{e7 m u` á* fmim v` lew" ;§`n" Væm _ejm7 Jmqmje* 5111"

SMJL* Ie{m" ^`m{ae ne Fmibafeãæm" >§`n" Javkme7 _{`v`bãe* 5110" Ne Vmfamjmcae nmv@iavvm{`v em B`sviedabc* 501 ‖ ;;6"

SMJ^MB* Nmiabau`" @jmcam nm C{ebn` _÷kjafm4 Pie ~`m{ae f{é~afe ne ~`j`|avæm" Væm _ejm7Å~afe* 511<"

_@VUPAVE @J@^[ÞBAFE

L[ENDAB*Ej`xebn{`" Hav~ö{afm ne ^\ _÷kjafe-@nfe~a|e bm K{evaj (m{cv!7 FE[IMBE*K4IM[E@V*L" Ab7M n`velam ne ^| _÷kjafe7 ie {`lj`xæm vmk{` vv~`b~ekajanen` ` uejanen`" [am n`Gebà{m7 ^\@ [G* ;??8" Navpmbé|`j ì7 sss"lbnf"m{c"k{-e{ua|mv-Hav~m{ae^\@nfe~a|e"nmfef`vvenm ì 51 n` m~k{m n` ;??1"

_[AMJJA* C" ^\ _÷kjafe á m febej* 5111" Navpmbé|`j ì7

h~~p7--sss"mkv`{|e~m{amneaip{`bve"fmi"k{-e{~acmv-u~|;?5511"h~ief`vvenm ì 51 n` m~k{m n` ;??1"

Va~` nm _{mc{eie Ej~m Lejeb~` Navpmbé|`j ì7h~~p7--p{mc{eieej~mlejeb~`"mj"fmi"k{-abn`x"php=iev~`{9p{mc{eiev,vk9~|ef`vvenm ì ;0 n` ieam n` ;??1"

Va~` ne ìavvm{e [`n` Iabev" Navpmbé|`j ì7h~~p7--sss"{`nìabev"~|-fia-pecabe"evpx=6;ef`vvenm ì ;< n` bm|ìk{m n` ;??1"

V^@\EBAI* Jaw L`jap` L`{{à{e" _{`vvpmv~mv pe{e ie ~`j`|avæm `l`~a|ei`b~` p÷kjafe7n`velamv n` ie fmibafeãæm pe{e ejái nm @v~enm ` nm i`{fenm" Iabev C`{eav* ;??3" Navpmbé|`jì7



h~~p7--sss"kmff"ka"p~-pec-v~`|ebai)jaw)p{`vvpmv~mv)pe{e)ie)~`j`|avem)pkjafe"pnl ef`vvenm `i 51 n` bm|`ik{m n` ;??1"



EB@XMV

Eb`xm E7 N`vf{aãæm n`~ejhene nmv p{mc{eiev



_{mc{eie `xakanm bm nae 65-?0

Bm p{mc{eie Ej~m Lejeb~` |àfjenm bm nae 65 n` ieam n` ;??1* abafae fmi e ‚V`vvæm Ej~m

Lejeb~`’ {èjawene bm `v~÷nam Pj~{e* ì u` m ep{`v`b~enm{ ^`{`bf` Iefhenm `b~{`|av~e e kebne

‚F{iai’" M |mfejav~e ` ke~`{av~e F{iai* leje vmk{` e fe{{à{e ne kebne* fa~ebnm m FN

‚Efhenmv ` _`{nanmv’ jebãenm ì ;??0 ` e vùúçbfae n` vhmsv bmv ebmv n`fm{{`b~`v" E p{aià{e

pe{~` ne `b~{`|av~e á ~`{iabene fmi e kebne ep{`v`b~ebnm e i÷vafe ‚@ipef~m’"

@i v`cane* m ep{`v`b~enm{ {èjawe e fheiene ne ie~á{ae na{`~ei`b~` nm @v~ånam n` L~`kmj V`{{e

Nm{ene ì Cmaåv* ì u` lew i ‚~{mfenajhm’ fmipe{ebnm m gmcm `b~{` mv ~ai`v Ab~`{befambej x

Cmaåv* u` efeke|e n` fmi`ãe{* fmi e @naãæm ;??1 nm L`v~a|ej n` [mfd ‚Kebebene’ {èjawenm bm

^è~{m _acå p`{~`bf`b~` em F`b~{m Fj~{ej Ie{~ai V`{`{ç ~eikái ì Cmaåv" Bm L`v~a|ej*

^`{`bf` Iefhenm `b~{`|av~e ab~`c{eb~`v n` |å{aev kebnev u` pe{~afape{ei nm `|`b~m* ~eav fmim*

‚Cjmmi’ (CM!4 ‚Vp`{v~{`mvb’ (K{evéjae!4 ‚Nèn Jm|`{v sav~`n Hè{~’ (IC!4 ‚Vh` Dìed`{v’

(CM!4 ‚^h` Kefdka~`{v’ (CM!4 ‚_`{a~m Im{`bm’ (CM!4 ‚Lajmi`nve’ (EF!* ‚[kabhm e Lm{ãeK{~e’ (CM! ` ‚Na`cm n` Im{e`v ` m Vabnafe~m’ (CM!" Be vùúçbfae Jéwe Neiåwam `bf`{{e m 5·

kjmfm ebbfaebnm m u` ~`{å bm p{öxaim kjmfm"

M ;· kjmfm nm p{mc{eie abafae fmi m uen{m ‚@bfafjmpánae nm [mfd’ ep{`v`b~enm p`jm {muà{m `

{enaejav~e En{aebm Lejek`jje* u` leje vmk{` ev kebnev n` {mfd u` bevf`{ei be Abcje~`{{e bmv ebmv

<? ` 3?" Lejek`jje ep{mlbne be hav~ö{ae ne kebne ‚E~miaf [mmv~`{’* lejebnm vmk{` ev i÷vafev ` m`v~ajm n` {mpe ` ef`vvö{amv nmv ab~`c{eb~`v" @vv` uen{m v` `bf`{{e fmi e i÷vafe ‚K{èd~h{mch’

ne kebne ‚E~miaf [mmv~`{’"

Nebnm fmb~abanen` em p{mc{eie* ^`{`bf` Iefhenm |mj~e fmi e v`vvæm ej~m lejeb~` fmi e kebne

‚F{iai’* `b~{`|av~ebnm mv ab~`c{eb~`v vmk{` m jebãei`b~m nm FN ‚Gepeb _mp Vhms’* ` `j`v

~mfei e i÷vafe ‚Veika~m’" @i v`cane* Jéwe Neiåwam `bf`{{e m ;· kjmfm ep{`v`b~ebnm m u`

~`{å bm 6· kjmfm* ÷j~aim"



M ÷j~aim kjmfm nm p{mc{eie á abafaenm fmi m ep{`v`b~enm{ lejebnm bm|ei`b~` nm @v~ånam V`{{e

Nm{ene (CM!* mbn` `v~e|e bm ab~`{|ejm nm gmcm ` m pjefe{ v` `bfmb~{e|e ì ? x ?* nebnm ~eikái

ie ‚peve’ `b~{` m p{aià{m ` v`cbnm nae nm L`v~a|ej ‚Kebebene’"

Bm ÷j~aim nae nm l`v~a|ej* ^`{`bf` Iefhenm `b~{`|av~e ieav kebnev pe{~afapeb~`v ` væm pù`bev

pe{~`v nev ep{`v`b~eãð`v nev i`viev* ~eav fmim* ‚Vebc` V`fm’ (CM!4 ‚Ij~apj`x’ (V_!4 ‚Gmhbbq

Vxx ` ^h` Lfdabc Kmqv’ (CM!4 ‚H`q H`q H`q’ ([M!4 ‚^`fhbafmjm{’ (CM!4 ‚J`bwa K{m~h`{v’

(VF!* ‚Neim Vwda’ (Ab~`{befambej!4 ‚Kjefd N{esbac Fhejdv’ (CM!4 ‚Kenneh na Fa{m’ (^M!4

‚_m{fm n` C{abnfmm{`’ (CM! ` ‚_{mg`~m Iebene’ (V_!"

M ep{`v`b~enm{ labejawe e ie~á{ae nm @v~ånam V`{{e Nm{ene (CM!* lejebnm vmk{` m `bf`{{ei`b~m

ne @naãæm ;??1 nm L`v~a|ej ‚Kebebene’ ` vmk{` m ~á{iabm nm gmcm lafebnm m pjefe{ n` 5 x ? pe{e m

~ai` nm Ab~`{befambej"

\mj~ebnm e ‚V`vvæm Ej~m Lejeb~`’* m |mfejav~e ‚F{iai’ leje bm|ei`b~` vmk{` m FN ‚Gepeb _mp

Vhms’ ` vmk{` ebne{ n` kafafj`~e" M ep{`v`b~enm{ ^`{`bf` Iefhenm v` n`vp`n` ` m p{mc{eie á

`bf`{{enm fmi e i÷vafe ‚Iec{`je L`|`{’ ne kebne ‚F{iai’"

_{mc{eie `xakanm bm nae ?3-?<

E ek`{~{e nm p{mc{eie Ej~m Lejeb~` |àfjenm bm nae ?3 n` gbhm n` ;??1* á fmi m ep{`v`b~enm{

^`{`bf` Iefhenm ablm{iebnm m u` a{å mfm{{`{ n{eb~` m p{mc{eie" @j` n`v~efe u` m L`v~a|ej

‚Kmbbe{mm’ `v~å fh`cebnm* m uen{m ‚Ce{aipm’ fmi e pe{~afapeãæm ne kebne ‚Vekmb`~`v’*

En{aebm Lejek`jje fmi m uen{m ‚@bfafjmpánae nm [mfd’ vmk{` e kebne ‚Cbv B” [mv`v’ ` fa~e

ieav kebnev u` v`{æm |av~ev b`vv` `pavönam nm p{mc{eie"

Bm 5· kjmfm m ep{`v`b~enm{ {`je~e ie bm~éfae vmk{` e kebne ‚P;’* ì u` n`v~efe m v` bm|m

åjki ‚Bm Jab` Mb ^h` M{aweb’ ` `xp{`vve ve mpabaæm vmk{` `j`" @i v`cane á `xakanm m fjap` ne

i÷vafe ‚C`~ Mb Qm{ Kmm~v’ nm bm|m navfm nm P;"

Be vùçbfae `b~{e e |abh`~e nm uen{m ‚Ce{aipm’ ep{`v`b~enm pm{ Jéwe Neiåwam* u` ~{åv e pe{~afapeãæm ne kebne pe{ebe`bv` ‚Vekmb`~`v’" Bm abéfam nm uen{m e ep{`v`b~enm{e fmb~e u` mvab~`c{eb~`v ne kebne `{ei eiacmv n` lefjnen` ` n`fana{ei lm{ie{ ie kebne" @je fmi`b~e vmk{`m ‚{mfd’ u` `j`v p{mnwì n`v~efebnm u` væm ‚j`~{ev pmá~afev* ~é~jmv



f{amvmv’" Be ie~á{ae {èjawene fmi e kebne* mv ab~`c{eb~`v lejei vmk{` m v{cai`b~m ` hav~ö{ae nekebne* e{~av~ev u` mv ablj`bfaei* v` J_ ` m fjap` u` `j`v p{öp{amv p{mnwa{ei" Epöv e ie~á{ae*|mj~e fmi Jéwe Neiåwam lejebnm vmk{` e fe{{à{e ne feb~m{e ‚V~`je Feipmv’* n`v~efebnm m v`bm|m FN ‚Iv~ebc Ke{’ ` fmi`b~e ‚ev j`~{ev nm ~{ekejhm fmjmfei bm|ei`b~` e feb~m{e be pmvaãæm

n` f{mbav~e {kebe* fmb~ebnm hav~ö{aev u` pmn`{aei v` pevve{ ì ueju`{ fanen` c{ebn`’" @iv`cane á `xakanm i fjap` eb~acm n` V~`je Feipmv fmb~`bnm e i÷vafe ‚^` _`cm Be @v~eãæm’ nmnavfm ‚Lai n` Vìebe’" @i v`cane ^`{`bf` Iefhenm ~`{iabe m 5· n` kjmfm ebbfaebnm m u`~`{å bm p{öxaim kjmfm"

M ;· kjmfm fmi`ãe fmi e |abh`~e nm uen{m ‚@bfafjmpánae nm [mfd’ ep{`v`b~enm pm{ En{aebm

Lejek`jje* u` a{å leje{ vmk{` e kebne ‚Cbv B” [mv`v’" M {muà{m abafae m uen{m lew`bnm f{é~afe

em FN ne kebne u` bæm vea* ` ì v`cane leje vmk{` e bm|e kebne n` i ab~`c{eb~` nm Cbv* m

Vjevh ` fmb~e i pmfm vmk{` ve |ane ` hav~ö{ae e{~év~afe" @j` n`v~efe m jebãei`b~m nm ja|{m

(ej~m) kamc{elae! n` Vjevh ` m {`fmi`bne ‚i`vim uì bæm cmv~e{ n` Cbv B” [mv`v |ea enm{e{ m

ja|{m’" Lejek`jje f{a~afe naw`bnm u` uì efekm fmi e kebne Cbv B” [mv`v lma m |mfejav~e Exj

[mv` ‚fmi m v` `v~{`javim* `cmf`b~{avim* fe{e fhe~m* naléfaj n` v` {`jefambe{ fmi ev p`vvmev’"

^`{iabe m uen{m fmi e `xakaãæm n` i fjap` nm Cbv B” [mv`v"

Nebnm fmb~abanen` em p{mc{eie `b~{e e |abh`~e n` bm~éfaev* ì u` á `xakanm i fjap` n` ie

kebne ab~`{befambej ` Jéwe Neiåwam* nå e p{aià{e bm~éfae ì mll* leje vmk{` ev ep{`v`b~eãð`v n`

ejciev kebnev be ^{bç nm ‚C{``b Neq’" Be v`cbne bm~éfae* á `xakanm m~{m fjap` ab~`{befambej

` Jéwe leje vmk{` i fevei`b~m npjm ì i uab~ej n` ie feve n` ie kebne ei`{afebe* `je

i`vie k{abfe naw`bnm7 ‚Fmblvm bæm á=’"

@i v`cane `b~{e e |abh`~e nm uen{m ‚Lm{bm’* ì u` væm `xakanev aiec`bv nm feb~m{ ‚K`b

He{p`{’* ` ^`{`bf` Iefhenm ì mll leje vmk{` m bm|m FN nm feb~m{ ` u`* ‚mv læv n` K`b He{p`{

vö ~ì u` fmiìm{e{ fmi ieav `v~` jebãei`b~m* ` ~eikái fmi e p{mi`vve u` `j` fmb~abe{å

lew`bnm vhmsv fmi v`v |`jhmv fmipebhà{mv n` ke~ejhe’" @vv` uen{m ~`{iabe fmi i ~{`fhm ne

i÷vafe ‚Ebn [`j`b~j`vv~’ n` K`b He{p`{" ^`{`bf` Iefhenm {èjawe e pevvecì n` kjmfm

ebbfaebnm m u` v`{å ep{`v`b~enm bm ÷j~aim kjmfm ` abþbawe7 ‚Fmb~ab` be å{è pm{u` m

ab~`{|ejm |ea v`{ ieav {åpanm nm u` m Vjevh ~mfe{ ca~e{{e* pm{u` v` lmvv` lew`bnm `vfm|e bmfek`jm* |mfç ~`{ae n`vfjpe pe{e ~{mfe{ n` febej’"



M ÷j~aim kjmfm abafae fmi m ^`{`bf` Iefhenm ep{`v`b~ebnm e `b~{`|av~e {èjawene ì Jmbn{`v bm

ebm pevvenm* fmi Ejjeb Gmv`v* `na~m{ ne {`|av~e abcj`ve ‚Pbf~’* u` pe{e `j`* ‚|ej` fmim i

|én`m eje vmk{` gm{bejavim ivafej’" E `b~{`|av~e á vmk{` `na~m{aej n` i÷vafe be Abcje~`{{e ` mba|`{vm nmv vmbv* ~ajawm)v` n` aiec`bv pe{e ajv~{e{ m u` Ejjeb Gmb`v n`fje{e|e"

Bm `bf`{{ei`b~m nm p{mc{eie* ^`{`bf` Iefhenm ebbfae m ÷j~aim fjap` e v`{ `xakanm ` leje vmk{`

m L`v~a|ej ‚Kmbbe{mm’ u` a{ae v` {èjawe{ bm p{öxaim labej n` vìebe bmv @v~enmv Pbanmv" @j`

n`v~efe ejciev kebnev u` `v~e{aei p{`v`b~`v* ` u` e ùap` nm Ej~m Lejeb~` a{ae {èjawe{ e

fmk`{~{e nm `|`b~m" _e{e ~`{iabe{* á `xakanm m fjap` ne kebne ‚Cm|”~ Ij`’ fmb~`bnm e i÷vafe

‚Jmbc`{ ^heb Jal`’ nm navfm ‚Nmv`’"

_{mc{eie `xakanm bm nae 5>-?<

M p{mc{eie Ej~m Lejeb~` |àfjenm bm nae 5> n` gbhm n` ;??1* ~ì e ep{`v`b~eãæm n` Jéwe

Neiåwam u` abafae m p{mc{eie lejebnm vmk{` i÷vafe _mp ` ep{`v`b~e m p{aià{m |én`m fjap` ne

kebne iabà{e ‚^{ebviavvm{’" M fjap` á ne i÷vafe ‚_{aià{m n` Ecmv~m’ nm navfm ‚Vmfa`nen` nm

F{a|m I÷~m’"

@i v`cane `b~{e e |abh`~e n` bm~éfaev* ` á `xakanm i fjap` ne feb~m{e ‚Fe{~b`q Jm|`’* v`bnm e

p{aià{e bm~éfae vmk{` ie k{ace ne feb~m{e fmi i `x)ab~`c{eb~` n` ve kebne" E v`cbne bm~éfae

imv~{m i fjap` ne kebne ‚Av`{’ ` lma vmk{` m v` bm|m FN" Be ~`{fà{e bm~éfae á `xakanm i

fjap` ne kebne ‚Kèv~a` Kmqv’ ` leje vmk{` m |mfejav~e u` `v~å fmi fëbf`{ be cjëbnje veja|e{" @i

bm~e mlafaej m |mfejav~e navv` u` m fëbf`{ lma n`~`f~enm bm abéfam* u` m ~{e~ei`b~m b`vv` fevm* á

`lafew ` u` bæm e~abca ev vev fm{nev |mfeav" @bf`{{e fmi e |abh`~e E{ua|m ` á `xakanm m fjap`ne i÷vafe ‚Fh Fh`fd A~ M~’ ne kebne ‚Kèv~a` Kmqv’* navfm ‚^m ^h` 0 Km{{mchv’" Jéwe

Neiåwam `bf`{{e m p{aià{m kjmfm ` ebbfae m u` ~`{å bm v`cbnm"

M v`cbnm kjmfm abafae fmi m uen{m ‚@bfafjmpánae nm [mfd’* ì u` En{aebm Lejek`jje lejevmk{` e kebne abcj`ve ‚F{|`n Ea{’* pmfm fmbh`fane bm K{evaj* iev be Abcje~`{{e ` be @{mpe l`wia~m vf`vvm bmv ebmv 3?" Lejek`jje fmb~e i pmfm ne hav~ö{ae ne kebne ` vev na|`{vevlm{ieãð`v" @j` ne çblev` pe{e e |mfejav~e Vmbae F{av~abe ` n`fje{e u` `je á ‚ce~e*



ie{e|ajhmve"""e fm{me `v~å* fmim böv nawìmv eua* `bx~e%’" _e{e ~`{iabe{ m uen{m* á `xakanm mfjap` n` ‚Ie{ae Eb~mba`~~`’ n` 5136* ne ‚F{|`n Ea{’* navfm ‚_heb~eviecm{ae’"

Fmb~abebnm m p{mc{eie* `b~{e e |abh`~e nm uen{m ‚Lm{bm’ ì u` á `xakanm i fjap` n` i÷vafe

pmpje{ k{evajà{e" Ljå|ae Im{à{e {èjawe i mll ablm{iebnm vmk{` m f{`vfai`b~m nev feb~m{ev

lìababev be I_K* n`v~efebnm u` ‚{`f`k`{ m ~é~jm n` na|e á låfaj* naléfaj á hmb{åjm* lew`{

p`{ieb`f`{’" Epöv `vve f{é~afe* Ljå|ae Im{à{e leje vmk{` m ~{ekejhm ne feb~m{e pejav~ebe ‚Fá’*

ela{iebnm u` `je pmvva ‚kme i÷vafe* ~ej`b~m* k`je |mw ` kme p{mnãæm’* ep{m|à~ebnm m cebfhm

pe{e na|jce{ m v` bm|m åjki ‚\ece{mve’"

@i v`cane Jéwe Neiåwam {èjawe e fek`ãe nm uen{m ‚Ce{aipm’ lejebnm vmk{` e `xp{`vvæm ‚jaxm

pmjalþbafm’ u` n`lab` e m{acì nm vmi nm c{pm iabà{m ‚C{e|`mje’* fmb|anenm beu`j` `pavönam

nm p{mc{eie" Be ie~á{ae mv v`~` ab~`c{eb~`v v` ep{`v`b~ei ` fmb~ei i pmfm vmk{` e lm{ieãæm `

hav~ö{ae nm c{pm" @j`v `xpjafei vmk{` m ‚jaxm pmjalþbafm’* ì u` v`{ae e ab fm{pm{eãæm n`

~`bvéjamv i pmfm lm{e nm fmb~`x~m* ab~`c{enmv fmi e ~ajaweãæm n` abv~{i`b~mv bm{ieav" M

c{pm n` n`v~eu` pe{e m p{aià{m navfm u` c{e|e{ei ì gebà{m n`v~` ebm* bm uej mv læv

pmnì ~`{ ef`vvm e ~mnev ev i÷vafev e~{e|áv nm va~` sss"c{e|`mje"fmi"k{* ` `bf`{{ei fmb|anebnm

ev p`vvmev e fmbl`{a{ì m vhms ela{iebnm vìp{` abf{ì`b~ei ejcm bm|m* nal`{`bfaebnm fene

ep{`v`b~eãæm" E ep{`v`b~enm{e `bf`{{e `vv` kjmfm ebbfaebnm e `b~{`|av~e fmi e kebne ce÷fhe

‚Ef÷v~afmv ` \ej|jenmv’ bm ÷j~aim kjmfm nm p{mc{eie"

Bm 6· kjmfm* Jéwe Neiåwam leje vmk{` m {mfd ce÷fhm ne kebne ‚Ef÷v~afmv ` \ej|jenmv’ ` á

`xakane `b~{`|av~e fmi e i`vie" @i vmbm{e e kebne lew i epebhenm nmv ;? ebmv n` fe{{à{e*

n`v~efebnm mv navfmv c{e|enmv* e{~av~ev u` fmb~{aké{ei pe{e e ve vmbm{anen` ` ev inebãev u`

mfm{{`{ei b`vv` p`{émnm* fmim pm{ `xìpjm* bm abéfam ne fe{{à{e `j`v fe~e|ei ev i÷vafev

vmi`b~` ì abcjçv* ` ecm{e feb~ei ì pm{~cçv ~eikái"

_e{e `bf`{{e{ m p{mc{eie* Jéwe Neiåwam ablm{ie ì bm~e v`fe vmk{` m febf`jei`b~m nev nevep{`v`b~eãð`v ne kebne ‚N`p`fh` Imn`’ u` mfm{{`{aei `v~` ebm bm K{evaj" ‚@i bm~e mlafaej bmva~` ne kebne* `j`v p`na{ei n`vfjpev ej`cebnm u`v~æm n` jmcév~afe’" Mv vhmsv ec`bnenmv ìm~{mv peév`v be Eiá{afe nm Vj efmb~`f`{aei bm{ieji`b~`" E ep{`v`b~enm{e {`jìk{e u` bmv÷j~aimv nmav i`v`v `j`v febf`je{ei |å{amv vhmsv pm{ p{mkjìev n` ve÷n` nm |mfejav~e*

ep{m|à~ebnm m le~m* k{abfe naw`bnm u` ‚fmi `vve ie{á n` ewe{* `j` bbfe bæm |a{ae



bbfe e Eiá{afe nm Vj* n`|anm em |é{v ‚Ablj`bwe E’ u` `v~å lew`bnm e l`v~e’" M p{mc{eie v``bf`{{e fmi e `xakaãæm n` i fjap` nm ‚N`p`fh` Imn`’"



_{mc{eie `xakanm bm nae ;8-?<

Bm p{mc{eie Ej~m Lejeb~` |àfjenm bm nae ;8 n` gbhm n` ;??1* abafae fmi m ep{`v`b~enm{

^`{`bf` Iefhenm n`v~efebnm e fmk`{~{e nm l`v~a|ej ‚Kebbe{mm’ bmv @v~enmv Pbanmv ` e ‚v`vvæm

ej~m lejeb~`’ fmi e pe{~afapeãæm ne kebne ‚[enam~ep`’"

Jéwe Neiåwam ep{`v`b~e e v`vvæm ej~m lejeb~` na{`~m nm `v~÷nam Pj~{e fmi e pe{~afapeãæm ne kebne

‚[enam~ep`’" Be p{aià{e pe{~` ne `b~{`|av~e m |mfejav~e Enajvmb Kene{ö fmb~e fmim `j`v

fh`ce{ei e `vve lm{ieãæm e~ej ne kebne ` vev `xp`{açbfaev ab~`{befambeav* ~mfei e i÷vafe

‚Bm|e Fhebf`’"

\mj~e fmi m ep{`v`b~enm{ ^`{`bf` Iefhenm* na{`~m nmv @v~enmv Pbanmv* ablm{iebnm vmk{` m

L`v~a|ej ‚Kmbbe{mm’ ;??1 {èjawenm ì i `vpeãm {{ej* fmb~`bnm |å{amv pejfmv imb~enmv* fmi e

n{eãæm n` ~{çv naev ì u` `{e `vp`{enm i p÷kjafm e f`{fe n` 5??"??? p`vvmev" ^`{`bf` imv~{e

aiec`bv nev ep{`v`b~eãð`v ` fmi`b~e i pmfm vmk{` ev kebnev u` v` ep{`v`b~e{ei* ~eav fmim*‚C{awwq Kè{’ u` lma e p{aià{e kebne e v` ep{`v`b~e{* m u` `j`v fheiei n` m ‚vhms fek`ãe’4

‚Ejj C{``b’4 ‚^\ Mb ^h` [enam’4 ‚Jfabne Sajjaeiv’ ` ‚Kèv~a` Kmqv’ u` `bf`{{m m p{aià{m

nae nm l`v~a|ej" _e{e `bf`{{e{ m 5· kjmfm* á `xakanm ieav i pmfm ne ep{`v`b~eãæm n` ‚Ejj C{``b’"

Bm ;· kjmfm |mj~e e v`vvæm ej~m lejeb~`* ì u` e kebne ‚[enam~ep`’ fmi`b~e vmk{` e ve

pe{~afapeãæm be ek`{~{e nm vhms nm ‚U``b’ bm K{evaj" @j`v fmi`b~ei ~eikái vmk{` e ve|mb~en` n` pe{~afape{ì n` l`v~a|eav n` i÷vafev abn`p`bn`b~`v* n`v~efebnm m l`v~a|ej nm

‚Ie{{`fm’ u` `v~a|`{ei p{`v`b~`v be fanen` n` _e~mv n` Iabev ‖ IC" _e{e ~`{iabe{ e v`cbne

pe{~` ne `b~{`|av~e* `j`v ep{`v`b~ei e i÷vafe ‚^`bhm e Vmjãæm’"

Nebnm v`cai`b~m em p{mc{eie `b~{e bm e{ m uen{m ‚@bfafjmpánae nm [mfd’* ` m ~ìe n`v~` naelma e im{~` (lej`f` bm nae ;0 n` gbhm! nm {à nm pmp ‚Iafhe`j Gefdvmb’" En{aebm Lejek`jje fmb~evmk{` e ve hav~ö{ae e{~év~afe u` v` abafam mv fabfm ebmv n` anen`* uebnm m v` pea imb~m mc{pm ‚Gefdvmb La|`’ ì u` Iafhe`j Gefdvmb `{e m |mfejav~e ` fmb~e|e fmi e pe{~afapeãæm n`

ieav ue~{m a{iæmv ab~`c{ebnm m c{pm" @i 513? Iafhe`j Gefdvmb



`v~m{m bm ibnm ì fe{{à{e vmjm* Lejek`jje fmi`b~e ‚m fe{abhe gå iebne|e kì n`vn`f{aebãe’" @i 5131 e fe{{à{e vmjm n` Iafhe`j Gefdvmb n`fmjm fmi m åjki ‚^h{ajj`{’ fmbh`fanmibnaeji`b~`" Á `xakane ie imb~ecì fmb~`bnm |å{aev f`bev n` vhmsv ` fjap`v* ` aiec`bv n`FN”v ` {`|av~ev n` Iafhe`j Gefdvmb"

Á imv~{enm ieav ie pe{~` ne fmk`{~{e {èjawene bm v`cbnm nae nm l`v~a|ej ‚Kmbbe{mm’* ^`{`bf`

Iefhenm ablm{ie vmk{` mv e{~av~ev ` jei`b~e n` ~`{ p`{nanm ejcbv vhmsv* pmav ejcbv n`vv`v

efmb~`faei bm i`vim hm{å{am ì nal`{`b~`v pejfmv* fmi nav~ëbfaev fmbvan`{å|àv `b~{` i `

m~{m" B`v~` nae v` ep{`v`b~e{ei ‚Fh`{{q Hmji`v’4 ‚[mkab Ha~fhmfd \`bve 6’4 ‚Kmi A|`{~’4

‚Cm|”~ Ij`’4 ‚Sajfm’4 ‚^h` N`fìk`{av~v’ ` ‚^h` Ie{v \mj~e’" Pie c{ebn` v{p{`ve lma e

pe{~afapeãæm ne kebne ‚K{f` Vp{abcv~``b ` ^h` @)v~{``~ Kebn’* be hm{e ne ve ep{`v`b~eãæm mv

m~{mv vhmsv lm{ei pe{enmv* ` `v~` `|` e n{eãæm n` 6 hm{ev ` i p÷kjafm ep{mxaienm n` 3?"???

p`vvmev" Epöv 5 hm{e ne iebhæ* uebnm `v~` ~`{iabm* mv m~{mv pejfmv |mj~e{ei e ~`{ vhmsv* ` bm

p{abfapej v` ep{`v`b~m m feb~m{ ‚K`b He{p`{’ ` kebne" ^`{`bf` lew ie peve ebbfaebnm m u`

~`{å bm ÷j~aim kjmfm nm p{mc{eie* `bf`{{ei`b~m nm l`v~a|ej ‚Kmbbe{mm’* ne v`vvæm ej~m lejeb~` `

i fjap` xfjva|m n` ‚Kì He{p`{’"

M 6· kjmfm fmi`ãe fmi e ÷j~aie pe{~` ne v`vvæm ej~m lejeb~` fmi e kebne ‚[enam~ep`’" Jéwe

Neiåwam imv~{e m p{aià{m FN mlafaej ne kebne* ` k{abfe fmi `j`v* p`{cb~ebnm uebnm m

p{öxaim v`{å c{e|enm* pmav be c{e|eãæm n`v~` p{aià{m* e kebne pmvvée i ab~`c{eb~` e i`bmv" M

|mfejav~e Enajvmb Kene{ö fmb~e vmk{` e p{mnãæm n`v~` FN u` pmvva 55 leaxev ivafeav* `

`xpjafe m bmi`* ‚_ù`bev Fmavev U` Bmv Lewì L`jaw’" Jéwe Neiåwam `bf`{{e e v`vvæm ej~m

lejeb~` ` kebne ‚[enam~ep`’ ~mfe e i÷vafe ‚Mjh` _e{e L{`b~`’"

Bm j~aim nae nm l`v~a|ej ‚Kmbbe{mm’ væm `xakanev |å{aev aiec`bv nm p÷kjafm ` ne `v~{~{e" Ev

÷j~aiev ep{`v`b~eãð`v ~a|`{ei e pe{~afapeãæm nev kebnev* ‚Mdd`{|ajj [a|`{’4 m {epp`{ ‚Vbmmp

Nmc’4 ‚Kebn Ml Hmv`{v’ ` ‚B`dm Fev`’" ^`{`bf` Iefhenm fmi`b~e vmk{` m `bf`{{ei`b~m nm

l`v~a|ej ‚Kmbbe{mm’ ;??1 ` ~`{iabe m p{mc{eie fmi m fjap` ‚Neq ^h`{` Ebn He~` I`’ nm ‚K`b

He{p`{ ebn [`j`b~j`vv 3’* ve bm|e kebne"



Eb`xm K7 @b~{`|av~e fmi m ep{`v`b~enm{ nm p{mc{eie ‖ ^`{`bf` Iefhenm ‖ nae ;<-55-;??1

)Fmim lma f{aenm m p{mc{eie ‚ Ej~m Lejeb~`’= Lej` vmk{` e hav~ö{ae ` m v` n`v`b|mj|ai`b~m"

M p{mc{eie lma f{aenm pe{e v`{ i uen{m vìebej n` ivafe n`b~{m nm p{mc{eie Ec`bne ([`n`

Iabev!" @j` gå bevf` bm lm{ie~m n` {`|av~e `j`~{þbafe* fmi uen{mv nal`{`b~`v* e~á u` ì 13

cebhm `vpeãm be p{mc{eieãæm ne ìavvm{e fmim p{mc{eie n` ?5 hm{e n` n{eãæm" Nmav ebmv

n`pmav* `v~å|eimv be c{en` ne ^\ Fj~{e* v`bnm `xakanmv ì {`n` pe{e ~mnm K{evaj" Av~m n{m e~á

`v~` ebm* uebnm m Ej~m)lejeb~` vea ne ^\ Fj~{e ` jmcm pevvm e v`{ `xakanm ì {`n` p`je ^\

K{evaj" B`vv`v nmw` ebmv n` `xav~çbfae m p{mc{eie efmipebhm e f{aeãæm nm lá{~aj fej`bnå{am n`

l`v~a|eav n`nafenmv ï p{mnãæm abn`p`bn`b~`* |aegm pe{e lm{e nm peév pe{e efmipebhe{ n` p`{~m mv

p{abfapeav l`v~a|eav n` ivafe pmp nm ibnm (`x" Kmbbe{mm* @{mfdá`bb`v* K`bafevvai* [mvdajn`*

`b~{` m~{mv!" B`vve jmbce gm{bene* e bmvve ùap` ~eikái efmipebhm n` p`{~m ev inebãev

vacbalafe~a|ev bm i`{fenm lmbmc{ålafm ibnaej* fmi m en|`b~m nev bm|ev ~`fbmjmcaev* e inebãe

fmipm{~ei`b~ej nm fmbvim n` ivafe* ì lbãæm ne ab~`{b`~ `~f"

)Uej á m mkg`~a|m nm p{mc{eie=

Ieb~`{ vefaenm fmi nmv`v c`b`{mvev n` ivafe mv læv n` ivafe pmp* fmi n`v~eu` pe{e e ivafe

u` bæm á n`v~eu` be c{ebn` iénae* iev vì `vu`f`{ ne i`vie" ^{mfebnm ì ia÷nmv7 leje{ ne

Ienmbbe m ne feb~m{e u` efeke n` |a{e{ l`bþi`bm ‖ |ae ab~`{b`~ ‖ fmim lma m fevm {`f`b~` n`

Iej Iecejhæ`v ‖ m e~á i`vim n` e{~av~ev u` pmnì bæm pevve{ n` i p{aià{m vhms bi

l`v~a|ej abn`p`bn`b~` ì ejci feb~m nm K{evaj" @* ejái navvm* bmvve iavvæm á ieb~`{ mv

~`j`vp`f~enm{`v ablm{ienmv vmk{` vhmsv aipm{~eb~`v* bm~éfaev u` lewì ke{jhm bm iàm ivafej*navfmv `vv`bfaeav u` fmbv~{é{ei e hav~ö{ae ne ivafe pmp" @* fje{m* bbfe p`{nìmv n` |av~e ev

[eéw`v nm pmp" Mv e{~av~ev u` egne{ei e ‚pe|ai`b~e{’ `vve `v~{ene" Elabej* ~ìmv i uen{m

fmi `vve lbãæm uev` `xfjva|e )m ‚@bfafjmpánae nm [mfd’)* ep{`v`b~enm p`je j`bne |a|e `

‚`bfafjmpánae eikjeb~` nm {mfd’ En{aebm Lejek`jje"

)M p{mc{eie ~ì i p÷kjafm ej|m `vp`félafm=Bæm" Be |`{nen`* lewìmv i p{mc{eie p{e uì p{mf{e lca{ ne i`vie iàe N÷wae n` e{~av~ev

u` á p{mpecebnène be c{ebn` iénae" @ ~eikái bæm fmk{aimv n`~`{iabenmv Cçb`{mv ivafeav*fmim ivafe v`{~eb`ge m exá* m u` gå `xfja ie fmbvan`{å|`j ceie n`



~`j`vp`f~enm{`v* p{abfapeji`b~`* bi peév fmim m K{evaj" Lm{e avvm* á i p{mc{eie n` ivafe p{euì f{~` ivafe ï k`ãe* ~ì f{amvanen` n` kvfe{ ` fmbh`f`{ bm|mv vmbv vì p{`fmbfà~m" M~`j`vp`f~enm{ evvénm nm EL gå v` efmv~im e evvav~a{ e i bm|m fjap` nm Gv~ab âik`{jed` `fmbh`f`{ ie kebne i`bmv leimve fmim m L{a`bnjq La{`v m eabne ie u` `v~å vö fmi`ãebnm

fmim m ^h` Bei`"

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