Jorg Sommer - Ship Propulsion by Renewable Energies - Natural Propulsion 2013

8/13/2019 Jorg Sommer - Ship Propulsion by Renewable Energies - Natural Propulsion 2013

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Ship propulsion by renewable

energies available at sea:

Innovations for utilisation

of wind and waves

Dr. rer. nat. Jrg Sommer

Januar 2013


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Preliminary remark 1

The next-but-one generation of vehicles will be

driven by hydrogen

The BMW path: Hydrogen driven combustion motors

The Mercedes-Benz path: Hydrogen fuel cell electric motor

Prototype for ferries of the future: Alsterwasser

Alsterwasser: Ferry for 100

passengers, Hamburg 2008,

driven solely by hydrogen.


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Preliminary remark 2

The hydrogen driven vehicles exist already but

not the infrastructure:

We have to look for intermediate steps. One of

them could beto produce hydrogen

aboard. This is the initial point of my furtherconsiderations.


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1. Sun alone isnt enough

Negative advertizing

A press release:

The huge freighter capable ofcarrying 6,400 automobiles isequipped with 328 solar panels ata cost of 150 million yen (1.68million dollars), the officials said.

The solar power system can generate40 kilowatts, which would initiallycoveronly 0.2 percentof theship's energy consumption forpropulsion, but company officialssaid they hoped to raise the ratio.

Auriga Leader, Japan 2008,60,213 gross tons


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33 PS or 32 hp for a superyacht

(31 m = 102 ft)

Even a special design

for maximal use of

sun power results indisappointing

performance.

Despite the fact, that

this is one of the most

beautiful solar ships

ever built.

The Tranor Planet Solar(loa 31m)

was entirely new designed for

maximal use of sun power, with 537

square meter solar panels.

Nevertheless she has to manage withonly 24 kW (32 hp).


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2. Energy by sails isnt storable

but they are the most effective

wind propulsors,

especially the newly developed

wing sails.

A wind turbine can do both:1. Drive the boat or

2. produce storableenergy.

But for (1) you need a gearand a screw, whichhave friction- andtransmission losses,and for (2) you need agenerator, a device to

store electrical energy,and a motor to drive thescrew, also withconversion losses.

BMW Oracle America's Cup boat Relevation II


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3. The developement of mobile

wave energy converters is

insufficient Fins: Not a good

solution!

Suntory mermaid IIreaches only

pedestrian mean

speed

Orcelle: performance

not known, but most

likely insufficient.

Suntory

Mermaid 2

(Hiroshi

Terao)

Orcelle

(Wallenius Wilhelmsen)


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Conclusion: All or none!

If you really want to promote the use of

renewable energies for ship propulsion,

you have to

Use allsources available on sea,

Make a new design,

Take care of storing energy.


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Primary energy and effective power

facts & figures about sun-, wind-, and wave energy

Example: Eco-Trimaran with realistic scenarios for method and location ofoperation


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Eco-Trimaran

The floates can moveabout their horizontal

cross axis (used for

wave power

conversion)

and about theirvertical axis

(necessary for

steering, avoiding of

torsional stress and

minimazation of drag)

The broad roof

is covered withsolar cells.

Wind turbine

of type H-

Rotor. In a

newer version

the two rotorsare side by

side

(interlocking)

and not

twisted.

Technical data: LOA = 24.6 m, displacement: 61 m3


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The movements of the floats in the waves (upper

animation) are at first converted into hydraulic pressure

(lower animation) and then into electric power (not shown)

the same principle as at Pelamis.


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Pelamis is a stationary wave power

convertor. Several machines of this type

deliver electrical power since years.

The Eco-Trimaran uses the same principle.

The only difference: His floats lie side by side and

not in a row.


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The same principle of wave power

conversion may be realized by

other types of ships


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Back to wind power:

How to combine the

benefits of a wind

turbine (energy

storage + ship

propulsion)and wing sail (direct

propulsion without

storage- and

transformation

losses)?


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Using a wind turbine as sail

Requirements:

H-rotor (vertical axis) with 2 vertical blades (not twisted).

Bracket for wind turbine.

Step motor, which may turn the rotor together with itsbracket in any position of a 360 circle.

Every blade is pivotable about its own longitudinal axis

by a step motor.

Process computer to steer the step motors and a specialsoftware.


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Change of operation from wind turbine to

wingsail

1. Stop the wind turbine by its bracket

2. Turn the rotor together with its bracket in a position

which

3. Turn each blade in an optimal sailing position

4. Enlarge the area of the blades and give them a sail

profile.

How the latter is achieved is shown on the next frame:

a) is optimal for using the blades as sails and

b) minimizes shadowing of solar panels on the roof


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From wing sail to blade and vice versa

State as blade in a H-

Rotor (wind turbine)

State as wing sail

hinge


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Topview


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Some further benefits of this

construction

As sail: Fully automatic sail trimm

Minimization of shadowing the solar panels

As wind turbine: Gain in efficiency by adaption of the blade angle to wind

direction (traditional H-rotor has fixed blades)


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Sun: Global radiation and effective power

Northern scenario (North Sea)

Southern scenario (Mediterranean)

E = 900kWh

Sum of radiation

energy per yearand 1 m2

(horizontal plane)

P1= 0.10 kW

P1= E / 8760 h

Mean radiationpower per 1 m2

(8760 is the number

of hours per year)

P2= P1* 100 m

2

Mean radiation

power arriving at

100 m2solar cells

P2= 10.27 kW

P3= P2 * 0.22

Power output of 100m2solar cells. 0.22

is their efficiency

coefficient

P3= 2.26 kW =

3.0 hp = 3.1 PS

E = 1800 kWh P1= 0.20 kW P2= 20.55 kWP3= 4.52 kW =

6.1 hp = 6.2 PS

Primary energy Effective power



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Wind: Speed and effective power





mean wind speed

in a definedhight, e.g. 50 m

(wind maps)

v1= 8 m/sec.

mean wind speed in hub

heightof 9.5 mv2= v1*(9.5/50)

0.12, where

0.12 is a roughness

coefficient for open sea

V2= 6.2 m/sec.

v1= 7 m/sec V2= 5.7 m/sec.

Wind power

per m2

P1= 0.61 * v2

3

0.61 is half air

density

wind power of a wind

converterwith an effectivearea of 111m2and degree of

efficiency of 0.29:

P2= P1* 111 * 0.29 /1000

P1= 148 WP2= 4.8 kW =

6.4 hp = 6.5 PS

P1= 115 WP2= 3.7 kW =

5.0 hp = 5.0 PS


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Waves





Significant wave hightHsand Period T (as

registrated by

detection buoys for

defined sea areas)

T = 5.5 s

HS = 3.3 m

Wave power per 1m

wave crest

P1= 0.5 * T * Hs2 (kW)

P1= 30 kW

T = 3.0 s

Hs= 1.29 mP1= 5 kW

power output of a wave line converter

with frontal width of 6.45 m, a degreeof efficiency of 0.7 (wave to wire) and

a free course relative to wave fronts:

reduction factor 0.7854

P2= P1* 6.45 *0.7* 0.7854 (kW)

P2= 106 kW =

143 hp = 147 PS

P2= 18 kW =

24 hp = 24 PS


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Comparison: Waves are by fare the

best energy source!

Scenario

Source North South best unit

Sun 2,3 4,5 5,5 kW

Wind 4,8 3,7 6,7 kW

Waves 106,0 18,0 319,1 kW

Sum113 26 331 kW

154 36 450 PS

But all things concidered: Is that enough for a super yacht (25 m = 81 ft)?


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Critical considerations

This figures are Means.

There are days with higher energy input, but also days with

less.

We must also take into account the power consumption

aboard.

a southern scenario like the mediterranian is a very favoredregionfor superyachts

not every owner likes strong windsand high waves.

Is there annother sourceof energy?

Sum113 26 331 kW

154 36 450 PS


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The forth source: Stored energy

The mooring timesmay be used for energy

storing.

Especially super yachts have longmooring

times in many cases 90% of the year! Hydrogenis proposed as storing medium; so

we take future proceedings into account.

We have a bridge Technology to the next-but-one generation of eco vessels.

Jorg Sommer - Ship Propulsion by Renewable Energies - Natural Propulsion 2013

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