Jordan Taylor - Anglo American
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PUBLIC
REAL-TIME GRAVIMETRIC PERSONAL
MONITORING OF RESPIRABLE DUSTLongwall Conference – 24 October 2016
Jordan Taylor, Projects Superintendent
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• Sampling methodology largely unchanged since the 1960s
• Still the standard for sampling today
• Technology has advanced all around us, but has lagged in this field
BACKGROUNDRespirable Dust Sampling
1973 2008
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Condition Filter
Weigh Filter
Transport to Site
Acquire Sample
Transport to Lab
Condition Filter
Weigh Filter
Report Results
TECHNOLOGYStandard Gravimetric Sampling (AS2985)
Sampling to Reporting (≈7-14 days)
• Results are reported as single value for shift
• Operators cannot see exposure values
during shift
• Opportunity for meaningful review of
failures is compromised
Prepping to Sampling (2-3 days)
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TECHNOLOGYLight Scattering Photometry
golf
ø 43 mm
45.9 g
ping-pong
ø 40 mm
2.7 g
Principles of Operation
– Illuminate aerosol passing through a defined
volume
– Detect total light scattered by the particles in the
volume
Sample Acquisition and Treatment
– Most sample passively – dust deposition
– Factory calibrated to specific particle properties
– Readings compared to the mass of the calibrated
sample to provide an inferred mass
– Must calibrate to site-specific coal properties
Pros
– Lightweight, precise, fast, inexpensive
– Indicate relative or approximate concentrations
Cons
– Accuracy varies significantly based on
agglomeration, refractivity, humidity, etc.
– Not a gravimetric instrument
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TECHNOLOGY
Principles of Operation
– Samples collected on filter which rests on the end of oscillating hollow tube
– Mass measured (not inferred) continuously according to:
𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 = 𝐾0(1
𝑓𝑓2 −
1
𝑓𝑖2)
Sample Acquisition and Treatment
– Active sampling at 2.2 L/min
– Cyclone separates coarse particles
– Heating element removes moisture
Pros
– Direct, gravimetric means of mass determination using Higgins-Dewell cyclone
– Provides absolute dust concentrations
– Highly accurate and precise
Cons
– No electrically certified units in Australia
Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance (TEOM)
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TECHNOLOGY
History
• TEOM first developed for U.S. space program
• Technology incorporated into wearable units through development by NIOSH and MSHA
• Predecessor field tested and proven in the U.S. mining industry
• Mandated means of compliance sampling in the U.S.
ThermoScientific™ PDM3700
Compliance Tools Indicative Tools
Accurate
Proven
Lag Indicator
Slow
Inaccurate
Precise
Fast
Lead Indicator
PDM3700
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TECHNOLOGY
• Queensland currently recognises TEOM technology as an accepted means of dust
monitoring
• PDM3700 is the first-ever wearable TEOM unit
Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance (TEOM)
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TECHNOLOGYThermoScientific™ PDM3700
What Anglo Recognised in the PDM3700
Immediate exposure information for faster decision-making
Continuous monitoring for enhanced sampling detail
Improved data analysis capabilities
Accuracy to give coal mine workers confidence
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TECHNOLOGYThermoScientific™ PDM3700
Dust card available after download (left)
Output screen on monitor (below)
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ANGLO’S APPROACHIntegration of Units
Introduction
– First and only units ever purchased in Australia
– Initially introduced at Moranbah North Mine to prove capability
– Units for Grasstree and Grosvenor purchased in quick succession
– Currently 12 units in service
Implementation
– Supplement to legislated gravimetric personal sampling regime
– Launch of site-wide sampling roster
Including Secondary Support, Ventilation, Conveyors, Shotcreting, etc.
Involvement
– Coal Mine Workers
Positive feedback, requests for data
– Inspectorate
Obtaining buy-in
Providing more information with the same accuracy, faster
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Respir
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ust C
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g/m
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PDM3700 Data vs Shearer Position
Exposure Limit 15 Min Conc Shearer Position
How do we
benefit from
the data?
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PDM3700 Data vs Shearer Position
Exposure Limit 15 Min Conc Shearer Position
Operator’s role?
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PDM3700 Data vs Shearer Position
Exposure Limit 15 Min Conc Shearer Position
Operator’s
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3:0
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3:1
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3:1
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3:2
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3:5
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5:0
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5:0
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Roo
f Sup
po
rt Num
ber
Respir
ab
le D
ust C
on
cen
tra
tion, m
g/m
3
PDM3700 Data vs Shearer Position
Exposure Limit 15 Min Conc Shearer Position
Exceptional
events?
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• PDM3700 provides workers at the coal face with vital information
ANGLO’S APPROACH
• Why is this important?
– A 1995 NIOSH report indicates that reducing exposure by 0.5 mg/m3 can significantly reduce the prevalence of CWP and PMF over a 35-year working lifetime
– Every decimal point of exposure matters
Benefits
Information Action Power
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PATH FORWARDPDM3700
Anglo’s History
– Introduced to industry at QMIHS Conference (Gold
Coast)
– Formed working group with Glencore
– Met with Coal Mining Safety and Health Advisory
Committee which advises the Minister of Mines
– Gained the Committee’s in-principle support
Industry’s Future
– Undertaking joint risk assessment to allow use in up to
1.25% methane
– Achieve electrical certification
– Modify AS2985 and proposed recognised standard for
dust monitoring to allow unit for compliance sampling
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PATH FORWARDPDM3700
All StakeholdersConfidence that
sampling is consistent, accurate,
and transparent
Immediate and accurate feedback of cumulative shift
exposure
Significantly more data with
unparalleled accuracy
Continuous monitoring data for
analysis of shift exposures
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• Media: – Slide 2: Coal Miner – ThermoFisher Scientific (2016). Respirable Coal Dust Monitoring [PowerPoint Slides]. Retrieved from: email.
– Slide 5: Principle of Nephelometer – Grimm Technologies, Inc. Retrieved from: http://dustmonitor.com/Environmental/365_system.htm.
– Slide 6: Video of TEOM Principle – Lear Siegler Australasia (2015). Retrieved from: email c/o Peter Phaedonos.
– Slide 7: Screenshot of Webpage – Queensland Government (2013). Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance [Online]. Retrieved from: https://www.qld.gov.au/environment/pollution/monitoring/air-pollution/oscillating-microbalance/.
– Slide 9: PDM3700 – ThermoFisher Scientific (2016). Respirable Coal Dust Monitoring [PowerPoint Slides]. Retrieved from: email.
– Slide 10: PDM3700 Screenshots – MSHA Course of Instruction (2016). Retrieved from: http://arlweb.msha.gov/training/programs-courses/
– Slide 12,18: PDM3700 on Hip – ThermoFisher Scientific (2016). Respirable Coal Dust Monitoring [PowerPoint Slides]. Retrieved from: email.
• Content:B.K. Cantrell, S.W. Stein, H. Patashnick, D. Hassel. “Status of a Tapered Element, Oscillation Microbalance-Based Continuous Respirable Coal
Mine Dust Monitor.” Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene Volume 11. Issue 7 (1996): 624-629.
J.C. Volkwein, R.P. Vinson, S.J. Page, L.J. McWilliams, G.J. Joy, S.E. Mischler, & D.P. Tuchman. RI 9669: “Laboratory and Field Performance of a Continuously Measuring Personal Respirable Dust Monitor”. Pittsburgh, PA: Dept. of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Pittsburgh Research Laboratory, 2006.
“Lowering Miners’ Exposure to Respirable Coal Mine Dust, Including Continuous Personal Dust Monitors; Final Rule”. Federal Register Vol. 79 Number 84. (May 1, 2014).
Standards Australia. (2009). Workplace atmospheres – Method for sampling and gravimetric determination of respirable dust (AS 2985 – 2009).Sydney, NSW. Standards Australia Limited.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. (1995). “Criteria for a Recommended Standard.” (DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 95-106).
REFERENCES