Jon Witt Alana Hermiston 2 nd Canadian Edition SOC 1 ©2013 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. All rights...

Jon Witt

Alana Hermiston

2nd Canadian Edition

SOC

1©2013 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. All rights reserved.

SOCIALIZATION 4

2©2013 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. All rights

reserved.

Learning Objectives


reserved.

The Role of Socialization

Socialization Is the lifelong process whereby we

learn: attitudes values appropriate behaviours for members of

a particular culture heredity (nature) environment (nurture)

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©2013 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. All rights reserved.


Heredity and environment interact and influence the socialization process.

Extreme Childhood Isolation Cases of Isabelle and Genie

demonstrate the importance of earliest socialization experiences for children

Primate Studies Harlow showed isolation had

damaging effect on monkeys5

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Results from identical twin studies indicate that:

Both genetic factors and socialization experiences are influential in human development

The nature–nurture debate will continue

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Sociological Approaches to the Self

Self █ distinct identity that sets us apart from others

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Cooley: The Looking-Glass Self We learn who we are by interacting

with others The self is the product of our social

interactions with other people

Process of self-identity has three phases: Imagining how others see us Imagining how others evaluate us Defining our self as a result of these

impressions8

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Core Components of Self The I (acting self that acts) The Me (socialized self that plans

actions and judges performances)

Significant others individuals who are most important

in the development of the self

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Mead: Stages of the Self

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Three-stage process of self-development:Preparatory stage

children imitate people around them

Play stage children pretend to be other people

Game stage children grasp their own social positions

and those of others around them

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Generalized otherattitudes, viewpoints, and expectations of society as a whole that a child takes into account in his or her behaviour.

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Dramaturgical approach studies interaction

Impression management altering presentation of self

Face-work: efforts people make to maintain a

proper image and avoid public embarrassment

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Goffman: Presentation of the Self

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Psychological Approaches to the Self

Sigmund Freud Self is a social product and aspects

of one’s personality are influenced by other people (especially one’s parents)

Natural instincts are at odds with societal constraints

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Jean Piaget: Cognitive Theory of Development Four stages in development of

children’s thought processes Sensorimotor Preoperational Concrete operational Formal operational

Social interaction is the key to development

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reserved.

Agents of Socialization

Family– the most important agent of

socialization especially for childrenCultural Influences– Family structures reproduce themselves

through socializationThe Impact of Race and Gender– Gender roles: expectations regarding

proper behaviour, attitudes, and activities of males and females

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Schools– Teach basic skills and shared

cultural knowledge– Have mandate to socialize children

to societal norms and values

Peer Groups– As children grow older, peer

groups increasingly assume the role of Mead’s significant others

– Popularity reinforces gender stereotypes 17

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Mass Media and Technology– Television – New technologies

– Internet– Cell phones

– Access to media can increase social cohesion

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The Workplace Learning to behave appropriately

within an occupation is a fundamental aspect of human socialization

Religion and the State Government and organized religion

have assumed more of a care-giving role, previously performed by families 19

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Socialization Throughoutthe Life Course

Rites of passagerituals marking the symbolic transition from one social position to another

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Socialization Throughoutthe Life Course

Life Course Approach A research orientation in which sociologists and other scientists look closely at the social factors that influence people throughout their lives, from birth to death.

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Socialization Throughout the Life Course

Anticipatory socialization the processes of socialization in which a person “rehearses” for future positions, occupations, and social relationships

Resocializationprocess of discarding old behaviour patterns and accepting new ones as part of a life transition

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Total institution an institution that regulates all

aspects of a person’s life under a single authority

Degradation ceremony An aspect of the socialization process

within some total institutions, in which people are subjected to humiliating rituals.

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Socialization Throughout the Life

CourseMidlife crisis

A stressful period of self-evaluation that begins at about age 40

Sandwich generation The generation of adults who

simultaneously try to meet the competing needs of their parents and their children

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Rite of Passage: Retirement

Marks a critical transition from one phase of a person’s life to another

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reserved.

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Jon Witt Alana Hermiston 2 nd Canadian Edition SOC 1 ©2013 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. All rights...

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