Joints- anatomy lecture
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JOINTS
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Joints
• Articulation (arthrosis)
• Functions:
–
Holds bones and the like together• Bone to bone
• Bone to cartilage
• Bone to teeth – Flexibility to skeleton – allow movement
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Classification of Joints: Functional
• Functional - based on degree of movement
– Synarthroses – immovable
– Amphiarthroses –
slightly movable
– Diarthroses – freely movable
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Classification of Joints: Structural
• Structural – based on what is between
articulating bones; presence of a cavity
–Fibrous
– Cartilaginous
– Synovial
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Fibrous Structural Joints
• Bones joined by fibrous tissue (dense CT)
• Little or no movement
• 3 types –
sutures, syndesmoses, andgomphoses
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Fibrous Structural Joints: Sutures
• Irregular edges of bone interlock
• Connected by short dense CT fibers
•Example: Skull (Synarthroses)
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Figure 8.1a Fibrous joints.
Dense
fibrous
connective
tissue
Suture
line
(a) Suture
Joint held together with very short,
interconnecting fibers, and bone edges
interlock. Found only in the skull.
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Fibrous Structural Joints: Syndesmoses
• Connected by short ligaments or sheets of
dense CT fibers
• Examples: Tibia/fibula at distal end(Amphiarthroses)
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Figure 8.1b Fibrous joints.
Fibula
Tibia
Ligament
(b) Syndesmosis
Joint held together by a ligament.
Fibrous tissue can vary in length, but
is longer than in sutures.
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Fibrous Structural Joints: Gomphoses
• Peg-in-socket
• Fibrous joint between a tooth and its
alveolar socket (socket in mandible ormaxillae)
• Example: Periodontal ligament
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Figure 8.1c Fibrous joints.
Root of
tooth
Socket of
alveolar process
Periodontal
ligament
(c) Gomphosis
“Peg in socket” fibrous joint. Periodontal
ligament holds tooth in socket.
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Cartilaginous Joints
• Connected by plate or pad of cartilage
(hyaline or fibrocartilage)
• 2 types –
synchondroses and symphyses
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Cartilaginous Joints:
Synchondroses
• Hyaline cartilage
• Immovable (synarthroses)
• Examples: – Epiphyseal plate
– Costal cartilage between rib/sternum
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Figure 8.2a Cartilaginous joints.
Epiphyseal
plate (temporary
hyaline cartilage
joint)
Sternum
(manubrium)
Joint between
first rib and
sternum
(immovable)
(a) Synchondroses
Bones united by hyaline cartilage
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Cartilaginous Joints: Symphyses
• Fibrocartilage (broad, flat disc) – strength +
flexibility
• Slightly movable (amphiarthroses)• Examples:
– Intervertebral joints, pubic symphysis,
meniscus
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Figure 8.2b Cartilaginous joints.
Fibrocartilaginous
intervertebral
disc
Pubic symphysis
Body of vertebra
Hyaline cartilage
(b) Symphyses
Bones united by fibrocartilage
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Synovial Joints
• Joint cavity
• Freely movable (diarthroses)
• Examples: knee, hip, shoulder, elbow
• Sacrifice stability for mobility (knee!)
S i l J i t G l
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Synovial Joints: General
Structure
–Joint cavity (fluid-filled space betweenbones)
– Articular cartilage (hyaline) on bone surfaces
– Synovial fluid• Lubricate, decrease friction
(Slippery, weight-bearing film)
• Uncooked egg white
• Supply nutrients/remove wastes from
avascular articular cartilage
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Figure 8.3 General structure of a synovial joint.
Periosteum
Ligament
Fibrouscapsule
Synovialmembrane
Joint cavity(containssynovial fluid)
Articular (hyaline)cartilage
Articular capsule
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• Reinforced with ligaments + tendons
• Bursae – fluid-filled sacs between
–
Skin + bone – Tendon + bone
– Muscles + bone
– Ligaments + bone(Cushions movement over each other)
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(a) Sagittal section through the right knee joint
Femur
Tendon of quadriceps femoris
Suprapatellar bursa
Patella Subcutaneous
prepatellar bursa Synovial cavity
Lateral meniscus
Posterior cruciate ligament
Infrapatellar fat pad
Deep infrapatellar bursa
Patellar ligament
Articular capsule
Lateralmeniscus
Anterior
cruciate ligament
Tibia
Figure 8.8a The knee joint.
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Figure 8.11a The elbow joint.
Articular capsule
Synovial
membrane
Synovial cavity
Articular cartilage
Coronoid process
Tendon of brachialis muscle
Ulna
Humerus
Fat pad
Tendon of tricepsmuscle
Bursa
Trochlea Articular cartilageof the trochlear notch
(a) Median sagittal section through right elbow (lateral view)
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Figure 8.8c The knee joint.
Quadriceps
femoris muscle
Tendon of quadriceps femoris muscle
Patella
Lateral patellar retinaculum
Medial patellar retinaculum
Tibial collateralligament
Tibia
Fibular
collateral ligament
Fibula
(c) Anterior view of right knee
Patellar ligament
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Figure 8.8d The knee joint.
Articular capsule
Oblique poplitealligament
Lateral head of gastrocnemius muscle
Fibular collateralligament
Arcuate popliteal
ligament
Tibia
Femur
Medial head of gastrocnemius muscle
Tendon of semimembranosusmuscle
(d) Posterior view of the joint capsule,
including ligaments
Popliteus
muscle (cut)
Tendon of adductor magnus
Bursa
Tibial collateralligament
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Figure 8.10c The shoulder joint.
Acromion
Coracoacromialligament
Subacromialbursa
Coracohumeralligament
Greater tubercle of humerus
Transversehumeral ligament
Tendon sheath
Tendon of longhead of biceps brachii muscle
Articular capsule reinforced by glenohumeral ligaments
Subscapular
bursa
Tendon of thesubscapularis muscle
Scapula
Coracoidprocess
(c) Anterior view of right shoulder joint capsule
i 8 0d h h ld j i
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Figure 8.10d The shoulder joint.
Acromion Coracoid process Articular capsule Glenoid cavity Glenoid labrum
Tendon of long headof biceps brachii muscle
Glenohumeral ligaments
Tendon of the
subscapularis muscle
Scapula Poster ior Anter ior (d) Lateral view of socket of right shoulder joint,
humerus removed
Fi 8 11b Th lb j i t
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Figure 8.11b The elbow joint.
Humerus
Lateralepicondyle
Articular capsule
Radialcollateral
ligament Olecranonprocess
Anular ligament
Radius
Ulna
(b) Lateral view of right elbow joint
Fi 8 11d Th lb j i t
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Figure 8.11d The elbow joint.
Articular
capsule
Anular
ligament
Coronoid
process
(d) Medial view of right elbow
Radius
Humerus
Medial
epicondyle
Ulnar
collateral
ligament
Ulna
Figure 8 12a The hip joint
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Figure 8.12a The hip joint.
Articular cartilage Coxal (hip) bone Ligament of
the head of the femur (ligamentumteres)
Synovial cavity Articular capsule
Acetabular labrum
Femur
(a) Frontal section through the right hip joint
Figure 8 12c The hip joint
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Figure 8.12c The hip joint.
Ischium Iliofemoralligament
Ischiofemoralligament
Greater
trochanter of femur
(c) Posterior view of right hip joint, capsule in place
Figure 8 12d The hip joint
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Figure 8.12d The hip joint.
Anterior inferior
iliac spine
Iliofemoral
ligament
Pubofemoral
ligament
Greater
trochanter
(d) Anterior view of right hip joint, capsule in place
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• Fibrocartilage pads within capsule (knee)
• Nerves
– Pain
– Stretch info
Figure 8 8b The knee joint
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Figure 8.8b The knee joint.
(b) Superior view of the right tibia in the knee joint, showing
the menisci and cruciate ligaments
Medialmeniscus
Articular cartilageon medialtibial
condyle
Anter ior
Anterior
cruciateligament Articular cartilage onlateral tibialcondyle
Lateral
meniscus Posterior cruciateligament
Figure 8 8e The knee joint
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Fibular collateral ligament
Posterior cruciateligament Medial condyle Tibial collateralligament Anterior cruciateligament Medial meniscus Patellar ligament Patella Quadriceps tendon
Lateral condyleof femur Lateralmeniscus
Fibula
Tibia
(e) Anterior view of flexed knee, showing the cruciate
ligaments (articular capsule removed, and quadriceps
tendon cut and reflected distally)
Figure 8.8e The knee joint.
Figure 8.9 A common knee injury.
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Figure 8.9 A common knee injury.
Lateral Medial
Patella(outline)
Tibial collateral
ligament (torn)
Medialmeniscus (torn)
Anterior cruciate ligament (torn)
Hockey puck
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Effects of Age
• Arthritis - Symptoms include pain, stiffness,and swelling of a joint
• Decrease production of synovial fluid
• Thinner articular cartilage• Ligaments and tendons shorten and weaken
– Lose flexibility
–Intervertebral discs - more likely toherniate
• Genetic factors contribute
• Wear + tear effects
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REVIEW QUESTIONS
#1-4, 8-9, 13, 15-16, 18