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JOINT NATIONAL ACTION PLAN ON CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND
DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT2010–2015
JULY 2010
JOINT NATIONAL ACTION PLAN ON CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT 2010–2015B
For more information please contact:
The ManagerDisaster Reduction ProgrammePacific Islands Applied Geoscience Commission (SOPAC)www.sopac.orgwww.pacificdisaster.net
JOINT NATIONAL ACTION PLAN ON CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT 2010–2015 i
SECOND NATIONAL COMMUNICATION PROJECT,
MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE (MECC) AND
NATIONAL EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT OFFICE (NEMO), TONGA
JULY 2010
JOINT NATIONAL ACTION PLAN ON CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND
DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT2010–2015
JOINT NATIONAL ACTION PLAN ON CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT 2010–2015ii
Tonga like the other fifty one Small Island Developing States is highly susceptible to the impacts of climate change and disaster risks. Its susceptibility is principally due to its geographical, geological and socio-economic characteristics.
Climate change and natural disasters pose serious adverse impacts on the environment, the people of Tonga and their livelihoods. Scientific findings revealed that these impacts will be exacerbated by future climate change. The Government of Tonga understands these significant detrimental impacts of climate change and disaster risks to sustainable development of the country hence considered these issues as high priorities in its National Strategic Planning Framework, 2009–2014.
The development of this Joint National Action Plan on Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Management is to ensure that these priorities are addressed and implemented at all levels and an important component of Tonga’s Second National Communication Programme.
This plan is consistent with the national, regional and international policy drivers, agreements and frameworks on climate change and disaster risk management. It highlights national and community priority goals and activities to be implemented to enable the people and environment of Tonga to adapt to the impacts of climate change and to mitigate disaster risks.
We understand that Tonga is the first country in the region to develop a Joint National Action Plan on Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Management and we are keen to be the first to fully implement this joint initiative.
Tonga indeed welcomes and appreciates the continuous financial support from donor agencies and partners which will enable the effective implementation of this plan. Let this plan be your entry point to a coordinated approach in assisting Tonga to timely adaptation and disaster risks mitigation thus achieving its sustainable development goals and aspirations.
As the Minister of Environment and Climate Change and Minister of Works and Disaster Relief Activities, it is an honor to submit this plan for implementation.
Let us all harmoniously work together to implement this plan, to promote and ensure safe, healthy, secure and resilient communities to the impacts of climate change and disaster risks in Tonga.
………...........………………..… …………...........…………………LORD MA’AFU TUKUI’AULAHI LORD NUKUMinister of Environment and Climate Change Minister of Works and Disaster TONGA Relief Activities TONGA
FOREWORD
JOINT NATIONAL ACTION PLAN ON CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT 2010–2015 iii
The preparation of the Kingdom of Tonga’s Joint National Action Plan on Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Management was financed by the Global Environment Facility through the United Nations Development Programme, ACP-EU Natural Disaster Facility through the Pacific Islands Applied Geoscience Commission (SOPAC) and the Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP). Support of these organizations is gratefully acknowledged.
Special gratitude is offered to His Majesty’s Cabinet Ministers for their strong support and hence approval of Tonga’s Joint National Action Plan on Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Management (JNAP CCA & DRM).
Sincere thanks are due to SOPAC and SPREP joint team support, Mr. Mosese Sikivou (Manager SOPAC Community Risk Programme), Mr. Noa Tokavou (Disaster Management Adviser, SOPAC), Ms. Paula Holland, SOPAC Manager Natural Resources Governance and Dr Netatua Pelesikoti (Manager SPREP Pacific Futures Programme) who provided valuable training, facilitation and technical assistance throughout the process of developing this joint national action plan.
Special thanks are extended to the Management Unit of the Second National Communication (SNC) Project, Ministry of Environment and Climate Change (MECC) for compiling the supporting text for the plan as well as the Vulnerability and Adaptation Group and Disaster Risk Management Task Force for their concerted efforts and contributions from their respective areas of expertise.
The continuous support and encouragement from Mr. ‘Asipeli Palaki, the Acting Director for MECC and his staff members during the preparation of this JNAP are fully acknowledged.
Sincere appreciation is extended to the people of Tonga, from government stakeholders, youth groups, church representatives, women’s groups, communities, civil societies, non government organizations and statutory board’s who were willing to attend and share their experiences and knowledge during the many consultation workshops held to inform this JNAP. Your inputs were of utmost value for the synthesis of the JNAP on CCA & DRM.
Finally, thanks are extended to those who offered comments, reviewed documents or in any other way assisted with the development of this JNAP.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
JOINT NATIONAL ACTION PLAN ON CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT 2010–2015iv
Editor(s)Ms Lu’isa Tu’i’afitu Malolo [Coordinator, SNC Project] [Ministry of Environment and Climate Change]
SOPAC and SPREP Joint Team Mr. Mosese Sikivou [Community Risk Programme Manager, SOPAC]Mr. Noa Tokavou [Disaster Management Adviser, SOPAC]Ms. Paula Holland [Manager, Natural Resources Governance, SOPAC]Dr Netatua Pelesikoti [Pacific Futures Programme Manager, SPREP]
Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessment TeamDr. Viliami Manu [Ministry of Agriculture, Food, Fisheries and Forestry]Dr. Vailala Matoto [Ministry of Agriculture, Food, Fisheries and Forestry]Dr. Malakai ‘AKe [Ministry of Health]Mr. Maliu Takai [National Emergency Management Office, Ministry of Works]Mr. ‘Ofa Fa’anunu [Tonga Meteorology Service, Ministry of Transport]Mr. Taniela Hoponoa [Ministry of Agriculture, Food, Fisheries and Forestry]Mr. Vunivesi Minoneti [Ministry of Agriculture, Food, Fisheries and Forestry]Mr. Kelelpi Mafi [Ministry of Lands, Survey and Natural Resources]Mr. Kutusi Fielea [Tonga Water Board]Mr. ‘Ofa Sefana [Ministry of Lands, Survey and Natural Resources] Ms Lu’isa Tuiafitu Malolo [Ministry of Environment and Climate Change]Mr. Sione Talolakepa Fulivai [Ministry of Environment and Climate Change]
SNC Project Management Unit, MECCMs Lu’isa Tu’i’afitu Malolo [Ministry of Environment and Climate Change]Mr. Sione Talolakepa Fulivai [Ministry of Environment and Climate Change]Ms Emma Koloamatangi Vea [Ministry of Environment and Climate Change]
EDITORS AND CONTIBUTORS
JOINT NATIONAL ACTION PLAN ON CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT 2010–2015 1
FOREWORD.................................................................................................................................................................................................... ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS............................................................................................................................................................................... iii
EDITORS AND CONTRIBUTORS................................................................................................................................................................. iv
LIST OF FIGURES.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 2
LIST OF TABLES.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 2
LIST OF PHOTOS.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 2
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS.......................................................................................................................................... 3
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.............................................................................................................................................................................. 4 Background and Setting........................................................................................................................................................... 4 Linkages of this Plan to National, Regional and International Processes, Agreements and Frameworks........ 5 The Joint National Action Plan Development Process..................................................................................................... 5 The Joint National Action Plan on Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Management.......................... 6 The Implementation Strategy................................................................................................................................................. 6
CHAPTER 1: BACKGROUND AND SETTING....................................................................................................................................... 7 1.1 Geography..................................................................................................................................................................... 7 1.2 Population....................................................................................................................................................................... 8 1.3 Economy......................................................................................................................................................................... 9 1.4 Observed historical climate and sector vulnerability...................................................................................... 11 1.4.1 Climate Change Impacts............................................................................................................................. 11 1.4.2 Climate Induced Hazards............................................................................................................................ 15 1.4.3 Geological Hazards....................................................................................................................................... 17 1.5 Projected Climate Change Impacts........................................................................................................................ 20
CHAPTER 2: LINKAGES OF THIS PLAN TO NATIONAL, REGIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL PROCESSES, AGREEMENTS AND FRAMEWORKS................................................................................................... 24 2.1 Tonga Strategic Development Process................................................................................................................ 24 2.2 Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation............................................................................................................ 24 2.3 Disaster Risk Management....................................................................................................................................... 26
CHAPTER 3: JNAP DEVELOPMENT PROCESS................................................................................................................................. 28 3.1 Political Support............................................................................................................................................................ 28 3.2 The Establishment of National Multi-disciplinary Teams for Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Management.......................................................................................................... 28 3.3 Situation Analysis and Vulnerability Assessment............................................................................................. 29 3.4 Stakeholders and Community Consultations....................................................................................................... 30 3.5 Development of the Action Matrix, Costing and Implementation Strategy................................................. 37
CHAPTER 4: NATIONAL ACTION PLAN SUMMARY OF GOALS.................................................................................................... 40
CHAPTER 5: IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY................................................................................................................................... 43 5.1 Approach to the Development of the Implementation Arrangements........................................................ 43 5.2 Guiding Principles......................................................................................................................................................... 44 5.3 Indicative Costing Methodology............................................................................................................................... 44 5.4 Gross Indicative Costs............................................................................................................................................... 45 5.5 Management Structure.............................................................................................................................................. 47 5.6 Financing Strategy....................................................................................................................................................... 50 5.7 Communication Strategy........................................................................................................................................... 53 5.8 Monitoring and Evaluation.......................................................................................................................................... 54
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................................................................................. 55
ANNEXURES.................................................................................................................................................................................................. 56 Annex 1: Schedule of JNAP Country Engagements......................................................................................................... 57 Annex 2: JNAP Logframe Matrix............................................................................................................................................ 58 Annex 3: TOR for JNAP Task Force...................................................................................................................................... 76
TABLE OF CONTENTS
JOINT NATIONAL ACTION PLAN ON CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT 2010–20152
LIST OF FIGURESFigure 1.1: Map of Tonga…………………………………..........................…………………………………... 7Figure 1.2: Total population by division, Tonga, 2006………….………………………............................... 8Figure 1.3: Population census historical trend, Tonga, 1956–2006…………………………...................… 8Figure 1.4: Annual Mean Rainfall for Five Meteorological Stations, Tonga, 1971–2007…..................…. 11Figure 1.5: Villages with historical inundation in Tongatapu…………………………......................……… 14Figure 1.6: Decadal occurrences of Tropical Cyclones in Tonga, 1960–2008……….................………… 15Figure 1.7: Path of Tropical Cyclone Rene………………………………………….....................………..… 16Figure 1.8: Tonga’s location Pacific Ring of Fire and its impacts to geohazards…………..................….. 17Figure 1.9: Tsunami in Niua Toputapu with epicenter, September 2009………………......................…… 19Figure 1.10: Evacuation Zones for Tongatapu, Tonga…………………………......................……….……… 21Figure 1.11: Impacts of tsunami with wave height of 2m on Tongatapu……………….....................……… 22Figure 1.12: Impacts of tsunami with wave height of 4m on Tongatapu……………....................………… 23Figure 3.1: Steps in developing the JNAP matrix……………………………………................….....……... 38Figure 3.2: JNAP Development Process………………………………………………......................………. 38Figure 5.1: Financial Costs and in-kind contribution by Goal……………………….....................……….. 46Figure 5.2: Management Structure of the JNAP Implementation…………………....................………….. 48Figure 5.3: Financing strategy approach………………………………………………..........................…… 51Figure 5.4: External assistance process………………………………………………….......................…… 52
LIST OF TABLESTable 1.1: Population and percentage increase, Tonga, 1956-2006………………………..................…. 9Table 1.2: Annual share of GDP (TOP$ million) at constant prices by industries, Tonga 2000–2009..... 10Table 1.3: Earthquake and its impacts in Tonga………………………………………...........................… 18Table 1.4: Sectors and their vulnerabilities to projected climate change impacts…....................….…… 20Table 1.5: Zones with different elevation and areas inundated (sqkm), Tongatapu…......................…… 21Table 3.1: Summary of findings from community consultations……………………….....................…….. 31Table 3.2: Summary of findings Government Ministries/Departments, Non-Government Organisations consultations……………………………………………........................………... 36Table 5.1: Resource costs by goal…………………….……………………………..........................……… 45Table 5.2: Share of Financial Costs…………………………………………………...........................…….. 46Table 5.3: Resource costs by goal including contingency………..…………………….........................…. 47Table 5.4: Roles and responsibilities for the JNAP Implementation…………………...........................… 49Table 5.5: Roles and responsibilities for the JNAP Reporting………………….................................…… 54
LIST OF PHOTOSPhoto 1: Flooding of Saint Andrew’s High School from heavy rainfall, 2009……….......................…... 11Photo 2: Flooding of residentials from heavy rainfall, 2009……………………........................………... 11Photo 3: Flooding of roads from heavy rainfall, 2010…………………………….........................……… 11Photo 4: Stunted growth of coconuts during drought period, 2007……………….......................……… 12Photo 5: Stunted growth of sweet potatoes during drought period, 2007…………....................……... 12Photo 6: Coral bleaching in Tonga, 2000…………………………………………..........................…….. 13Photo 7: Coastal erosion in Manuka village, 2006……………………………..........................………… 13Photo 8: Coastal erosion in Lifuka, Ha’apai, 2009……………………………….........................………. 14Photo 9: Hospital fence in sea, Lifuka, Ha’apai, 2009………………………….......................….…….... 15Photo 10: Destruction of dwelling houses by TC Rene, Tongatapu, 2010……….....................………… 16Photo 11: Strong storm surge damaged Good Samaritan Inn, 2003……………....................…………. 16Photo 12: Strong storm surge damaged Nafanua Harbour, Eua, 2003………..................……………... 16Photo 13: Tsunami impacts, Niua Toputapu, 2009………………………………….......................………. 17 Photo 14: Submarine volcanic eruption, Hunga Ha’apai, 2009………………….....................………….. 18Photo 15: Tsunami impacts Niua Toputapu, 2009……………………………………….......................….. 19Photo 16: Tsunami impacts, Niua Toputapu, 2009…………………………………….......................……. 19Photo 17: Tornadoes impact on Utulau village, 2004………………………………….......................……. 19
JOINT NATIONAL ACTION PLAN ON CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT 2010–2015 3
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMSACP/EU African, Caribbean and Pacific/European Union
ADB Asian Development Bank
AUSAID Australian Agency for International Development
CCA Climate Change Adaptation
CROP Council of the Regional Organizations in the Pacific
CERMP Cyclone Emergency and Risk Management Project
DRM Disaster Risk Management
DRR Disaster Risk Reduction
EE Energy Efficiency
EVI Economic vulnerability Index
GDP Gross Domestic Product
GEF Global Environment Facility
GHG Greenhouse Gas
GTZ Gesellschaft fur Technische Zussammenarbeit (German Technical Support)
ICCAI International Climate Change Adaptation Initiative
ICT Information, Communication and Technology
IDNDR International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction
IUCN International Union for Conserving of Nature
JNAP Joint National Action Plan
LDCs Least Developed Countries
LGIS Land and Geographical Information System
MAFFF Ministry of Agriculture, Food, Fisheries and Forestry
MAGICC Model for the Assessment of Greenhouse Gas Induced Climate Change
MECC Ministry of Environment and Climate Change
MLSNR Ministry of Lands, Survey and Natural Resources
MOFA Ministry of Foreign Affairs
MOH Ministry of Health
MOW Ministry of Works
MOT Ministry of Transport
NECC National Environment Coordinating Committee
NEMC National Emergency Management Committee
NEMO National Emergency and Management Office
NRBT National Reserve Bank of Tonga
NTT Niua TopuTapu
PACC Project and Aid Coordinating Committee
PDRMPN Pacific Disaster Risk Management Partnership Network
PIFACC Pacific Islands Framework for Action on Climate Change
PNG Papua New Guinea
RE Renewable Energy
SCENGEN Global and Regional Scenario Generator
SIDS Small Island Developing States
SIMCLIM Climate Simulator
SMAs Special Management Areas
SNC Second National Communication on Climate Change
SOPAC Pacific Islands Applied Geoscience Commission
SPC Secretariat of the Pacific Community
SPREP Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme
TMS Tonga Meteorological Service
TWB Tonga Water Board
TWG Technical Working Group
UNDESA United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs
UNDP United Nations Development Programme
UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
Yr Year
WB World Bank
JOINT NATIONAL ACTION PLAN ON CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT 2010–20154
The preparation of this Joint National Action Plan (JNAP) on Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Management (CCA & DRM) was funded by the Global Environment Facility through the United Nations Development Programme, ACP-EU Natural Disaster Facility through the Pacific Islands Applied Geoscience Commission (SOPAC) and the Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP).
The Joint team from SOPAC and SPREP provided valuable training, facilitation and technical assistance throughout the process of developing this JNAP. In addition, the development of this JNAP also involved national experts that make up the Vulnerability and Adaptation Team of the Second National Communication (SNC) Project, Disaster Risk Management Task Force. Expert members were drawn from government ministries, Non-Government Organisations and Statutory Authorities. The Management Unit of the SNC Project, Ministry of Environment and Climate Change was responsible for the compilation and editing of the JNAP text with assistance from SOPAC and SPREP.
The JNAP is arranged as follows:• Background and Setting;• Linkages of this Plan to National, Regional and International Processes, Agreements
and Frameworks;• The JNAP Development Process;• The JNAP on Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Management; and• The Implementation Strategy.
Background and Setting
Tonga’s susceptibility to the impacts of climate change and disaster risks is principally due to its geographical, geological and socio-economic characteristics.
Tonga lies between 15° and 23° 30’ South and 173° and 177° West. It has a combined land and sea area of 720,000km2. It is an archipelago of 172 named islands with an area of 747km2 of which 36 islands are inhabited with an area of 649km2.
Tonga consists of four clusters of islands extended over a north-south axis: Tongatapu (260sqkm); ‘Eua (87sqkm) in the south; Ha’apai (109sqkm) in the middle; Vava’u (121sqkm) in the north; Niuafo’ou and Niua Toputapu (72sqkm) in the far north. Tonga’s archipelago is situated at the subduction zone of the Indian-Australian and the Pacific tectonic plates and within the Ring of Fire where intense seismic activities occur.
The 2006 population census of the Kingdom of Tonga was its sixth decennial census. Tonga is divided into five island divisions (Tongatapu, Vava’u, Ha’apai, Eua and the Niuas divisions) and within each island division it is further divided into districts for demographic purposes. According to the 2006 census, Tonga’s population counted 101,991 which distributed amongst 17,529 households.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
JOINT NATIONAL ACTION PLAN ON CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT 2010–2015 5
The historical trend of population growth in the Kingdom of Tonga has increased since 1960’s. Population has grown with an average annual growth rate of 3.6% from 1956–1966, 1.6% from 1966–1976, 0.49% from 1976–1986, 0.3% from 1986–1996 and 0.4% from 1996–2006. Population increase has an unavoidable and substantial pressure both on the land and marine resources.
Agricultural production is still the predominant contributor to the economy of Tonga particularly from the year 2000–2009.
At the sectoral level, the Services Sector reveals to be the highest contributor to the GDP. This indicates a gradual diversification from the Agricultural sector to the Services Sector. Tonga has been categorized by UNDESA as one of the fifty one Small Island Developing States (SIDS) that is vulnerable to exogenous shocks. Its Economic Vulnerability Index (EVI) is 48.48 and threshold is 33. The gradual diversification from the heavy dependence on one sector will indeed assist in diversifying and broadening the economic base to strengthen the economy of Tonga against future exogenous shocks.
Observed impacts of climate change, climate induced hazards and geological hazards on sectors in Tonga were reported. Further, the projected impacts of climate change and tsunami on these sectors were also discussed.
Linkages of this Plan to National, Regional and International Processes, Agreements and Frameworks
The development of this Joint Action Plan on Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risks Management complies with Tonga’s National Strategic Development Framework 2009–2014, the Pacific Islands Framework of Action on Climate Change 2006–2015, the Pacific Disaster Risk Reduction and Disaster Management Framework for Action 2005–2015, the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR), the Yokohama Plan for Action and the Hyogo Framework for Action 2005–2015, and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.
The Joint National Action Plan Development Process
The development process of the JNAP on Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Management followed the sequence below:• Obtain the political support;• Establishment of national multi-disciplinary teams for Climate Change Adaptation and
Disaster Risk Management;• Situation Analysis and Vulnerability Assessment;• Stakeholders and Community Consultations;• Development of the Action Matrix and Prioritization; • Costing of the CCA & DRM activities; and• Development of the Implementation strategy.
JOINT NATIONAL ACTION PLAN ON CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT 2010–20156
The Joint National Action Plan on Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Management
The Plan comprises six priority goals.
Each goal has specific objectives and outcomes.
The Implementation Strategy
This strategy articulates the implementation arrangements of this JNAP. It includes:• a description of the approach utilised to develop the implementation arrangements; • a set of guiding principles for the implementation;• the costing methodology used by partners to identify resource requirements and related
costs for the implementation of actions under the JNAP;• an implementation or management structure to be responsible for leading and
coordinating JNAP implementation;• a financing strategy and approaches for the resourcing of JNAP actions;• the platform for an appropriate communications strategy to help ensure that the
underlying message of increased safety and resilience is conveyed to all stakeholders using the most appropriate media; and
• the basis for a monitoring and evaluation system which not only addresses issues in relation to transparency and accountability but also facilitates a systematic approach to change and improvement as a direct consequence of progress reporting.
1 Improved good governance for climate change adaptation and disaster risk management (mainstreaming, decision making, organizational and institutional policy frameworks)
2 Enhanced technical knowledge base, information, education and understanding of climate change adaptation and effective disaster risk management
3 Analysis and assessments of vulnerability to climate change impacts and disaster risks
4 Enhanced community preparedness and resilience to impacts of all disasters
5 Technically reliable, economically affordable and environmentally sound energy to support the sustainable development of the Kingdom
6 Strong partnerships, cooperation and collaboration within government agencies and with Civil Societies, Non Government Organisations and the Private Sectors
JOINT NATIONAL ACTION PLAN ON CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT 2010–2015 7
1.1 Geographical SettingThe Kingdom of Tonga like other SIDS is highly susceptible to the impacts of climate change and natural hazards due to its geographical, geological and socioeconomic characteristics. This island Kingdom is located in the Central South Pacific. It lies between 15° and 23° 30’ South and 173° and 177° West (see figure 1.1).
Tonga has a combined land and sea area of 720,000km2. It is an archipelago of 172 named islands with an area of 747km2 of which 36 islands are inhabited with an area of 649km2.
Tonga consists of four clusters of islands extended over a north-south axis: Tongatapu (260sqkm) and ‘Eua (87sqkm) in the south, Ha’apai (109sqkm) in the middle, Vava’u (121sqkm) in the north and Niuafo’ou and Niua Toputapu (72sqkm) in the far north. Nuku’alofa, the capital is situated in Tongatapu, the largest island.
Tonga’s archipelago is situated at the subduction zone of the Indian-Australian and the Pacific tectonic plates and within the Ring of Fire
where intense seismic activities occur. It is about 200km to the west of the Tonga Trench which is a potential source of tsunami. Most of its atoll islands including the main island are very flat with average altitude of 2–5 meters hence highly vulnerable to storm surges and tsunami inundation.
Tongatapu and ‘Eua are limestone capped islands which with low islands form the Tongatapu group. The south of the Vava’u Group is generally composed of high volcanic and elevated limestone islands with reef communities or fringing reefs. Ha’apai has high volcanic and low limestone islands. The Niuas are high volcanic islands surrounded by fringing and barrier reefs.
BACKGROUND AND SETTING
chapter 1
Figure 1.1: Map of Tonga
Source: LGIS, Ministry of Lands, Survey and Natural Resources, Tonga.
JOINT NATIONAL ACTION PLAN ON CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT 2010–20158
1.2 PopulationPopulation Density and DistributionThe 2006 population census of the Kingdom of Tonga was its sixth decennial census. Tonga is divided into five island divisions (Tongatapu, Vava’u, Ha’apai, Eua and the Niuas divisions) and within each island division it is further divided into districts for demographic purposes. According to the 2006 census Tonga’s population was 101,991 distributed amongst 17,529 households (Table 1.1). Out of the total population 51,772 were males and 50,219 were females. Further, 23,658 people resided in the urban areas whereas 78,333 people lived in the rural areas.
Tongatapu is the most populous and has the highest population density. Its population totaled 72,045 in 2006 which accounted for 71% of the total population, for Vava’u 15,505 (15%), 7,570 (7%) for Haapai, 5,206 (5%) for Eua and 1,665 (2%) for the Niuas (Figure 1.2).
Figure 1.2: Total Population by Divisions, Tonga, 2006.
Figure 1.3: Population census historical trend, 1956–2006, Tonga.
Source: Statistics Department, Tonga, 2006.
Total Population by census divisions, Tonga, 2006
Population Census Period and Historical Trend, 1956–2006
15%
Tongatapu
Vava’u
Ha’apai
Eua
Two Niuas
7%
5%2%
71%
20000
0
77429
1956–1966 1966–1976 1976–1986 1986–1996 1996–2006
90085 94649 97784101991
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
TOTA
L P
OP
ULA
TIO
N
JOINT NATIONAL ACTION PLAN ON CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT 2010–2015 9
Population Historical Trend The population of Tonga has increased steadily since the 1950’s, growing at an average annual rate of 3.6% from 1956–1966, 1.6% from 1966–1976, 0.49% from 1976–1986, 0.3% from 1986–1996 and 0.4% from 1996–2006. (Figure 1.3 and Table 1.1).
The increase in population has had an unavoidable and substantial pressure on both land and marine resources and hence has resulted in the exploitation and removal of these resources. This in turn reduced the resilience of Tonga’s environment and its people to climate change impacts and disaster risks
Table 1.1: Population and percentage increase, 1956–2006, Tonga
Census Number Period Population % Increase p.a.
1 1956–1966 77,429 3.60
2 1966–1976 90,085 1.60
3 1976–1986 94,649 0.49
4 1986–1996 97,784 0.30
5 1996–2006 101,991 0.40
1.3 EconomyTable 1.2 depicts name of each industry/sector with its annual production and contribution to Gross Domestic Product of Tonga. The Agriculture sector is the main contributor, in terms of GDP, to the economy of Tonga from 2000–2009. This is closely followed by Public Administration and Services. If we aggregate the data to the sectoral level then as we can see from Table 1.2 the Services Sector is revealed to be the highest contributor to the GDP.
Tonga has been categorized as one of fifty one Small Island Developing States that is vulnerable to exogenous shocks. The Economic vulnerability index (EVI) reflects the risk to the development of a country caused by these shocks. EVI is a combination of seven indicators including the following:
i) Population size; ii) Remoteness;iii) Merchandise export concentration;iv) Share of agriculture, forestry and fisheries in GDP;v) Homelessness caused by natural disasters;vi) Instability of agricultural production; andvii) Instability of export of goods and services
The EVI for Tonga is 48.48 and threshold is 33. The gradual diversification of economic activity will assist in strengthening the economic base making the economy of Tonga more resilient to any future exogenous shocks.
Source: Statistics Department, Tonga.
JOINT NATIONAL ACTION PLAN ON CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT 2010–201510
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2000
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2005
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2006
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2007
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2008
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LTU
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51.
51.
51.
61.
61.
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61.
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JOINT NATIONAL ACTION PLAN ON CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT 2010–2015 11
1.4 Observed Historical Climate and Sector Vulnerability in TongaThe climate of Tonga is tropical. Tonga lies within the south-east trade wind zone of the South Pacific. Wind speed over its surrounding oceans averages around 12 knots. Strong winds are not common except during tropical cyclone passages in summer (November – April) and gales from eastward migrating high-pressure systems during winter (May – October).
1.4.1 Climate Change Impacts Increased and decreased Rainfall
The annual mean rainfall for the five meteorological stations in Tonga was calculated starting from year 1971–2007 (Figure 1.4).
Tongatapu received average rainfall of 1721mm, Vava’u (2150mm), Ha’apai (1619mm), Niua Fo’ou (2453) and Niua Toputapu (2374mm).
Figure 1.4: Annual Mean Rainfall for Five Meteorological Stations in Tonga, 1971–2007.
Source: TMS, Tonga.
Photo 1: Flooding of St. Andrew’s High School from heavy rainfall, 2009 SNC Project, MECC, Tonga.
Photo 2: Flooding of residential from heavy rainfall, 2009, SNC Project, MECC, Tonga.
Photo 3: Flooding of roads from heavy rainfall, 2010, SNC Project, MECC, Tonga.
Annual Mean Rainfall for Five Meteorological Stations in Tonga, 1971–2007
0
1000
2000
3000
AN
NU
AL
ME
AN
RA
INFA
LL (
mm
)
FIVE METEOROLOGICAL STATIONS, TONGA
Tongatapu Vava’u Ha’apai Niua F oou Niua Toputapu
Impacts of Heavy Rainfall
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Tonga has occasionally received heavy rainfall. This has caused flooding and prolonged ponding of water which posed health risks with the outbreak of water borne and vector disease such as dengue fever. The agricultural sector has also been affected; some crops cannot tolerate this unfavourable climatic condition. Residential areas, schools, roads (Photos 1–3) were also adversely affected. Heavy rainfall also increased surface runoffs and this has resulted in the pollution of nearby coastal areas and lagoons due to sediments, debris being washed off to these areas.
Impacts of drought (decreased rainfall)
Tonga’s climate pattern is very much affected by the El Nino phenomenon. This event usually happens once in every 3–7 years, as the warm sea surface temperatures move eastwards, moisture and water vapor required for cloud formation also migrate eastward. This causes droughts in Tonga. The last three major droughts that have occurred in Tonga in 1983, 1998 and 2006 have been directly linked to the May 1982–June 1983, May 1997–April 1998 and September 2006–January 2007 El Nino events. The average annual mean rainfall is 1731mm per year. During the drought periods the average rainfall were as follows:• 1983 – 70mm• 1998 – 132mm• 2006 – 142mm
Since the country depends on primary produce from land and sea for export, severe droughts seriously affected the revenue earning capacity and livelihood of the people, food supply as well as their socio-economic development. These severe droughts caused stunted growth in sweet potatoes and coconuts. Additionally, most of the traditional root crops in Tonga such as taro, yams and cassava were disastrously affected due to their very sensitive to dry weather. This in turn adversely impacted on food security, customary obligations, as well as the country’s economy.
Livestock, fisheries and health particularly in the smaller islands of Ha’apai, Vava’u and the Niuas were severely affected because of their smallness in geographical sizes, their dependence on rainwater and the high salinity level of ground water.
During the 1997–1998 El Nino, the Government spent over TOP$200,000 on shipping water to the islands in the Ha’apai group thus diverting resources that could be used for other socio-economic development purposes.
Droughts have potentially caused health and sanitation problems due to dusty roads and water shortages. Most of Tongan residents are heavily dependent on open rain water catchments for drinking purposes and these are exposed to dust and contamination from all sorts of sources. This has caused diarrhoea, respiratory diseases and skin diseases.
Photo 4: Stunted growth of coconuts during Drought, MAFF 2007.
Photo 5: Stunted sweet potatoes during drought period, MAFF 2007.
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The warmer sea temperature brought about by the El Nino (1997-98) affected the activities in the fishing industry and resulted in a TOP$2.8 million (18.7%) decline in exports of fish and other marine products during the year compared with the TOP$3.3 million (28.0%) increase in 2001–2002 (NRBT Annual Report 2002–2003). The low fish catch rate was also believed as a result of the El Nino condition (NRBT Annual Report 2003–2004).
Increased Temperature
Temperature variations throughout the Kingdom show an increase in daily and seasonal variations with increasing latitude. Mean annual temperatures vary from 27˚C at Niuafo’ou and Niuatoputapu to 24˚C on Tongatapu. Diurnal and seasonal variations can reach as high as 6°C throughout the island group.
During the Hot Wet Season (November – April), the average temperature ranges from 27–29˚C whereas at Dry Cool Season (May – October), the average temperature ranges from 20–24˚C.
Based on the historical climatic data records dated from 1971–2007 for Nuku’alofa, Ha’apai, Vava’u and Niuatoputapu, trends suggest a marked increase of 0.4–0.9˚C in annual mean temperature throughout the island groups since the 1970s (TMS, Tonga, 2009).
Data from the Nuku’alofa tide gauge indicates a slight increase in sea temperature. It suggests a positive inclination of 0.0057°C/yr (0.057°C/decade).
In the last five years up to the current stage Tongans have experienced heat stress due to increased temperature. There has been an increase in the number of Tongans suffering from asthma due to this climatic factor. Such climatic conditions also reduced soil moisture and fertility which is unfavourable to crops such as tomatoes, irish potatoes and other vegetables.
Coral bleaching is becoming common and has recently increased partially due to the increase in sea temperature. Coral bleaching has been reported in Tongatapu and the Ha’apai group in Year 2000 as a result of a warming band of oceanic water extending from Fiji to Easter Island. This incidence resulted in coral mortality, destruction of habitats for reef species, reduction is diversity of reef species which in turn affected the fisheries sector and hence the economy of the country.
Sea Level Rise
The sea level trend in Tonga suggests that there is a general increase in sea level in order of 6.4mm/yr since records started in 1993 up to 2007. (TMS, Tonga, 2007).
Coastal erosion is another critical environmental issue facing Tonga, partially as a result of sea level rise. Other contributing factors include low altitude, the increase denudation of mangroves and coastal trees, live coral removal,illegally mining of beach sands and sand dredging of off-shore sand dunes for construction purposes. A noticeable result of these activities and/or processes is loss of land and infrastructures along the coast.
Photo 6: Coral during coral bleaching event, 2000.
Photo 7: Coastal erosion in Manuka Village, 2006.
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Much of the northern coastline of Hahake in Tongatapu (that is from Niutoua to Nukuleka) villages is eroding and much of the road in the villages of Kolonga, Manuka and Nukuleka are exposed to coastal erosion. Low lying coastal villages in the Nuku’alofa area including Popua, Tukutonga and also the small islands of Nukunukumotu with topographic elevation below 2m above sea level are currently affected by sea level rise. These areas are tidally inundated and the worst times are during spring tides.Tidal flooding inundates both coastal town and tax allotments. Tax allotments are the parcel of land within towns or villages allocated for farming and town allotments are for residential. Loss of coastal allotments means looking for other areas for residential, gardening and subsistence agriculture.
Coastal villages between Ha’atafu and Kolovai (western side of Tongatapu) are very low lying to less than 5m above sea level and are at risk from erosion. Kanokupolu village (immediately south of Ha’atafu village), like Lifuka Island in Haapai which is less than 2m above sea level, is the most vulnerable village. Currently, the affected coastline runs about 2.2km along the eastern coast from south of Ha’atafu to Kolovai penetrating landward to an average of 100m from the shoreline.
Figure 1.5: Villages with historic inundation in Tongatapu.
Source: LGIS, Ministry of Lands, Survey and Natural Resources, Tonga.
Photo 8: Coastal erosion, Lifuka, Haapai, NEMO, MoW, 2009.
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Sea level rise also affects the under-groundwater supplies and agricultural production particularly in low lying coastal areas throughout Tonga.
Figure 1.5 indicates low lying coastal villages in Tongatapu that experienced historic inundation. Elevation of these villages ranges from 0.5m–2m above mean sea level.
The beach in front of the hospital in Lifuka, Ha’apai (2006) is also eroded. The picture (Photo 9) shows the hospital perimeter fence which is now in the sea together with some exposed roots.
1.4.2 Climate Induced HazardsIncreased Frequency and Intensity of Tropical Cyclones
Figure 1.6 shows an increasing trend in the occurrences of tropical cyclones in Tonga on a decadal basis. There is also evidence that the intensity of cyclones has increased since the 1980’s in Tonga.
Photo 9: Hospital fence in sea, Lifuka, Haapai, NEMO, MoW, 2009.
Decadal Occurrences of Tropical Cyclones in Tonga
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
NU
MB
ER
OF
CY
CLO
NE
S
DECADE
1960–1969
7
1970–1979
13
1980–1989
14
1990–1999
15
2000–2008
Decade not completed yet
Figure 1.6: Decadal Cccurrences of Tropical Cyclones in Tonga,1960–2008.
Source: TMS, Tonga.
Since the 1960’s 4 cyclones have severely affected Tonga. Cyclone Flora in March, 1961 affected Vava’u and Haapai district, Cyclone Isaac in March, 1982 affected Haapai and Tongatapu and Cyclone Waka in December, 2001 affected the northern group of Niua and Cyclone Renee in 2010 severely affected Tongatapu, Vava’u & Haapai groups. All of these cyclone events caused severe damages to crops and food supply, infrastructures, tourist resorts, the environment, buildings and disrupt essential services and the wellbeing of the people of affected community for a prolonged period of time.
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Figure 1.7: Path of Tropical Cyclone Rene.
Source: TMS, Tonga, 2010.
Storm Surge
During Tropical Cyclone Eseta in 2003, storm surges inflicted serious damages to tourist resorts in Ha’atafu beach, Good Samaritan Inn resort in Kolovai (Photo 11), the Princess Resort in Fo’ui and Nafanua Harbour in Eua (Photo 12).
In addition, tropical cyclone damage to the island groups of Tonga in the past have amounted to millions of dollars. For instance, for Tropical Cyclone Isaac in 1982, the total cost for the damage inflicted was TOP$18.7 million. Tropical Cyclone Waka, 2002 severely damaged the islands of Niuafo’ou, Niuatoputapu and Vava’u and the total estimated cost for the damage was TOP$104.2 million (Natural Disaster Management Report, MOW, 2002). For Tropical Cyclone Rene, 2010, the total estimate cost of damage was TOP$19.4M for agricultural crops, TOP$15.6M for residential houses and TOP$3 million for roads and causeways. (Initial damage assessment report, Tonga, 2010).
Photo 10: Destruction of dwelling houses by TC Rene, 2010, SNC Project, Tonga 2010.
Photo11: Strong storm surge damaging Good Samaritan Inn, MoW, 2003.
Photo12: Strong storm surge damaging Nafanua Harbour, MoW, 2003.
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Figure 1.8: Tonga’s location in Pacific of Fire and its vulnerability to impacts of geohazards.
Source: Geology Unit Report, Ministry of Lands, Survey & Natural Resources, Tonga.
The surge was so destructive that it caused serious damage costing millions of dollars. The damage to the Good Samaritan Inn at Kolovai was estimated at around TOP$105,000.00 and Nafanua Harbour to be TOP$1.1million.
Tornadoes
Although Tornadoes do not usually cause national disasters in Tonga, their impact can be disastrous at the local and village level. The last known tornado was in the central district of Tongatapu in September, 2004 causing isolated damage to some homes in Utulau, Haakame and Haalalo.
1.4.3 Geological HazardsTonga is highly vulnerable to volcanic and tsunami hazards because of its geographical location and geological constitution. The island group is situated at the subduction zone of the Australian and the Pacific tectonic plates and within the Ring of Fire where intense seismic activities occur. It is about 200km to the west of the Tonga Trench which is a potential source of tsunami. Most of its atoll islands including the main island are very flat with average altitude of 2–5 meters hence highly vulnerable to tsunami inundation. Volcanic and tsunami hazards are often triggered by earthquake events.
Earthquake
Photo 13: Tornadoes impacts on ‘Utulau village, MoW, 2004.
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Table 1.3 provides a summary of all incidences of earthquakes and their impacts in Tonga.
Table 1.3: Earthquake and its impacts in Tonga.
Date Location Depth Time Magnitude Tsunami Warning lmpact(s)
22 June 1977
175.74W22.19 S
69km12h08m33.7s
7.1No warning has been issued.
Damage to infrastructure (Centenary Church, Vuna Wharf, Prime Minister’s Office and others
03 May 2006
174.16W20.13S
55km 4:26am
Tsunami warning was issued but no tsunami hit Tonga
No major damage has been reported
19 March 2009
174.30W20,34S
50km 7.17am 7.9
Tsunami warning but no tsunami hits Tonga
No damage has been reported
29 September 2010
15.509S172.034W
18km17:48:11 UTC
8.1Tsunami hits Niuatoputapu in Tonga
Major damage to infrastructure and 9 lives lost
24 November 2009
20.641S174.068W
10km 02:47am 6.8No tsunami warning
No damage recorded
Source: Geology Unit, Ministry of Lands, Survey & Natural Resources, Tonga.
Volcanic Eruption
An undersea eruption occurred in the west of the islands of Hunga Tonga and Hunga Ha’apai in Tonga in 2009 (Figure 3). The eruption was visible from Nuku’alofa, the capital of Tonga. Steam and ash were emitted more than 1 km high. Steam and ash column first appeared after series of sharp earthquakes were felt in the capital, Nuku’alofa. This resulted in the cancellation of both domestic and international aircraft flights, as well had detrimental impacts on the marine ecosystem around the area of eruption.
Tsunami
The Niuatoputapu (NTT) tsunami reached maximum height of 16.9m on the southeast coast. Flow heights were between 4–7m above mean sea level along the western coastline where the villages of Hihifo, Vaipoa and Falehau are located. The greatest damage was evident in the unpopulated, forested areas of the eastern and northern coastline. In these areas swathes of matured forest were completely destroyed, debris piles of trees and vegetation were built up on land and in the lagoon, the shoreline was significantly scoured and the land surface was stripped of soil cover.
Photo 14: Submarine volcanic eruption, Hunga Ha’apai, 2009.
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Further effects include:9 fatalities and 6 seriously injured• Government center destroyed including the hospital, Government staff quarters and • officesMore than 60% of dwelling houses destroyed• Total estimated cost of damage–TOP$18.2m•
8.3 Mag at the Richter Scale • Time/Date: 0648 hrs of 30th Sept. 2009• Location: 15.3 degree South 171degree West or 197km • North east of NTT• Depth: 33km• 30–200m tsunami travelled inland on the Eastern sides• 400–900m tsunami travelled inland on the Western sides•
Photo 15: Tsunami impacts, Niua Toputapu, NEMO, 2009.
Photo 16: Tsunami impacts, Niua Toputapu, NEMO, 2009.
Photo 17: Tsunami impacts, Niua Toputapu, NEMO, 2009.
Figure 1.9: Tsunami in Niua Toputapu with epicentre, September 2009.
Source: LGIS, Ministry of Lands, Survey & Natural Resources, Tonga.
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1.5 Projected Climate Change ImpactsThe climatic parameters projected for Tonga are as follows:• Increased average temperature;• Reduced overall rainfall;• Higher occurrences of heavy rainfall;• Increased sea level; and• Increased frequency and intensity of tropical cyclones.
Table 1.4 outlines the projected impacts of climate change and natural disasters on critical sectors in Tonga.
Table 1.4: Sectors and their vulnerabilities to projected climate change.
SECTOR VULNERABILITIES
Coastal Areas Areas throughout the kingdom with elevation below 2m including Tongatapu (Figure 1.10), Haapai will be severely affected. Areas affected include the residential, businesses, schools, government buildings & offices, and roads.
Agriculture and food security
Sea level rise will result in land loss, loss of soil moisture, increased soil salinisation in agricultural lands which reduce the suitability for gardening purposes. Natural disasters will severely affect crop production and food security. This will in turn seriously affect the economy of Tonga.
Water Resources A rise in sea level will be very problematic particularly in low lying areas. A reduction in the area of freshwater lens and salt water intrusion will be disastrous to availability of fresh drinking water. A decrease in rainfall will reduce recharge rate to underground water aquifers and also water collected in cisterns hence results in water scarcity.
Human Health Increased rainfall will have a higher probable increased incidence of waterborne and vector borne diseases. Decrease in rainfall will lead to the exacerbation of problems with sanitation and hygiene, increase incidence of diarrhoel diseases, asthma & other diseases due to drier atmospheric conditions. Sea level rise will contaminate underground water which is unsafe for drinking purposes and can increase incidence of diarrhoel diseases.
Fisheries Increased sea temperature will result in coral bleaching and mortality therefore there is going to be a reduction in the abundance and diversity of marine species. Continuous decrease in fish catch rate. Fisheries sector will be severely affected and hence economy of the country.
Natural Disasters Increased severity of natural disasters of hydro-meteorological origin will be undoubtedly affecting all sectors.
Tourism Increased frequency and intensity of tropical cyclones together with storm surge, increase sea level will have detrimental impacts on tourism industry in Tonga. These include beach loss, inundation and damage to tourist resorts.
Infrastructures Nukualofa is the centre of businesses and administrations in Tongatapu. Most of the infrastructural development in Nukualofa are situated along the coastal areas. Increased intensity of tropical cyclones with storm surge, increased sea level will have significant adverse impacts on infrastructures. Geological hazards will be real threats to infrastructures in Nukualofa.
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Figure 1.10: Tsunami Impacts and Evacuation Zones, Tongatapu.
Source: LGIS, Ministry of Lands, Survey and Natural Resources, Tonga.
Table 1.5: Zones with different elevation and areas inundated (sqkm), Tongatapu.
ZONE NUMBER
TOTAL INUNDATED AREAS
Tongatapu: total land area is 260sqkm TOTAL INUNDATED
AREAS IN PERCENTAGE (%)square meter
(sqm)square
kilometer(sqkm)
1 (below 2m) 4,076,750 4.1 1.6
2 (below 8m) 4,646,580 4.6 1.8
3 (below 15m) 51,941,625 51.9 20
4 (below 35m) 127,312,525 127.3 48.8
Source: LGIS, Ministry of Lands, Survey and Natural Resources, Tonga, 2009.
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Figure 1.11: Impacts of a 2m wave height on Tongatapu.
Source: LGIS, Ministry of Lands, Survey and Natural Resources, Tonga.
Figure 1.10 illustrates different zones (Zones 1–4) with different elevations ranging from below 2m height to below 35m height in Tongatapu.
Zone 1 is the high risk area. Its elevation is below 2m height. Zone 4 is the safest area and its elevation is below 35m height. In time of the tsunami incidence Zone 4 and the grey colored zone are the safest zones for evacuation purposes.
A 2m wave height will inundate 4.1sqkm of the land area that is 1.6% of the total land area of Tongatapu. Areas particularly those along the coast are the most vulnerable and affected areas. (Figure 1.11). Names of the villages situated in this high risk zone are indicated in Figure 1.5.
A 4m wave height impacts on Tongatapu are illustrated in Figure 1.12. Up to 4.6sqkm of the land area of Tongatapu will be lost.
Further, 15m wave height will inundate 51.9sqkm of the total land area of Tongatapu.
A 35m wave height will inundate 48.8sqkm and that is 48.8% of the total land area of Tongatapu.
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Figure 1.12: Impacts of a 4m wave height on Tongatapu.
Source: LGIS, Ministry of Lands, Survey and Natural Resources, Tonga.
JOINT NATIONAL ACTION PLAN ON CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT 2010–201524
The development of the JNAP on CCA & DRM is Tonga’s response to national, regional and international processes, agreements and frameworks. The Government of Tonga endorsed an integrated whole of country and whole of Government/country approach to addressing climate change and disaster risk management.
2.1 Tonga Strategic Development Process The 2009–2014 National Strategic Planning Framework is the overarching framework that drives Tonga’s development path and resource allocation. Over the past three decades the Government of Tonga, being conscious of Tonga’s vulnerability to natural disasters, has made a conscious effort to incorporate environmental issues and disaster risk into its national planning and development programmes as evidenced in the National Strategic Development Plan 5, 6 and 7, 8 and the recent National Strategic Planning Framework 2009–2014. ‘Mainstreaming’ as commonly referred to now has been practiced in Tonga however, the Government is also conscious of its limited capacity to allocate sufficient resources to sustainably address CCA and DRM issues. Goal 7 of the 2009–2014 Framework calls for the integration of environmental sustainability, climate change and disaster risks into national planning and execution of programs.
This JNAP for CCA & DRM is aligned with the priorities of the 2009–2014 National Strategic Framework. Its timely implementation will not only support and assist Tonga in terms of its sustainable development goals and objectives but will also strengthen Tonga’s resilience to current and emerging risks relating to natural hazards.
2.2 Climate Change Mitigation and AdaptationTonga has participated actively in the international and regional climate change arena.
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
The UNFCCC is the key international agreement aimed at stabilizing Greenhouse Gas (GHG) concentrations at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic (human induced) interference with the climate system. It entered into force on 21 March, 1994. Tonga became a signatory party to the UNFCCC on 20 July 1998.
The ultimate objective of this agreement is to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the global climate system.
LINKAGES OF THIS PLAN TO NATIONAL, REGIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL PROCESSES, AGREEMENTS AND FRAMEWORKS
chapter 2
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The Kyoto Protocol
The Kyoto Protocol to the UNFCCC was adopted at the Third Session of the Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC held in 1997, Kyoto, Japan. This contains legally binding commitments for developed countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. These countries agreed to reduce their GHG emissions by at least 5% below 1990 levels on a global level in the commitment period 2008–2012. This Protocol came into force in 2005.
Tonga acceded to the Kyoto Protocol in January 2008. Like all developing countries, Tonga has no reduction commitments under the Kyoto Protocol, however Tonga can undertake mitigation actions to contribute to the achievement of the core objective of the UNFCCC. The Government of Tonga has promoted the utilization of Renewable Energy Resources and Energy Efficiency.
In addition the Government of Tonga has made a target that by 2013, 50% of the country will use Renewable Energy Resources.
As part of the UNFCCC commitment, Tonga is required to provide communications on action and planning undertaken to address climate change in Tonga and to identify vulnerabilities and needs. The following activities were implemented during the Tonga’s Initial National Communication Project:• Preparation of initial greenhouse gas inventory for Tonga;• Undertake vulnerability assessment in key sectors in Tonga;• Prepare mitigation and adaptation strategies applicable in Tonga;• Preparation of Tonga’s Initial Communication Report;• Development of a national climate change policy;• The construction of the coastal/foreshore protection at Kanokupolu township, an
attempt by the people of Kanokupolu to build this coastal protection to prevent future coastal erosion and intrusion of seawater inland;
• Replanting of coastal trees in front of coastal protection;• Reclamation of roads and building of stone mounts on the way to the foreshore; • Promotion the usage of renewable energy technologies and energy efficiency;• Nursery, composting and coastal tree planting competition among youth groups;• Awareness programmes were conducted on television, radio. School visitation,
community awareness programmes and drama competition on climate change were also conducted; and
• Production of climate change awareness materials and distribution to relevant stakeholders.
Key constraints or gaps identified in the Initial National Communication were as follows:• Lack of credible data when preparing greenhouse inventory and vulnerability
assessment reports; • Limited financial assistance to successfully implement climate change activities;• Lack of coordination among relevant climate change stakeholders;• Level of awareness on climate change & its impacts is low at all levels in society;• No climate change legislation that solely addresses climate mitigation and adaptation;• Limited number of national experts on climate change field is found in Tonga; and• Climate change issues were not mainstreamed into most sectoral and local planning
and programmes.
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Pacific Islands Framework of Action on Climate Change, 2006–2015
The Pacific Island Leaders adopted the Pacific Islands Framework for Action on Climate Change 2006–2015 (PIFACC) in 2005 and South Pacific Regional Environment Program (SPREP) was directed to develop an Action Plan based on national situations and priorities to implement the PIFACC. The development of this JNAP for CCA & DRM placed Tonga in a position to implement PIFACC’s principles and national actions relevant to the need and priorities of the people and the Government of Tonga. It also reflects the commitments made by Tonga under the UNFCCC.
2.3 Disaster Risk ManagementTowards the end of the 1980’s the international community, under the leadership of the United Nations recognized that natural hazards are the worst impediment to socio-economic progress particularly among the least developed countries (LDCs) and small island developing states (SIDS).
A series of initiatives were then introduced to combat the disruptive effects of natural disasters, the most prominent of which was the designating of the last decade of the 20th Century as the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR). Other conventions with related objectives followed including the Yokohama Plan for Action and the Hyogo Framework for Action, 2005–2015. These complementary conventions strengthen the resolve of the international community to take all possible actions to reduce the impact of natural disasters in every shape or form.
The Pacific Forum leaders committed themselves to this initiative during its meeting in Madang, Papua New Guinea in October 1995 by approving the Pacific Disaster Risk Reduction and Disaster Management Framework for Action 2005–2015 (Regional DRM Framework).
In February 2006 SOPAC established the Pacific Disaster Risk Management Partnership Network (PDRMPN), at the request of Pacific Leaders. PDRMPN was established primarily as a collaborative and cooperative mechanism of support for Pacific countries in relation to disaster risk management capacity building but more so to assist them with the adaptation and implementation of the Regional Disaster Risk Management (DRM) Framework. The PDRMPN comprises an “open-ended, voluntary” membership of international, regional and national government and non-government organisations, with comparative advantages and interests in supporting Pacific countries toward mainstreaming DRM through addressing their disaster risk reduction and disaster management priorities. (SOPAC, 2009).
The Kalibobo Road Map produced by the Forum Leaders Meeting in 2005, also called for the operationalisation of these regional frameworks at the national level to assist member countries to develop national capacity for an integrated approach to CCA and DRM. Recognising the presence of limited financial and technical capacity, the Leaders also endorsed the Pacific Plan, requesting Council of the Regional Organisations in the Pacific (CROP) agencies and development partners to provide country focused assistance to complement national efforts. Development partners, too, have agreed to coordinate and harmonise their development support under the Pacific Plan reflecting their commitments made in the Paris Declaration of Aid Effectiveness and the Pacific Principles of Aid Effectiveness. There is also a high level of support for the policy suggestions contained in the World Bank’s Policy Note (Not If, But When), dealing with adaptation to climate change. It is expected that this Plan will also provide the mechanism to coordinate support to Tonga through the Plan’s coordinated implementation and monitoring and evaluation.
JOINT NATIONAL ACTION PLAN ON CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT 2010–2015 27
The Government of Tonga’s commitments to addressing DRM are reflected in a recently revised legislation and the development of the National Emergency Management Plan. Such commitments are reflected in national initiatives to improve risk management processes in Tonga through institutional strengthening and human resource development. This commitment is embodied in the Cyclone Emergency and Risk Management Project (CERMP, 2002) and other subsequent initiatives. Under the CERMP, 270 Low Cost Cyclone Resistant houses were constructed for Cyclone WAKA victims, the Emergency Management Act was promulgated in September, 2007 and the National Emergency Management Plan was reviewed among other things.
A National Disaster Fund was set up in June, 2008 (TOP$5million) to facilitate recovery process after impact and the staff of the National Emergency Management Office was strengthened by three senior new posts in its 2007/08 financial year. While this commitment is a milestone in the development of DRM in Tonga, there is still room for improvement in order to enhance community preparedness and resilience to natural disasters.
The development of this JNAP for CCA & DRM is related to important national initiatives to strengthen Tonga’s capacity to manage the challenges of climate change impacts and disaster risks, and is an important step forward. The timely and full implementation of this national action plan underpins Tonga’s capacity to achieve the vision of the plan linked to Tonga’s National Strategic Planning Framework.
JOINT NATIONAL ACTION PLAN ON CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT 2010–201528
The development process of the JNAP for CCA & DRM was conducted in a chronological sequence as summarized in Annex 1.
3.1 Political Support Soliciting of support and commitment from the Government of Tonga was among the first steps taken to ensure political support at the highest level for the development of this JNAP. A High Level Advocacy Team (HLAT) from SOPAC made representation to the Tonga Cabinet in October, 2009 for the need to combine the JNAPA for CCA and JNAP for DRM. In supporting the development of joint CCA and DRM JNAP Cabinet Ministers subsequently endorsed the joint programming in October 7th 2009 which then gave SOPAC and SPREP the mandate to facilitate the process. Similar high level consultations were also held with CEOs of line ministries, statutory boards, civil societies and NGOs. There were unanimous endorsements for a joint plan due to the close linkages of climate change impacts and disaster risk management but also to avoid duplication of efforts and maximize the use of the limited resources in Tonga. Tonga is the first country in the Pacific to develop a JNAP CCA & DRM.
3.2 The Establishment of National Multi-disciplinary Teams for Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Management
Climate Change Adaptation
The Ministry of Environment and Climate Change (former Department of Environment) is the National Executive Agency for climate change activities as approved by the His Majesty’s Cabinet in 2004. Cabinet also approved the establishment of the National Environment Coordinating Committee (NECC) (CD 2004), the Technical Working Group (TWG) and the Management Unit (MU) (CDNo.1123 of July 10, 2001).
The NECC was established to function as the advisory body for all environmental projects including climate change. It also serves as the mechanism to coordinate climate change related issues at both the policy and technical levels. The committee is chaired by the Minister of Environment and Climate Change. Members are departmental heads from government ministries, non-government organizations and statutory authorities. The TWG consists of the greenhouse gas inventory and the vulnerability and adaptation groups.
JNAP ON CCA & DRM DEVELOPMENT PROCESS
chapter 3
JOINT NATIONAL ACTION PLAN ON CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT 2010–2015 29
These groups are responsible for the proper implementation of climate change activities at the technical level. Members of the TWG are technical experts from government agencies, non-government organisations and statutory authorities.
Disaster Risk Management
The Emergency Management Act 2007 called for the development of a National Emergency Management Plan (NEMP, 2009) and the establishment of emergency management committee systems at the national, district and village levels. With regard to the development of the JNAP on Disaster Risk Management, Cabinet tasked the National Emergency Management Committee (NEMC) to participate in the process. A DRM Task Force was also established (CD No.564 of 22 July 2009) to provide the technical inputs in the DRM process.
JNAP Task Force
The logical merge of the two technical teams mentioned above (Climate Change TWG) and the DRM (Task Force) was effected for the purpose of developing the JNAP on climate change adaptation and disaster risk management.
3.3 Situation Analysis and Vulnerability AssessmentA ‘situation analysis’ in terms of Vulnerability Assessment was carried out by the Vulnerability Assessment team.
Methodologies used in this vulnerability assessment by key development sectors were based on the IPCC Technical Guidelines for assessing of climate change impacts and adaptation (Carter et al. 1994) and also the IPCC Common Methodology on sea level rise. These steps were followed accordingly:• Key vulnerable sectors in Tonga were identified;• Observed and historical climatic trends in Tonga were prepared;• Present conditions in sectors concerned were examined;• Future climate and sea level scenarios were developed using the MAGICC SCENGEN
and Tonga SIMCLIM;• Climate and sea level scenarios that were developed were used to examine their future
effects on sectors identified;• Other practical methodologies such as Plant Gro and WATBAL9F computer models
were also used in assessing the potential impacts of climate and sea level changes particularly in the Water Resources and Agricultural Sectors; and
• The CHARM tool was used to assess disaster risks.
Key national assessment reports were also reviewed such as:• Vulnerability Assessment on Tonga’s Initial National Communication, 2005;• Climate Change Thematic Assessment Report under National Capacity Self Assessment
Project, 2007;• National Climate Change Policy, 2006;• Climate Change Chapter under National Assessment Report, 2004; and• Joint Community consultations on Climate Change, Biodiversity and National Capacity
Self Assessment Projects, 2006.
The findings from this Vulnerability Assessment were used as the basis for comprehensive community consultations.
JOINT NATIONAL ACTION PLAN ON CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT 2010–201530
3.4 Stakeholders and Community ConsultationsCommunity Consultations
The CCA and DRM national joint team and an adviser from SOPAC conducted consultations in highly vulnerable communities in Tongatapu, Vava’u and Haapai from November 2009–January 2010.
Communities were informed of the development of the National Action Plan for CCA & DRM and the purpose of the consultation which is to identify community issues and priorities to address climate change and disaster impacts. It was clearly explained to participants that information collated from the consultation will be used for the development of a National Action Plan for Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Management.
In each consultation, there were 30–60 participants in attendance. Participants included town officers, district officers, and representatives from youth groups, churches, women’s groups, farmers, fishermen, and teachers. Each group discussion was facilitated by the CCA & DRM technical members. Climate change and non climate change factors were discussed and the communities were invited to identify the vulnerable sectors and their impacts. Later they were also invited to prioritise the climatic factor that had the most severe impacts in their respective communities. Criteria used for prioritizing needs were scale of immediate needs (local, district or national), level of concern (low, medium or high), severity/urgency of needs (high & very urgent, medium & urgent, low & not very urgent), priority ranking (0-not important, 1-least important, 2-important, 3-most important).
Priority needs from each of the respective communities were then collated to form the country priority needs as itemized in Table 3.1.
JOINT NATIONAL ACTION PLAN ON CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT 2010–2015 31
Tabl
e 3.
1: S
umm
ary
of fi
ndin
gs fr
om c
omm
unity
con
sulta
tions
Clim
ate
chan
ge &
N
on-c
limat
e ch
ange
fa
ctor
Vuln
erab
le S
ecto
rsIm
pact
sA
dapt
atio
n op
tions
SEA
LEV
EL R
ISE
Coa
stal
Are
as*
Coa
stal
Ero
sion
* C
oast
al v
eget
atio
n de
stro
yed
* R
epla
ntin
g of
coa
stal
are
as*
For
esho
re p
rote
ctio
n w
ith s
tone
s*
For
esho
re p
rote
ctio
n w
ith s
and
bags
* F
ores
hore
pro
tect
ion
with
ste
el p
iles
* R
eloc
ate
peop
le fr
om c
oast
al a
reas
to
inne
r la
nd
Wat
er R
esou
rces
* S
altw
ater
intr
usio
n in
to g
roun
dwat
er a
cqui
fers
* In
crea
se o
f sal
t con
cent
ratio
ns s
o lim
ited
supp
ly
of p
otab
le w
ater
for
drin
king
pur
pose
s
* In
crea
se fr
esh
wat
er h
arve
stin
g*
Sus
tain
able
use
of w
ater
* S
urve
y of
und
ergr
ound
wat
er*
Wat
er w
ells
as
alte
rnat
ive
sour
ce*
Des
alin
atio
n pl
ant
Fis
herie
s*
Lag
oon
fish
erie
s ef
fect
ed d
ue to
tida
l lev
els
* D
eath
of m
arin
e or
gani
sms
* E
xtin
ctio
n of
She
llfish
var
ietie
s*
Dec
reas
e in
ava
ilabl
e fis
h sp
ecie
s
* C
hang
e fis
hing
tech
niqu
es*
For
esho
re P
rote
ctio
n*
Sus
tain
able
man
agem
ent a
rea
(SM
A)
* P
ropa
gate
aqu
acul
ture
* C
onse
rve
mar
ine
life
* U
se o
f env
ironm
enta
l frie
ndly
fish
ing
tech
niqu
es*
Impr
ove
fishi
ng to
ols
Hum
an H
ealth
* D
amag
e to
hou
ses
near
sea
* U
nhea
lthy
food
eat
ing
* E
duca
te p
eopl
e*
Rel
ocat
e in
land
* Im
prov
e ea
ting
habi
ts
For
estr
y*
Diffi
cult
to tr
eat p
anda
nus
* D
amag
e co
asta
l tre
es*
Fin
d al
tern
ativ
e tr
eatm
ent o
f pan
danu
s*
Rep
lant
coa
stal
tree
s
Agr
icul
ture
* S
alt s
pray
on
crop
s*
Mov
e fa
rmin
g in
land
Hou
sing
* D
amag
e an
d ru
stin
g of
roo
ftops
of
hous
es
* L
oss
of r
esid
entia
l hou
ses
* P
aint
roo
f*
Rel
ocat
e in
land
JOINT NATIONAL ACTION PLAN ON CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT 2010–201532
HEA
VY R
AIN
FALL
Roa
ds*
Flo
odin
g of
roa
ds d
ue to
no
prop
er d
rain
age
* S
oil e
rosi
on d
ue to
floo
ding
* B
uild
dra
inag
e sy
stem
* C
ontr
ol r
oam
ing
pigs
* T
ree
plan
ting
on c
oast
al a
reas
* R
oads
nee
d to
be
tar-
seal
ed*
Rep
lant
ing
of tr
ees
arou
nd to
wn
allo
tmen
ts*
Bui
ld b
ette
r ro
ads
Agr
icul
ture
* F
lood
ing
of a
gric
ultu
ral s
ites
* E
rosi
on o
f top
soil
* A
nthr
acno
se o
n ya
ms
* F
lood
ing
on lo
wer
farm
land
s*
Loo
sing
flow
ers
on fr
uit t
rees
* D
amag
e ro
ot c
rops
due
to w
ater
logg
ing
* R
eloc
ate
farm
ing
plot
s*
Iden
tify
flood
tole
rant
cro
p va
rietie
s*
Bui
ld a
gric
ultu
ral R
etai
ning
Wal
l*
Tre
e P
lant
ing
* P
lant
mor
e cr
ops
* A
pply
che
mic
al p
rote
ctio
n*
Bet
ter
farm
pla
nnin
g
Hea
lth*
Incr
ease
inc
iden
ce in
mos
quito
bor
ne d
isea
ses
* D
estr
oy w
ater
-logg
ed a
reas
.*
Tre
e re
plan
ting
* B
uild
str
ong
hous
es*
Cle
an u
p of
vill
age
surr
ound
ing
Fis
herie
s*
Sea
con
tam
inat
ion
from
run
-off
caus
es*
Dec
reas
ed b
io-d
iver
sity
* In
crea
se s
edim
enta
tion
on fo
resh
ore
* T
ree
plan
ting
* F
resh
wat
er h
arve
stin
g –
Incr
ease
num
ber
of w
ater
ta
nks
* T
rain
ing
& A
war
enes
s w
orks
hop
* F
ores
hore
Pro
tect
ion
* Im
prov
e fis
hing
tool
s
Coa
stal
Are
as*
Soi
l ero
sion
* Im
prov
e ca
re fo
r en
viro
nmen
t*
For
esho
re p
rote
ctio
n
Wat
er R
esou
rces
* D
irty
wat
er
* L
ack
of w
ater
tank
s to
col
lect
wat
er*
Wat
er h
arve
stin
g (
villa
ge, c
hurc
hes,
airp
ort)
* B
uild
mor
e w
ater
tank
s
Hou
sing
* W
ater
logg
ed
* P
rope
r dr
aina
ge s
yste
m
JOINT NATIONAL ACTION PLAN ON CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT 2010–2015 33
DR
OU
GH
TW
ater
Res
ourc
es*
Wat
er S
hort
ages
* C
onta
min
ated
Wat
er*
Hou
sing
Gut
terin
g ne
eds
impr
ovem
ent
* D
irty
wat
er*
Sal
ty w
ater
* E
xpan
d W
ater
col
lect
ion
Sys
tem
* C
lean
wat
er ta
nks.
* M
onito
r w
ater
usa
ge(u
se w
ater
wis
ely)
* In
crea
se n
umbe
r of
Wat
er T
anks
(hou
seho
ld)
* In
stal
l sol
ar p
ump
on g
roun
d w
ater
sup
ply
* P
lant
mor
e co
conu
ts fo
r dr
inki
ng*
Wis
e us
e of
wat
er*
Des
alin
atio
n m
achi
ne*
Boi
l drin
king
wat
er
Agr
icul
ture
* C
rop
Des
truc
tion
* P
oor Y
ield
and
Foo
d S
hort
ages
* W
ater
Sca
rcity
* M
orta
lity
of c
rops
* L
ack
of fo
od*
Lac
k of
food
for
lives
tock
* P
lant
dro
ught
tole
rant
cro
p va
rietie
s.*
Gro
w m
ore
frui
t bea
ring
tree
s.*
Exp
and
wat
er c
olle
ctio
n sy
stem
* P
lant
dro
ught
tole
rant
cro
p va
rietie
s *
Irrig
atio
n *
Pla
nt m
ore
crop
s*
Wis
e us
e of
food
* S
top
allo
win
g an
imal
s to
roa
m fr
eely
Hea
lth*
Dus
t fro
m r
oads
affe
ctin
g he
alth
* W
ater
Con
tam
inat
ion
* E
pide
mic
* B
ette
r m
edic
al c
are
& fa
cilit
ies
* In
crea
se p
ublic
aw
aren
ess
* B
oil W
ater
bef
ore
cons
umpt
ion
* K
eep
wat
er ta
nks
seal
ed*
Pub
lic A
war
enes
s on
pre
vent
ive
mea
sure
s*
Cle
an fo
od b
efor
e ea
ting
* Im
prov
e he
alth
car
e
Fis
herie
s*
Lag
oon
Fis
herie
s A
ffect
ed*
Sw
allo
w m
arin
e lif
e ki
lled
* D
eple
tion
of L
agoo
n fis
h va
rietie
s*
War
mer
sea
s ca
use
dyin
g fis
h
* R
aise
aw
aren
ess
For
estr
y*
Dea
th a
nd lo
ss o
f tre
es*
Pla
nt tr
ees
* M
inim
ise
cutti
ng d
own
of tr
ees
JOINT NATIONAL ACTION PLAN ON CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT 2010–201534
INC
REA
SED
TE
MPE
RAT
UR
EH
ealth
* T
ende
ncy
for
incr
ease
in A
sthm
a ca
ses
* H
eat s
tres
s*
Incr
ease
dus
ts*
Incr
ease
epi
dem
ic
* B
uild
out
reac
h cl
inic
s in
rem
ote
area
s*
Est
ablis
h go
od r
ubbi
sh d
ump
Agr
icul
ture
* P
rem
atur
e sp
oilin
g/ro
tting
of c
rops
& v
eget
able
s*
Inse
ct p
ests
bre
ed fa
ster
* C
rops
dam
aged
* L
ack
of fo
od*
Incr
ease
ste
alin
g of
food
* S
top
cutti
ng tr
ees
Wat
er R
esou
rces
* W
ater
sho
rtag
es*
Incr
ease
d ev
apot
rans
pira
tion
* In
crea
se w
ater
har
vest
ing
Fis
herie
s*
Kill
ing
mar
ine
life
on th
e co
asts
* M
inim
ise
burn
ing
of r
ubbi
sh*
Min
imis
e us
e of
veh
icle
s fo
r tr
ansp
ort
* M
inim
ise
use
of c
hem
ical
s su
ch a
s fe
ticid
e
TRO
PIC
AL
CYC
LON
EA
ll S
ecto
rs*
Con
tam
inat
ed W
ater
* D
amag
e to
Wat
er
* T
anks
(cr
acks
)*
Des
troy
frui
t bea
ring
tree
s (B
anan
as, B
read
frui
t)*
Des
troy
roo
t cro
ps*
Bui
ldin
gs d
estr
oyed
* C
omm
unic
atio
ns a
ffect
ed*
Pow
er d
estr
uctio
n an
d fa
ilure
* R
oads
dam
aged
and
floo
ded
* In
jurie
s an
d F
atal
ities
* D
estr
uctio
n of
coa
stal
veg
etat
ion
& fl
ora
* D
amag
e to
fish
ing
infr
astr
uctu
re*
Dam
age
to w
harf
* E
pide
mic
* R
emov
e gu
tterin
g.*
Boi
l Wat
er b
efor
e co
nsum
ptio
n*
Trim
tree
s su
rrou
ndin
g re
side
ntia
l are
a*
App
ly M
ixed
Far
min
g P
ract
ice
* S
elec
t cyc
lone
tole
rant
cro
ps (
‘ufil
ei)
* D
evel
op N
urse
ries
* In
clud
e na
tura
l dis
aste
r is
sues
into
bui
ldin
g co
des
* P
ublic
Aw
aren
ess
* P
repa
redn
ess
and
emer
genc
y re
spon
se p
lan
at a
ll le
vels
(N
atio
nal t
o H
ouse
hold
leve
l)*
Coa
stal
re-
plan
ting
* G
ovt.
Ass
ista
nce
(sub
sidi
se m
arin
e ve
ssel
rep
airs
etc
)*
Goo
d fa
rm p
lann
ing
* P
runi
ng o
f hig
her
crop
s lik
e ba
nana
* E
arly
har
vest
ing
of c
rops
* P
lant
cro
ps o
n rig
hts
seas
on*
Bui
ld n
ew s
tron
g ho
uses
.*
Bui
ld w
ater
tank
s*
Pla
nt m
ore
crop
s*
Vill
age
Pre
pare
dnes
s pl
an*
Impr
ove
heal
th c
are
faci
lity
* P
repa
re c
rop
seed
lings
*
Mov
e fis
hing
boa
ts to
sho
re
JOINT NATIONAL ACTION PLAN ON CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT 2010–2015 35
STO
RM
SU
RG
EC
oast
al A
reas
* C
oast
al e
rosi
on*
Tre
es d
amag
e*
Coa
stal
Pro
tect
ion
* R
epla
ntin
g co
asta
l tre
es
Agr
icul
ture
* S
alt s
pray
ing
of c
rops
* C
rop
dam
age
* G
row
Win
d B
reak
ers
* M
ove
inla
nd fo
r fa
rmin
g pu
rpos
es
Hou
sing
* F
aste
r R
ustin
g of
Roo
f iro
n an
d co
rros
ion
* D
amag
e &
des
troy
bui
ldin
gs &
Hou
ses
* W
ater
logg
ed
* P
aint
roo
fing
Iron
s*
Rel
ocat
ion
to h
ighe
r gr
ound
Roa
ds*
Soi
l/sto
nes
eros
ion
e.g.
Hol
opek
a ro
ad*
Bui
ld s
tron
ger
road
s*
Mov
e ro
ads
inla
nd*
For
esho
re p
rote
ctio
n
Wat
er r
esou
rces
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JOINT NATIONAL ACTION PLAN ON CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT 2010–201536
Stakeholder Consultation
Government ministries, NGOs and statutory authorities in Tongatapu, Ha’apai and Vava’u were also included in the consultation aimed at identifying related issues and priorities as well as assessing the extent of mainstreaming climate change and disaster risk management at sectoral level and including NGOs and Civil Societies planning processes.
It was established that some Ministries had already incorporated CCA & DRM into their current and future planning and development programmes whereas others had not. These consultations also stressed the importance of enhancing the coordination among all stakeholders and that the lead agencies for CCADRM should ensure the effective implementation of the JNAP which subsequently enhances resilience of people, their livelihoods and environment to climate change impacts and disaster risks. Table 3.2 below outlines the summary of findings after consultations with Government Ministries, NGOs, Statutory Board at Tongatapu, Ha’apai.
Table 3.2: Summary of findings from Government Ministries/Departments, Non-Government Organisations consultations.
Sector Adaptation options
Coastal Areas – Foreshore protection along the most vulnerable coastal areas (< 3m above mean sea level)
– Formulate coastal management plan– Assess ocean current flow – Reassess design of current protection systems– Review and amend existing legislation (sand mining)
Disaster – Improve disaster planning, preparedness, response and recovery. (supplementary water sources)
– Early warning system and monitoring– Improved Government. Info management services in Meteorology,
Geology, Climate Change and NEMO– 24 hrs /7days service/monitoring– Capacity (human resources, facilities, financial) needed to enforce
building code
Water – Improve capacity to monitor water quality and better utilization of water resources
Energy – Promote renewable energy and energy efficiency initiatives – Proper regulatory framework for renewable energy in place
Fishing – SMA - Special Management Area– Database on fish stock– Aquaculture fisheries
Agriculture and Forestry
– Good Farm Planning and techniques (including livestock) and tree management (mixed farming, organic farming crops tolerant)
– Proper land use management– Irrigation for areas affected by drought
Roads – Improve infrastructure – Improve drainage systems– Integrate designing and building of more roads into Tsunami Evacuation
Plan
Health – Strengthen food and water hygiene– Public Awareness/training on communicable/vectorborne/waterborne/
foodborne and nutritional related diseases prevention– Vector control unit established– Better medical care and facilities– Data management system in place
JOINT NATIONAL ACTION PLAN ON CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT 2010–2015 37
Education – School disaster/response plan & drill– Early Warning System for all hazards– Integrate CCA and DRM into school syllabus
National Planning
– Institutional Strengthening of Water Board(Act/Legislation/reform)– Establish District Disaster Committee to develop Disaster Management
Plan at the village level– Strengthen government’s linkage and governor’s office especially in the
outer islands– Mainstream CCADRM considerations into national and sectoral planning
and budgets – Increase accessibility to CCADRM funds
Tourism – Conservation of natural resources (cultural, sand, coral, forest etc)– Relocate resorts at low lying coastal areas to higher lands
Infrastructures – Integrate CCADRM issues into all infrastructural development– Risk assessment requirement as part of project appraisal, together
with Environmental Impact Assessment for all major infrastructure and economic development projects
NGOs – Community Participation & Networking (Youth, Women Groups & others)– Community Based Vulnerability Analysis and – Community Based CCA/DRM Strategies– Strengthen partnerships with government ministries/departments in
implementing CCA/DRM activities and programmes
3.5 Development of the Action Matrix, Costing and Implementation Strategy
A four day JNAP Task Force consultation meeting was convened from 8th and 15th February, 2010 by SOPAC and SPREP to facilitate the consolidation of vulnerability issues identified and to determine priorities.The information collated from the Vulnerability & Adaptation (V&A) process, community and key stakeholders consultations provided the basis for the meeting and the development of the action matrix for the action plan as in Annex 2 herein.
It was decided at this point in the process that this joint plan will focus on ‘gaps’ to add value to numerous existing initiatives already established by the Government and to increase the pace of climate change adaptation as well as DRM. In addition, it was decided not to duplicate existing efforts but to concentrate on priority issues where additional or new resources are required for strengthening Tonga’s resilience to climate change and natural disaster impacts. The decision acknowledges that a number of CCA & DRM concerns and initiatives, such as water and sanitation, early warnings, meteorological services capacity building and community based V&A among others are already covered by existing and planned government initiatives.
Following from the above, JNAP Task Force also determined that the National Action Plan is not intended to be fully comprehensive in terms of its coverage, but rather represents a starting point. The JNAP should therefore be a ‘living document’. Part of this JNAP for CCA & DRM development process included the identification of a robust system of monitoring and evaluation and review (refer Chapter 5). It is the intention that CCA & DRM issues not prioritised in the current version of the JNAP, and/or new and emerging issues, be captured through the process of on-going and regular review of JNAP implementation.
JOINT NATIONAL ACTION PLAN ON CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT 2010–201538
1 SOPAC et al (2009) A Guide to Developing National Action Plan: A Tool for Mainstreaming DRM Based on Experiences from Selected Pacific Islands Countries, SOPAC, Suva, Fiji.
STAGE OBJECTIVES OUTPUTS• Assess Situation• Conduct sector
vulnerability assessment
• Conduct community vulnerability assessment
• Identify root causes and effects relating to key problems
• Develop solutions based on established ‘root-causes’
METHOD
• community engagement• Stakeholder
engagement• Preliminary ‘root-cause’
analysis
Sector‘Briefing Notes’
‘Problem trees’– Root-causes
JNAP matrix– strategic level
• Synthesize key problems relating to mainstreaming DRM ‘Problem
Statements’
Drawing on:• Sector briefing notes• Preliminary root-cause
analysis• Regional Frameworks –
Climate Change & DRM
• Working group sessions with national counterparts using a range of tools (e.g. prioritisation and problem/solution tree analysis)
Problem-solution tree
SITUATION ANALYSIS
DRM JNAP Development
The whole prioritization process was adopted from the SOPAC et. al., (2009)1 as depicted in Figure 3.1.
Validation/Prioritization
Validation, prioritization and sequencing usually follow each other, where prioritization is used to determine sequencing after the key issues identifies are discussed and confirmed. ‘Prioritization’ is a decision making process where the ‘most important or main issues’ related to a certain topic or objective are determined and then placed in order of importance. From that prioritization process one is able to decide which action to implement first, second, third etc. within a given timeframe.
Figure 3.1: Steps in developing JNAP matrix.
Source: SOPAC et al (2009).
CCA & DRM gaps that were identified were further subjected to a process of prioritisation in acknowledgement of the fact that:
i) the JNAP should not be overly ambitious, and;
ii) the need to make strategic use of limited resources.
1. Information Collection
3. Identify ‘root-causes’
4. Identify ‘solutions’
2. Identification of Key Problems
JOINT NATIONAL ACTION PLAN ON CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT 2010–2015 39
2 SOPAC et al (2009) A Guide to Developing National Action Plan: A Tool for Mainstreaming DRM Based on Experiences from Selected Pacific Islands Countries, SOPAC, Suva, Fiji.
Figure 3.2: JNAP Development Process
National DRM • Stakeholders Workshop(s)Working group • sessions with national counterparts Feedback and • validationShort listing of Key • Issues (prioritisation)Problem-tree • analysisConversion of • problems into SolutionsIdentification of • ActionsTransfer to JNAP • matrixFurther validate and • refine matrixPrepare supporting • text
‘Problem & Solutions trees’ – Root-causes
JNAP matrix of actions
JNAP supporting text
STEPS OBJECTIVES METHOD OUTPUTS
DRM JNAP DEVELOPMENT PROCESS
Validation & prioritization of Key Issues
Identify ‘root causes’ and ‘solutions’
Populate the JNAP matrix
Writing of supporting text
Test accuracy of • informationSecure • stakeholder inputsEnsure country • priorities are representedBrainstorm • problems and potential solutions
Identify Root Causes and Solutions
Issues that were considered priority gaps were then taken through a process of a problem tree analysis during which root causes were systematically identified.
Once the root causes of CCA & DRM issues had been agreed, potential solutions to address the root causes were constructed. These solutions (rigorously discussed and debated) were reformulated through a process of iteration. With the assistance of SOPAC and SPREP facilitators of the process, the final draft solutions (rephrased into actions) were arranged and packaged in an Action Matrix.
The costing of the action matrix was conducted during February 8th–19th, 2010 by a SOPAC Technical Team with the JNAP Task Force in Tonga. Details of all costs are presented in Chapter 5.
The JNAP Task Force was further convened during March 29th–April 1st by the SPREP and SOPAC team where the implementation, monitoring and evaluation strategies of the JNAP were formulated. Details are also presented in Chapter 5.
The JNAP Task Force was then left to draft the supporting text which was later reviewed and edited by the SPREP and SOPAC team. The process of developing this JNAP was adapted from SOPAC et al (2009)2 as presented in Figure 3.2 below.
JOINT NATIONAL ACTION PLAN ON CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT 2010–201540
VisionThe vision is to promote and ensure safe, healthy, secure and resilient communities to climate change impacts and disaster risks.
The JNAP comprises six goals. Each goal has several objectives and outcomes.
Goal 1: Improved good governance for climate change adaptation and disaster risk management (mainstreaming, decision making, organizational and institutional policy frameworks)
Objectives
• Develop an enabling policy and capacity to strengthen planning and decision making processes with the incorporation of relevant climate change and disaster risk management considerations
• Strengthen institutional arrangements and capacity for climate change and disaster risk management in Vavaú, Haápai, Éua and in the Niuas
Outcomes
• Strong institutional arrangements for climate change and disaster risk management
• Climate change and disaster risk management mainstreamed into planning, decision making and budgetary processes
Goal 2: Enhanced technical knowledge base, information, education and understanding of climate change adaptation and effective disaster risk management
Objectives
• Improve science and technical knowledge base within key government agencies
• Increase relevant education and community awareness programmes
• Strengthen evidence-based decision and policy making through use of relevant and updated information
NATIONAL ACTION PLAN SUMMARY OF GOALS
chapter 4
JOINT NATIONAL ACTION PLAN ON CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT 2010–2015 41
Outcomes
• Increased and more comprehensive understanding of climate change and disaster risk
• Smart and effective use of ICT for climate change and disaster risk management information management
• Improve capacity for climate change projection and applications on development planning
Goal 3: Analysis and assessments of vulnerability to climate change impacts and disaster risk
Objectives
• Implement appropriate coastal protection systems
• Improve fisheries and coral reef management in view of climate change
• Strengthen community-based capacity in vulnerability and analysis
• Strengthen the capacity for implementing and enforcement of impact assessments
• Assess water resources and supply capacity in capitals, villages and outer islands
• Assess impact of climate change on vector borne, water borne and nutritional related diseases
Outcomes
• Protection of coastal areas along the most vulnerable low-lying areas and agricultural land
• Rational data and information on disaster occurrence and climate change impacts will be available for Tonga
• Reduction of underlying risk factors
• Adequate supply of marine sea foods
• Effective plant rehabilitation at coastal areas
• Establishment of vector control unit
• Monitoring programmes that link climate change impacts to vector-water-borne and nutritional related diseases
Goal 4: Enhanced community preparedness and resilience to impacts of all disasters
Objectives
• Increase resilience of school buildings and tourism sector to climate change impacts and disaster risks
• Ensure food and water security after disaster events
• Increase disaster preparedness, responses and recovery of community
• Strengthen weather monitoring networks and forecasting centres
• Strengthen early warning systems
JOINT NATIONAL ACTION PLAN ON CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT 2010–201542
Outcomes
• Safe and durable school, community buildings
• Healthy and happy communities
• Effective early warning systems
• Effective and efficient health providers
Goal 5: Technically reliable, economically affordable and environmentally sound energy to support the sustainable development of the Kingdom
Objectives
• 10% reduction of GHG emissions based on 2000* levels by 2015 through implementing Renewable Energy (RE) and Energy Efficiency (EE) programmes
• Improve energy security through improved planning and response mechanisms
Outcomes
• 10% reduction in GHG emissions, based on 2000 levels
• National policy framework on EE including practical mechanisms developed, adopted and implemented
• Improved security of energy supply
Goal 6: Strong partnerships, cooperation and collaboration within government agencies and with civil societies and NGOs
Objectives
• Engage civil societies, NGOs, and private sectors in implementation of this Plan
• Strengthen partnerships within government agencies and with civil societies, Non-Government Organisations and Private Sectors
Outcomes
Enhanced participation in CCA and DRM planning and programmes
3 2000 level was 93Gg CO2-e.
JOINT NATIONAL ACTION PLAN ON CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT 2010–2015 43
This section articulates the implementation arrangements of this JNAP. It includes:• a description of the approach utilised to develop the implementation arrangements; • a set of guiding principles for the implementation;• the costing methodology used by partners to identify resource requirements and related
costs for the implementation of actions under the JNAP;• an implementation or management structure to be responsible for leading and
coordinating JNAP implementation;• a financing strategy and approaches for the resourcing of JNAP actions;• the platform for an appropriate communications strategy to help ensure that the
underlying message of increased safety and resilience is conveyed to all stakeholders using the most appropriate media; and
• the basis for a monitoring and evaluation system which not only addresses issues in relation to transparency and accountability but also facilitates a systematic approach to change and improvement as a direct consequence of progress reporting.
The implementation arrangements have been developed in consultation with the JNAP Task Force comprising representatives of the major sectors within Government and as well the Tonga Red Cross which has represented the interests and concerns of NGOs and civil society. It is intended that the Task Force leads the implementation and coordination effort and monitoring, evaluation and reporting of progress.
5.1 Approach to the Development of the Implementation ArrangementsWithin the context of the planning process for this JNAP in Tonga the implementation arrangements were developed through consultations with the members of the Task Force and through interviews with a number of Chief Executives and senior officials within Government. A workshop for the Task Force was held on 29th March and 1st April 2010 in which aspects of implementation were discussed and interviews conducted on 30th and 31st March 2010.
The outcomes of the consultation were presented in a final draft form to the Task Force and the arrangements presented below reflect their views. There is every confidence that these arrangements will allow for the meaningful ownership and participation of all stakeholders in JNAP implementation.
THE IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY
chapter 5
JOINT NATIONAL ACTION PLAN ON CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT 2010–201544
5.2 Guiding PrinciplesThe following principals have been developed by the Task Force to guide the implementation of the JNAP:
• Cooperation and Collaboration – The success of JNAP implementation is dependent on a good and harmonious working relationship between those charged with the responsibility for guiding implementation, and also with the many other stakeholders and communities involved in or impacted by JNAP implementation. It is important that all such stakeholders work together closely.
• Capacity – The implementation of the JNAP must be undertaken in a way that is mindful of existing resource and capacity constraints within Government. It must be manageable and mindful of the plethora of existing national and sectoral initiatives being implemented alongside.
• Use of Existing Systems and Structures – There must be efforts made to ensure that the existing systems of administrative and financial management, at national and regional level are utilised as these have been designed and tested by Government to ensure transparency and accountability.
• Sustainability – This attempt to integrate climate change and disaster risk considerations into the national planning and decision making at all levels must be sustainable beyond the term of the JNAP. In this regard all stakeholders in Government and externally must ensure that risk considerations are mainstreamed into the various planning and budgetary mechanisms. Every effort must also be made to ensure that decision-making on implementation must be structured on a platform of sound technical and/or scientific data and information.
• Commitment – The Task Force given the responsibility to facilitate and coordinate JNAP implementation must be fully committed to their roles and responsibilities as specified in their terms of reference. The success of JNAP implementation will not be realised unless each of the members of the Task Force, and through them their respective Ministries and beyond the community, are willing to display selflessness and an ‘esprit de corps’.
5.3 Indicative Costing Methodology
Table 5.1 provides a total indicative cost to implement the JNAP. The estimated cost of the JNAP includes both the financial cost of actions and the in-kind contributions made by the Government of Tonga and partners (such as SOPAC and SPREP) to execute actions.
Assumptions Used• Costs including travel to the outer islands reflect that often both Niuas needed to
be visited. In some cases, stakeholders indicated when it might be better to bring in representatives from the Niuas to meetings on Tongatapu or elsewhere to minimise costs.
• Some JNAP work – such as training - is envisaged to be conducted on a district basis. There are 3 districts on Tongatapu, 3 in Haápai and 3 in Vavaú, 9 in total.
• There are currently 4 SMAs in Haápai, 2 in Vavaú and 2 on Tongatapu (8 in total).• Travel costs and purchase of equipment or assets are generally distinguished from
other costs. However, on rare occasions (such as sub-action 3.6.6), an agency would provide a lump sum estimated cost of an action, including items to acquire as well as travel etc. all in one bundle. In these cases, it was not possible to distinguish between costs with the result that travel or acquisition costs will appear under estimated in sub-totals. Nevertheless grand totals are as correct as far as is possible.
JOINT NATIONAL ACTION PLAN ON CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT 2010–2015 45
• In a few specific cases, Tongan stakeholders indicated where an overseas consultant would be required to execute a JNAP action. In such cases, an overseas rate was applied. However, Tonga representatives were keen that technical assistance from consultant would be sourced from Tonga wherever possible. The cost of a local consultant is often lower than the cost of an overseas consultant. At the request of Tonga representatives, all consultancies except those specifically targeting overseas experts were costed at local rates. It is possible that, in some cases, those local experts may not be available to undertake work. In these cases, additional costs might be incurred (i) in the form of travel costs and per diems and (ii) since overseas experts often command a higher daily rate than local consultants. The use of only local rates for consultants can therefore under-cost an activity if an appropriate local consultant cannot be accessed. Stakeholders were made aware of this risk during consultations.
• Communications are normally provided as a package (e.g. so many advertisements on TV and radio per week) and often work out cheaper when provided that way.
• The length of time taken to develop grant proposals varies extensively depending on the funds available. For example, discussions on the use of regional funds under EDF10 took over three years while access to funds from the UNDP Small Grants Scheme may take only a few weeks. Given uncertainty about which donors may yet be targeted to fund execution of the JNAP, any actions listed as the development of proposals are not costed and are assumed to be conducted as a ‘free’ in kind contribution conducted as part of normal work.
• Action 4.9.1 covers the recruitment of a Health Disaster Officer in the Ministry of Health. MoH officials suggested that this salary be costed provisionally for one year only. If the position was to be made permanent, costs would clearly need to be covered for the remainder of the JNAP and would be underestimated for the meanwhile.
5.4 Gross Indicative CostsThe overall indicative resources costs to implement the Framework over the period 2010–2015 are estimated to be TOP$22 million (Table 5.1). Of this, it is estimated that in-kind staff contributions from the Government of Tonga and partner agencies would constitute 2 per cent of resource costs (Table 5.1).
Table 5.1: Resource Costs by Goal.
Financial costs In-kind contributions
Total costs
Goal 1 1,582,565 59,117 1,641,682
Goal 2 4,374,918 9,187 4,384,105
Goal 3 5,674,799 193,410 5,868,208
Goal 4 9,537,373 80,451 9,617,824
Goal 5 380,675 3,675 384,350
Goal 6 55,049 5,000 60,049
SUB TOTAL 21,605,378 350,839 21,956,217
% 98.4 1.6
The single greatest cost arises in implementing Goal 4: “Enhanced community preparedness and resilience to impacts of all disasters”.
Goal 4 accounts consequently for 44 per cent of the expected cost of the entire JNAP, Goal 3 (27%), Goal 2 (20%), Goal 1(6%), Goal 5 (2%) and Goal 6 (1%) (Figure 5.1).
JOINT NATIONAL ACTION PLAN ON CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT 2010–201546
Figure 5.1: Financial costs and in kind contributions by Goal.
The financial costs TOP$21.6 million fall largely to the Government of Tonga to resource although SOPAC has been asked for some assistance towards implementing Goal 1 (Table 5.2)
Table 5.2: Share of Financial Costs.
SOPAC and affiliated
Other Total financial costs
Goal 1 9,141 1,573,424 1,582,565
Goal 2 0 4,374,918 4,374,918
Goal 3 0 5,674,799 5,674,799
Goal 4 0 9,537,373 9,537,373
Goal 5 0 38,0675 38,0675
Goal 6 0 55,049 55,049
SUB TOTAL 9141 21,956,217 21,956,217
% 0.1 99.9 0
To provide flexibility in planning for JNAP activities, a contingency of 5 per cent has been applied to all financial costs. In this case, the total financial costs would increase to a potential TOP$23 million (Table 5.3).
Financial costs and in-kind contributions by Goal
44%
27%
20%
6%1%
2%
Goal 1
Goal 2
Goal 3
Goal 4
Goal 5
Goal 6
JOINT NATIONAL ACTION PLAN ON CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT 2010–2015 47
Table 5.3: Resource costs by Goal including contingency.
Financial costs In-kind contributions
Total costs
Goal 1 1,582,565 59,117 1,641,682
Contingency 79,128
Goal 2* 4,374,918 9,187 4,384,105
Contingency 218,746
Goal 3* 5,674,799 193,410 5,868,208
Contingency 283,740
Goal 4 9,537,373 80,451 9,617,824
Contingency 476,869
Goal 5 380,675 3,675 38,4350
Contingency 19,034
Goal 6 55,049 5,000 60,049
Contingency 2,752
SUB TOTAL 21,605,378 350,839 21,956,217
TOTAL INC CONTINGENCY $ 22,685,647 $ 350,839 $ 23,036,486
5.5 Management StructureA structure to provide the leadership, guidance and the coordination of JNAP implementation has been developed and is centred on the existing Task Force. The Task Force represents a ‘merger’ of the existing Cabinet-approved V&A Team (under the Ministry of Environment and Climate Change) and the DRM JNAP Task Force (coordinated by NEMO). The terms of reference for this Task Force are tabled at Annex 3.
For the purpose of JNAP implementation, it is recommended that a joint meeting of the National Environment and Coordinating Committee (NECC) and the National Emergency Management Committee (NEMC) is to be called once every six months. The joint meeting of the NECC and the NEMC will be the body to provide policy and high level coordination for JNAP implementation. The chair of this joint meeting is to alternate between the two existing chairs of NECCC and NEMC. The secretariat for this joint meeting will be provided by the climate change programme of MECC and NEMO of the Ministry of Works.
The Task Force is to report to the joint meeting the progress of JNAP implementation activities over the previous six months including challenges to be addressed and funded activities planned for the next six months or forthcoming year for endorsement.
This management structure is an extension of existing institutional arrangements for environment and climate change and for emergency management. Under the management structure the Task Force is responsible to Cabinet, in consultation with a Joint Meeting of the NEMC (prescribed under the Emergency Management Act 2007) and the NECCC (approved by Cabinet as the national coordination committee for all donor-funded environmental programmes for the Ministry of Environment and Climate Change). The Task Force is a sub committee of Cabinet for the purposes of ensuring the coordinated implementation of this JNAP.
JOINT NATIONAL ACTION PLAN ON CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT 2010–201548
Figure 5.2: Management structure of JNAP implementation.
The National Environment and Climate Change Committee (NECCC) has the mandate for the national coordination of all activities relating to the environment, climate change (adaptation and mitigation) and impact assessments. The National Emergency Management Committee (NEMC) has the responsibility for DRM capacity building in Tonga. The National Emergency Management Office provides secretariat support to the NEMC while the Ministry of Environment and Climate Change does likewise for the NECCC. The Task Force is required to keep the NECCC and the NEMC informed of the progress of JNAP implementation through the mechanism of the Joint NECC and NEMC Meeting and to seek guidance on any specific CCA as the implementation rolls out.
The Task Force’s specific responsibilities are in terms of providing overall operational and technical leadership and guidance for JNAP implementation as listed below:1. Develop project profiles and related documentation to facilitate requests for funding
and technical assistance from donors and development partners and assist Ministries in this connection when required;
2. Work with donors and development partners to secure funding and technical assistance to implement JNAP actions;
3. Assist Ministries to integrate JNAP actions into Corporate Plans and Annual Management Plans;
4. Develop and implement a communication strategy to support JNAP implementation including the identification of the requisite resource requirements and associated costs;
5. Participate in advocacy for the JNAP at different levels internally within Tonga and also with donors and development partners;
6. Ensure that thorough monitoring, evaluation and reporting is undertaken in relation to JNAP implementation and work closely with the relevant Ministries and other key stakeholders in this regard;
7. Provide regular reports and at a minimum of six (6) month intervals to the NECCC, NEMC, PACC and Cabinet on JNAP implementation; and
8. Submit reports and acquittals to donors and development partners in relation to any specific funding and technical assistance that may be provided for JNAP implementation.
CABINET
TASK FORCE
CCA & DRM Donors
& DevelopmentPartners
NEMC
NECCC
Joint Meeting ofNECCC & NEMC
NGO/CSO Ministries Community
National mandatefor CCA
Secretariat support byMECC
National mandatefor DRM
Secretariatsupport by
NEMO
Joint Sec byNEMO and
MECC
JNAP implementation,M&E and reporting
JNAP implementation,M&E and reporting
Support JNAPimplementation
Coordinate JNAPimplementation, reportto NECCC and NEMC
and Cabinet
Funding and TAsupport for JNAPimplementation
JOINT NATIONAL ACTION PLAN ON CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT 2010–2015 49
The development partners and donors for climate change and disaster risk management will also have a key role to play in relation to JNAP implementation. The Task Force will liaise regularly with the relevant development partners and donors (some of which have been referred to in the JNAP matrix) and will ensure that the relevant technical assistance and/or funding support is secured to address implementation. The Task Force will be mindful and comply with all financial and administrative requirements of the various development partners and donors that have been engaged to support implementation.
SOPAC as the lead coordinator of the Pacific Disaster Risk Management Partnership Network (Partnership Network) will play a key role in ensuring that partner members are aware of JNAP priorities and of the local implementation arrangements. SOPAC may also provide an opportunity to NEMO, acting on behalf of the Task Force, to present the JNAP at the next meeting of the Partnership Network. Similarly, the Secretariat for the Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP) as the coordinator of the Climate Change Roundtable will communicate JNAP priorities to climate change partners.
The table below summarises the roles and responsibilities of all stakeholders within the JNAP management structure.
Table 5.4: Roles and responsibilities for JNAP implementation.
Stakeholder Group Role/ResponsibilityNEMO High level oversight, policy guidance and direction for disaster risk →
management institutional strengthening and capacity building
Review of JNAP implementation progress→ NECC High level oversight, policy guidance and direction for climate →
change adaptation and mitigation
Review of JNAP implementation progress→ Task Force Participate in advocacy for the JNAP at different level internally →
within Tonga and also with donors and development partners.
Assist Ministries to integrate JNAP actions into Corporate Plans and → Annual Management Plans.
Develop project profiles and related documentation to facilitate → requests for funding and technical assistance from donors and development partners and assist Ministries in this connection when required.
Develop and implement a communication strategy to support JNAP → implementation including the identification of the requisite resource requirements and associated costs.
Work with donors and development partners to secure funding and → technical assistance to implement JNAP actions
Ensure that thorough monitoring, evaluation and reporting is → undertaken in relation to JNAP implementation and work closely with the relevant Ministries and other key stakeholders in this regard.
Provide regular reports and at a minimum of six (6) month intervals to → the NECCC, NEMC, PACC and Cabinet on JNAP implementation.
Submit reports and acquittals to donors and development partners → in relation to any specific funding and technical assistance that may be provided for JNAP implementation.
NEMO/MECC Facilitate regular Task Force meetings→ Follow up on JNAP implementation with Ministries and agencies→ Facilitate reporting to NECC, NEMC, Cabinet, development → partners and donors
JOINT NATIONAL ACTION PLAN ON CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT 2010–201550
Ministries, agencies and local partners
Ministries and agencies: Facilitate the integration of JNAP actions → into Corporate Plans and Annual Management Plans
Local partners: Facilitate integration of JNAP actions into → respective planning and budget systems
Facilitate implementation of JNAP actions in coordination with the → Task Force
Ensure progress reporting on JNAP implementation and assist in → the evaluation.
Advocate for CCA and DRM→ Villages and Community groups
Support JNAP implementation→ Provide feedback to assist monitoring and evaluation→
Development partners and donors
SOPAC: inform members of the Partnership Network of the JNAP → and implementation programme
All regional and international development partners and donors: → liaise with NEMO and MECC and other local stakeholders in support of JNAP actions
5.6 Financing StrategyThe financing of JNAP implementation is to be facilitated through two basic approaches. These acknowledge that in relation to the overall costs and in particular that the anticipated contribution from the Government will be through in-kind support largely the dedication of staff time. Financial costs of implementing the actions are to be provided for by development partners and donors.
The first aspect of the strategy involves the securing of costs of staff time through the Government planning and budgetary system. To ensure that the relevant Ministries have committed the time of their staff to the implementation of the JNAP the following will be addressed by the Task Force:1. The Task Force, following the approval of the relevant Ministry CEO, will lead ‘JNAP’
reviews of all existing Corporate Plans for each Ministry and insert as appropriate a strategy to commit the Ministry to the implementation of the Tonga JNAP for CCA & DRM.
2. In connection with 1 above the Task Force will review and edit the Annual Management Plan for the relevant Ministries, for the period 2010–2011. In this way each Ministry’s Annual Management Plan for 2010–2011 will reflect a commitment to the implementation of the actions under the JNAP for which a particular Ministry may be responsible.
This approach effectively commences the process of mainstreaming of CCA & DRM within the planning and budgetary system of each agency. As the momentum and support for CCA & DRM increases within the Government this approach will hopefully facilitate increased and investments (over time) by the various Ministries in terms of funding the ‘in-kind’ and in addition the ‘financial’ commitments for CCA & DRM.
JOINT NATIONAL ACTION PLAN ON CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT 2010–2015 51
A diagrammatic illustration of this approach under the financing strategy is shown below.
The second approach is in relation to securing of financial assistance through external donors and development partners. The Ministry of Finance has established guidelines for securing support from external sources and the process will be utilised in JNAP implementation. The considerations are as follows:1. Any project funding proposals (whether or not pledges of support have been received
directly by either the Task Force or an individual Ministry) are to be submitted to the Ministry of Finance for consideration by the Project & Aid Coordinating Committee (PACC);
2. Proposals with a value in excess of TOP$2 million will be considered by the PACC and if supported be submitted to the Expenditure Review Committee of Cabinet;
3. Proposal with a value up to and including TOP$2 million will be processed and approved (or declined) as the case may be by the PACC;
4. On receipt of approval for the funding from the PACC the Task Force and relevant Ministry is to complete funding arrangements with the relevant donor/partners; normally concluded with a Memorandum or Letter of Agreement;
5. Each Ministry for which funding is being provided by an external donor or partner will be required to liaise with the Ministry of Finance (Treasury) to establish bank accounts to facilitate funding flows; and
6. The reporting requirements/acquittals system prescribed by the Ministry of Finance for all financial transactions in relation to JNAP implementation shall apply. In addition, the Task Force and/or the relevant Ministry shall ensure compliance with any financial and administrative reporting requirements stipulated by donors and partners.
TASK FORCE
Ministries
3-year MinisterialBudget
Projections
Task Force support relevant Ministries to revised
Corporate Plans and AnnualManagement Plans and
incorporate JNAP actions
JNAP actions integrated into CPs and AMPs
Ministry of Finance
MoF budgets for staff time commitments
(salaries) in connectionwith revised CPs and
AMPs
Corporate Plan
Annual Management
Plan
Figure 5.3: Financing Strategy Approach.
JOINT NATIONAL ACTION PLAN ON CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT 2010–201552
An illustration of the process of securing funding support is shown below.
There are a number of sources of funding for JNAP implementation. Some of these have been ‘secured’ and merely await the outcome of detailed implementation planning discussions between donor/partner representatives and the relevant Ministries in Tonga. There are two (2) broad categories of funding available for JNAP implementation viz ‘climate change funding’ which will largely be coordinated through the Ministry of Environment and Climate Change and ‘DRM funding’ which may often be channelled through the Ministry of Works and specifically through the NEMO. In some instances funding support will be arranged by donors and partners directly with a Ministry responsible for a particular JNAP action.
The identified sources of funding are:
• ACP/EU Natural Disaster Facility (coordinated by SOPAC) o €1.868 million for PICs
• AusAID National Action Plan Facility (coordinated by SOPAC) o A$2.265 million for PICs
• GEF/UNDP Pacific Adaptation to Climate Change Project (coordinated by SPREP) o USD$750,000 for Water security in Hihifo
• AusAID ICCAI (coordinated in Tonga by MECC) o A$100,000 identified for feasibility study in Haápai
• GTZ/SPC Project on Forestry adaptation (coordinated in Tonga by MECC) o €4.2 million for 3 Pacific island countries: Tonga, Fiji and Vanuatu
• GTZ (coordinated in Tonga by MECC) o €10 million for Pacific island countries
• ADB/WB Pilot Programme on Climate Resilience (coordinated in Tonga by MECC) o US$0.25million (phase 1) o US$6–8 million (phase 2) for Tonga
• Government of Germany/IUCN Mangrove Ecosystems Climate Change and Livelihood Project (coordinated in Tonga by MECC)
o US$1 million+ o Coastal protection, GHG, conservation
• GEF/UNDP – Second National Communication (coordinated in Tonga by MECC) o USD$405,000
TASK FORCE
Ministries
1. Task Force support proposals for funding by
Ministries
5. Ministry establishes MoA/LoA with donors/partner and sets up bank account (with MoF
approval) to facilitate funding flows
3. ERC considers/ approves project proposals over TOP
2 million
2. PACC approves project proposals up to TOP 2 million
4. Approvals conveyed to Ministries
Ministry of Finance
ERC
PACC
Figure 5.4: External assistance process.
JOINT NATIONAL ACTION PLAN ON CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT 2010–2015 53
• GEF/UNDP – Third National Communication (coordinated in Tonga by MECC) o USD$20,000 (phase 1) o USD$480,000 (phase 2)
• GEF3/4 o US$120,000
• GEF 5 o US$2 million for climate change focal area
• UNFCCC Secretariat (coordinated in Tonga by MECC)
o US10 billion globally for adaptation for countries that have ‘associated’ with the Copenhagen Accord and 10% of this global funds has been allocated for Alliance of Small Island Developing States (AOSIS)
• Tonga Climate Change Roundtable/UNDP (coordinated by MECC) o USD$15,000
• Bilateral o Australia; A$2million for Tonga o New Zealand: not yet confirmed o Japan/JICA Cool Earth Partnership (coordinated by MECC) not yet confirmed
5.7 Communication StrategyThe communication of the JNAP to all stakeholders local and external is critical to the success of the initiative and through bringing about a change in attitudes and practices in relation to the impacts of climate change and the risk posed by natural hazards and disasters.
A comprehensive communication strategy for the JNAP will be developed by the Task Force following the Cabinet approval of the JNAP. It is recognised however that as the implementation of the JNAP commences some communication and awareness will need to be undertaken. This will foreshadow the main communications strategy that will be developed.
Some of the considerations the communications strategy will cover include:• Ensuring that Cabinet and key government fora such as the Project & Aid Coordinating
Committee (under the Ministry of Finance & Planning) are regularly updated on JNAP implementation progress
• Strengthening communication linkages with various regional development committees in order to facilitate the communication of the JNAP to rural communities
• Maximising the use of free-to-air broadcasts on radio and television through the Ministry of Finance
• Utilising specialist public relations expertise to help define and develop awareness campaigns and associated material
• Using the networks provided through church and affiliated groups to ensure wide dissemination of information
JOINT NATIONAL ACTION PLAN ON CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT 2010–201554
5.8 Monitoring and EvaluationThe monitoring, evaluation and reporting of implementation progress in relation to the JNAP is to be managed through a range of mechanisms noting that there are a number of key stakeholders that will contribute to or assist the Government. In compiling reports those responsible will be required to undertake evaluations to determine the extent of progress in terms of qualitative and quantitative indicators in the JNAP and record any lessons learned to help identify future interventions in relation to CCA & DRM.
Internally the Task Force and each Ministry that is a member of it will need to observe the reporting requirements of the Ministry of Finance. There are also reporting requirements to the National Environment and Climate Change Committee, National Emergency Management Committee, Project and Aid Coordinating Committee and Cabinet. The Task Force will be required to submit reports to these fora at least once every six (6) months.
In terms of donors and partners, the Task Force is obliged to fulfil reporting requirements in line with any Memorandum of Agreement/Letter of Agreement (MoA/LoA) which donors or partners may prescribe to outline the nature of support each will provide for JNAP implementation. In cases where such MoA/LoA are concluded directly with a given Ministry, each such Ministry will be required to provide reports directly to the relevant donor or partner in the format prescribed and inform the Task Force of the same.
The Task Force will also be required to develop reports to fulfil Tonga’s reporting obligations at regional level and global level in terms of contributing to progress reports against the:• Pacific Disaster Risk Reduction and Disaster Management Framework for Action
2005–2015• Hyogo Framework for Action• Pacific Islands Framework for Action on Climate Change 2006–2015• UN Framework Convention on Climate Change
The regional and global reports will be developed with the support of SOPAC and SPREP.
The table below summarises the reporting requirements in relation to JNAP implementation.
Table 5.5: Roles and responsibilities for JNAP reporting.
Stakeholder Group Reporting Role/ResponsibilityTask Force Assist each member’s line ministry’s with respective reports on →
JNAP implementation
Report progress against Memorandum of Agreement/Letter of → Agreement with donors and development partners
Report implementation progress at least once every 6 months to → the NECCC, NEMC, PACC and Cabinet
Develop reports to fulfil Tonga’s reporting obligations at regional → level and global level
Ministries Report to Ministry of Finance on JNAP implementation in relation → to Corporate Plans and Annual Management Plans
Report progress against Memorandum of Agreement/Letter of → Agreement with donors and development partners
Contribute to reporting obligations of the Task Force→ Development partners and donors
Prescribe reporting requirements for Memorandum of Agreement/→ Letter of Agreement
SOPAC: prescribe reporting requirement in relation to the Pacific → DRR & DM Framework for Action
SPREP: prescribe reporting requirement in relation to the PIFACC→
JOINT NATIONAL ACTION PLAN ON CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT 2010–2015 55
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REFERENCES
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ANN
EXU
RES
JOINT NATIONAL ACTION PLAN ON CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT 2010–2015 57
Sch
edul
e of
JNA
P C
ount
ry E
ngag
emen
ts
Act
ivity
Tim
ing
Res
ult
CO
UN
TRY
ENG
AG
EMEN
T 1
Hig
h Le
vel A
dvoc
acy
Team
Vis
it O
ctob
er 2
009
•
End
orse
men
t by
Cab
inet
for
the
form
ulat
ion
of th
e JN
AP
on
CC
A &
DR
M
CO
UN
TRY
ENG
AG
EMEN
T 2
Vuln
erab
ility
Ass
essm
ents
Com
mun
ityG
over
nmen
t Dep
ts, N
GO
sN
ovem
ber
8 –
Dec
embe
r 21
200
9
Janu
ary
8 –
15 2
010
•
CC
A &
DR
M in
dent
ified
by
com
mun
ities
, Gov
ernm
ent
Dep
artm
ents
and
Non
Gov
ernm
ent O
rgan
isat
ions
CO
UN
TRY
ENG
AG
EMEN
T 3
Prio
tisat
ion
of is
sues
to b
e in
clud
ed in
JN
AP
Jan
uary
18
– 22
•
CC
A &
DR
M r
oot c
ause
s an
d so
lutio
ns i
dent
ified
• C
CA
& D
RM
sol
utio
ns p
riorit
ised
and
JN
AP
act
ion
mat
rix
prep
ared
CO
UN
TRY
ENG
AG
EMEN
T 4
Cos
ting
of J
NA
P ac
tions
Feb
ruar
y 8
– 19
•
Res
ourc
es a
nd c
osts
of J
NA
P a
ctio
ns id
entifi
ed fr
om
stak
ehol
ders
CO
UN
TRY
ENG
AG
EMEN
T 5
Dev
elop
men
t of
Impl
emen
tatio
n,
Mon
itorin
g, E
valu
atio
n P
lan
JNA
P Te
xt D
evel
oped
and
Rev
iew
ed
Pres
enta
tion
of J
NA
P to
Cab
inet
Mar
ch 2
9 –
Apr
il 2
May
-Jun
e, 2
010
June
201
0
• Im
plem
enta
tion
prin
cipl
es a
nd s
truc
ture
agr
eed
• M
onito
ring
and
eval
uatio
n st
rate
gy a
gree
d
• JN
AP
mat
rix r
evie
wed
and
fian
lised
• D
raft
deve
lope
d by
Tas
k F
orce
• S
PR
EP
and
SO
PAC
edi
ting
cont
inue
s
• F
inal
Dra
ft ag
reed
• C
abin
et a
ppro
val o
f JN
AP
/PIP
anne
x 1
JOINT NATIONAL ACTION PLAN ON CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT 2010–201558
JNA
P L
ogfr
ame
Mat
rix
for
Ton
ga’s
JNA
P o
n C
limat
e C
hang
e A
dapt
atio
n an
d D
isas
ter
Ris
k M
anag
emen
t, 2
01
0–
20
15
anne
x 2
VIS
ION
SA
FE, H
EALT
HY, S
ECU
RE
AND
RES
ILIE
NT C
OM
MU
NIT
IES
TO
CLI
MA
TE
CHA
NGE
IMP
AC
TS
AND
DIS
AS
TER
RIS
KS
GO
ALS
1
Impr
oved
goo
d go
vern
ance
for c
limat
e ch
ange
ada
ptat
ion
and
disa
ster
risk
man
agem
ent (
mai
nstr
eam
ing,
dec
isio
n m
akin
g, o
rgan
izat
iona
l an
d in
stitu
tiona
l pol
icy
fram
ewor
ks)
2
Enha
nced
tech
nica
l kno
wle
dge
base
, inf
orm
atio
n, e
duca
tion
and
unde
rsta
ndin
g of
clim
ate
chan
ge a
dapt
atio
n an
d ef
fect
ive
disa
ster
ris
k m
anag
emen
t
3
Ana
lysi
s an
d as
sess
men
ts o
f vul
nera
bilit
y to
clim
ate
chan
ge im
pact
s an
d di
sast
er ri
sks
4
Enha
nced
com
mun
ity p
repa
redn
ess
and
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lienc
e to
impa
cts
of a
ll di
sast
ers
5
Tech
nica
lly re
liabl
e, e
cono
mic
ally
affo
rdab
le a
nd e
nviro
nmen
tally
sou
nd e
nerg
y to
sup
port
the
sust
aina
ble
deve
lopm
ent o
f the
Kin
gdom
6
Stro
ng p
artn
ersh
ips,
coo
pera
tion
and
colla
bora
tion
with
in g
over
nmen
t age
ncie
s an
d w
ith C
ivil
Soci
etie
s, N
on G
over
nmen
t Org
anis
atio
ns
and
the
Priv
ate
Sect
ors
JOINT NATIONAL ACTION PLAN ON CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT 2010–2015 59
GO
AL
1
IMP
RO
VED
GO
OD
GO
VER
NANC
E FO
R C
LIM
AT
E C
HANG
E A
DA
PT
AT
ION
AND
DIS
AS
TER
RIS
K M
ANA
GEM
ENT
(MA
INS
TR
EAM
ING
, DEC
ISIO
N M
AKI
NG, O
RG
ANI
ZAT
IONA
L A
ND IN
ST
ITU
TIO
NAL
PO
LIC
Y F
RA
MEW
OR
KS)
Obj
ectiv
es
• D
evel
op a
n en
ablin
g po
licy
and
capa
city
to s
tren
gthe
n pl
anni
ng a
nd d
ecis
ion
mak
ing
proc
esse
s w
ith th
e in
corp
orat
ion
of re
leva
nt c
limat
e ch
ange
and
di
sast
er r
isk
man
agem
ent c
onsi
dera
tions
• S
tren
gthe
n in
stitu
tiona
l arr
ange
men
ts a
nd c
apac
ity fo
r cl
imat
e ch
ange
and
dis
aste
r ris
k m
anag
emen
t in
Vava
ú, H
aápa
i, É
ua a
nd in
the
Niu
as
Rat
iona
le
Mai
nstr
eam
ing
of C
CA
& D
RM
at l
evel
s of
gov
ernm
ent,
non-
gove
rnm
ent,
priv
ate
sect
or s
ervi
ces
and
com
mun
ities
is c
ritic
al s
o th
at a
dequ
ate
mea
sure
s ca
n be
und
erta
ken
to m
inim
ize
thei
r adv
erse
con
sequ
ence
s. T
he m
ains
trea
min
g w
ill e
nsur
e th
at a
ppro
pria
te a
ctio
ns a
nd re
sour
ces
are
com
mitt
ed to
enh
ance
sa
fety
of p
eopl
e th
eir p
rope
rtie
s/as
sets
and
reso
urce
s lo
cate
d in
hig
h vu
lner
able
are
as.
Effe
ctiv
e m
ains
trea
min
g of
CC
A &
DR
M in
to d
evel
opm
ent p
lann
ing
and
budg
etar
y pr
oces
ses
requ
ire a
n en
ablin
g po
licie
s, le
gal f
ram
ewor
k, s
tron
g in
stitu
tiona
l arr
ange
men
ts a
t all
leve
ls a
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prov
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ood
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rnan
ce a
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deci
sion
mak
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dem
onst
rate
d in
sou
nd a
nd in
tegr
ated
dec
isio
n m
akin
g.
Out
com
es
• S
tron
g in
stitu
tiona
l arr
ange
men
ts fo
r cl
imat
e ch
ange
and
dis
aste
r ris
k m
anag
emen
t
• C
CA
& D
RM
mai
nstr
eam
ed in
to p
lann
ing,
dec
isio
n m
akin
g an
d bu
dget
ary
proc
esse
s
Out
com
e In
dica
tors
• C
CA
& D
RM
con
side
ratio
ns m
ains
trea
med
into
Gov
ernm
ent M
inis
trie
s/D
epar
tmen
ts C
orpo
rate
and
Ann
ual M
anag
emen
t Pla
ns, d
ecis
ion
mak
ing
and
budg
etar
y pr
oces
ses
• D
istr
ict E
mer
genc
y co
mm
ittee
s es
tabl
ishe
d an
d fu
nctio
nal
• D
istr
ict
emer
genc
y a
nd
Min
istr
y of
Env
ironm
ent
and
Clim
ate
Cha
nge
offic
es e
stab
lishe
d as
coo
rdin
atin
g ce
nter
s fo
r C
CA
& D
RM
in
the
oute
r is
land
s
• S
tren
gthe
ned
Wat
er B
oard
cap
acity
• F
anga
uta
Lago
on M
anag
emen
t Pla
n im
plem
ente
d
• S
tren
gthe
ned
Cap
acity
for
build
ing
code
enf
orce
men
t
• Le
gal F
ram
ewor
k fo
r M
eteo
rolo
gy a
ppro
ved
and
impl
emen
ted
JOINT NATIONAL ACTION PLAN ON CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT 2010–201560
Goa
l 1 K
ey A
ctio
ns a
nd S
ub A
ctio
ns
Key
Act
ions
Sub
Act
ions
Res
pons
ible
A
genc
ies
Part
ner
agen
cies
1.1
Rev
iew
land
/wat
er (
coas
tal a
rea/
lago
on w
ater
s) p
olic
y fo
r su
b-
divi
sion
s to
inco
rpor
ate
risks
m
anag
emen
t crit
eria
1.1.
1 P
repa
re T
OR
and
eng
age
a TA
for
1 m
onth
to r
evie
w o
f cur
rent
land
co
asta
l are
a s
ub-d
ivis
ion’
s po
licy
1.1.
2 O
rgan
ise
a 2
day
wor
ksho
p w
ith r
elat
ed m
inis
try
to fo
rmul
ate
a ca
bine
t su
bmis
sion
MLS
NR
, ME
CC
, F
ishe
ries
TW
B,
1.2
Rev
iew
bui
ldin
g co
de to
in
coop
orat
e C
CA
DR
M c
riter
ia1.
2.1
Org
anis
e a
2 d
ay w
orks
hop
to in
tegr
ate
CC
A &
DR
M c
onsi
dera
tions
into
bu
ildin
g co
de a
nd to
iden
tify
capa
city
con
stra
ints
(hu
man
and
fina
ncia
l re
sour
ces,
faci
litie
s) t
o en
forc
e bu
ildin
g co
de
1.2.
2 Im
plem
ent m
easu
res
iden
tified
to a
ddre
ss c
apac
ity c
onst
rain
ts
MO
W/N
EM
OM
EC
C
1.3
Impl
emen
t exi
stin
g La
goon
M
anag
emen
t Pla
n1.
3.1
See
d fu
ndin
g fo
r th
e in
itial
impl
emen
tatio
n of
prio
ritie
s 1.
3.2
Eng
age
a TA
for
cost
and
dev
elop
gra
nt
prop
osal
s fo
r fu
ll im
plem
enta
tion
ME
CC
, MLS
NR
TW
B, F
ishe
ries,
C
omm
unity
gro
ups
1.4
Con
duct
CC
A a
nd D
RM
m
ains
trea
min
g tr
aini
ng fo
r ke
y na
tiona
l sta
keho
lder
s
1.4.
1 C
ondu
ct C
CA
& D
RM
mai
nstr
eam
ing
wor
ksho
ps fo
r C
EO
and
Dep
uty
CE
Os.
1.4.
2 C
ondu
ct 1
day
mai
nstr
eam
ing
wor
ksho
p fo
r se
nior
offi
cial
s to
en
sure
inco
rpor
atio
n of
CC
A &
DR
M is
sues
into
Cor
pora
te &
Ann
ual
Man
agem
ent P
lans
.
1.4.
3 C
ondu
ct 2
day
mai
nstr
eam
ing
wor
ksho
p w
ith P
MO
and
Pla
nnin
g O
ffice
st
aff f
or in
corp
orat
ion
of C
CA
& D
RM
issu
es in
to th
e ou
ter
isla
nds
deve
lopm
ent p
lans
.
ME
CC
, NE
MO
Min
istr
y of
Fin
ance
an
d P
lann
ing,
P
MO
1.5
Est
ablis
h di
stric
t em
erge
ncy
offic
e an
d st
aff i
n É
ua, H
aápa
i, Va
vaú
and
Niu
as
1.5.
1 P
repa
re c
ostin
g fo
r es
tabl
ishm
ent o
f new
offi
ces
in th
e ou
ter
isla
nds.
1.
5.2
See
k C
abin
et a
ppro
val f
or n
ew o
ffice
s an
d re
late
d re
sour
ce
requ
irem
ents
1.
5.3
Pro
vide
res
ourc
es fo
r th
e op
erat
ion
of n
ew o
ffice
s
NE
MO
PM
O, G
over
nors
’ O
ffice
s
1.6
Est
ablis
h di
stric
t offi
ce fo
r th
e M
inis
try
of E
nviro
nmen
t and
C
limat
e C
hang
e in
Vav
aú, É
ua a
nd
Niu
a
1.6.
1 P
repa
re c
ostin
g fo
r es
tabl
ishm
ent o
f new
offi
ces
in th
e ou
ter
isla
nds.
1.
6.2
See
k C
abin
et a
ppro
val f
or n
ew o
ffice
s an
d re
late
d re
sour
ce
requ
irem
ents
1.6.
3 P
rovi
de r
esou
rces
for
the
oper
atio
n of
new
offi
ces
ME
CC
PM
O, G
over
nors
’ O
ffice
s
JOINT NATIONAL ACTION PLAN ON CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT 2010–2015 61
Key
Act
ions
Sub
Act
ions
Res
pons
ible
A
genc
ies
Part
ner
agen
cies
1.7
Est
ablis
h di
stric
t clim
ate
chan
ge
and
emer
genc
y co
mm
ittee
s an
d pl
ans
(Vav
aú, H
aápa
i, N
iua,
Éua
)
1.7.
1 F
acili
tate
the
esta
blis
hmen
ts o
f com
mitt
ees
thro
ugh
cons
ulta
tion
and
wor
ksho
ps a
t Vav
a’u,
Haá
pai.
Niu
as to
ena
ble
the
esta
blis
hmen
t of
clim
ate
chan
ge a
nd e
mer
genc
y co
mm
ittee
s an
d de
velo
pmen
t of p
lans
ME
CC
, NE
MO
PM
O, G
over
nors
’ O
ffice
s
1.8
Con
duct
trai
ning
for
the
form
ulat
ion
of a
genc
y’s
emer
genc
y su
ppor
t pl
an (
incl
udin
g ev
acua
tion
plan
)
1.8.
1 E
ngag
e TA
to: (
i) co
nduc
t rel
evan
t tra
inin
g fo
r se
lect
ed r
eps
from
ke
y ag
enci
es. (
ii) fa
cilit
ate
for
3 da
ys th
e de
velo
pmen
t of a
n ag
ency
em
erge
ncy
supp
ort p
lan
NE
MO
, ME
CC
PM
O, G
over
nors
’ O
ffice
s
1.9
Ass
ess
and
impl
emen
t ins
titut
iona
l an
d po
licy
stre
ngth
enin
g ne
eds
of
the
TW
B/M
OH
/MLS
NR
to im
prov
e w
ater
gov
erna
nce
in u
rban
are
as/
villa
ges
and
oute
r is
land
s
1.9.
1 E
ngag
e a
TA to
rev
iew
cur
rent
TW
B/M
OH
/MLS
NR
inst
itutio
nal a
nd
tech
nica
l arr
ange
men
ts r
equi
rem
ents
in li
ne w
ith th
e pr
opos
ed W
ater
Bill
1.9.
2 Im
plem
ent
prio
rity
findi
ngs
from
the
revi
ew (
1.8.
1)
TW
B, M
LSN
R,
MO
HP
MO
, Gov
erno
rs’
Offi
ces
1.10
Dev
elop
mec
hani
sm to
form
alis
e an
d pr
omot
e st
rong
sec
tora
l co
ordi
natio
n am
ong
sect
ors
resp
onsi
ble
for
CC
A &
DR
M
1.10
.1 O
rgan
ise
quar
terly
mee
tings
(to
ens
ure
cont
inui
ty)
of th
e C
CA
& D
RM
te
chni
cal c
omm
ittee
sM
EC
C, N
EM
OA
ll lin
e ag
enci
es
1.11
D
evel
op a
Leg
al fr
amew
ork
for
Met
eoro
logy
1.11
.1 I
mpl
emen
t and
pas
s a
Met
eoro
logy
Bill
(A
ct)
to e
stab
lish
the
Met
eoro
logi
cal S
ervi
ce
1.11
.2 D
evel
op a
nd im
plem
ent M
etel
orol
ogy
Reg
ulat
ions
to g
over
n m
eteo
rolo
gy fu
nctio
ns, r
ecov
ery
of c
osts
for
cert
ain
serv
ices
, ser
vice
pr
ovis
ion,
dat
a m
anag
emen
t pol
icie
s an
d w
arni
ngs
and
mon
itorin
g
ME
CC
,ME
T,
NE
MO
All
line
agen
cies
JOINT NATIONAL ACTION PLAN ON CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT 2010–201562
GO
AL
2
ENHA
NCED
TEC
HNIC
AL
KNO
WLE
DG
E B
AS
E, IN
FOR
MA
TIO
N, E
DU
CA
TIO
N A
ND U
NDER
ST
AND
ING
OF
CLI
MA
TE
CHA
NGE
AD
AP
TA
TIO
N A
ND E
FFEC
TIV
E D
ISA
ST
ER R
ISK
MA
NAG
EMEN
T
Obj
ectiv
es
• Im
prov
e sc
ienc
e an
d te
chni
cal k
now
ledg
e ba
se w
ithin
key
gov
ernm
ent a
genc
ies
• In
crea
se r
elev
ant e
duca
tion
and
com
mun
ity a
war
enes
s pr
ogra
mm
es
• S
tren
gthe
n ev
iden
ce-b
ased
dec
isio
n an
d po
licy
mak
ing
thro
ugh
use
of r
elev
ant a
nd u
pdat
ed in
form
atio
n
Rat
iona
le
Effi
cien
t, ef
fect
ive
and
tim
ely
diss
emin
atio
n of
acc
urat
e, u
p-da
te s
cien
ce b
ased
inf
orm
atio
n on
clim
ate
chan
ge a
dapt
atio
n C
CA
& D
RM
is v
ital.
Thi
s in
form
atio
n sy
stem
is
also
nec
essa
ry n
ot o
nly
to r
etai
ning
and
/or
stre
ngth
enin
g tr
aditi
onal
and
con
tem
pora
ry k
now
ledg
e b
ut w
ill a
lso
inc
reas
e th
e un
ders
tand
ing
of C
CA
& D
RM
issu
es a
t bot
h na
tiona
l and
com
mun
ity le
vels
.
Sci
entifi
c kn
owle
dge,
mod
ellin
g an
d pr
ojec
tions
thr
ough
app
ropr
iate
use
of
Info
rmat
ion
Com
mun
icat
ion
Tech
nolo
gy (
ICT
), m
ust
be
utili
zed
to f
ully
un
ders
tand
the
cur
rent
and
fut
ure
effe
cts
of E
l Niñ
o an
d la
Niñ
a,
natu
ral d
isas
ters
, ex
trem
e w
eath
er e
vent
s, a
nd
geol
ogic
al h
azar
ds. T
onga
nee
ds t
o es
tabl
ish
and
stre
amlin
e a
ICT
Net
wor
k sy
stem
with
the
pub
lic a
nd c
ivil
soci
etie
s to
fac
ilita
te a
dequ
ate
adap
tatio
n an
d re
spon
ses
to t
hese
dis
astr
ous
effe
cts.
Bot
h fo
rmal
and
info
rmal
edu
catio
n an
d aw
aren
ess
prog
ram
mes
are
crit
ical
f
or im
prov
ed a
war
enes
s on
CC
A
and
DR
M a
nd h
ow t
he I
CT
coul
d be
th
e ve
hicl
e fo
r th
is i
mpr
oved
aw
aren
ess.
Edu
catio
n, o
ngoi
ng r
esea
rch,
and
app
licat
ion
of s
cien
tific
prin
cipl
es p
rom
ote
the
surv
ival
and
con
tinui
ty o
f co
mm
uniti
es, a
s th
is p
rom
otes
dem
ocra
tizat
ion
of p
roce
sses
and
soc
ial j
ustic
e, a
nd th
e ov
eral
l wel
fare
of t
he c
ount
ry.
Out
com
es
• In
crea
sed
and
mor
e co
mpr
ehen
sive
und
erst
andi
ng o
f CC
A &
DR
M
• S
mar
t and
effe
ctiv
e us
e of
ICT
for
CC
A &
DR
M in
form
atio
n m
anag
emen
t
• Im
prov
e ca
paci
ty fo
r cl
imat
e ch
ange
pro
ject
ion
and
appl
icat
ions
on
deve
lopm
ent p
lann
ing
Out
com
e In
dica
tors
• In
crea
sed
avai
labi
lity
of a
ccur
ate
and
cred
ible
dat
a an
d in
form
atio
n to
sup
port
CC
A &
DR
M in
itiat
ives
• Im
prov
ed k
now
ledg
e an
d un
ders
tand
ing
of C
CA
& D
RM
issu
es a
t all
leve
ls
• In
crea
sed
natio
nal c
apac
ity fo
r C
CA
& D
RM
• In
crea
sed
supp
ort a
nd in
volv
emen
t in
CC
A &
DR
M w
ork
from
all
leve
ls in
soc
iety
JOINT NATIONAL ACTION PLAN ON CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT 2010–2015 63
Goa
l 2 K
ey A
ctio
ns a
nd S
ub A
ctio
ns
Key
Act
ions
Sub
Act
ions
Res
pons
ible
A
genc
ies
Part
ner
agen
cies
2.1
Dev
elop
and
mak
e av
aila
ble
to th
e pu
blic
coa
stal
vul
nera
bilit
y m
aps
2.1.
1 U
nder
take
LID
AR
(lig
ht d
etec
tion
and
rang
ing)
sur
veys
to fa
cilit
ate
bath
ymet
ry a
nd to
pogr
aphi
c da
ta a
nd in
form
atio
n (s
urve
y, d
ata
anal
ysis
, tr
aini
ng a
nd m
ap p
repa
ratio
n) fo
r Ton
gata
pu
2.1.
2 P
repa
re m
aps
of h
ighl
y vu
lner
able
coa
stal
are
as in
Ton
gata
pu
2.1.
3 C
ondu
ct w
orks
hops
to in
form
com
mun
ity a
nd p
rivat
e se
ctor
s of
the
vuln
erab
le c
oast
al a
reas
in T
onga
tapu
MLS
NR
, ME
CC
MA
FF
F, T
DS
, T
WB
, Red
Cro
ss
2.2
Impr
ove
and
upda
te e
xist
ing
fish
and
cora
l dat
a ba
se to
ass
ess
impa
cts
of c
limat
e ch
ange
1.2.
1 O
rgan
ise
a 2
day
wor
ksho
p to
inte
grat
e C
CA
& D
RM
con
side
ratio
ns in
to
build
ing
code
and
to id
entif
y ca
paci
ty c
onst
rain
ts (
hum
an a
nd fi
nanc
ial
reso
urce
s, fa
cilit
ies)
to
enfo
rce
build
ing
code
1.2.
2 Im
plem
ent m
easu
res
iden
tified
to a
ddre
ss c
apac
ity c
onst
rain
ts
Dep
artm
ent
of F
ishe
ries
(MA
FF
F)
ME
CC
2.3
Doc
umen
t tra
ditio
nal k
now
ledg
e on
ear
ly w
arni
ng, f
ood
pres
erva
tion
and
land
man
agem
ent
2.3.
1 D
evel
op T
OR
for
a TA
to c
ompi
le c
urre
nt k
now
ledg
e
2.3.
2 E
ngag
e a
TA to
(i)
com
pile
trad
ition
al D
RM
kno
wle
dge
(ii)
esta
blis
h a
data
base
on
trad
ition
al k
now
ledg
e
2.3.
3 P
ublis
h fin
ding
s of
the
TA
2.3.
4 C
ondu
ct c
omm
unity
aw
aren
ess
of tr
aditi
onal
kno
wle
dge
Min
istr
y of
E
duca
tion
ME
CC
, NE
MO
, U
SP
2.4
Dev
elop
an
inte
grat
ed in
form
atio
n sy
stem
to m
anag
e te
mpo
ral a
nd
spat
ial i
nfor
mat
ion
on c
limat
e ch
ange
and
dis
aste
r ris
k
2.4.
1 C
ondu
ct a
5 d
ay w
orks
hop
on D
isas
ter
Info
rmat
ion
Man
agem
ent S
yste
m
for
all s
take
hold
ers
2.4.
2 P
rocu
re h
ardw
are
and
softw
are
requ
irem
ents
to s
uppo
rt a
n ef
ficie
nt
info
rmat
ion
syst
em
2.4.
3 Tr
ain
key
pers
onne
l to
mai
ntai
n th
e in
form
atio
n m
anag
emen
t sys
tem
2.4.
4 E
ngag
e a
TA to
dev
elop
an
impr
oved
and
pra
ctic
al in
form
atio
n sh
arin
g po
licy
betw
een
gove
rnm
ent d
epar
tmen
ts a
nd c
ivil
soci
etie
s an
d N
GO
s
NE
MO
, ME
CC
, T
WS
, G
eolo
gy, F
ire,
Pol
ice,
TD
S,
Hea
lth
JOINT NATIONAL ACTION PLAN ON CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT 2010–201564
Key
Act
ions
Sub
Act
ions
Res
pons
ible
A
genc
ies
Part
ner
agen
cies
2.5
Pro
vide
targ
eted
and
long
term
co
mm
unity
aw
aren
ess
prog
ram
mes
on
CC
A &
DR
M is
sues
; veg
etat
ion/
wat
ersh
ed s
ervi
ces
and
func
tions
in
rela
tion
to C
CA
& D
RM
2.5.
1 D
evel
op b
roch
ures
/aud
io o
n na
tura
l haz
ards
and
thei
r or
igin
s an
d im
pact
s
2.5.
2 D
evel
op b
roch
ures
/aud
io o
n cl
imat
e ch
ange
thei
r ca
uses
and
impa
cts
2.5.
3 D
istr
ibut
e br
ochu
res/
audi
o to
NG
O’s
, com
mun
ity g
roup
s an
d a
nd
scho
ols
2.5.
4 C
ondu
ct T
V a
nd r
adio
pro
gram
s
2.5.
5 P
ublis
h in
new
spap
er
2.5.
6 D
evel
op n
atio
nwid
e an
nual
(fo
r th
e ne
xt fi
ve y
ears
) sc
hool
qui
z pr
ogra
m
on C
CA
& D
RM
ME
CC
, NE
MO
, T
MS
, MA
FF
F,
Min
istr
y of
E
duca
tion,
M
edia
& P
rint
Civ
il so
ciet
ies
and
NG
Os
2.6
Dev
elop
and
impl
emen
t pub
lic
awar
enes
s pr
ogra
mm
e on
clim
ate
chan
ge a
nd r
elat
ed d
isea
ses
2.6.
1 D
evel
op T
V a
nd r
adio
ann
ounc
emen
tsM
inis
try
of
Hea
lthR
ed C
ross
, M
inis
try
of
Edu
catio
n
2.7
Det
erm
ine
clim
ate
chan
ge
impa
cts
on fi
sher
ies
in r
elat
ion
to fi
sh p
oiso
ning
and
cor
al r
eef
ecos
yste
ms
2.7.
1 E
ngag
e a
TA fo
r a
stud
y on
the
impa
ct o
f clim
ate
chan
ge o
n fis
herie
s an
d co
ral r
eefs
.
2.7.
2 Im
plem
ent p
riorit
y ac
tions
aris
ing
from
the
stud
y
Min
istr
y of
F
ishe
ries
ME
CC
2.8
Bui
ld c
apac
ity o
f soc
ial w
orke
rs o
n di
sast
er tr
aum
a co
unse
lling
2.
8.1
Eng
age
a TA
to (
i) de
velo
p tr
aini
ng p
rogr
am o
n co
unse
lling
(ii)
con
duct
tr
aini
ng o
f soc
ial w
orke
rs a
nd v
illag
e le
ader
s on
cou
nsel
ling
Red
Cro
ssM
inis
try
of H
ealth
, M
inis
try
of
Edu
catio
n
JOINT NATIONAL ACTION PLAN ON CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT 2010–2015 65
GO
AL
3
ANA
LYS
IS A
ND A
SS
ESS
MEN
TS
OF
VU
LNER
AB
ILIT
Y T
O C
LIM
AT
E C
HANG
E IM
PA
CT
S A
ND D
ISA
ST
ER R
ISKS
Obj
ectiv
es
• Im
plem
ent a
ppro
pria
te c
oast
al p
rote
ctio
n sy
stem
s
• Im
prov
e fis
herie
s an
d co
ral r
eef m
anag
emen
t in
view
of c
limat
e ch
ange
• S
tren
gthe
n co
mm
unity
-bas
ed c
apac
ity in
vul
nera
bilit
y an
d an
alys
is
• S
tren
gthe
n th
e ca
paci
ty fo
r im
plem
entin
g an
d en
forc
emen
t of i
mpa
ct a
sses
smen
ts
• A
sses
s w
ater
res
ourc
es a
nd s
uppl
y ca
paci
ty in
cap
itals
, vill
ages
and
out
er is
land
s
• A
sses
s im
pact
of c
limat
e ch
ange
on
vect
or b
orne
, wat
er b
orne
and
nut
ritio
nal r
elat
ed d
isea
ses
Rat
iona
le
The
effe
cts
of c
limat
e ch
ange
and
haz
ardo
us e
vent
s ca
n be
redu
ced
whe
n pe
ople
are
wel
l inf
orm
ed a
nd m
otiv
ated
to ta
ke a
ctio
n as
a c
ultu
re o
f pre
vent
ion
and
resi
lienc
e. I
nfor
med
clim
ate
adap
tatio
n an
d di
sast
er r
isk
redu
ctio
n ac
tiviti
es b
ased
on
com
mun
ity p
riorit
ies
are
the
basi
s fo
r su
ppor
ting
com
mun
ity
resi
lienc
e an
d su
stai
nabl
e de
velo
pmen
t.
Out
com
es
• P
rote
ctio
n of
coa
stal
are
as a
long
the
mos
t vul
nera
ble
low
-lyin
g ar
eas
and
agric
ultu
ral l
and
• R
atio
nal d
ata
and
info
rmat
ion
on d
isas
ter
occu
rren
ce a
nd c
limat
e ch
ange
impa
cts
will
be
avai
labl
e fo
r Ton
ga
• R
educ
tion
of u
nder
lyin
g ris
k fa
ctor
s
• A
dequ
ate
supp
ly o
f mar
ine
sea
food
s
• E
ffect
ive
plan
t reh
abili
tatio
n at
coa
stal
are
as
• E
stab
lishm
ent o
f vec
tor
cont
rol u
nit
• M
onito
ring
prog
ram
mes
that
link
clim
ate
chan
ge im
pact
s to
vec
tor-
wat
er-b
orne
and
nut
ritio
nal r
elat
ed d
isea
ses
JOINT NATIONAL ACTION PLAN ON CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT 2010–201566
Out
com
e In
dica
tors
• N
umbe
r of
Coa
stal
ero
sion
pro
ject
s co
mpl
eted
• N
umbe
r of
Coa
stal
veg
etat
ions
pro
ject
s co
mpl
eted
• R
ate
of fi
sher
y re
sour
ces
prod
uctio
n at
SM
A
• P
erce
ntag
e of
mar
ine
reso
urce
s, s
peci
es p
rodu
ced
and
cons
erve
d a
t MPA
• R
educ
tion
in th
e nu
mbe
r of
den
gue
feve
r, di
arrh
oeal
out
brea
k an
d nu
triti
onal
rel
ated
dis
ease
s
• H
igh
capa
city
of w
ater
res
ourc
es in
cap
itals
, vill
ages
and
out
er is
land
s
• G
ood
road
side
dra
inag
e sy
stem
s
• P
erce
ntag
e/ra
te o
f sur
viva
l and
pro
duct
ion
of to
lera
nt c
rops
to c
limat
e ch
ange
impa
cts
• N
umbe
r of
com
mun
ity p
ilot p
roje
cts
on o
rgan
ic fa
rmin
g co
mpl
eted
• A
ppro
pria
te c
limat
e ch
ange
mod
els
for T
onga
dev
elop
ed a
nd a
pplie
d in
futu
re v
ulne
rabi
lity
asse
ssm
ent
Goa
l 3 K
ey A
ctio
ns a
nd S
ub A
ctio
ns
Key
Act
ions
Sub
Act
ions
Res
pons
ible
A
genc
ies
Part
ner
agen
cies
3.1
Dev
elop
and
mak
e av
aila
ble
to th
e pu
blic
coa
stal
vul
nera
bilit
y m
aps
3.1.
1 E
ngag
e a
TA to
dev
elop
gui
delin
es o
n re
clam
atio
n
3.1.
2 S
ubm
it gu
idel
ines
for
endo
rsem
ent b
y re
leva
nt a
utho
ritie
s an
d C
abin
et.
3.1.
3 C
ondu
ct a
war
enes
s w
orks
hops
on
new
gui
delin
es
ME
CC
, MLS
NR
, M
OW
3.2
Des
ign
site
spe
cific
form
s of
coa
stal
pr
otec
tion
3.2.
1 E
ngag
e a
TA to
eva
luat
e ex
istin
g fo
rms
of c
oast
al p
rote
ctio
n
3.2.
2 D
evel
op a
pla
n fo
r co
asta
l pro
tect
ion
in s
peci
fic a
reas
3.2.
3 D
evel
op r
esou
rce
requ
irem
ents
and
cos
ts fo
r co
asta
l pro
tect
ion
plan
ME
CC
, MLS
NR
, M
OW
3.3
Eva
luat
e ex
istin
g re
plan
ting
sche
mes
and
impl
emen
t les
sons
le
arne
d
3.3.
1 E
ngag
e a
TA to
: (
i) as
sess
exi
stin
g re
plan
ting
sche
mes
inc
ludi
ng
coco
nut r
epla
ntin
g (ii
) as
sess
sta
te o
f ind
igen
ous
and
intr
oduc
ed h
ard
woo
d (ii
i) id
entif
y ar
eas
that
nee
d re
plan
ting
as th
e be
st m
eans
of
min
imis
ing
sea
spra
y an
d re
duci
ng c
oast
al e
rosi
on (
iv)
revi
ew e
xist
ing
nurs
erie
s (v
) re
com
men
d im
prov
emen
ts to
ens
ure
owne
rshi
p an
d su
stai
nabi
lity
3.3.
2 C
ondu
ct r
epla
ntin
g sc
hem
es
3.3.
3 D
evel
op a
mul
tipur
pose
tree
spe
cies
nur
sery
incl
udin
g (i)
nur
sery
es
tabl
ishm
ent (
ii) a
war
enes
s ra
isin
g on
the
impo
rtan
ce o
f pla
ntin
g ha
rd
woo
d (ii
i) di
strib
utio
n of
pla
ntin
g m
ater
ials
to fa
rmer
s
MA
FF
F,
MLS
NR
, ME
CC
Com
mun
ity g
roup
s
JOINT NATIONAL ACTION PLAN ON CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT 2010–2015 67
Key
Act
ions
Sub
Act
ions
Res
pons
ible
A
genc
ies
Part
ner
agen
cies
3.4
Dev
elop
cro
ps th
at a
re to
lera
nt to
th
e im
pact
s of
CC
3.
4.1
Sel
ect a
nd m
ake
avai
labl
e cr
ops
and
culti
vars
that
are
tol
eran
t to
CC
im
pact
s
MA
FF
F
3.5
Pro
mot
e th
e us
e of
indi
geno
us
and
loca
lly a
dapt
ed p
lant
s an
d tr
aditi
onal
farm
ing
syst
ems
3.5.
1 P
rodu
ce p
lant
ing
mat
eria
ls
3.5.
2 C
ondu
ct c
omm
unity
trai
ning
on
orga
nic,
trad
ition
al m
ixed
farm
ing
on
Tong
atap
u, H
a’ap
ai, V
avaú
3.5.
3 E
stab
lish
com
mun
ity p
ilot p
roje
cts
3.5.
4 P
repa
re e
duca
tion
leafl
ets
to b
e di
strib
uted
to fa
rmer
s th
roug
hout
the
coun
try
MA
FF
F, N
GO
/C
SO
3.6
Enh
ance
the
man
agem
ent a
nd
mon
itorin
g ca
paci
ty o
f com
mun
ity
Spe
cial
Man
agem
ent A
reas
(S
MA
)
3.6.
1 U
nder
take
trai
ning
for
com
mun
ities
in m
anag
emen
t and
mon
itorin
g of
S
MA
3.6.
2 C
ondu
ct c
omm
unity
fish
sto
ck a
sses
smen
ts a
nd fi
sh c
atch
dat
a co
llect
ion
3.6.
3 C
ondu
ct fi
sher
y re
sour
ces
enha
ncem
ent p
rogr
amm
e (a
quac
ultu
re,
incl
udin
g fa
rmed
cor
al a
nd a
quac
ultu
re o
f gia
nt c
lam
)
3.6.
4 P
rocu
re b
oats
and
eng
ines
to e
ffect
ivel
y m
onito
r S
MA
3.6.
5 E
xten
d th
e S
MA
and
FA
Ds
prog
ram
mes
to o
ther
com
mun
ities
Dep
artm
ent
of F
ishe
ries
(MA
FF
F)
CS
O
3.7
Min
imis
e liv
esto
ck im
pact
s on
ve
geta
tion
and
crop
s in
vie
w o
f CC
pr
ojec
tions
3.7.
1 E
ngag
e a
TA to
ass
ess
linka
ges
betw
een
lives
tock
farm
ing,
veg
etat
ion,
cr
ops
and
clim
ate
chan
ge im
pact
and
dis
aste
r ris
k
3.7.
2 R
evie
w a
nd a
men
d w
here
nec
essa
ry e
xist
ing
legi
slat
ion
on p
igge
ry
man
agem
ent/
owne
rshi
p in
line
with
the
asse
ssm
ent i
n 3.
7.1
3.7.
3 I
mpl
emen
t pro
pose
d ch
ange
s
3.7.
4 C
ondu
ct a
war
enes
s of
the
new
legi
slat
ion
MA
FF
F
3.8
Enh
ance
the
man
agem
ent a
nd
mon
itorin
g ca
paci
ty o
f gov
ernm
ent
Mar
ine
Pro
tect
ed A
reas
(M
PA)
3.8.
1 I
mpl
emen
t enf
orce
men
t of M
PA p
rote
ctio
n (n
o fis
hing
in M
PA)
thro
ugh
mar
ine
cons
erva
tion
offic
er a
nd fi
nes
acco
rdin
g to
the
Mar
ine
Man
agem
ent P
lan
3.8.
2 C
ondu
ct a
nnua
l cor
al r
eef m
onito
ring
of M
PAs
incl
udin
g cc
res
ilien
ce
indi
cato
rs in
to m
onito
ring
prog
ram
3.8.
3 E
xten
d th
e M
PA p
rogr
am to
oth
er a
reas
of T
onga
ME
CC
Min
istr
y of
Hea
lth,
Min
istr
y of
E
duca
tion
JOINT NATIONAL ACTION PLAN ON CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT 2010–201568
Key
Act
ions
Sub
Act
ions
Res
pons
ible
A
genc
ies
Part
ner
agen
cies
3.9
Pro
vide
trai
ning
on
inte
grat
ion
of
clim
ate
chan
ge a
nd d
isas
ter
risk
man
agem
ent i
n th
e E
IA p
roce
ss
3.9.
1 S
tren
gthe
n te
chni
cal c
apac
ity o
f the
CC
A &
DR
M a
genc
ies
to
syst
emat
ical
ly a
pply
ris
k as
sess
men
t and
vul
nera
bilit
y as
sess
men
ts
mea
sure
s an
d to
ols
in d
evel
opm
ent p
lann
ing
and
deci
sion
mak
ing
proc
esse
s
ME
CC
, MLS
NR
, T
VB
All
line
agen
cies
3.10
Im
prov
e/de
velo
p ro
adsi
de d
rain
age
syst
ems
3.10
.1 A
sses
s th
e co
nditi
ons
of r
oads
ide
drai
nage
sys
tem
s in
rur
al
area
s of
Ton
gata
pu, V
avau
and
Eua
3.10
.2 P
repa
re a
pla
n an
d co
stin
g fo
r th
e im
prov
emen
ts o
f roa
dsid
e
drai
nage
3.10
.3 I
mpl
emen
t pla
n pr
iorit
ies
MO
W, M
OT
3.11
A
sses
s w
ater
res
ourc
e ca
paci
ty in
ur
ban
cent
res,
vill
ages
and
out
er
isla
nds
3.11
.1 P
rovi
de m
onito
ring
faci
litie
s eq
uipm
ent a
nd h
ardw
are
for
com
preh
ensi
ve
asse
ssm
ent
3.11
.2 E
ngag
e a
TA to
ass
ess
wat
er c
apac
ities
, qua
lity
and
quan
tity
in u
rban
ce
ntre
s, v
illag
es a
nd o
uter
isla
nds
3.11
.3 D
evel
op g
rant
pro
posa
ls
3.11
.4 P
rocu
re p
otab
le d
esal
inat
ing
mac
hine
MLS
NR
, TW
B,
MO
H
NE
MO
3.12
Dev
elop
wat
er r
esou
rces
cap
acity
m
odel
s on
CC
sce
nario
s3.
12.1
Eng
age
a TA
to d
evel
op th
e m
odel
3.12
.2 C
ondu
ct tr
aini
ng o
f loc
al p
erso
nnel
on
the
appl
icat
ion
of th
e m
odel
MLS
NR
, TW
B,
TM
S
3.13
Con
duct
ass
essm
ents
and
trai
ning
on
the
impa
cts
of C
C o
n ve
ctor
/w
ater
born
e an
d nu
triri
onal
rel
ated
di
seas
es
3.13
.1 E
ngag
e a
TA to
ass
ess
deng
ue, d
iarr
hoel
and
nut
ritio
nal r
elat
ed
inci
denc
es in
Ton
gata
pu, É
ua, H
a’ap
ai, V
avaú
and
Niu
as3.
13.2
Dev
elop
vec
tor
cont
rol u
nit l
abor
ator
y w
ithin
the
exis
ting
faci
litie
s of
the
Min
istr
y of
Hea
lth a
nd b
uild
cap
acity
for
ento
mol
ogy
surv
eilla
nce
3.13
.3 u
ppor
t ide
ntifi
ed s
taff
to u
nder
go s
peci
alis
ed tr
aini
ng o
n ve
ctor
con
trol
3.
13.3
fac
ilita
te a
nat
iona
l wor
ksho
p on
vec
tor
cont
rol f
or k
ey p
ublic
hea
lth
pers
onne
l – c
olle
ctio
n, p
rese
rvat
ion,
iden
tifica
tion
and
repo
rtin
g3.
13.4
Col
lect
ion
of v
ecto
rs fo
r id
entifi
catio
n
MO
HU
SP,
SP
C, W
HO
3.14
Str
engt
hen
capa
city
in r
unni
ng,
inte
rpre
tatio
n an
d ap
plic
atio
n of
cl
imat
e ch
ange
mod
els
3.4.
1 E
ngag
e a
TA to
(i)
to c
ondu
ct tr
aini
ng o
n ru
nnin
g of
clim
ate
chan
ge
mod
els,
inte
rpre
tatio
n an
d ap
plic
atio
n in
pla
nnin
g (ii
) S
elec
t app
ropr
iate
m
odel
s th
at c
an b
ette
r re
flect
nat
iona
l situ
atio
n
ME
CC
, MA
FF
F,
NE
MO
, TM
SS
PR
EP,
SP
C
JOINT NATIONAL ACTION PLAN ON CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT 2010–2015 69
GO
AL
4
ENHA
NCED
CO
MM
UNI
TY
PR
EPA
RED
NES
S A
ND R
ESIL
IENC
E T
O IM
PA
CT
S O
F A
LL D
ISA
ST
ERS
Obj
ectiv
es
• In
crea
se r
esili
ence
of s
choo
l bui
ldin
gs a
nd to
uris
m s
ecto
r to
CC
A &
DR
M
• E
nsur
e fo
od a
nd w
ater
sec
urity
afte
r di
sast
er e
vent
s
• In
crea
se d
isas
ter
prep
ared
ness
, res
pons
es a
nd r
ecov
ery
of c
omm
unity
• S
tren
gthe
n w
eath
er m
onito
ring
netw
orks
and
fore
cast
ing
cent
res
• S
tren
gthe
n ea
rly w
arni
ng s
yste
ms
Rat
iona
le
Tong
a is
hig
hly
vuln
erab
le to
a s
erie
s of
clim
atic
and
non
clim
atic
rela
ted
haza
rds
beca
use
of it
s ge
ogra
phic
al lo
catio
n an
d ge
olog
ical
cha
ract
eris
tics
. It i
s lo
cate
d to
the
sout
hern
tip
of th
e C
yclo
ne B
elt h
ence
pro
ne to
all
sort
s of
hyd
ro-m
eteo
rolo
gica
l eve
nts.
It is
als
o lo
cate
d al
ong
the
subd
uctio
n zo
ne w
here
th
e A
ustr
alia
n an
d th
e P
acifi
c te
cton
ic p
late
s m
eet a
nd w
here
a lo
t of s
eism
ic a
ctiv
ities
occ
urre
d. S
ince
mos
t of t
he is
land
gro
ups
are
atol
ls w
ith lo
w a
ltitu
de
they
are
sus
cept
ible
to s
ea le
vel r
ise,
sto
rm s
urge
and
tsun
ami.
As
such
, it i
s vi
tal t
hat a
n ef
fect
ive
disa
ster
man
agem
ent s
yste
m is
in p
lace
to e
nsur
e th
e co
untr
y is
wel
l pre
pare
d to
res
pond
effe
ctiv
ely
and
effic
ient
ly to
any
form
of h
azar
d an
d to
rec
over
qui
ckly
from
its
impa
ct.
Out
com
es
• S
afe
and
dura
ble
scho
ol, c
omm
unity
bui
ldin
gs
• H
ealth
y an
d ha
ppy
com
mun
ities
• E
ffect
ive
early
war
ning
sys
tem
s
• E
ffect
ive
and
effic
ient
hea
lth p
rovi
ders
Out
com
es In
dica
tors
• P
erce
ntag
e of
saf
e an
d du
rabl
e sc
hool
& c
omm
unity
bui
ldin
gs a
s w
ell a
s to
uris
t res
orts
• P
erce
ntag
e of
hea
lthy
and
happ
y co
mm
uniti
es
• N
umbe
r of
rai
nwat
er h
arve
stin
g sy
stem
s es
tabl
ishe
d
• E
ffect
iven
ess
and
effic
ienc
y of
Gov
ernm
ent s
ervi
ces
• W
arni
ng/a
lert
sys
tem
s in
stal
led
• P
erce
ntag
e of
peo
ple
reco
vere
d af
ter
disa
ster
eve
nts
• A
vaila
bilit
y of
res
ourc
es to
impr
ove
wea
ther
mon
itorin
g ne
twor
ks a
nd fo
reca
stin
g ce
ntre
s
JOINT NATIONAL ACTION PLAN ON CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT 2010–201570
Goa
l 4 K
ey A
ctio
ns a
nd S
ub A
ctio
ns
Key
Act
ions
Sub
Act
ions
Res
pons
ible
A
genc
ies
Part
ner
agen
cies
4.1
E
nfor
ce b
uild
ing
code
thro
ugh
retr
ofitti
ng s
tren
gthe
n sc
hool
bu
ildin
g an
d to
uris
t fac
ilitie
s
4.1.
1 E
ngag
e a
TA to
(i)
asse
ss e
xist
ing
scho
ol b
uild
ings
and
tour
ist f
acili
ties
for
retr
ofitti
ng p
urpo
ses
(ii)
prio
ritis
e th
e sc
hool
s th
at n
eed
urge
nt
retr
ofitti
ng (
iii)
deve
lop
a m
anua
l for
sch
ool r
etro
fittin
g ba
sed
on
asse
ssm
ents
und
erta
ken
4.1.
2 C
ontr
act a
n en
gine
er to
sup
ervi
se th
e re
trofi
tting
4.1.
3 Im
plem
ent t
he r
etro
fittin
g pr
ogra
m o
f sch
ools
MO
W, M
OE
, N
EM
O
4.2
S
tren
gthe
n co
mm
unity
cap
acity
in
rai
nwat
er h
arve
stin
g an
d m
aint
enan
ce s
yste
ms
4.2.
1 C
ondu
ct tr
aini
ng o
n si
mpl
e ra
inw
ater
sys
tem
mai
nten
ance
in T
onga
tapu
, H
ihifo
, Éua
, Ha’
apai
, Vav
aú, N
iuas
(2)
4.2.
2 S
eed
fund
ing
for
the
proc
urem
ent o
f rai
nwat
er h
arve
stin
g an
d fo
r th
e de
velo
pmen
t of a
full
prop
osal
MO
H, M
LSN
RS
OPA
C
4.3
D
evel
op c
apac
ity in
the
Min
istr
y of
E
duca
tion
to c
ondu
ct r
egul
ar d
rills
fo
r sc
hool
s
4.3.
1 E
ngag
e a
TA to
dev
elop
Pre
pare
dnes
s an
d em
erge
ncy
Res
pons
e pl
an
for
ever
y sc
hool
faci
lity
4.3.
2 Te
st p
lans
onc
e pe
r se
mes
ter
thro
ugh
drill
s as
the
basi
s fo
r an
nual
re
view
and
upd
ate
as w
ell a
s m
aint
aini
ng a
war
enes
s
Min
istr
y of
E
duca
tion
SO
PAC
4.4
D
evel
op w
aste
man
agem
ent
stra
tegi
es fo
r po
st d
isas
ter
situ
atio
ns
4.4.
1 E
ngag
e a
TA to
ass
ess
and
reco
mm
end
best
alte
rnat
ive
was
te
man
agem
ent i
n al
l isl
ands
4.4.
2 Im
plem
ent p
riorit
ies
unde
r ne
w s
trat
egy
Was
te A
utho
rity,
M
EC
C, M
OH
4.5
In
corp
orat
e w
ater
, foo
d hy
gien
e,
and
sani
tatio
n m
anag
emen
t and
ro
ad c
onst
ruct
ion
in d
isas
ter
prep
ared
ness
and
eva
cuat
ion
plan
s
4.5.
1 C
ondu
ct c
omm
unity
wor
ksho
ps in
Ton
gata
pu (
Hih
ifo, H
a’ap
ai, V
avaú
an
d N
iuas
for
inco
rpor
atio
n of
food
hyg
iene
and
san
itatio
, roa
d co
nstr
uctio
n in
com
mun
ity d
isas
ter
and
evac
uatio
n p
lans
MO
H, T
WB
Tong
a R
ed C
ross
4.6
Tr
ain
emer
genc
y pr
ovid
ers
in w
ater
an
d fo
od h
ygie
ne p
ract
ices
dur
ing
disa
ster
s
4.6.
1 E
ngag
e a
TA to
con
duct
trai
ning
of p
ublic
hea
lth p
ract
ition
ers
on (
i) em
erge
ncy
mic
robi
olog
ical
wat
er te
stin
g (H
2S)
(ii)
emer
genc
y w
ater
pu
rifica
tion
4.6.
2 C
ondu
ct tr
aini
ng o
f foo
d in
spec
tors
on
min
imum
sta
ndar
ds
MO
H, N
GO
s,
TW
BTo
nga
Red
Cro
ss
4.7
S
tren
gthe
n a
quac
ultu
re fi
sher
ies
to s
uppo
rt fo
od s
ecur
ity a
nd
adap
tabi
lity
of c
oast
al r
esou
rces
an
d ha
bita
ts to
CC
impa
cts
and
disa
ster
ris
k
4.7.
1 C
ondu
ct h
atch
ery
prod
uctio
n ex
perim
enta
l for
sea
cuc
umbe
rs
reso
urce
s, s
eaw
eed,
pea
rl oy
ster
s an
d se
a ur
chin
.D
epar
tmen
t of
Fis
herie
s (M
AF
FF
),
ME
CC
SP
C
JOINT NATIONAL ACTION PLAN ON CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT 2010–2015 71
Key
Act
ions
Sub
Act
ions
Res
pons
ible
A
genc
ies
Part
ner
agen
cies
4.8
A
sses
s an
d up
grad
e ex
istin
g E
W
and
mon
itorin
g sy
stem
s fo
r al
l na
tura
l haz
ards
4.8.
1 E
ngag
e a
TA to
app
rais
e an
d re
com
men
d im
prov
emen
ts to
all
EW
S
(met
eoro
logi
cal,
geol
ogic
al)
and
aler
t sys
tem
s
4.8.
2 Im
plem
ent i
mpr
ovem
ents
to E
WS
4.8.
3 S
uppo
rt tr
aini
ng p
rogr
am o
f age
ncie
s in
volv
ed in
EW
S
4.8.
4 Im
prov
e di
ssem
inat
ion
of E
W in
form
atio
n –
prep
ared
ness
and
sou
rces
of
ear
ly w
arni
ng
4.8.
5 D
evel
op e
vacu
atio
n an
d ex
erci
ses
4.8.
6 E
stab
lish
appr
opria
te a
lert
sys
tem
for
disa
ster
s –
sire
n, S
MS
etc
TM
S, N
EM
O,
ME
CC
, MLS
NR
, N
GO
s, M
OE
4.9
S
tren
gthe
n an
d m
aint
ain
trai
ning
fo
r he
alth
car
e pr
ovid
ers
to p
rovi
de
resp
onse
dur
ing
disa
ster
s
4.9.
1 S
uppo
rt th
e es
tabl
ishm
ent o
f a h
ealth
dis
aste
r of
ficer
4.9.
2 E
ngag
e a
TA to
dev
elop
a h
ealth
em
erge
ncy
man
ual f
or T
onga
4.9.
3 co
nduc
t tra
inin
g on
em
erge
ncy
proc
edur
es fo
r he
alth
per
sonn
el
MO
HTo
nga
Red
Cro
ss
4.10
Str
engt
hen
prov
isio
n of
rel
ief
supp
lies
4.10
.1 In
itiat
e pr
e-im
pact
arr
ange
men
ts w
ith s
uppl
iers
of e
mer
genc
y re
lief i
tem
s th
roug
h M
OU
s to
sto
re r
elev
ant r
elie
f ite
ms
4.10
.2 I
dent
ify a
t str
ateg
ic lo
catio
ns th
roug
hout
the
king
dom
exi
stin
g pl
aces
fo
r st
orag
e th
at a
re c
urre
ntly
sui
tabl
e or
can
be
mad
e su
itabl
e w
ith
retr
ofitti
ng (
eg.,
scho
ols,
chu
rche
s) a
nd o
r bu
ild n
ew s
tora
ge fa
cilit
ies
whe
re n
o su
itabl
e pl
ace
exis
ts
4.10
.3 S
tren
gthe
n pa
rtne
rshi
p w
ith N
GO
s an
d do
nor
part
ners
4.10
.4 S
eed
fund
ing
for
relie
f sup
plie
s
Tong
a R
ed
Cro
ss, N
EM
OT
DS
, Pol
ice
4.11
Upg
rade
the
Wea
ther
Mon
itorin
g N
etw
orks
4.11
.1 U
pgra
de m
onito
ring
wea
ther
mon
itorin
g eq
uipm
ent
4.11
.2 U
pgra
de o
f com
mun
icat
ion
syst
ems
4.11
.3 C
apac
ity b
uild
ing
of s
uppo
rt s
taff
ME
TN
EM
O, H
ydro
logy
, H
ealth
, Agr
icul
ture
an
d F
ores
try,
W
ater
res
ourc
es,
ME
CC
4.12
Upg
rade
of t
he F
ua'a
mot
u W
eath
er
For
ecas
ting
Cen
tre
& C
oast
Rad
io
Offi
ce In
fras
truc
ture
4.12
.1 F
easi
bilit
y st
udy
of w
hat i
s re
quire
d
4.12
.2 B
uild
a r
emot
ely
site
d, s
tron
g of
fice
infr
astr
uctu
red
build
ing
away
from
th
e co
ast t
o ho
use
the
oper
atio
ns o
f the
Met
eoro
logi
cal S
ervi
ce a
nd th
e C
oast
Rad
io,
ME
T, N
EM
O,
Geo
logy
, ME
CC
Line
Min
istr
ies
JOINT NATIONAL ACTION PLAN ON CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT 2010–201572
GO
AL
5
TEC
HNIC
ALL
Y R
ELIA
BLE
, EC
ONO
MIC
ALL
Y A
FFO
RD
AB
LE A
ND E
NVIR
ONM
ENT
ALL
Y S
OU
ND E
NER
GY
TO
SU
PP
OR
T T
HE
SU
ST
AIN
AB
LE D
EVEL
OP
MEN
T O
F T
HE K
ING
DO
M
Obj
ectiv
es
• 10
% r
educ
tion
of G
HG
em
issi
ons
base
d on
200
0* l
evel
s by
201
5 th
roug
h im
plem
entin
g R
E a
nd E
E p
rogr
amm
es
• Im
prov
e en
ergy
sec
urity
thro
ugh
impr
oved
pla
nnin
g an
d re
spon
se m
echa
nism
s
Rat
iona
le
Thi
s E
nerg
y pr
ojec
t con
cept
is a
n in
tegr
al p
art o
f the
Ene
rgy
Roa
d M
ap in
itiat
ive
to r
educ
e th
e K
ingd
om’s
rel
ianc
e on
foss
il fu
el w
hile
at t
he s
ame
time
prov
ide
ener
gy s
ecur
ity,
cont
ribut
e to
the
glo
bal
effo
rts
in r
educ
ing
GH
G e
mis
sion
s an
d in
crea
sing
acc
ess
to e
lect
ricity
in
Tong
a. A
lthou
gh b
iom
ass
rem
ains
impo
rtan
t for
coo
king
and
cro
p dr
ying
ene
rgy,
wel
l ove
r hal
f of t
he n
atio
nal e
nerg
y ne
eds
com
es fr
om im
port
ed p
etro
leum
. Sol
ar e
nerg
y ac
coun
ts
for
less
than
1%
of t
he to
tal a
nd th
ere
have
bee
n no
oth
er r
enew
able
ene
rgy
reso
urce
dev
elop
men
ts. E
lect
ricity
on
the
urba
n is
land
s is
gen
erat
ed s
olel
y by
die
sel e
ngin
es. T
he m
ajor
cus
tom
er g
roup
s in
clud
e To
ngat
apu,
‘Éua
, Lifu
ks (
Ha’
apai
) an
d N
eiaf
u (V
avaú
). T
he q
ualit
y of
pow
er h
as b
een
good
and
re
liabi
lity
high
. S
mal
l grid
sys
tem
s fo
r la
rger
Ha’
apai
isla
nds
wer
e co
nstr
ucte
d w
ith A
usA
ID f
undi
ng in
200
1-20
03. T
he s
yste
ms
are
pow
ered
by
dies
el
gene
rato
rs a
nd o
pera
ted
by a
n el
ectr
icity
coo
pera
tive
on e
ach
isla
nd u
nder
lice
nse
from
TE
PB
. Hou
rs o
f ope
ratio
n va
ry b
y is
land
but
typi
cally
are
less
than
12
hou
rs a
day
. The
per
kW
h co
st o
f ope
ratio
n ha
s be
en h
ighe
r th
an p
redi
cted
due
larg
ely
to th
e ac
tual
load
ing
bein
g su
bsta
ntia
lly lo
wer
than
est
imat
ed
for
the
desi
gn.
Sol
ar h
ome
syst
ems
prov
ide
pow
er fo
r m
ost o
f the
sm
alle
r ou
ter
isla
nds.
The
sys
tem
s pr
ovid
e 24
hou
r po
wer
for
light
ing
and
smal
l com
mun
icat
ions
and
en
tert
ainm
ent a
pplia
nces
with
pot
entia
l for
exp
ansi
on to
incl
ude
appl
icat
ions
suc
h as
com
mun
ity-b
ased
dev
elop
men
t pro
ject
s (e
.g. w
ater
pum
ping
and
st
reet
ligh
ting)
.
Out
com
es
• 10
% r
educ
tion
in G
HG
em
issi
ons,
bas
ed o
n 20
00 le
vels
• N
atio
nal p
olic
y fr
amew
ork
on E
E in
clud
ing
prac
tical
mec
hani
sms
deve
lope
d, a
dopt
ed a
nd im
plem
ente
d
• Im
prov
ed s
ecur
ity o
f ene
rgy
supp
ly
Out
com
e In
dica
tors
• A
t lea
st 3
feas
ibili
ty s
tudi
es c
ondu
cted
• A
t lea
st 1
0 G
g C
O2-
e of
GH
G e
mis
sion
s re
duce
d be
ing
repo
rted
in N
atio
nal C
omm
unic
atio
ns
• A
t lea
st 2
com
pani
es in
the
priv
ate
sect
or p
artic
ipat
e in
RE
and
EE
initi
ativ
es.
• E
nerg
y su
pply
con
tinge
ncy
plan
(s)
avai
labl
e
• R
isk
asse
ssm
ent r
epor
t(s)
com
plet
ed a
nd a
vaila
ble
* 20
00 le
vel w
as 9
3Gg
CO
2-e.
JOINT NATIONAL ACTION PLAN ON CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT 2010–2015 73
Goa
l 5 K
ey A
ctio
ns a
nd S
ub A
ctio
ns
Key
Act
ions
Sub
Act
ions
Res
pons
ible
A
genc
ies
Part
ner
agen
cies
5.1
Con
trib
ute
to r
educ
ing
by 1
0 p
er
cent
GH
G e
mis
sion
s fr
om 2
000
leve
ls b
y 20
15
5.1.
1 C
ondu
ct 3
(To
ngat
apu,
out
er is
land
s (H
aápa
i, Va
vaú
Niu
a)),
tech
nica
l fe
asib
ility
stu
dies
on
appr
opria
te r
enew
able
ene
rgy
sour
ces
(i.e.
win
d,
biom
ass,
and
bio
fuel
s).
5.1.
2 Im
prov
e go
od g
over
nanc
e to
sup
port
ene
rgy
effic
ienc
y an
d en
ergy
co
nser
vatio
n pr
ogra
mm
es
5.1.
3 D
evel
op fi
scal
and
fina
ncia
l inc
entiv
es a
nd p
acka
ges
to s
uppo
rt p
rivat
e se
ctor
par
ticip
atio
n in
RE
and
EE
initi
ativ
es.
MLS
NR
, PM
O
ME
CC
, US
P,
CR
OP,
ME
WA
C
NG
Os
5.2
Impr
ove
ener
gy s
ecur
ity5.
2.1
Con
duct
ris
k as
sess
men
ts o
n al
l ene
rgy
infr
astr
uctu
re a
nd m
ake
reco
mm
enda
tions
5.2.
2 U
pon
basi
s of
rec
omm
enda
tions
of 5
.2.1
, dev
elop
con
tinge
ncy
plan
s an
d re
spon
se m
echa
nism
s to
add
ress
ene
rgy
supp
ly is
sues
, par
ticul
arly
du
ring
and
afte
r na
tura
l dis
aste
rs
TP
L, O
il C
ompa
nies
MLS
NR
, Pol
ice,
M
LCI
JOINT NATIONAL ACTION PLAN ON CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT 2010–201574
GO
AL
6
ST
RO
NG P
AR
TNE
RS
HIP
S, C
OO
PER
AT
ION
AND
CO
LLA
BO
RA
TIO
N W
ITHI
N G
OV
ERNM
ENT
AG
ENC
IES
AND
WIT
H C
IVIL
SO
CIE
TIE
S, N
ON
GO
VER
NMEN
T O
RG
ANI
SA
TIO
NS A
ND T
HE P
RIV
AT
E S
ECT
OR
S
Obj
ectiv
es
• E
ngag
e ci
vil s
ocie
ties,
NG
Os,
and
priv
ate
sect
ors
in im
plem
enta
tion
of th
is P
lan
• S
tren
gthe
n pa
rtne
rshi
ps w
ithin
gov
ernm
ent a
genc
ies
and
with
civ
il so
ciet
ies,
NG
Os
and
Priv
ate
Sec
tor
Rat
iona
le
The
pre
sent
situ
atio
n id
entifi
es g
aps
and
wea
knes
ses
in th
e co
oper
atio
n w
ithin
gov
ernm
ent a
genc
ies,
NG
Os
and
Civ
il so
ciet
ies
in C
CA
& D
RM
. The
refo
re
ther
e is
a n
eed
to s
tren
gthe
n th
e co
oper
atio
n of
thes
e ke
y st
akeh
olde
rs to
ens
ure
effe
ctiv
e im
plem
enta
tion
of th
e N
atio
nal E
mer
genc
y M
anag
emen
t Pla
n.
Thi
s w
ill a
void
dup
licat
ion
of e
ffort
s an
d to
ens
ure
that
ass
ista
nce
is b
uilt
on th
e ef
fort
s an
d ex
perie
nces
of e
ach
othe
r
To e
stab
lish
and
sust
ain
natio
nal n
etw
ork
and
part
ners
hip
in th
e fie
lds
of d
isas
ter
man
agem
ent a
nd c
limat
e ch
ange
ada
ptat
ion
is p
aram
ount
. Str
engt
hen
gove
rnm
ent
and
NG
O c
oord
inat
ion
at n
atio
nal l
evel
, co
mm
unity
and
indi
vidu
al w
ill im
prov
e na
tiona
l coo
pera
tion,
coo
rdin
atio
n an
d co
llabo
ratio
n. T
he
abse
nce
of m
eani
ngfu
l an
d st
ruct
ured
eng
agem
ent
betw
een
Gov
ernm
ent
and
NG
O h
as b
een
iden
tified
as
a ga
p an
d is
an
area
of
pote
ntia
l do
nors
su
ppor
t.
Out
com
es
Enh
ance
d pa
rtic
ipat
ion
in C
CA
& D
RM
pla
nnin
g an
d pr
ogra
mm
es
Out
com
e In
dica
tors
• C
CA
& D
RM
issu
es e
mbr
aced
in a
ll ag
ency
pla
ns (
Cor
pora
te, B
usin
ess,
Dev
elop
men
t)
• S
tron
g su
ppor
t obt
aine
d fr
om c
ivil
soci
etie
s, N
GO
s an
d pr
ivat
e se
ctor
s
• H
igh
invo
lvem
ent i
n C
CA
& D
RM
act
iviti
es
• JN
AP
on
CC
A &
DR
M im
plem
ente
d ef
fect
ivel
y
JOINT NATIONAL ACTION PLAN ON CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT 2010–2015 75
Goa
l 6 K
ey A
ctio
ns a
nd S
ub A
ctio
ns
Key
Act
ions
Sub
Act
ions
Res
pons
ible
A
genc
ies
Part
ner
agen
cies
6.1
Pro
vide
res
ourc
es a
nd c
apac
ity to
st
reng
then
com
mun
ity p
artic
ipat
ion
in C
CA
& D
RM
act
iviti
es p
rovi
ded
in
this
act
ion
plan
6.1.
1 C
reat
e fo
rmal
par
tner
ship
bet
wee
n th
e G
over
nmen
t and
civ
il so
ciet
ies
and
NG
Os
6.1.
2 P
rovi
de r
esou
rces
and
cap
acity
(th
roug
h tr
aini
ng)
to s
tren
gthe
n co
mm
unity
par
ticip
atio
n in
CC
A &
DR
M a
ctiv
ities
pro
vide
d in
this
act
ion
plan
ME
CC
, NE
MO
6.2
Bui
ld p
artn
ersh
ip w
ith c
ivil
soci
ety
grou
ps, N
GO
s an
d pr
ivat
e se
ctor
to
impl
emen
t the
Nat
iona
l Em
erge
ncy
Man
agem
ent P
lan
6.2.
1 S
peci
fy a
nd fo
rmal
ise
rol
es p
laye
d by
civ
il so
ciet
y N
GO
in th
e N
EM
P
6.2.
2 R
evis
e ci
vil s
ocie
ties
and
NG
Os
pla
ns a
nd p
olic
ies
to b
e in
line
NE
MP
NE
MO
, NG
Os
6.3
Inte
grat
ion
of C
CA
& D
RM
into
pr
ivat
e se
ctor
pla
ns6.
3.1
Con
duct
wor
ksho
p fo
r pr
ivat
e se
ctor
s in
inte
grat
ing
CC
A &
DR
M in
thei
r de
velo
p pl
ans
ME
CC
, NE
MO
, C
ivil
Soc
ietie
s,
NG
Os
JOINT NATIONAL ACTION PLAN ON CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT 2010–201576
TO
R f
or J
oint
Nat
iona
l Act
ion
Pla
n T
ask
Forc
ean
nex
3
TER
MS
OF
REF
EREN
CE
Intr
oduc
tion
and
Bac
kgro
und
In J
uly
2009
the
Nat
iona
l E
mer
genc
y M
anag
emen
t O
ffice
req
uest
ed t
he P
acifi
c Is
land
s A
pplie
d G
eosc
ienc
e C
omm
issi
on (
SO
PAC
) to
ass
ist
in t
he
deve
lopm
ent
(and
sub
sequ
ent
impl
emen
tatio
n) o
f a
DR
M N
atio
nal A
ctio
n P
lan
(JN
AP
). S
OPA
C s
aw t
he o
ppor
tuni
ty f
or a
JN
AP
as
the
Min
istr
y of
E
nviro
nmen
t an
d C
limat
e C
hang
e (M
EC
C)
was
alre
ady
emba
rkin
g on
dev
elop
ing
Tong
a’s
clim
ate
chan
ge N
atio
nal A
dapt
atio
n P
rogr
amm
e of
Act
ion
(NA
PA).
Sub
sequ
ently
in O
ctob
er 2
009
Cab
inet
end
orse
d th
e de
velo
pmen
t and
impl
emen
tatio
n of
a J
NA
P, C
CA
& D
RM
giv
en th
eir
sim
ilarit
ies.
In c
onne
ctio
n an
initi
al c
onsu
ltatio
n w
as u
nder
take
n an
d a
draf
t pro
cess
for
the
deve
lopm
ent o
f the
JN
AP
est
ablis
hed.
Par
t of t
his
proc
ess
invo
lved
the
iden
tifica
tion
of p
erso
nnel
at s
enio
r lev
el w
ithin
the
Gov
ernm
ent o
f Ton
ga to
form
a m
ulti
sect
or J
NA
P T
ask
For
ce. T
hese
term
s of
refe
renc
e ar
ticul
ate
the
resp
onsi
bilit
ies
of th
e JN
AP
Tas
k F
orce
Obj
ectiv
e of
Dev
elop
ing
a JN
AP
The
obj
ectiv
e of
dev
elop
ing
a C
CA
& D
RM
Nat
iona
l Act
ion
Pla
n in
clud
es:
• A
dvoc
atin
g C
CA
& D
RM
as
a su
stai
nabl
e de
velo
pmen
t iss
ues;
• M
ains
trea
min
g an
all
haza
rds
risk
redu
ctio
n m
anag
emen
t ap
proa
ch i
nto
all
sect
ors
and
deci
sion
-mak
ing
proc
esse
s at
all
leve
ls o
f go
vern
men
t, in
clud
ing
natio
nal p
lann
ing
and
budg
etar
y pr
oces
ses;
• E
stab
lishi
ng a
str
ong
gove
rnan
ce fr
amew
ork
for C
CA
& D
RM
, with
cle
ar p
olic
ies
and
legi
slat
ion,
acc
ount
able
inst
itutio
nal a
nd o
rgan
izat
iona
l arr
ange
men
ts
and
conn
ectio
ns a
cros
s an
d w
ithin
leve
ls o
f gov
ernm
ent,
sect
ors
and
com
mun
ities
; •
Em
pow
erin
g co
mm
uniti
es t
hrou
gh t
arge
ted
capa
city
enh
ance
men
t to
red
uce
thei
r ris
ks t
o ha
zard
s an
d pr
epar
e fo
r, re
spon
d to
and
rec
over
fro
m
disa
ster
s;
• P
rom
otin
g kn
owle
dge
and
evid
ence
bas
ed d
ecis
ion-
mak
ing,
incl
udin
g tr
aditi
onal
kno
wle
dge
and
know
-how
abo
ut d
isas
ter
risk
redu
ctio
n an
d co
ping
m
echa
nism
in ti
mes
of d
isas
ters
; and
•
Pro
vidi
ng fo
r su
stai
ned,
coo
rdin
ated
and
har
mon
ised
sup
port
from
reg
iona
l, in
tern
atio
nal o
rgan
isat
ions
and
dev
elop
men
t par
tner
s.
JOINT NATIONAL ACTION PLAN ON CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT 2010–2015 77
Tas
k Fo
rce
The
Tas
k F
orce
is a
sub
com
mitt
ee o
f Cab
inet
and
pro
vide
s op
erat
iona
l and
tech
nica
l gui
danc
e fo
r th
e de
velo
pmen
t and
impl
emen
tatio
n of
the
JNA
P. In
th
is r
egar
d th
e Ta
sk F
orce
als
o pr
ovid
es c
ount
erpa
rt s
uppo
rt to
don
ors
and
part
ners
that
will
be
assi
stin
g To
nga.
The
Tas
k F
orce
als
o pr
ovid
es a
lead
ersh
ip a
nd c
oord
inat
ion
role
for
any
in-c
ount
ry c
onsu
ltatio
n th
at m
ay b
e re
quire
d an
d se
rves
as
the
link
to n
atio
nal
gove
rnm
ent o
n th
e re
port
ing
of th
e pr
ogre
ss o
f JN
AP
dev
elop
men
t and
impl
emen
tatio
n. T
he re
port
ing
to G
over
nmen
t will
be
spec
ified
in th
e im
plem
enta
tion
arra
ngem
ents
for
the
JNA
P b
ut w
ill r
eflec
t and
ack
now
ledg
e th
e ex
istin
g sy
stem
s of
mon
itorin
g, e
valu
atio
n an
d re
port
ing.
Mem
bers
hip
The
Tas
k F
orce
incl
udes
a m
ix o
f age
ncie
s an
d or
gani
satio
ns fr
om T
onga
who
se in
put a
nd c
omm
itmen
t will
be
inte
gral
to th
e D
RM
and
CC
A m
ains
trea
min
g pr
oces
s. T
hese
incl
ude
Min
istr
ies
of E
nviro
nmen
t and
Clim
ate
Cha
nge,
Hea
lth, E
duca
tion,
Wor
ks, A
gric
ultu
re, F
ishe
ries
& F
ores
ts, T
onga
Met
eoro
logi
cal
Ser
vice
and
oth
er s
ecto
r Min
istr
ies
deem
ed a
ppro
pria
te a
ccor
ding
to th
e sp
ecifi
c si
tuat
ion
and
prio
ritie
s of
Ton
ga. I
n ad
ditio
n th
e Ta
sk F
orce
als
o in
clud
es
the
repr
esen
tatio
n of
inte
rest
s fr
om a
cro
ss-s
ectio
n of
non
Gov
ernm
ent a
nd c
omm
unity
inte
rest
s su
ch a
s th
e To
nga
Red
Cro
ss, C
ivil
Soc
iety
For
um o
f To
nga
and
Tong
a C
omm
unity
Dev
elop
men
t Tru
st.
JNA
P T
ask
For
ce m
embe
rs h
ave
been
cho
sen
on th
e ba
sis
of th
eir s
enio
rity
and
tech
nica
l cap
acity
and
abi
lity
to d
rive
mai
nstr
eam
ing
of D
RM
from
with
in
thei
r ow
n ag
enci
es o
r or
gani
satio
ns a
nd to
coo
rdin
ate
JNA
P im
plem
enta
tion.
All
JNA
P T
ask
For
ce m
embe
rs w
ill b
e ex
pect
ed to
be
fully
eng
aged
with
the
JNA
P im
plem
enta
tion
proc
ess
from
beg
inni
ng to
end
. Mem
bers
are
exp
ecte
d to
be
seni
or te
chni
cal o
ffice
rs fr
om e
ach
agen
cy. I
t is
reco
mm
ende
d th
at th
e cu
rren
t mem
bers
and
thei
r de
sign
atio
n ar
e m
aint
aine
d fo
r co
ntin
uity
as
they
ar
e w
ell a
war
e of
the
issu
es a
ddre
ssed
in th
e JN
AP.
The
Cha
ir of
the
Task
For
ce m
ay b
e al
tern
ated
bet
wee
n a
Dire
ctor
of M
EC
C a
nd D
irect
or N
EM
O fo
r th
eir
mon
thly
mee
tings
. The
ME
CC
and
NE
MO
will
jo
intly
pro
vide
the
secr
etar
iat f
unct
ions
for
the
Task
For
ce.
JOINT NATIONAL ACTION PLAN ON CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT 2010–201578
The
Gov
ernm
ent a
nd n
on G
over
nmen
t age
ncie
s an
d of
fices
rep
rese
nted
on
the
Task
For
ce a
re a
s fo
llow
s:
Age
ncy
Des
igna
tion
Nat
iona
l Em
erge
ncy
Man
agem
ent O
ffice
Dire
ctor
Min
istr
y of
Env
ironm
ent a
nd C
limat
e C
hang
eD
irect
or
Coo
rdin
ator
of S
NC
Pro
ject
Offi
cer
of S
NC
Pro
ject
Min
istr
y of
Agr
icul
ture
, Foo
d, F
ores
try
and
Fis
herie
sA
gric
ultu
re c
onsu
ltant
s fo
r S
NC
Pro
ject
For
estr
y co
nsul
tant
for
SN
C P
roje
ctF
ishe
ries
cons
ulta
nt fo
r S
NC
Pro
ject
Min
istr
y of
Tra
nspo
rtD
irect
or o
f Met
eoro
logi
cal S
ervi
ce
Min
istr
y of
Hea
lthH
ealth
con
sulta
nt fo
r S
NC
Pro
ject
Min
istr
y of
Edu
catio
nD
eput
y D
irect
or
Min
istr
y of
Lan
ds,S
urve
y &
Nat
ural
Res
ourc
esP
rinci
pal G
eolo
gist
Prin
cipa
l GIS
Tong
a W
ater
Boa
rdW
ater
Con
sulta
nt fo
r S
NC
Pro
ject
Tong
a R
ed C
ross
Gen
eral
Sec
reta
ry
Civ
il S
ocie
ty F
orum
of T
onga
Pre
side
nt
Tong
a C
omm
unity
Dev
elop
men
t Tru
stD
irect
or
Min
istr
y of
Def
ence
Dep
uty
Sec
reta
ry
Min
istr
y of
Pol
ice
Dep
uty
Com
man
der
JOINT NATIONAL ACTION PLAN ON CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT 2010–2015 79
Tas
k Fo
rce
Res
pons
ibilit
ies
The
Tas
k F
orce
sho
uld
at le
ast m
eet o
nce
a m
onth
for
JNA
P a
ctiv
ities
and
dis
cuss
ions
and
mem
bers
will
be
expe
cted
to a
ctiv
ely
enga
ge in
a r
ange
of
the
follo
win
g ac
tiviti
es:
1.
Dev
elop
pro
ject
pro
files
and
rel
ated
doc
umen
tatio
n to
faci
litat
e re
ques
ts fo
r fu
ndin
g an
d te
chni
cal a
ssis
tanc
e fr
om d
onor
s an
d de
velo
pmen
t par
tner
s an
d as
sist
Min
istr
ies
in th
is c
onne
ctio
n w
hen
requ
ired
2.
Wor
k w
ith d
onor
s an
d de
velo
pmen
t par
tner
s to
sec
ure
fund
ing
and
tech
nica
l ass
ista
nce
to im
plem
ent J
NA
P a
ctio
ns3.
A
ssis
t Min
istr
ies
to in
tegr
ate
JNA
P a
ctio
ns in
to C
orpo
rate
Pla
ns a
nd A
nnua
l Man
agem
ent P
lans
.4.
D
evel
op a
nd im
plem
ent a
com
mun
icat
ion
stra
tegy
to s
uppo
rt J
NA
P im
plem
enta
tion
incl
udin
g th
e id
entifi
catio
n of
the
requ
isite
reso
urce
requ
irem
ents
an
d as
soci
ated
cos
ts.
5.
Par
ticip
ate
in a
dvoc
acy
for
the
JNA
P a
t diff
eren
t lev
els
inte
rnal
ly w
ithin
Ton
ga a
nd a
lso
with
don
ors
and
deve
lopm
ent p
artn
ers.
6.
E
nsur
e th
at t
horo
ugh
mon
itorin
g, e
valu
atio
n an
d re
port
ing
is u
nder
take
n in
rel
atio
n to
JN
AP
im
plem
enta
tion
and
wor
k cl
osel
y w
ith t
he r
elev
ant
Min
istr
ies
and
othe
r ke
y st
akeh
olde
rs in
this
reg
ard.
7.
Pro
vide
reg
ular
rep
orts
and
at a
min
imum
of s
ix (
6) m
onth
inte
rval
s to
the
NE
CC
C, N
EM
C, P
AC
C a
nd C
abin
et o
n JN
AP
impl
emen
tatio
n.8.
S
ubm
it re
port
s an
d ac
quitt
als
to d
onor
s an
d de
velo
pmen
t par
tner
s in
rel
atio
n to
any
spe
cific
fund
ing
and
tech
nica
l ass
ista
nce
that
may
be
prov
ided
fo
r JN
AP
impl
emen
tatio
n.
JOINT NATIONAL ACTION PLAN ON CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT 2010–201580
published by
Second National Communication ProjectMinistry of Environment and Climate Change
P.O. Box 917Nukualofa
KINGDOM OF TONGA