Joint Institute for Nuclear Research
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Transcript of Joint Institute for Nuclear Research
Joint Institute for Nuclear ResearchJoint Institute for Nuclear ResearchInternational Intergovernmental OrganizationInternational Intergovernmental Organization
Nuclotron-based Ion Collider fAcility (NICA) at JINR:New Prospect for Heavy Ion Collisions
Genis Musulmanbekov, JINR, Dubna
For NICA Collaboration
Contents
• Heavy Ion Collisions (HIC): Motivations
• NICA Facility at Dubna
• Goals of NICA/MPD Project
• Physics and Observables in HIC
• MultiPurpose Detector (MPD)
Heavy Ion Collisions
• ~ 20 years
• GSI ELab = 1 – 2 AGeV
• Dubna ELab = 1 – 6 AGeV
• BNL – AGS ELab = 20 – 158 AGeV
• CERN – SPS ELab= 20 – 158 AGeV
• BNL – RHIC √s =20 – 200 GeV
New Phenomena in HIC
• Stopping power • Collective flows • Enhanced yield of multi(strange) baryons • Enhanced and nonmonotonic (vs. beam energy) yield of
K+ mesons. • Broadening of transverse momentum distribution of kaons• Broadening of dilepton decay width of rho –mesons.• Jet quenching, J/Psi suppression and others
Hadron gas
Mixed Phase
QGM
Pre-equilibrium
Initial nuclei
FreezoutTime
Space
NICA
T
NB
RHIC,SPS,NICA,FAIR
Mixed phase
Nuclear and Energy Density in central Au+Au collisions
FAIR and NICA s =9s =9 GeVGeV
Maximal baryonic densities on freeze-out curve! рHigh densities on interaction stage!?
J.Cleymans, J.Randrup, 2006
High baryonic densities
Experimental programs
FacilityFacility SPSSPS RHICRHIC NICANICA SIS-300SIS-300
DetectorDetector NA61NA61 STARSTAR
PHENIXPHENIXMPDMPD CBMCBM
Start (year)Start (year) 20102010 20102010 20132013-2014-2014 20152015-2016-2016
EnergyEnergy ( (forfor Pb Pb-ions-ions))
c.m. GeVc.m. GeV4.9-17.34.9-17.3 4.9-504.9-50 ≤ ≤ 1111 ≤ ≤ 8.58.5
PhysicsPhysics CP,ODCP,OD CP,ODCP,OD CP,OD,HDMCP,OD,HDM
CMECMECP,OD,HDMCP,OD,HDM
CP – critical endpoint
OD – onset of deconfinementHDM – hadronic dense matter
NICA Facility
The main goal of the NICA project is an experimental study of The main goal of the NICA project is an experimental study of hot and dense nuclear matter and spin physicshot and dense nuclear matter and spin physics
These goals are proposed to be reached byThese goals are proposed to be reached by:
• development of the existing accelerator facility (1st stage of the NICA accelerator programme: Nuclotron-M subproject) as a
basis for generation of intense beams over atomic mass range from protons to uranium and light polarized ions;
• design and construction of heavy ion collider with maximum collision energy of sNN = 11 GeV and average luminosity 1027 cm-2 s-1 (for U92+), and polarized proton beams with energy s ~ 25 GeV and average luminosity > 1030 cm-2 s-1;
Scheme of the NICA compex
Booster (30 Tm)2(3?) single-turn
injections, storage of 3.2×109,
acceleration up to 50 MeV/u,
electron cooling,acceleration
up to 400 MeV/u
Nuclotron (45 Tm)injection of one
bunch of 1.1×109 ions,
acceleration up to 3.5 GeV/u max.
Collider (45 Tm)Storage of
15 bunches 1109 ions per ring at 3.5 GeV/u,
electron and/or stochastic cooling
Injector: 2×109 ions/pulse of 238U32+ at energy 6 MeV/u
IP-1 IP-2
Stripping (40%) 238U32+ 238U92+
Two superconducting
collider rings
2х15 injection
cycles
NICA parameters
CircumferenceCircumference mm 225225
Number of collision pointsNumber of collision points 22
Beta function in the collision Beta function in the collision pointpoint
mm 0.50.5
Rms momentum spreadRms momentum spread 0.0010.001
Rms bunch lengthRms bunch length mm 0.30.3
Number of ions in the bunchNumber of ions in the bunch 101099
Number of bunchesNumber of bunches 1515
Incoherent tune shiftIncoherent tune shift 0.050.05
Rms beam emittance Rms beam emittance at 1 GeV/u /at 1 GeV/u / at 3.5 GeV/uat 3.5 GeV/u mm mradmm mrad
3.8 /3.8 /0.260.26
Luminosity per one interaction Luminosity per one interaction point at 1 GeV/upoint at 1 GeV/u
at 3.5 GeV/uat 3.5 GeV/u
cmcm-2-2ss-1-1 6.66.610102525
1.11.110102727
1. Circumference, 1. Circumference, mm
222244
2. 2. **, m, m 0.50.5
3. 3. p/p (one p/p (one )) 111010-3-3
4. Bunch length 4. Bunch length ((), m), m 0.30.3
5. Beam 5. Beam emittance (emittance (), ), mmmmmradmrad
0.260.26
6. Bunch intensity6. Bunch intensity (1-(1-2)2)101099
7. Bunch number 7. Bunch number per ringper ring 1515
8.Average 8.Average luminosity forUU luminosity forUU at 3.5 GeV/uat 3.5 GeV/u
for pp at 12.5 for pp at 12.5 GeV GeV
1.11.1101022
7 7 cmcm--
22ss-1-1
33101031 31
cmcm-2-2ss-1-1
• Stage 1: years 2007 – 2009- Upgrate and Development of the Nuclotron facility
- Preparation of Technical Design Report of the NICA and MPD
- Start prototyping of the MPD and NICA elements
• Stage 2: years 2008 – 2012
- Design and Construction of NICA and MPD
• Stage 3: years 2010 – 2013
- Assembling
• Stage 4: year 2013 - 2014
- Commissioning
The NICA Project Milestones
NICA provides unique possibility for the heavy ion physics program:
1. Heavy ion beams in wide energy range:
2. Possibility to perform atomic mass and centrality scan
3. Few intersection points for detectors
with large energy-independent acceptance
4. High luminosity L~~1027 см-2с-1
√s = 4 – 11 GeV
NICA/MPD physics program
Search for • in-medium properties of hadrons in a dense and hot baryonic matter; • Nuclear matter equation of state, • possible signs of deconfinement • chiral symmetry restoration • phase transitions and • QCD critical endpoint
Experimental observables:
Scanning in beam energy and centrality of excitation functions for
• Multiplicity and global characteristics of identified hadrons including multi-strange particles
• Fluctuations in multiplicity and transverse momenta • Directed and elliptic flows for various indentified hadrons
• Particle correlations
• Dileptons and photons
• Polarization effects in heavy ion collisions(polarization of strange baryons, azimuthal asymmetries)
♣
What to measure
• Multistrange hyperons. The yields, spectra and collective flows of (multi) strange hyperons are expected to provide information on the early and dense phase of the collision.
• Event-by-event fluctuations. The hadron yields and their momenta should be analyzed event-wise in order to search for nonstatistical fluctuations which are predicted to occur in the vicinity of the critical endpoint.
• HBT correlations. Measurement of short range correlations between hadrons π, K, p, Λ allows one to estimate the space-time size of a system formed in nucleus-nucleus interactions.
• Penetrating probes. Measurements of dilepton pairs permit to investigate the in-medium spectral functions of low-mass vector mesons which are expected to be modified due to effects of chiral symmetry restoration in dense and hot matter..• Polarization effects. Measurement of (multi)strange baryon polarization, asymmetries, Azimuthal charge asymmetry (CME).
Current Experimental and Theoretical Statusof Heavy Ion Collision Investigations
Strange-to-nonstrange ratios in central collisions. “Horn” Effect (World Data)
Figure from arXiv:nucl-ex/0405007v1
100 101 102 103 1040.00
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HSD UrQMD GiBUU
y=0
E866 NA49 PHENIX STAR BRAHMS, 5% BRAHMS, 10%
K+/+
Rat
ios
<K+>/<+> 4
E866 NA49 BRAHMS, 5%
HSD UrQMD
Elab
/A [GeV]
E866 NA49 PHENIX STAR BRAHMS, 5% BRAHMS, 10%
K/
E866 NA49 BRAHMS, 5%
<K>/<>
E877 NA49 STAR
(+0) /
E877 NA49
<+0>/<>
Elab
/A [GeV]
Excitation functions of particle ratios
Experimental data:
E896, NA49, STAR, PHENIX, BRAHMS
E.Bratkovskaya et al.,(2004)
Transport models:HSD, UrQMD, GiBUU
Exp. data (particularly a maximum at E~30 AGeV) are not well reproduced within the hadron-string picture => evidence for
nonhadronic degrees of freedom
Excitation function of particle ratiosExcitation function of particle ratios
MunzingerMunzinger: : Simposium on Dense Simposium on Dense Baryonic Matter, GSI 2009Baryonic Matter, GSI 2009
Thermal Model:Thermal Model:rapid saturation of contributionsrapid saturation of contributionsfrom higher resonances infrom higher resonances inconjunction with additional pionsconjunction with additional pionsfrom the sigma describes hornfrom the sigma describes hornstructure well.structure well.
Transverse mass spectra of KaonsTransverse mass spectra of Kaons
Transport models: Transport models: • HSD 2.0HSD 2.0
• UrQMD 2.0 UrQMD 2.0 UrQMD 2.1 (effective heavy resonances with UrQMD 2.1 (effective heavy resonances with masses masses 2 < M < 32 < M < 3 GeV and isotropic decay) GeV and isotropic decay)
• GiBUUGiBUU
All transport models fail to reproduce the T-All transport models fail to reproduce the T-slope without introducing special „tricks“ slope without introducing special „tricks“ which are, however, which are, however, inconsistentinconsistent with other with other observables!observables!
10 1000.10
0.15
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T [
GeV
]
E866 NA49 NA44 STAR BRAHMS PHENIX
Au+Au / Pb+Pb -> K++X
T [
GeV
]
HSD HSD with Cronin eff. UrQMD 2.0, 2.1 GiBUU 3f-hydro
E866 NA49 NA44 STAR BRAHMS PHENIX
HSD HSD with Cronin eff. UrQMD 2.0, 2.1 3f-hydro
Au+Au / Pb+Pb -> K+X
s1/2 [GeV]
3D-fluid hydrodynamical model 3D-fluid hydrodynamical model gives the right slope!gives the right slope!Is the matter a parton liquid?Is the matter a parton liquid?
Lattice QCD predictions: Fluctuations of theFluctuations of the quark number quark number densitydensity (susceptibility) at (susceptibility) at μμ_B >0 _B >0 ((C.Allton et al., 2003)C.Allton et al., 2003)
fixedTq
q
T
P
TT
42
2
2 /
FluctuationsFluctuations: : theoretical theoretical statusstatus
0
χχqq (quark number density (quark number density
fluctuations) will diverge atfluctuations) will diverge at thethe critical end pointcritical end point
Experimental observation: Experimental observation: •• Baryon number fluctuationsBaryon number fluctuations•• Charge number fluctuationsCharge number fluctuations
Multiplicity FluctuatiMultiplicity Fluctuations
Theoretical predictions: Theoretical predictions: 3 – 10 times anhancement3 – 10 times anhancement
NA49 result: NA49 result: Measured scaled variances are close to the Poisson one – close to 1!
No sign of increased fluctuations as expected for a freezeout
near the critical point of strongly interacting matter was observed.
Multiplicity fluctuations Multiplicity fluctuations of charged particles as a function of the of charged particles as a function of the number of number of projectile participantsprojectile participants N Npartpart
proj proj : :
Multiplicity FluctuatiMultiplicity Fluctuations
Event-by-event dynamical fluctuationsEvent-by-event dynamical fluctuationsK/K/ππ ratio ratio
Event mixing for the statistical Event mixing for the statistical background estimation: background estimation:
Event-by-event dynamical fluctuationsEvent-by-event dynamical fluctuations Transverse MomentumTransverse Momentum
Event mixing for the statistical background estimation: Event mixing for the statistical background estimation:
For the system of independently emitted particles fluctuation For the system of independently emitted particles fluctuation ФФpptt goes to zero goes to zero
(no particle correlations).(no particle correlations).
, where, where
Collective flow: general considerationsCollective flow: general considerations Collective flow: general considerationsCollective flow: general considerations
22
22
yx
yx2
T
x1
21TTTT
pp
ppv
p
pv
...)cos(22v)cos(2v12π
1
dpdyp
dN
ddpdyp
dN
v2 = 7%, v1=0
v2 = 7%, v1=-7%
v2 = -7%, v1=0
Ou
t-of
-pla
ne
In-plane
Y
X
- - directed flowdirected flow
- - elliptic flow elliptic flow
VV2 2 > 0 > 0 indicates indicates in-planein-plane emission of particles emission of particles
VV2 2 < 0 < 0 corresponds to a corresponds to a squeeze-out squeeze-out perpendicular perpendicular
to the reaction plane (to the reaction plane (out-of-planeout-of-plane emission) emission)
x
zNon central Au+Au collisions : interaction between constituents leads to apressure gradient => spatial asymmetry is converted to an asymmetry in momentum space => collective flow
Y
-2 -1 0 1 2-0.2
-0.1
0.0
0.1
0.2 Pb+Pb, 40 A GeVprotons
central
v 1
-2 -1 0 1 2-0.2
-0.1
0.0
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0.2 Pb+Pb, 40 A GeVprotons
central
NA49 HSD UrQMD
v 2
-2 -1 0 1 2-0.2
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semi-central
v 1
-2 -1 0 1 2-0.10
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NA49 HSD UrQMD semi-central
v 2
-2 -1 0 1 2-0.2
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pT < 2 GeV/c peripheral
y
v 1
-2 -1 0 1 2-0.10
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pT < 2 GeV/c
y
peripheral
v 2
Directed v1 and elliptic v2 flows
Small wiggle in v1 at midrapidity is not described by HSD and
UrQMD
Too large elliptic flow v2 at midrapidity from HSD and UrQMD for all centralities !
Experiment (NA49): breakdown of elliptic v2 flow at midrapidity !
Signature for a first order
phase transition?
H.Stoecker et al., 2005
Sergey PanitkinSergey Panitkin
qqoutout
qqsideside
qqlonglong
RRsi
de
sid
e
RR longlong
RRoutout
xx11
xx22
pp11
pp22
q
HBT: Quantum interference between identical particlesHBT: Quantum interference between identical particles
C (
q)
C (
q)
q (GeV/c)q (GeV/c)
11
22
R
1~
HBT interferometryHBT interferometryTwo-particle interferometry: p-space separation Two-particle interferometry: p-space separation space-time separation space-time separation
In Search of the QGP. Expectations.
“Energy density”
•One step further:•Hydro calculation of Rischke & Gyulassy expects Rout/Rside ~ 2->4 @ Kt = 350 MeV.
Excitation function of the HBT parameters
• ~10% Central AuAu(PbPb) events
• y ~ 0
• kT 0.17 GeV/c
no significant rise in spatio-temporal size of the emitting source at RHIC
Ro/Rs ~ 1
Some rise in Rlong
Note ~100 GeV gap betweenSPS and RHIC
Where are signs of phase transition?!
Model Comparison (the puzzle)
• Subset of models shown
• Broad range of physics scenarios explored
• Poor description of HBT data
the puzzle
DileptonsDileptons
Dileptons are an Dileptons are an ideal probeideal probe for vector meson spectroscopy in for vector meson spectroscopy in the the nuclear mediumnuclear medium and for the nuclear dynamics ! and for the nuclear dynamics !
Excitation function for dilepton yieldsExcitation function for dilepton yields
•Study of Study of in-medium effectsin-medium effects with dilepton experiments: with dilepton experiments:DLS, SPS (CERES, HELIOS)DLS, SPS (CERES, HELIOS)))
Broadening of dilepton decay spectra of light resonancesBroadening of dilepton decay spectra of light resonances
arXiv:nucl-th/9803035v2arXiv:nucl-th/9803035v2 arXiv:nucl-th/0805.3177v1arXiv:nucl-th/0805.3177v1
5. 5. DileptonsDileptons
• Clear evidence for a broadening of the Clear evidence for a broadening of the spectral function!spectral function!• and and show clear peaks on an approx. exponential background in mass!show clear peaks on an approx. exponential background in mass!
In-medium modifications of e+e- and In-medium modifications of e+e- and ++- spectra- spectra
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free in-medium
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: free in-medium
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ium
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e
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dN/d
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1/(G
eV/c
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HSD
free in-medium
M [GeV/c2]
Au+Au->+-+X 25 A GeV, 5% central
dN/d
M [
1/(G
eV/c
2 )]
W. Cassing, Nucl.Phys.A674:249-276,2000.
Chiral Magnetic Effect (CMF)
Chiral Magnetic Effect
• Non-central heavy-ion collisions
• Large orbital angular momentum (L) 90o to RP
• Strong localized B-field (due to net charge of system)
• If system is deconfined, can have strong P-violating
domains & different no. of left-& right-hand quarks
• Preferential emission of like-sign charged particles
along
Chiral Magnetic Effect - Strong Parity Violation?
Observables:Penetrating probes: , , , → e+e- (μ+μ-)Strangeness: K, , , , , global features: collective flow, fluctuations, ..., exotica
The NICA experimental program
Systematic investigations:A+A collisions from 8 to 45 (35) AGeV, Z/A=0.5 (0.4) p+A collisions from 8 to 90 GeVp+p collisions from 8 to 90 GeV
Large integrated luminosity:High beam intensity and duty cycle,Available for several month per year
Detector requirementsLarge geometrical acceptance (azimuthal symmetry !)good hadron and electron identificationexcellent vertex resolutionhigh rate capability of detectors, FEE and DAQ
MPD general viewCentral Detector - CD & two Forward Spectrometers (optional) – FS-A & FS-B
CD dimension
TPC
ECal
ZDC
TOF RPC
EC Tracker
MPD scheme 3 stages of putting into operation
2-nd stage IT,EC-subdetectors
3-d stage F-spectrometers(optional ?)
1-st stage barrel part (TPC, Ecal, TOF) + ZDC, BBC, S-SC, …
MPD conceptual design
Inner Tracker (IT) - silicon strip detector / micromegas for tracking close to the interaction region.
Barrel Tracker (BT) - TPC + Straw (for tagging) for tracking & precise momentum measurement in the region -1 < < 1
End Cap Tracker (ECT) - Straw (radial)for tracking & p-measurement at | | > 1
Time of Flight (TOF) - RPC (+ start/stop sys.) to measure Time of Flight for charged particle identification.
Electromagnetic Calorimeter (EMC) for 0 reconstruction & electron/positron identification.
Beam-Beam Counters (BBC) to define centrality (& interaction point).
Zero Degree Calorimeter (ZDC) for centrality definition.
MPD basic geometry
Acceptance
MPD main features (advantages)
The CDR development is continued
R&D activity is in progress
The MPD Collaboration is growing
MPD Summary
capability to work at high luminosity high rate of event recording hermeticity - towards 4 geometry smooth scan in
- relevant energy region- A-number - b-parameter
Booster-sinhrotron appliction to nanostructures creations:Booster-sinhrotron appliction to nanostructures creations:
Applied research at NICA
Booster
Electron cooling system
Design and parameters of booster, including wide accessible energy range, possibility of the electron cooling, allow to form dense and sharp ion beams. System of slow extraction provides slow, prolongated in time ion extraction to the target with space scanning of ions on the target surface and guaranty high controllability of experimental conditions.
Ion tracks in a polymer matrix (GSI, Darmstadt)
Ion-track technologies:
Topography and current of a diamond-like carbon (DLC) film.The 50 nm thick DLC film was irradiated with 1 GeV Uranium ions.
Production of nanowires, filters, nanotransistors, ...
The planned steps:The planned steps:
• More close collaboration with Russian institutes and JINR More close collaboration with Russian institutes and JINR Member StatesMember States
• Strengthening the relations with FAIR, RHIC and CERN Strengthening the relations with FAIR, RHIC and CERN where similar works are carried out (MoU)where similar works are carried out (MoU)
• Profiling students of the Dubna University with orientation Profiling students of the Dubna University with orientation towards NICA/MPD problemstowards NICA/MPD problems
• Organization of student Schools and Meetings for young Organization of student Schools and Meetings for young scientists on problems of NICA/MPDscientists on problems of NICA/MPD
Thanks for your attention!
Welcome to the NICA
collaboration!
Welcome to Dubna!Welcome to Dubna!