Bessemer Process- Developed independantly by the British manufacturer Henry Bessemer and American iron maker William Kelly around 1850. This process eventually made 90% of the nations steel. Was later replaced by the open hearth process.

Buffalo Soldiers- Were members of the U.S. 10th Calvary regiment of the U.S. army. Formed on sept. 12, 1866 in Kansas. Nickname was given to negro Calvary by the native Americans.

Social Darwism- Published in 1859, book was on the evolution of of humans in society. Grew from Charles Darwin's theory. Led to the idea that business success and failure is by natural law.

1850’s-1900

18661859

The years of 1865-1895

Mug Wumps- Republican party activist who bolted from the U.S republican party by supporting democratic candidate Grover Cleveland in the election of 1864.

Socialism- economic government system in which the government controls everything, from job profession to living quarters and even wages.

Samuel Gompers- led the cigar makers international union to join with other craft unions. Was president of the AFL worked for better labor conditions such as hours and pay. Were successful in later years.

1864 1860’s+1866

18761862-1890 1862-1890

Homestead Act- Congress passed this act which offered 160 acres of land for free to any free citizen or intended citizen who was head of the household. Over 600,000 families took advantage of this offer. Many were exodusters.

Exodusters- African Americans who moved from the post-reconstruction South to Kansas, took advantage of the Homestead Act.

Great Plains- Grassland extending through the west-central portion of the United States. Highly developed Native Americans lived in these western plains. Natives use to use this land to hunt buffalo and trade goods made from the land.

Nov. 29, 1864

1850-1871 1868-1881

Transcontinental Railroad- Government invested heavily in Railroads, 170 million acres, half a billion dollars. In the 1860’s 2 companies began racing to race track, one from the east and one from the west. Both companies reached Utah in the spring of 1869. 15 years later the country had boasted 5 transcontinental railroads.

Sand Creek Massacre- Cheynne returned to Colorado’s Sand Creek reserve for the winter. They thought the U.S Government was still protecting them. General S.R Curtis, Army Commander ordered John Chivington to attack the Natives. Killed over 150 inhabitants, mainly women and children.

Sitting Bull-(Tatanke Lyotanka) Leader of the Sioux, Never signed the Treaty of Fort Laramie (said the Sioux would live on a reservation along the Missouri river) The Treaty was eventually forced upon the leaders in 1868. Other tribes signed the Treaty but still expected to use their traditional hunting grounds. Sitting Bull defeated General Custer at thh Battle of Little Big Horn. In 1881 he was killed by police after resisting arrest.

Graft- The illegal use of political influence for personal gain. Political persons began to scam companies harshly.

Political Machines- Organization that controlled the activities of a political party in a city. Also offered services to the voters, and businesses in exchange for political or financial support. Political Machines began during the Civil War.

Kickback- Illegal payments for their services from the companies. The workers/companies would “kickback” these portions of income.

1870’s 1870’s1870’s

John D. Rockefeller- became a billionaire through trust agreements. He eventually gained complete control of the oil industry. He gained this control by selling oil for less than it cost to produce, then when he gained complete control he raised the prices super high.

Monopoly- Complete control over and industry’s production, wages, and prices. The steel and oil company’s at this time were monopoly's.

Trusts- People in a trust agreement turned their stock over to people in a group of trusties-people who ran separate companies as one large cooperation. In return the companies were entitled to divide the profits earned by trusts. Trusts were not legal mergers.

1870’s 1870’s+1870’s

1870’s1874-1876 1874

George Armstrong Custer- Colonel, in 1874 he reported the Black Hills had gold “from the grass roots down.” He was defeated early in June, 1876 at Little Big Horn River by many Native Tribes including Sitting Bull.

Longhorns- were sturdy, short tempered breeds accustomed to the dry grasslands of Southern Spain. They were raised by Spanish for food and later Americans raised them for food. This was the beginning of cowboys and the first masses of food.

Battle of Little Big Horn- This is where General Custer was defeated by Sitting Bull. Battle only lasted an hour, none of Custer’s men survived. The Natives knew Custer was coming so they prepared, that’s why they were victorious.

1862-1890’s+

1880’s1870’s

Long Drives- Overland transport that lasted about 3 months. Typical drive consisted of 1 cowboy for every 250-300 cattle, A cook who drove the chuck wagon and set up camp, and a wrangler who cared for extra horses, also a trail boss who earned over $100 negotiating with settlers and Natives.

Soddy- A sod home, often made freestanding houses by stacking blocks of prairie turf. Were warm in the winter and cold in the summer. Offered little light or air and were heaven to snakes and little insects. Were fireproof but leaked badly when it rained.

Homesteader- Settlers on the free land given to them by the Homestead Act. Only about 10% of the land was actually settled by families in need, most of is was used for business.

1867-1870’s

18861870’s

Oliver Kelly- Started the patrons of Husbandry. An organization for farmers that became popularly known as the grange.

National Farmers Alliance- Organized by R.M. Humphrey in 1886, in Houston Texas. Members in the colored alliance had to work separately from this alliance to avoid violence. Some accepted blacks, many did not. Group worked mainly against the Railroads because of the high prices for transport.

Grange- Organization of farmers started by Oliver Kelly. Original purpose was to be a social outlet and provide an educational forum for isolated farm families. They later spent most of their time fighting against the Southern Railroads.

Andrew Carnegie- He created the Carnegie’s steel industry which produced more steel than any British company. He gained control of the steel industry by vertical integration. 1901 he controlled almost the entire industry.

Alexander Ghram Bell- Revealed the telephone to the world. Him and his parter finally made communication across the nation almost instant.

18761880’s-1890’s1876

Thomas Edison- A pioneer who established the worlds first research laboratory in Menlo park, New Jersey. There he perfected the incandescent light bulb, and later a power plant that produced and distributed power.

Dumbbell Tenements- Also called the old law tenements called dumbbell tenements after the slope of a dumbbell. The narrow wasted slope of a dumbbell. Built in N.Y after the tenement act of 1879, before the N.Y state tenement.

Urbanization- growth of cities, mostly in regions of the Northeast and Mid-west. This growth was mainly caused by the overflow of immigrants entering the country.

Jacob Rii’s-Described the conditions of the sweaters working n the tenements. There were no lunch or dinner breaks, the workers ate while they worked, the days were extremly long, 10-12 hours.

1879 1880’s+1880

W.E.D. Du Bois -First African American to receive a doctorate from Harvard. Founded the Niagara movement, which insisted that blacks should seek a Liberal arts education so that African Americans can become well educated leaders and supported civil rights for blacks.

Ida B. Wells- Became an editor of a paper in Memphis. Three of her friends were killed, she believes they were killed because they were black and wealthy.

Booker T. Washington- African American educator , believed that racism would end when blacks could prove to be skilled workers and skilled in society. Was born a slave, later became the head of the state of Alabama.

189518921881

Fredrick Law Olmsted- Landscape architect, helped draw upon a plan for “greensward” which was selected to become central park, in N.Y. city. He later designed many other area’s of St. Louis and Boston.

George Eastman- Invented the first portable camera’s that anyone could buy and use. He released his first Kodiak camera in 1888, cost 25$ and had 100 pictures worth of film.

Booker T. Washington- African American educator that believed racism would end once blacks acquired useful labor skills and proved their economic value to society. Was later head of the University of Alabama.

1880’s 1881 1888

1890 18901890

Sherman Anti-Trust act- Made it illegal to for trusts that inferred with free trade between states or with countries. This law was poorly defined and poorly enforced.

Collective Bargaining- Negotiation between representatives of labor and management, to reach written agreements on wages, hours, and working conditions.

Vaudeville- Theatre where many Black performers entertained audiences here. Shows initially enforced racism, but later became normal theatres.

Settlement House- Community centers in slum neighborhoods that provided assistance to people in the area, especially immigrants. Settlement workers lived in the houses to understand the problems first hand.

Urbanization- Growth of cities, mostly in regions of the northeast and Midwest. This growth was mainly caused by the huge flow of immigrants into the country.

Jane Adams- One of the most influential members of the improvement of settlement houses. Founded the Locust settlement house in Hampton, Virginia. Was the first settlement for blacks.

1890’s 1890’s1890

1892 1890’s+1890’s

Scab- Strikebreakers, used to help keep companies operating without strikes ruining companies profits.

Melting Pot- Mixture of people of different cultures and races who blended togther by abandoning their native languages and cultures. Many refused to give up their cultures. As more immigrants entered the country, the hatred for them increased.

Ellis Island- Place in N.Y where immigrants had to go to gain citizenship. 20% of immigrants were held for more than a day, only 2% of these people were sent home.

Bessemer Process- Developed independently by the British manufacturer Henry Bessemer and American iron maker William Kelly around 1850. This process eventually made 90% of the nations steel. Was later replaced by the open hearth process.

Buffalo Soldiers- Were members of the U.S. 10th Calvary regiment of the U.S. army. Formed on sept. 12, 1866 in Kansas. Nickname was given to negro Calvary by the native Americans.

Social Darwism- Published in 1859, book was on the evolution of of humans in society. Grew from Charles Darwin's theory. Led to the idea that business success and failure is by natural law.

1850’s-1900

18661859

1896 18961896

William McKinley- Republican party stated the gold standard and nominated McKinley for president. Had millions of funds backing him unlike his opponent. Spoke on his front porch while other spread his word. Got 7 million votes to 6.5 million. The East and Middle west carried him to victory.

Cross of Gold Speech- Speech delivered by William Jennings. Said that men would not be crucified by gold. He rejected making gold our money standard.

William Jennings Bryan- Former Nebraska congressmen, editior of the Omaha World Heralds. Delivered the cross of gold speech at the Democratic convention. He won the Democratic nomination, populist liked him but not his V.P.. His funds and support was no match for McKinley.

Patronage- The giving of gov. jobs to people who helped a candidate get elected, known as the spoil system.

Orville and Wilbur Wright- Were bicycles manufacturers from Ohio. Experimented with new engines strong enough to carry objects through the air. They first built a glider, then a biplane. Their first successful flight was in Kitty Hawk N.C.

Civil Service- Government administration. Reformers began to press for the elimination of patronage. Believed government jobs should go to qualified people.

1900 19091900

Literacy test- used in the south mainly towards African Americans to restrict their voting rights. Blacks were asked more difficult questions that whites.

Segregation- separation of Blacks and whites in public and private facilities. Later known as the Jim Crow Laws named after a famous song at the time. Southern states enforced these laws strongly.

Grandfather Clause- Used by southern states, stated that even if a man failed the literacy test or could not afford the poll tax, he was still entitled to vote if his father or grandfather had been eligible to vote before January 1, 1867.

1870’s 1870’s1877

All images are from the Library of Congress.