John Q. McNultyChief, Subsistence, HQDA

UNCLASSIFIEDUNCLASSIFIED

U.S. Army Logistics in Military Operations

R&DA, Spring MeetingApril 27, 2009

UNCLASSIFIED

2

Strategic Environment: 1950-1989

Korea (1951): 64 Divisions Vietnam (1967): 40 Divisions Cold War End (1989): 28 Divisions

10 Deploymentsin 40 years

10 Deploymentsin 40 years

Domestic Support/Disaster ReliefDomestic Support/Disaster Relief

Humanitarian OpsHumanitarian Ops

Peace Enforcement

Major Theater War

General War

Nuclear War

Strike/Raid

Peacekeeping

Watts1965

Detroit1967

Chicago1967

Lebanon1983

Sinai MFOSinai MFO1982-?1982-?

Dominican Republic

1966

Grenada1983

PanamaJust Cause

1989-90

Vietnam1965-75

Korea1950

… but this was before the Wall came down… but this was before the Wall came down

UNCLASSIFIED

Beyond the Horizons

2008

Pacific Angel2008

3

Strategic Environment: 1989-2009

Sharp Guard 1993-96

Deny Flight 1993-95

Provide Hope

1992-94

HurricaneAndrew

1992

Saudi ArabiaDesert Shield

1990-91

CroatiaProvide Promise

1992

Western U.S.

Fires 1994

MidwestFloods1993 Rwanda

Support Hope1994

BangladeshSea AngelMay 1991

SomaliaRestore Hope

1992-94Cuba MigrantOperations

1994

Macedonia1993-99

Provide Comfort1991-96

Strong Support

1998-1999

LA Riots1992

HurricanesOP New Horizons

1999Provide Refuge1999Noble EagleNoble Eagle

2001-?2001-?

Tsunami AidTsunami Aid20052005

Haiti Uphold Democracy1994-2000

Dakota Floods1997

Hurricanes2004

Domestic Support/Disaster ReliefDomestic Support/Disaster Relief

Humanitarian OpsHumanitarian Ops

Peace Enforcement

Major Theater War

General WarNuclear War

Strike/Raid

Peacekeeping

JTF Liberia 1992 46 Deployments

in 20 years…46 Deployments

in 20 years…

Cold War End (1989): 28 Divisions Today (2009): 18 Divisions

BosniaBosnia1995-?1995-?

KuwaitDesert Storm

1991

KuwaitVigilant Warrior

1994-2003

Sinai MFOSinai MFO1982-?1982-?

Taiwan Maneuver1996

Desert Fox1998

Desert Thunder I and II1998

KuwaitVigilant Sentinel

1995

IraqiIraqiFreedomFreedom

2003-?2003-?

HOAHOA2002-?2002-?

Enduring Enduring FreedomFreedom

2001-?2001-?

KuwaitSouthern Watch

1991-2003

PanamaJust Cause

1989-90

Allied Force1999

East Timor1999-2002

Assured Response

1996

Wild Fires2007

HurricaneIniki1992

More missions … fewer SoldiersMore missions … fewer Soldiers

UNCLASSIFIED

Army Global Commitments

OIF - IRAQ 98,200 SOLDIERS

OEF- PHILIPPINES300 SOLDIERS

SOUTH KOREA16,800 SOLDIERS

(Part of AC Station Overseas)

OTHER OPERATIONS & EXERCISES

2,130 SOLDIERS

HOMELAND SECURITY

6,400 SOLDIERS(RC Mobilized Stateside)

HONDURASJTF-BRAVO

600 SOLDIERS

MFO700 SOLDIERS

OEF- AFGHANISTAN25,800 SOLDIERS

JTF-GTMO650 SOLDIERS

KFOR1,400 SOLDIERS

OEF/OIF - KUWAIT8,100 SOLDIERS

BOSNIA20 SOLDIERS

ALASKA13,000 SOLDIERS

USAREUR46,200 SOLDIERS

JTF- HOA

900 SOLDIERS

ARMY PERSONNEL STRENGTH

Component

Active (AC) 547,700

Reserve (RC)

USAR 200,300

ARNG 362,000

1,111,000 4

QATAR

1,000 SOLDIERS

Data as of 10 Mar 09

248,000 (or 22%) Soldiers Deployed/

”Forward Stationed” in Nearly 80 Countries Overseas

UNCLASSIFIED

Army Transformation: Chief of Staff of the Army’s Guidance

5

Create modular “brigade-based” Army that is more responsive to regional combatant commanders’ needs, better employs joint capabilities, facilitates force packaging and rapid deployment, and fights as self-contained units in non-linear, non-contiguous battle spaces

Develop an Army logistics structure that is responsive to the needs of a Joint and Expeditionary campaign quality Army

Eliminate redundancy and streamline support by reducing unnecessary layers

Design a logistics capability that leverages emerging technologies, links support to supported organizations and the Army to Joint organizations -- from the Continental United States (CONUS) to Areas of Responsibility (AOR) and within AORs

No Reserve Component within first 30 days

“As capable” as current force

Achieve Joint Interdependence

in Logistics

Largest Army Transformation since World War II

UNCLASSIFIED

Army ModularityFrom:An Army based around large,powerful, fixed organizations

To:An Army designed around smaller, more self-contained organizations

6

Division

XX

Field ArtilleryMilitary

Police

Intelligence

Engineers

ArmorBrigade

MechanizedBrigade

Aviation

DivisionTroops Chemical

Logistics Support

ArmorBrigade

SignalDivisionCavalry (Recon)

BCT

X

SignalMilitary Police

Chemical

Fires

CombinedArms

Armed Recon

CombinedArms

Engineers

Logistics

Intelligence

X

SUSTAviation

X

Fires

X X

RSTA

ManeuverEnhance

X

BattlefieldSurveillance

X

18 Divisions 76 Brigade Combat Teams and …

... Modular Multi-Functional Support Brigades

UNCLASSIFIED

Throughout US history, we have utilized contractors to support our military forces

Over the past 25 years, military logistics as remained at ~20% of the total Army

Over the past 6 years, logistics contractors supporting Operation Iraqi Freedom has gradually increased over time due to the conflict’s complexity and extended duration, as well as increased quality-of-life standards

Contractors: Historical Perspective

Data Source: Center for Military History

American Revolution 1:6

Civil War 1:5

World War I 1:20

World War II 1:7

Korea 1:2.5

Vietnam 1:6

Gulf War 1:60

Balkans 1:1

Simple Services → Complex Services & Opns

Transportation

Food Service

Sanitation

Medical

SecurityConstruction

Maintenance

Shower Service

Laundry

Com

plex

ity

of C

onfli

ctCo

mpl

exity

of

Ser

vice

s

Afghanistan 1:1

Iraq 1:1 Logistics Contracting Personnel in Iraq

Data Source: LOGCAP LOD Ops Briefings 2002-2008

Contractor:Soldier Ratios

Contractors increased by 44%

in 24 months

7

UNCLASSIFIED

Strat Move (ACOM, CoE, etc.)BDE/DIV Level MoveBN Level Move

InstallationGTA Activity

150,000+ Soldiers and family members return from overseas1

230,000+ Soldiers and family members impacted by GDPR, BRAC, & GTA150,000+ Soldiers and family members return from overseas1

230,000+ Soldiers and family members impacted by GDPR, BRAC, & GTA

The largestTransformation

since WWII

Facts- $66B Construction- 743 Projects- 304 installations

affected- 13 BRAC closures- 53 Realignments- 125 new AFRCs- 69,000 Barracks

spaces- 4,100 Family units- 66 CDCs

Annually 145,000 Soldiers deploy to and redeploy from Iraq & Afghanistan in unit packages

A Few Tough Years The Army in Motion: FY07-FY13

8

UNCLASSIFIED

Logistics Operations Supporting Southwest Asia

9

Forward Positioning of Wholesale StocksPetroleum, Oil and Lubricants Support

Subsistence Prime Vendors

UNCLASSIFIED

Value of Leveraging In-Theater Inventory Spend a little more on inventory to save a lot on transportation

or dramatically improve response time

Stocking In-Theater Inventory

Lowers total costs when an item• Has a low price/lb -- cheap to buy relative to what it costs to fly• Lower the price/lb and lower the demand variability, greater the

Forward Distribution Depot (FDD) fill rate should be

Improves response time versus sealift direct to• Small inventory buffer takes sealift off critical path• Long, variable Requisition Wait Time (RWT) increases other

supply chain costs

10

UNCLASSIFIED

Illustration of In-Theater Inventory vs. Transportation Tradeoff: Battery vs. Engine

VehicleBattery

Apache/Blackhawk Engine

Number shipped/year 60,309 314Weight (each/total) 89 lb (2700 tons) 722 lb (113 tons)Unit price $113 $694,615Unit price/lb. $1.27/lb $962/lbAirlift cost $328 $3,550Airlift cost/lb. $3.68/lb $4.92/lb

11

Battery is relatively cheap to buy compared to its airlift cost, but the

engine is not

UNCLASSIFIED

For Some Items Theater Inventory Produces Savings …

-$10

-$5

$0

$5

$10

Battery

Effect on Total Annual Costs of Stocking Item in Theater Inventory

Vehicle Transmission

Aircraft Engine

$ Million

Airlift Cost

Inventory and Materiel Handling Cost

12

Inventory cost much lower

than airlift cost(produces

net savings)

Inventory cost much higher

than airlift cost(adds to total cost)

Inventory cost slightly lower than airlift cost(lower return

on investment)

UNCLASSIFIED

Clear Cases forTheater Inventory

Inventory vs. Transportation Tradeoffs Produce Total Cost-Based List For Theater Inventory

Track, tires, and wheels Batteries Packaged Petroleum, Oil,

and Lubricant products Construction and barrier

materiel Tents Paper products, other

cheap bulky items Cleaning supplies

Diesel engines and transmissions

Engineered automotive components

Aircraft/turbine engines and transmissions, rotor blades

Electronics and small, expensive items

Small, low-demand items

High-volume, cheap, heavy

Positive But Smaller Relative Benefit

High-volume, moderately priced, heavy

Not for TheaterInventory

Low-volume, expensive, or light

13

UNCLASSIFIED

Logistics Operations Supporting Southwest Asia

14

Forward Positioning of Wholesale StocksPetroleum, Oil and Lubricants Support

Subsistence Prime VendorsMunitions Support

UNCLASSIFIED

Tigris R.

Euphrates R.

IRANIRAN

6

Baghdad

KUWAITKUWAIT

JORDANJORDANH4

Tallil

2

5

12

1

1

An Najaf

Kirkuk

Al Anbar

An NajafAn Najaf

9

SYRIASYRIA

SAUDI ARABIASAUDI ARABIA

AL ASAD

MOSUL

BUEHRING

ALI AL SALEM

CEDAR II

680K JP8 (Jet Fuel) 230K Diesel Fuel45K Motor Gas

295K JP8 (Jet Fuel)15K Diesel Fuel5K Motor Gas

121K JP8 (Jet Fuel)71K Diesel Fuel10K Motor Gas0.3K Aviation Gas

AL TAQADDUM

•3 Ground Lines of Communication•3 External Suppliers•1 Internal Supplier• All Military Escorts From Border

•3 Ground Lines of Communication•3 External Suppliers•1 Internal Supplier• All Military Escorts From Border

SPEICHER

MINA ABDULLAH TRUCK FILL STAND

Current Ground Lines of Communication

Current Ground Lines of Communication

Challenges:• Stress on the Open Market• Fuel Availability is Not Bottomless• Contractor Performance Standards and Accountability of Fuel • Storage Capacity Must Meet Mission Requirements

Challenges:• Stress on the Open Market• Fuel Availability is Not Bottomless• Contractor Performance Standards and Accountability of Fuel • Storage Capacity Must Meet Mission Requirements

JB BALAD

VICTORY BASE COMPLEX

SKYLINK

80K JP8(Jet Fuel)

11 days

4 daysFallujah

15

1,480 fuel trucks on the road on any

given day

Iraq Contractor Fuel Support

(Gallons Per Day)

Iraq Contractor Fuel Support

(Gallons Per Day)Q-WEST

TURKEYTURKEY

3 days

Habur Gate

Trabil

UNCLASSIFIED

Truck Fill Stand - Kuwait Cedar II - Iraq

Adana Contractor Owned Contractor Operated - Turkey

Al Taqaddum Recovery Operations - Iraq

Iraq Fuel Infrastructure and Distribution

16

UNCLASSIFIED

KABULKABUL

ISLAMABADISLAMABAD

FARAHZABOL

ORUZGAN

BADGHIS

FARYAB

PAKTIKA

GHAZNI

SAR-E POL SAMANGAN

JOWZJAN

BALKH KONDUZ

TAKHAR

BAGHLAN

VARDAKLOWGAR

PAKTIA

KEPISA

KABUL

NANGARHAR

LAHORELAHORE

UZBEKISTANUZBEKISTAN TJK

-E

CHN

NIMRUZ

HELMANDQANDAHAR

KANDAHARKANDAHAR

IRAN

LAGHMAN

PAKISTANPAKISTAN

HERAT

BAGRAMBAGRAM

BADAKHSHAN

KONARNURISTANBADAKHSHAN

BADGHIS

Hairaton

TURGHUNDITURGHUNDI

• 2 Ground Lines of Communication • 3 Prime Vendors + 2 Vendors • Strategic Storage at Kabul• Rely on Additional Contractor Storage• No Military Escorts within Afghanistan

• 2 Ground Lines of Communication • 3 Prime Vendors + 2 Vendors • Strategic Storage at Kabul• Rely on Additional Contractor Storage• No Military Escorts within Afghanistan

400K TS1 (Jet Avn Fuel)67K JP8 (Jet Fuel)

Current Ground Lines of Communication

U.S. Army Storage

Contractor Storage

Current Ground Lines of Communication

U.S. Army Storage

Contractor Storage

230K JP812K Diesel Fuel1.3K Motor Gas

ATTOCKATTOCK

16-19 days

Challenges:• Stress on Open Market• Rebuilding Inventories • Poor Roads and Infrastructure • Weather and Holiday Impacts• Insurgent Activity • Political-Mil and Economic Problems • Impacting on Exports and Imports

Challenges:• Stress on Open Market• Rebuilding Inventories • Poor Roads and Infrastructure • Weather and Holiday Impacts• Insurgent Activity • Political-Mil and Economic Problems • Impacting on Exports and Imports

67K TS142K JP826K Diesel Fuel2K Motor Gas

17

SPIN SPIN BULDAKBULDAK 640 fuel trucks

on the road on any given day

14 -45 days (Depends on

Weather)

Afghanistan Contractor Fuel Support

(Gallons Per Day)

Afghanistan Contractor Fuel Support

(Gallons Per Day)5 days

PESHAWARPESHAWAR

JALALABADJALALABAD

Federally Federally Administered Administered

Tribal Area Tribal Area Controlled AreaControlled Area

8 daysTORKHAM TORKHAM BORDER BORDER (KHYBER PASS)(KHYBER PASS)

UNCLASSIFIED

Bagram Fuel Farm Red Star Fuel Facility

Tryco Storage Facility - Kabul

Host Nation Contractors 18

Afghanistan Fuel Infrastructure and Distribution

UNCLASSIFIED

Logistics Operations Supporting Southwest Asia

19

Forward Positioning of Wholesale StocksPetroleum, Oil and Lubricants Support

Subsistence Prime VendorsMunitions Support

UNCLASSIFIED

DIAMONDBACK

DSCP

20

Dezful

Tigris R.

Euphrates R.

IRANIRAN

H3

22

6

Baghdad

1

KUWAITKUWAIT

JORDANJORDAN

H4

Tallil

2

5

12

1

10

1

Mosul

An Najaf

Kirkuk

Al Kut

Al Amarah

Ar Ramadi

Ar’ar

As Samawah

An Nasiriyah

Baqubah

Ar Rutbah

Dayr az Zawr

Karbala

Al Qaim

Al Hillah

Samarra

Fallujah

Al Kufa

Dahuk

Ad Diwaniyah

KarbalaKarbala

Al BasrahAl Basrah

Dhi QarDhi Qar MaysanMaysan

WasitWasitBabilBabil

Al QadisiyahAl Qadisiyah

Al AnbarAl Anbar

DiyalaDiyala

Salah ad DinSalah ad Din

NinawaNinawa

At TamimAt TamimAs SulaymaniyahAs Sulaymaniyah

An NajafAn Najaf

SYRIASYRIA

FLB SYCAMOREFLB SYCAMOREFLB SYCAMOREFLB SYCAMORE

FLB CEDARFLB CEDARFLB CEDARFLB CEDAR

BIAP

FLB SPEICHER

LSA ANACONDA

Taji

SCANIA

CEDAR

NAVISTAR

FF&V/LMR/PV - KuwaitC5.1 CSM CookeC5.2 Wrangler Inn

TQ

DIAMONDBACK

AL ASAD

Tigris R.

Euphrates R.

IRANIRAN

H3

22

6

Baghdad

1

KUWAITKUWAIT

JORDANJORDAN

H4

Tallil

2

5

12

1

10

1

Mosul

An Najaf

Kirkuk

Al Kut

Al Amarah

Ar Ramadi

Ar’ar

As Samawah

An Nasiriyah

Baqubah

Ar Rutbah

Dayr az Zawr

Karbala

Al Qaim

Al Hillah

Samarra

Fallujah

Al Kufa

Dahuk

Ad Diwaniyah

KarbalaKarbala

Al BasrahAl Basrah

Dhi QarDhi Qar MaysanMaysan

WasitWasitBabilBabil

Al QadisiyahAl Qadisiyah

Al AnbarAl Anbar

DiyalaDiyala

Salah ad DinSalah ad Din

NinawaNinawa

At TamimAt TamimAs SulaymaniyahAs Sulaymaniyah

An NajafAn Najaf

SYRIASYRIA

SAUDI ARABIASAUDI ARABIA

FLB SYCAMOREFLB SYCAMOREFLB SYCAMOREFLB SYCAMORE

FLB CEDARFLB CEDAR

BIAP

FLB SPEICHER

LSA ANACONDA

TAJI

SCANIA

CEDAR

AL TAQADDUM

AL ASAD

Prime Vendor IraqPublic Warehousing Corporation

(aka Agility)3 Supporting Warehouse Platforms

Prime Vendor IraqPublic Warehousing Corporation

(aka Agility)3 Supporting Warehouse Platforms

PWC supports 138 customers within Iraq and Kuwait

• 48 Forward Operating Bases (Mobile Kitchen Trailer sites)

• 75 Dining Facilities

TAA VIRGINIA

TURKEYTURKEY

20

985 Ground Deliveries

Per Day

UNCLASSIFIED

21

FF&V

FF&V

FARAH

LASHKAR GAH (2X)

GERESHK

GHECKO

HERAT

DR 73

TARIN KOWT

LAGMAN

SHINKAY / SWEENY

GHAZNI

ORGUN - E

SHARONA

MEYDAN SHAR

NANGALAM / BLESSING

MAZAR E SHARIF

KUNDUZ

CHAGHCHARAN

SPIN BULDAK

J-BAD (3X)

A-BAD (2X)

SHKIN

LAWARA

METHARLAM BAGRAM (7X)

KABUL (7X)

KANDAHAR (4X)

NARAY (2X)

WAZA KAWA

TORKAM

CAMP SPANN

BERMEL

CHAMKANI

KAF CSC DA 73

RIPLEY

QALAT RCAG

PUL-E-ALAM

SALERNO FF&V

FF&V

FF&VFF&V

KHOWST

CHAPMAN

FF&V

GARDEZ (2X)

DURELAMAN

RC WEST

RC NORTH

RC SOUTH

RC EAST

WARRIOR

FF&V

ASMIR

KARIN KOWT FF&V

KALA GUSHPANJSHIR

FF&V

TILLMAN FF&V

Via Air (Prime Vendor/Fresh Fruits & Vegetables)

Via Air (Only Fresh Fruits & Vegetables)

Via Ground

FF&V

Prime Vendor AfghanistanSupreme

Supported Locations (Dining Facilities and Forward Operating Bases)

Prime Vendor AfghanistanSupreme

Supported Locations (Dining Facilities and Forward Operating Bases)

Challenge of Providing Subsistence in Afghanistan

33 Air and 165 Ground Deliveries

Per Day

UNCLASSIFIED

2222

Category of Diners Served inIraq and Afghanistan

DoD Civilians (1.9%)

Coalition Forces (3.5%)

Other Civilians (0.7%)

The Army’s food service mission supports much more than just U.S. Forces

UNCLASSIFIED

Rank Description Unit of Issue

Quantity AveragePrice

Total Cost

1 CHICKEN WINGS, PRECOOKED LB 7,269,287 $3.41 $24,807,647

2 BEEF LOIN, T-BONE STEAK LB 3,039,330 $8.05 $24,479,589

3 BEEF, RIB, RIBEYE ROLL LB 2,491,209 $8.27 $20,601,248

4 CHICKEN BREAST FILLET LB 4,316,412 $3.74 $16,140,780

5 LETTUCE, UNWRAP LB 4,216,549 $3.50 $14,752,113

6 MELON, CANTALOUPE LB 4,846,550 $2.96 $14,333,121

7 MELON, HONEYDEW LB 4,536,300 $3.05 $13,816,726

8 BACON, PRECOOKED, EXTRA THICK

LB 1,774,549 $7.13 $12,658,065

9 ELECTROLYTIC, BEVERAGE, RIPETIDE RUSH GATOR

CASE 426,902 $28.03 $11,966,561

10 GATORADE ORANGE CASE 420,757 $28.03 $11,793,690

2323

Top 10 Items in Iraq and Afghanistan

Improved Quality of Life

Standards

UNCLASSIFIED

Army Logistics: Where We Are Headed Innovative energy sources to improve system efficiency and reduce

battlefield fuel consumption

Embedded diagnostic tools to rapidly predict and detect system failures

Information systems integration to improve the enterprise management of assets

Improvements to bandwidth, computing power, sensors, and data integration to accelerate decision cycles and synchronization, from strategic to tactical levels

Unmanned robotic vehicle technology for improved materiel handling and distribution of assets to maximize soldier protection for sustainment operations

Light weight materials and common system components to allow for quicker and easier maintenance and corresponding footprint reduction

24

John Q. McNultyChief, Subsistence, HQDA

UNCLASSIFIEDUNCLASSIFIED