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John Harris (Yale) 16th Conference of Czech & Slovak Physicists, Hradec Králové, 10 Sept. 2008
Exploring the Quark-Gluon Plasma at RHIC & LHC –Today’s Perspective
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On the “First Day”
There was light!gravity electro-electro-
magnetismmagnetism
weakstrong
at 10-43 seconds
then at 10 -seconds
& 2 x 1012 Kelvin
Quark-to-hadron
phase transition
Rapid inflation
gravity, strong & E-W
forces separate
Quark-Gluon Plasma
John Harris (Yale) 16th Conference of Czech & Slovak Physicists, Hradec Králové, 10 Sept. 2008
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Behavior of QCD at High Temperature
few d.o.f.confined
many d.o.f.deconfined
F. Karsch, et al.Nucl. Phys. B605 (2001) 579
TC ~ 175 8 MeV C ~ 0.3 - 1 GeV/fm3
/T4 ~ # degrees of freedom
24
30T
John Harris (Yale) 16th Conference of Czech & Slovak Physicists, Hradec Králové, 10 Sept. 2008
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Modifications to QCD Coupling Constant s
heavy quark-antiquark coupling at finite T from lattice QCD O.Kaczmarek, hep-lat/0503017
Constituents - Hadrons, dressed quarks, quasi-hadrons, resonances?
Coupling strength variesinvestigates (de-)confinement, hadronization, & intermediate objects.
low Q2high Q2
D. Gross
H.D. Politzer
F. Wilczek
QCD Asymptotic Freedom (1973)
Nobel Prize 2005
“Before [QCD] we could not go back further than 200,000 years after the Big Bang. Today…since QCD simplifies at high energy, we can extrapolate to very early times when nucleons melted…to form a quark-gluon plasma.” David Gross, Nobel Lecture (RMP 05)
John Harris (Yale) 16th Conference of Czech & Slovak Physicists, Hradec Králové, 10 Sept. 2008
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Phase Diagram of QCD MatterT
emp
erat
ure
baryon density
Early universe
nucleinucleon gas
hadron gascolor
superconductor
quark-gluon plasma
Tc
~ 1
70
Me
V
0
Critical point ?
vacuum
CFLNeutron stars
see: Alford, Rajagopal, Reddy, Wilczek Phys. Rev. D64 (2001) 074017L
HC
RHIC
John Harris (Yale) 16th Conference of Czech & Slovak Physicists, Hradec Králové, 10 Sept. 2008
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John Harris (Yale) U. Texas – Austin, Colloquium, 14 Nov. 2007
Quark-Gluon Plasma• Standard Model Lattice Gauge Calculations predict
QCD Deconfinement phase transition at T = 175 MeV
• Cosmology Quark-hadron phase transition in early Universe
• Astrophysics Cores of dense stars (?)
• Establish properties of QCD at high T (and density?)
• Can we make it in the lab?
Quark-Gluon Plasma (Soup)
John Harris (Yale) 16th Conference of Czech & Slovak Physicists, Hradec Králové, 10 Sept. 2008
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Ultra-Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions
General Orientation
Hadron (baryons, mesons) masses ~ 1 GeV
Hadron sizes ~ 10-15 meters (1 fm ≡ 1 fermi)
RHIC Collisions
Ecm = 200 GeV/nn-pair
Total Ecm = 40 TeV
Gold nucleusdiameter = 14 fm
= 100 (Lorenz contracted)
= (14 fm/c) / ~ 0.1 fm/c
Interaction of Au nuclei complete in few tenths fm/c
John Harris (Yale) 16th Conference of Czech & Slovak Physicists, Hradec Králové, 10 Sept. 2008
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John Harris (Yale) Hadron 07 - Frascati, Italy, 8 -13 Oct. 2007
Ultra-Relativistic Heavy Ion Collision at RHIC
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PHOBOS
Au + Au
On the “First Day” (at RHIC)
Large energy densities dn/ddET/d
GeV/fm3 critical
x nuclear density
Large collective flow
ed. - “completely unexpected!”
Due to large early pressure gradients, energy & gluon densities
Requires hydrodynamics and quark-gluon equation of state
Quark flow & coalescence constituent quark degrees of freedom!
1
PHENIX
Initial Observations:Large produced particle multiplicities
ed. - “less than expected! gluon-saturation?”
dnch/d |=0 = 670, Ntotal ~ 7500
15,000 q +q in final state, > 92% are produced quarks
CGC?
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How do RHIC Collisions Evolve?
b
1) Superposition of independent p+p:
momenta randomrelative to reaction plane
Reaction plane
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How do RHIC Collisions Evolve?
b
1) Superposition of independent p+p:
2) Evolution as a bulk system
momenta randomrelative to reaction plane
High densitypressureat center
“zero” pressurein surrounding vacuum
Pressure gradients (larger in-plane) push bulk “out” “flow”
more, faster particles seen in-plane
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1) Superposition of independent p+p:
2) Evolution as a bulk system
Pressure gradients (larger in-plane) push bulk “out” “flow”
more, faster particles seen in-plane
N
-RP (rad)0 /2 /4 3/4
N
-RP (rad)0 /2 /4 3/4
momenta randomrelative to reaction plane
Azimuthal Angular Distributions
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On the First Day at RHIC - Azimuthal DistributionsSTAR, PRL90 032301 (2003)
b ≈ 4 fm
“central” collisions
b ≈ 6.5 fm
midcentral collisions
Top view
Beams-eye view
1
John Harris (Yale) 16th Conference of Czech & Slovak Physicists, Hradec Králové, 10 Sept. 2008
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STAR, PRL90 032301 (2003)
b ≈ 4 fmb ≈ 6.5 fmb ≈ 10 fm
peripheral collisions
Top view
Beams-eye view
On the First Day at RHIC - Azimuthal Distributions1
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Elliptic Flow Saturates Hydrodynamic Limit
• Azimuthal asymmetry of charged particles: dn/d ~ 1 + 2 v2(pT) cos (2) + ...x
z
y
curves = hydrodynamic flowzero viscosity, Tc = 165 MeV
1
Mass dependence of v2
Requires -
• Early thermalization (0.6 fm/c)
• Ideal hydrodynamics
(zero viscosity)
“nearly perfect fluid”
• ~ 25 GeV/fm3 ( >> critical )
• Quark-Gluon Equ. of StateJohn Harris (Yale) 16th Conference of Czech & Slovak Physicists, Hradec Králové, 10 Sept. 2008
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Identified Hadron Elliptic Flow ComplicatedComplicated v2(pT) flow pattern is observed for identified hadrons
d2n/dpTd ~ 1 + 2 v2(pT) cos (2 )
Baryons
Mesons
If the flow established at quark level, it is predicted to be simple KET KET / nq , v2 v2 / nq , nq = (2, 3 quarks) for (meson, baryon)
15000 quarksflow collectively
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If baryons and mesons form
from independently flowing quarks
then
quarks are deconfined
for a brief moment (~ 10 -23 s), then hadronization!
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Transport in gases of strongly-coupled atoms
RHIC fluid behaves like this –
a strongly coupled fluid.
Universality of Classical Strongly-Coupled Systems?
Universality of classical strongly-coupled systems? Atoms, sQGP, ……. AdS/CFT…… K.M. O’Hara et al
Science 298 (2002) 2179
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Use strongly coupled N = 4 SUSY YM theory.
Derive a quantum lower viscosity bound: s > 1/4
AdS5/CFT – a 5D Correspondence of 4D Systems
• Analogy between black hole physics and equilibrium thermodynamics
• Solutions possess hydrodynamic characteristicsSimilar to fluids – viscosity, diffusion constants,….
our world - 3 + 1 dim brane
horizon
Extra dim
ension
(the bulk)
MULTIPLICITY
Entropy Black Hole Surface Area
DISSIPATION
Viscosity Graviton Absorption
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Ultra-low (Shear)Viscosity Fluids
4 s
Quantum lower viscosity bound: s > 1/4 (Kovtun, Son, Starinets)
From strongly coupled N = 4 SUSY YM theory.
2-d Rel Hydro describes STAR v2 data with /s 0.1 near lower bound!
s (limit) = 1/4
s (water) >10
QGP
T = 2 x 1012 K
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“The RHIC fluid may be the
least viscous fluid ever seen”
The American Institute of Physics
announced the RHIC quark-gluon liquid
as the top physics story of 2005!see http://www.aip.org/pnu/2005/
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It Flows - Is It Really Thermalized?
“Chemical” equilibration (particle yields & ratios):
Particles yields represent equilibrium abundances
universal hadronization temperature
Small net baryon density K+/K-,B/B ratios) B ~ 25 - 40 MeV
Chemical Freezeout Conditions T = 177 MeV, B = 29 MeV T ~ Tcritical (QCD)
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Particles are thermally distributed and flow collectively,
at universal hadronization temperature T = 177 MeV!
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On the “Second” Day (~ Year) at RHIC
Probing Hot QCD Matter with Hard-Scattered Probes
hadrons
leading particle
hadrons
leading particle
parton energy loss: modification of jets and leading particles & jet-correlations
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High Momentum Hadrons Suppressed - Photons Not
Photons
Hadrons factor 4 – 5 suppression
dev/
AAAA /
coll pp
NR
N N
Deviations from binary scaling of hard collisions:
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Dynamical Origin of High pT Hadron Suppression?
What happens to the radiation?
For collisional energy losswhat about recoil energy?
Egluon > Equark, m=0 > Equark, m>0
What is the dependenceon the type of parton?
E
How does parton lose energy?
q = 2 / ^One parameterization of energy loss
q ~
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Parameterization of Parton Energy Loss
q ~
Eskola, Honkanen, Salgado, WiedemannNucl Phys A747 (2005) 511
q ^
q = 5 – 15 GeV2 / fm from RHIC RAA Data ^
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Interpretation of the Parton Energy Loss
q ~
RHIC data
R. Baier, Nucl Phys A715, 209c
QGP
Pion gas
Cold nuclear matter
sQGP
Energy loss requires large(also : Dainese, Loizides, Paic, hep-ph/0406201)
2ˆ 5 10 GeV /fmq 5 - 15
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Heavy Quark Suppression• Using fixed order next-to-
leading log (FONL) cross
sections for charm and
beauty
Armesto, Cacciari, Dainese, Salgado, Wiedemann,PLB637:362, 2006
Insufficient suppression from theoretical models!
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AdS5/CFT Again! - Initial Results on Jet Quenching
H. Liu, K. Rajagopal and U. A. Wiedemann, arXiv:hep-ph/0605178, recent PRL
from J. J. Friess, S. S. Gubser and
G. Michalogiorgakis,arXiv:hep-th/0605292.
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Hard Scattering (Jets) as a Probe of Dense Matter II
Jet event in eecollision STAR p + p jet event
Can we see jets in high energy Au+Au?
STAR Au+Au (jet?) event
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Where Does the Energy Go? dev
Jet correlations in proton-proton reactions.
Strong back-to-back peaks.
Jet correlations in central Gold-Gold.
Away side jet disappears for particles pT > 2 GeV
Jet correlations in central Gold-Gold.
Away side jet reappears in particles pT > 200 MeV
Azimuthal Angular CorrelationsLost energy of away-side jet is redistributed to rather large angles!
Color wakes?
J. Ruppert & B. Müller
Mach cone from sonic boom?
H. Stoecker
J. Casalderrey-Solana & E. Shuryak
Cherenkov-like gluon radiation?
I. Dremin
A. Majumder, X.-N. Wang
Medium-induced gluon radiation?
Polosa, C. Salgado
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The suppression of high pT hadrons and the quenching of jets
indicates the presence of a high density, strongly-coupled
colored medium. !
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The Quark-Gluon Plasma – Present View from RHIC
RHIC and new Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN in Geneva:
Will cover 2 – 3 decades of energy (sNN ~ 20 GeV – 5.5 TeV)
To uncover the properties of hot QCD at T ~ 150 – 600 MeV)
• Large > c (T > Tc) system – Sufficient for QGP formation – NOT hadrons
• Large volume of quarks & gluons (hydrodynamics) – NOT just q & g scattering
Large elliptic & radial flow large pressure gradients
Ultra-low shear viscosity “nearly-perfect” fluid flow
Particle ratios fit by thermal model T = 177 MeV ~ Tc (lattice QCD)
• Dynamics of quarks and gluons – NOT hadrons
Flow depends upon constituent quark masses
Flow develops at quark level QGP EoS, quark coalescence
• NOT a Weakly-interacting QGP (as we initially expected from Lattice QCD)
Strongly interacting quarks and gluons NOT s ~ 0
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John Harris (Yale) Hadron 07 - Frascati, Italy, 8 -13 Oct. 2007
Officially Starts Today!
Geneva with Large Hadron Collider Superimposed
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John Harris (Yale) Hadron 07 - Frascati, Italy, 8 -13 Oct. 2007
The Future of RHI‘s at the LHC:
Dedicated HI experiment - ALICE
Two pp experiments with HI program:
ATLAS and CMS
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Simple Extrapolation to Heavy Ion Physics at LHC
QGP (fm/c)
(GeV/fm3)
T / Tc
tform (fm/c)
√sNN (GeV) factor 28
2-4
5
1.9
0.2
200
RHIC
≤ 2
3
1.1
1
17
LHCSPS
5500
0.1 shorter
3.0 - 4.2 hotter
15-60 denser
> 10longer-lived
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Heavy Ion Physics at the LHC – ExpectationsLHC Heavy Ions –
• expectations based on pQCD predictions & RHIC results• a lesson from RHIC – guided by theory + versatility + “expect the unexpected”
Soft Physics (pT ≤ 2 GeV/c) at LHC – • smooth extrapolation from SPS RHIC LHC?• expansion dynamics different? (flow, HBT, Tchem & Tkin, strange/charm/beauty)
Elliptic FlowParticle Multiplicities
Ntot ~ 6000
Ntot ~ 2000
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John Harris (Yale) 16th Conference of Czech & Slovak Physicists, Hradec Králové, 10 Sept. 2008
Significant increase in hard cross sections
(pT or mass > 2 GeV/c) at LHC – large pT /total~ 2% at SPS
50% at RHIC
98% at LHC• “real” jets, large pT processes
• abundance of heavy flavors• probe early times, calculable
bb (LHC ) ~ 100 bb (RHIC)
cc (LHC) ~ 10 cc (RHIC)
Rat
e
Hard Probes with LHC Heavy Ions
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LHC Heavy Ion Programs
Heavy Ion Data-taking
Pb + Pb at sNN = 5.5 TeV
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The ALICE Heavy Ion Experiment
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ALICE Collaboration
~ 1000 Members ~ 30 Countries ~ 100 Institutes
John Harris (Yale) 16th Conference of Czech & Slovak Physicists, Hradec Králové, 10 Sept. 2008
• Czech Republic:
Praha, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of Physics
Praha, Czech Technical University of Prague CTU
Rez, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Nuclear Physics Institute
• Slovakia:
Bratislava, Comenius University, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics
Kosice, Institute of Experimental Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences
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The ALICE Experiment Installation
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RAA d 2N AA dydpT
d 2N pp dydpT NcollAA
Is the QCD phase diagram feature-less at 1 – 4 Tc?
What happens as we go up in T (e.g. coupling)?
Are there new phenomena?
What’s the range of theoretical validities (non-pQCD, pQCD, strings)?
Measure/understand parton energy loss at the fundamental level
Establish flavor (gluon and quark mass) dependence
Use jets and/or photons to establish hard-scattered parton energy
Jet modifications - longitudinal & transverse “heating”
Medium response to jet-heating (near- and away-side)
Measure/use open charm and beauty decays (also as jet-tags)
cc and bb states (Ti, screening/suppression, enhancement?)
Direct Photon Radiation?
Developments in theory (lattice, hydro, parton E-loss, string theory…)
“the next frontier!”
The Quark-Gluon Plasma at LHC – Questions
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The New Yorker, Jan. 7 2007
….and the String Theory discussion/debate continues…
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Special Thanks for Contributions to This Presentation!!
Miklos Gyulassy
Peter Jacobs
Mike Lisa
Thomas Ullrich
Urs Wiedemann
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The End