1. John Calvin argued in his book, Institutes of the Christian Religion, that

a. Grace could not be achieved without good works

b. Grace was bestowed on few individuals, and the rest are destined for hell

c. Salvation was the one topic that he could not fully explore because God’s will in that area could never be known

d. Grace was available to all who had faithe. Salvation was a sign of a compact between

God and man

1. The revolt of the German peasants in 1525 was caused by all of the following EXCEPT

a. Economic distress of the German peasantsb. Increasing restrictions on the independence

of the German peasantryc. Martin Luther’s call for a “priesthood of all

believers”d. Encouragement by the Catholic Church for

the peasants to rebel against Protestant nobles

e. The loss of hunting and fishing rights that had been taken by the nobles

1.Which of the following cities became the center of High Renaissance (1490-1520) culture?a. Romeb. Venicec. Florenced. Naplese. Milan

1. Working and middle class individuals were united in opposition to

a. The Factory Actb. Chartismc. The Reform Bill of 1867d. The Great Reform Bill of 1832e. The Corn Laws

1. The Arab oil embargo of 1973a. Led to a dramatic upsurge in the use of alternative

energyb. Brought about increased tensions among the

countries of the European Unionc. Led to the high inflation that undercut the

economies of Europe for the remainder of the decade

d. Had relatively little impact because fuel reserves throughout Europe remained adequate

e. Brought about an East-West rapprochement as the Eastern Bloc provided much needed coal

1. Poland disappeared as an independent nation in the 18th century due to all of the following reasons EXCEPT

a. Russian, Prussian, and Austrian annexations of Polish territories

b. The Polish nobility reduced the monarchy to a powerless institution

c. France refused to intervene on behalf of the Poles

d. The nation was vulnerable due to its exposed lands without natural borders

e. The Catholic Church was unsympathetic to Polish statehood

1.Based on the work Lives of the Artists, Vasari is considered the firsta. Humanist scholar to be interested

in artb. Art historianc. To be concerned with the question

of aestheticsd. To question the seriousness of

contemporary artistse. Art collector

“Oh highest and most marvelous felicity of man! To him it is granted to have whatever he chooses, to be whatever he wills.”

1. The above quote represents most closely the view ofa. a Northern humanist scholarb. Someone from the Middle Agesc. a Protestant preacherd. a Catholic prieste. an Italian Renaissance scholar

“To arrive at complete certainty, this is the attitude that we should maintain: I will believe that the white object I see is black if that should be the desire of the hierarchical church, for I believe that linking Christ our Lord the Bridegroom and His Bride the Church, there is one and the same Spirit, ruling and guiding us for our souls’ good. For our Holy Mother the Church is guided and ruled by the same spirit, the Lord who gave the Ten Commandments.”1. This passage comes from the pen of

a. Martin Lutherb. Erasmusc. Ignatius Loyolad. Galileoe. John Calvin

“Sire! We must do from above what the French have done from below!” (1806)

1. Who said the above words?a. Johann Fichteb. Count Steubenc. Friedrich Hegeld. Baron Steine. General Blucher

1. Bon Marché in Paris was an earlya. Public sporting eventb. Caféc. Apartment building with electric lightsd. Joint-stock companye. Department store

1. The first person to isolate radium wasa. Louis Pasteurb. Marie Curiec. Max Plankd. Ernest Rutherforde. William Siemens

1.The later baroque style is know fora. Its restrained use of colorb. Its minimalist aestheticc. Its rigorous realismd. Its soothing contemplative qualitiese. Its extreme ornamentation

1.Montesquieu, in his Spirit of Laws, was inspired by the system of government ina. Veniceb. Russiac. Great Britaind. Francee. The United States

1.Martin Luther and Henrich Zwingli broke over the question ofa.Salvation by faithb.The primacy of the scripturesc. The role of the clergyd.Jesus’s presence in the masse.Infant baptism

1. The primary significance of the Crimean War was that

a. The Ottoman Empire lost control over Istanbul

b. It revealed the impact of industrialization on warfare

c. It marked the end of the Concert of Europed. It left key issues in the Crimean region

unresolvede. The French gained control over religious

sites in the Holy Land

1.The British General Strike of 1926 was sparked by problems in which industry?a.Shipbuildingb.Coalc.Textilesd.Transporte.Iron

1. The “Diggers,” a group that emerged during the English Revolution, believed that

a. The monarchy must be based on popular support

b. England needed to become a theocracyc. Enclosure laws needed to be reformedd. Private ownership of land should be

abolishede. Property belonging to supporters of Charles

I should be redistributed to the landless

1. By 1917, the biggest problem facing the French army was

a. A shortage of shellsb. The anticipated withdrawal of British forces

from the Western Frontc. Germany’s capture of Verdund. Mass desertione. The refusal of some soldiers to fight

1. Carnival was an important social outlet in early modern Europe because

a. It liberated people, if only for a short time, from hierarchical society

b. It was critical to economic growthc. It brought religious fervor to a frenzyd. It lessened tensions between Catholics and

Protestantse. It was the only time during the year that

townspeople didn’t have to work