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John Barber, Ph.D. Superintendent Waste Disposal Services Dept. Eastman Chemical Company Slide 2 Water Scarcity Increasing worldwide Previously a developing nation issue Now Spain, Australia, U.K, U.S. Quantity and quality concerns Finite resource Slide 3 World Water Stress Slide 4 Disappearing Aral Sea in Central Asia Slide 5 Slide 6 Colorado River -from this to that Slide 7 South Fork Holston River (8/10/2000) Slide 8 Global Distribution of Water 97.5% Oceans 2.5% Fresh Water 69.5% Glaciers and Permafrost 30.1% Groundwater 0.4% Surface and Atmosphere 77.5% Lakes, Rivers, Wetlands 12.2% Soil Moisture 9.5% Atmosphere Slide 9 Many of the wars this century were about oil, but those of the next century will be over water. Egyptian Ismail Serageldin, senior World Bank official Slide 10 Is water the new oil? Slide 11 Water Footprint Concept www.waterfootprint.org Slide 12 Slide 13 Slide 14 Water Use in the U.S. 339 billion gallons/day fresh water withdrawn 2X population growth for past 200 years Now 10% less than in 1985, though population grew Conservation? Harder to come by? Slide 15 Water Use in the U.S. 1300 gallon/person/day withdrawn 40% for irrigation (78% in California) 3x average of Europe US Household use = 100 gal/person/day Slide 16 Slide 17 World Water Cost and Consumption Slide 18 Water Conservation the cheapest gallon of water is one that you dont have to find, treat, and distribute Slide 19 Electric Power in the U.S. Thermoelectric and Hydroelectric Uses more water than any other single purpose 131 billion gallons/day 3% consumed Slide 20 It takes a lot of water to produce energy It takes a lot of energy to treat water Slide 21 Water Energy Nexus Slide 22 Energy Intensity of Water Sources Slide 23 I am convinced that, under present conditions and with the way water is being managed, we will run out of water long before we run out of fuel. former CEO of Nestle, Peter Brabeck-Letmathe in The Economist (2008) Slide 24 Institutional Structures Sustainable Integrated Water Management Science & Technology to Produce Clean Water for Reuse Management of Water in the Natural and Built Environment Adoption of a One Water Paradigm Slide 25 Silo Management of Water Slide 26 Integrated Water Management Reduce demand for freshwater Increase water recycling and reuse Turn stormwater into a water supply asset Fit for Purpose match water quality to end user needs Green Infrastructure multi-purpose and multi-benefit No distinct classes of water Continual cycle Slide 27 The Water/Energy/Nutrient Nexus of Wastewater Slide 28 Wastewater Resource Recovery Opportunities Slide 29 Example Resource Recovery Center Primary Clarifier or Filter Low Energy Membrane for BOD and TSS Removal Nutrient Removal and Recovery Anaerobic Digester Electricity Generation Algae Conversion to Biodiesel Final Filter Sewage Food waste, misc. organics CO2 Methane Electricity Primary Revenue Ultrapure water for industry makeup and aquifer recharge Peak electricity sales to grid Secondary Revenue Irrigation water Fuel savings Inorganic fertilizer Slide 30 NPDES National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Slide 31 Uses for Recycled Water TREATMENT LEVEL PrimarySecondaryTertiaryAdvanced ProcessesSedimentation Biological Oxidation & Disinfection Chem Coagulation, Filtration & Disinfection Activated Carbon, Reverse Osmosis, Advanced Oxidation Processes, etc. End Use None recommended Irrigation of orchard, and non-food crops Landscape and golf course irrigation Indirect potable reuse including recharge of potable aquifer and surface water reservoir augmentation and potable reuse Recharge of non- potable aquifer Toilet flushing and vehicle washing Industrial cooling Food crop irrigation Wetlands and stream augmentation Recreational impoundments Slide 32 Fit for Purpose Water Reclaimed water that has received the most appropriate level of treatment for a specific beneficial reuse Slide 33 Slide 34 Water Reuse in the Food Products Industry Coca-Colas goal zero water footprint for production Reduce, recycle, replenish Partnership with New United Resource Recovery Corporation (Spartanburg, SC) Move toward total recycle of treated water Product quality, product safety and public health are paramount Slide 35 Conversion of Recycled Bottles to Food Grade Plastic 1. High-speed auto sort 2. Shred and wash PET 3. Float bath to remove PVC caps and paper labels 4. Initial rinse 5. Chemical treatment and 2 nd rinse 6. Auto visual scan to remove non-spec plastic 7. Final rinse and dry Slide 36 Demand and Water Quality Needs Location/SystemDemand Required Water Quality Continuous or Intermittent Front End Rinse50 gpm per trainStandard ReuseContinuous Intermediate Rinse5 gpm per trainPotableContinuous Final rinse5 gpm per trainCity WaterContinuous Cooling Tower5 gpm per trainPotableContinuous Irrigation10 gpmStandard ReuseIntermittent Restrooms2 gpmStandard ReuseIntermittent Slide 37 Physical-Chemical Water Reclamation Slide 38 Manhattan 125 Maintenance Garage Slide 39 Slide 40 Slide 41 Slide 42 Rainwater and Steam Condensate Harvesting System Slide 43 The Solaire Residential Tower Slide 44 Rooftop of The Solaire Slide 45 Wastewater Management at The Solaire On-site blackwater treatment system recycles 100% of buildings wastewater for use in cooling towers, toilets and landscape irrigation Dual plumbing to accommodate graywater separation Water-efficient fixtures and low-flow toilets Potable water demand reduced 50% by using recycled wastewater Slide 46 Rainwater Management at The Solaire Water retention layer in rooftop landscaping reduces stormwater velocity and volume Subsurface infiltration basins remove pollutants from rainwater Runoff collected in 10,000-gallon basement storage tank with sediment basin and treatment system Water used for irrigating landscaping and operating the cooling tower Slide 47 Green Infrastructure Rain gardens and rain barrels Porous concrete and permeable pavement Vegetated swales Green roofs Water harvesting Bioretention and infiltration Slide 48 Green Infrastructure & the Triple Bottom Line Slide 49 Slide 50 The $42 Million Waterless Toilet Challenge from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation Slide 51 Barriers to Integrated Water Management Regulatory constraints Vary from state to state Virginia with ten distinctly different surface water regs Water rights and rain collection (western states) Recycled water and graywater use regulations Dual plumbing Cross-connection potential Plumbing codes and water conservation Slide 52 Slide 53 When the wells dry, we know the worth of water. Benjamin Franklin Slide 54 Questions? Slide 55 Slide 56 Slide 57 Slide 58 Slide 59 Slide 60 Slide 61 Palmer Drought Severity Index Slide 62