John A Chapman our cosmic journey 20101014

Our Cosmic Journey 2/13/2012

John A. Chapman 1

OUR COSMIC JOURNEY***

THE IMPORTANCE OF MINERAL EXPLORATION, DISCOVERY AND

DEVELOPMENT

ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF CANADARASC ‐ VANCOUVER CENTRE

OCTOBER 14, 2010H.R. MACMILLAN SPACE CENTER

VANCOUVER, BRITISH COLUMBIA, CANADA

John Chapman, Principal, J.A. Chapman Mining ServicesWhite Rock, British Columbia, Canada, Earth, Milky Way Galaxy, Universe One

• IN THIS 1.5 HOUR PRESENTATION I WILL DISCUSS IN GENERAL TERMS OUR PLACE IN THE COSMOS, THE IMPORTANCE OF MINING TO HUMANS, WHY WE CANNOT SURVIVE AS A SINGLE PLANET SPECIES AND SPACE DEVELOPMENT OPPORTUNITIES FOR SURVIVAL AND ADVANCEMENT OF THE HUMAN SPECIES.

• I WILL NOT REPEAT THE DETAILED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FROM MY 2006 PAPER, “DEVELOPMENT AND OPERATION OF A SURFACE MINE IN A REMOTE LOCATION – SOUTH POLAR REGION OF THE MOON”, PRESENTED IN BEIJING CHINA 2006 TO THE ILEWG CONFERENCE (AND LATER AT RASC VANCOUVER). IF ANYONE WOULD LIKE TO RECEIVE A COPY OF THAT PAPER LEAVE YOUR EMAIL CONTACT WITH ME AFTER TONIGHT’S PRESENTATION.

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ABSTRACT

The wealth from mines, from the dawn of recorded human history, is the epic march of mankind along the path of progress. It was the mines that made ancient civilizations such as Egypt, Greece and Rome great and in more recent times have created immense wealth to the benefit of the people of Europe, North America, Australia and now China, India, Brazil and Russia.

Georgius Agricola in his “De Re Metallica” published in 1556 stated, “Inasmuch as the chief callings are those of money lender, the soldier, the merchant, the farmer, and miner, I say, inasmuch as usury is odious, while the spoil cruelly captured from the people innocent of wrong is wicked in the sight of God and man, and inasmuch as the calling of the miner excels in honor and dignity that of the merchant trading for lucre, while it is not less noble though far more profitable than agriculture, who can fail to realize that mining is a calling of peculiar dignity.”

In Carl Sagan’s “Cosmos ‐ Travels in Space and Time (Episode 8), 1989” he stated, “Those worlds in space are as countless as all the grains of sands on all the beaches of the earth ‐ and each of those worlds is as real as ours. In every one of them there is a succession of incidences, events, occurrences which influence its future ‐ countless worlds, numberless moments, an immensity of space and time. Here on our small planet at this moment we face a critical branch point in history. What we do with our world right now will propagate down through the centuries and powerfully affect the destiny of our descendants. It is well within our power to destroy our civilization and perhaps our species as well. If we capitulate to superstition or greed, or stupidity, we can plunge our world into a darkness deeper than the time between the collapse of classical civilization and the Italian Renaissance. But we are also capable of using our compassion and our intelligence, our technology and our wealth, to make an abundant and meaningful life for every inhabitant of this planet ‐ to enhance enormously our understanding of the universe and carry us to the stars.”

Today, we are part of the “space generation”, crawling off the surface of the earth into the “oceans of space” –mining will continue to provide the capability for humankind to advance to the moon, mars and on to the stars.

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• VIEW THE THREE ½ HOUR VIDEOS BY THE SPEAKERS AT: www.bcit.ca/returntothemoon.• THEY SHOULD BE VIEWED IN THE ORDER OF THE STORY: SCHMITT (APOLLO), JONES (SPACE

SHUTTLE AND ISS), RICHARDS (THE FUTURE).• THESE VIDEOS SHOW WHY WE WENT TO THE MOON WITH APOLLO, THE IMPORTANCE OF THE

SPACE SHUTTLE/ISS IN TRAINING FOR ASSEMBLY OF LARGE COMPONENTS IN LOW EARTH ORBIT (LEO) IN PREPARATION FOR THE JOURNEY INTO OUR SOLAR SYSTEM AND FINALLY THE IMPORTANCE FOR HUMANITY TO VENTURE INTO THE COSMOS.

• THIS “RETURN TO THE MOON” EVENT WAS SPONSORED BY INDIVIDUAL BC MINING ENGINEERS AND GEOLOGISTS. IT WAS HELD AT THE BCIT AEROSPACE CAMPUS NEAR THE VANCOUVER INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT (YVR). IT IS AN INSPIRING COMBINATION OF LOCATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE, WITH ULTRA‐MODERN DESIGN AND STATE OF THE ART TEACHING FACILITIES. I RECOMMEND THAT YOU TAKE THE TIME TO VISIT THIS AEROSPACE CAMPUS – IT IS THE LARGEST IN CANADA.

• IN MY OPINION THE DEVELOPMENT OF A LUNAR BASE WILL NOT BE FOR EXTRACTION OF RESOURCES TO SEND BACK TO EARTH (WE ALREADY HAVE EVERYTHING WE NEED HERE ON EARTH) BUT INSTEAD TO DEVELOP A ROCKET BASE (IN LOW LUNAR GRAVITY) TO FACILITATE THE “DEFLECTION” OF DANGEROUS NEAR EARTH OBJECTS (NEOs) THAT ARE CURRENTLY BEING“DETECTED” AND “TRACKED” FROM EARTH. WE CANNOT SERVIVE AS A SINGLE PLANET SPECIES BECAUSE OF THE SERIOUS DANGER FROM NEOs AND SUPER VOLCANOES.

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FIRST MAJOR SIGNIFICANCEOF MINING TO HUMANS

THE STONE AND BRONZE AGESDID NOT END BECAUSE WERAN OUT OF STONE OR BRONZE

AGES PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE:STEAM

INDUSTRIALCOMBUSTION ENGINE

PLASTICELECTRIFICATION

NUCLEARSPACEISOTOPE

BIOENGINEERINGWARP DRIVE

INTERGALACTICTIME TRAVEL

ALL OF THE FUTURE AGES WILL BE PRECEDED BYTHE SAME EVENT THAT HAS LAUNCHED ALL OF THE OTHERS – SOMEONE MAKES AN INTERESTING DISCOVERY

• IMAGINE THE CRITICS WHEN THE FIRST WHEEL WAS MADE (WHERE IS MONTY PYTHON WHEN YOU NEED HIM) – DANGEROUS, NOT RELIABLE, RUINING THE EARTH, BAD OMEN, WON’T WORK, TOO EXPENSIVE, WILL MAKE THE CHILDREN LAZY, WILL CAUSE GLOBAL WARMING, ETC.

• IN MY OPINION THERE ARE BASICALLY THREE TYPES OF PEOPLE – THOSE THAT DO THINGS, THOSE THAT WATCH PEOPLE DO THINGS, AND THOSE THAT WONDER WHAT HAPPENED.

• CARL SAGAN: “IMAGINATION WILL OFTEN CARRY US TO WORLDS THAT NEVER WERE – BUT WITHOUT IT WE GO NOWHERE”.

• “WE CANNOT PROVE THAT THOSE ARE IN ERROR WHO TELL US THAT SOCIETY HAS REACHED A TURNING POINT, THAT WE HAVE SEEN OUR BEST DAYS. BUT SO SAID ALL BEFORE US, ANDWITH JUST AS MUCH APPARENT REASON. ON WHAT PRINCIPLE IS IT THAT, WHEN WE SEE NOTHING BUT IMPROVEMENT BEHIND US, WE ARE ABLE TO EXPECT NOTHING BUT DETERIORATION BEFORE US?” LORD THOMAS B. MACAULAY, 1830.

• "FAR BETTER IT IS TO DARE MIGHTY THINGS, TO WIN GLORIOUS TRIUMPHS, EVEN THOUGH CHECKERED BY FAILURE, THAN TO TAKE RANK WITH THOSE POOR SPIRITS WHO NEITHER ENJOY NOR SUFFER MUCH, BECAUSE THEY LIVE IN THAT GRAY TWILIGHT THAT KNOWS NO VICTORY NOR DEFEAT." THEODORE ROOSEVELT.

• "PEOPLE MUST BE FOCUSED ON A CHALLENGE, THAT SOLVING, GIVES PRIDE AND PLEASURE – THIS “FLOW”BANISHES THE STATE OF ENTROPY INTO WHICH UNOCCUPIED SPIRITS TEND TO FALL. (ENTROPY: THE DEGRADATION OF THE MATTER AND ENERGY IN THE UNIVERSE TO AN ULTIMATE STATE OF INERT UNIFORMITY)." ANON.

• ELECTRIFICATION ORIGINALLY REFERRED TO THE BUILD OUT OF THE ELECTRICAL GENERATING AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS WHICH OCCURRED IN THE UNITED STATES, ENGLAND AND OTHER COUNTRIES FROM THE MID 1880'S UNTIL AROUND 1940 AND IS IN PROGRESS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES. THIS ALSO INCLUDED THE CHANGE OVER FROM LINE SHAFT AND BELT DRIVE USING STEAM ENGINES AND WATER POWER TO ELECTRIC MOTORS. IN FEBRUARY 2000, ELECTRIFICATION WAS CALLED "THE GREATEST ENGINEERING ACHIEVEMENT OF THE 20TH CENTURY" BY THE USA NATIONAL ACADEMY OF ENGINEERING.

• MENTION THE THREE GORGES DAM ON YANGTZE RIVER, CHINA. AT 18,200MW IT IS EQUIVALENT TO ~25 MILLION HORSEPOWER AT 24/7 OR 100 MILLION HORSEPOWER (1 BILLION PEOPLE POWER) CONSIDERING 8 HOUR WORK DAY AND 6 DAY WORK WEEK. THIS SINGLE POWER SOURCE LIBERATES ALMOST THE ENTIRE CHINESE POPULATION FROM HUMAN DRUDGERY. ALSO, IT HAS DELIVERED MAJOR NAVIGATION, FLOOD CONTROL, AND IRRIGATION.

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• WE ARE MADE OF “STAR DUST” – WILL EXPLAIN LATER.• CARBON, HYDROGEN, OXYGEN AND NITROGEN (CHON) ARE AMONG THE MOST

ABUNDANT ELEMENTS IN THE COSMOS.

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• THE IMPORTANCE OF MINERALS (INCLUDING HYDROCARBONS) AND METALS IS AMPLY DEMONSTRATED WHEN WE LOOK AROUND US – AT THE PRODUCTS WE USE AND DEPEND UPON IN OUR EVERYDAY LIVES.

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• IMPORTANT MINERALS AND METALS USES INCLUDE NOT ONLY THOSE SHOWN ON THE GRAPHICS BUT ALSO PAPER PRODUCTS AND PLASTICS THAT MOST OFTEN CONTAIN A LARGE PERCENTAGE OF FUNCTIONAL AND NONFUNCTIONAL FILLERS (TALC, CLAYS, MICAS, ETC.). IN ADDITION, ALL OF THE FOOD WE CONSUME IS PLANTED, HARVESTED, TRANSPORTED, PROCESSED, AND MARKETED (FROM STORES) THAT DEPEND UPON A VAST ARRAY OF MINED MATERIALS (FARM MACHINERY, PAVED ROADS, FORKLIFTS, TRUCKS, PROCESSING PLANT EQUIPMENT, BUILDING MATERIALS, ETC).

• IF MINING WAS ELIMINATED WE HUMANS WOULD BE RIGHT BACK TO THE STONE AGE.

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• BELIEVE IT OR NOT, THERE ARE QUITE A FEW PEOPLE THAT BELIEVE MINING IS NOT IMPORTANT. THEY TYPICALLY SAY THIS AND THEN TURN AROUND AND CHECK THEIR EMAIL ON A COMPUTER, THAT USES SILICON CHIPS, WITH METAL HEAT SINKS, AND COPPER OR GOLD INTERCONNECTIONS, AND RUNS ON POWER, OF WHICH 40% OF COMES FROM COAL. THERE IS AN OLD SAYING "IF IT'S NOT GROWN, IT'S MINED." VIRTUALLY EVERYTHING WE USE IN OUR EVERYDAY LIVES REQUIRES MINING. EVEN MOST OF THE FOOD WE EAT WAS GROWN WITH FERTILIZERS WHICH ARE MADE UP OF MINERALS THAT ARE MINED. SO IT IS ODD TO THINK THAT JUST BECAUSE THE PICTURES MOST OF US SEE IN OUR HEADS WHEN WE FIRST THINK OF MINING ARE THOSE OLD, BLACK AND WHITE PHOTOS OF MINING 100 YEARS AGO ‐ TODAY, MINING IS ONE OF THE MOST HIGH‐TECH INDUSTRIES IN THE WORLD USING GPS, REMOTE CONTROL SYSTEMS, AUTONOMOUS SYSTEMS, COMPUTERS, SOPHISTICATED AND PRODUCTIVE MOBILE MINING MACHINES AND INTEGRATED HIGH‐TECHNOLOGY PROCESSING PLANTS.

• FERTILIZERS TYPICALLY PROVIDE, IN VARYING PROPORTIONS: THE THREE PRIMARY MACRONUTRIENTS: NITROGEN (N), PHOSPHORUS (P), AND POTASSIUM (K). THE THREE SECONDARY MACRONUTRIENTS: CALCIUM (CA), SULFUR (S), MAGNESIUM (MG) AND THE MICRONUTRIENTS OR TRACE MINERALS: BORON (B), CHLORINE (CL), MANGANESE (MN), IRON (FE), ZINC (ZN), COPPER (CU), MOLYBDENUM (MO) AND SELENIUM (SE).

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English Edition 1998

Cosmic AbundanceCosmic Abundance

Lifetime of StarsLifetime of Stars

OURSUN

• CARL SAGAN: “WE ARE STAR‐STUFF”.• THIS IS A “BIG PICTURE” BOOK FROM THE VERY SMALL (QUARKS AND LEPTONS) TO MASSIVE

STARS AND THE FORMATION OF THE ELEMENTS – A VERY GOOD READ.• THIS PROVOCATIVE BOOK WILL APPEAL TO ANYONE WHO HAS EVER LOOKED AT THE SKY AND

WONDERED HOW WE GOT HERE. ORIGINALLY PUBLISHED IN FRENCH, THIS EDITION HAS BEEN REVISED TO INCLUDE THE MOST RECENT RESEARCH IN ASTRONOMY AND COSMOLOGY. ARMAND DELSEMME HAS PUBLISHED FOUR BOOKS AND OVER 230 SCIENTIFIC PAPERS. HE RECEIVED A SIGMA XI AWARD FOR OUTSTANDING RESEARCH AND HAS HAD, BY ORDER OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASTRONOMICAL UNION, AN ASTEROID NAMED AFTER HIM.

• ON THE LIFETIME OF STARS CHART SHOW THAT OUR SUN CAN ONLY PRODUCE HELIUM AND A BIT OF CARBON AND CANNOT GO SUPERNOVA.

• ON COSMIC ABUNDANCE CHART, INDICATE THE THREE PROCESSES THAT CREATE THE ELEMENTS –BIG BANG, STELLAR NUCLEOSYNTHESIS, SUPERNOVA NEUTRON FLUX.

• THE MOST ABUNDANT ELEMENTS IN THE COSMOS: 1 HYDROGEN, 2 HELIUM, 3 OXYGEN, 4 CARBON, 5 IRON, 6 NEON, 7 NITROGEN, 8 SILICON, 9 MAGNESIUM, 10 SULFUR, 11 ARGON, 12 NICKEL.

• HUMANS AND OTHER LIFE FORMS ARE MADE OF CHON (CARBON, HYDROGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN) – FOUR OF THE MOST ABUNDANT ELEMENTS IN THE COSMOS (HELIUM IS INERT).

• THIS PROBABLY IS NO COINCIDENCE, BUT RATHER RELATES TO THE STATISTICAL PROBABILITY OF THEIR COMBINATION IN FORMING COMPLEX LIFE FROM MOLECULES.

• I HIGHLY RECOMMEND THIS BOOK.

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NUCLEOSYNTHESISWITHIN THE FIRST FEW MINUTES THE BIG BANG CREATED

ALL THE HYDROGEN, MOST OF THE HELIUM AND A TRACE OF LITHIUM

• CARL SAGAN: “IN ORDER TO MAKE AN APPLE PIE FROM SCRATCH, YOU MUST FIRST CREATE THE UNIVERSE”.

• WITHIN ~17 MINUTES AFTER THE BIG BANG THE UNIVERSE CONSISTED OF 75% HYDROGEN AND 25% HELIUM – AFTER THIS TIME, DUE TO EXPANSION, THE TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE OF THE UNIVERSE HAD FALLEN TO THE POINT WHERE NUCLEAR FUSION CANNOT CONTINUE.

• STARS FORMED ~200 MILLION YEARS AFTER THE BIG BANG.• GALAXIES FORMED ~500 MILLION YEARS AFTER THE BIG BANG.• AGE OF UNIVERSE ~13.7 BILLION YEARS.

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ALL ELEMENTS HEAVIER THAN LITHIUM ARE SYNTHESIZED IN STARSMANY OF THE ELEMENTS HEAVIER THAN NICKEL FORMED BY RAPID

NEUTRON CAPTURE DURING SUPERNOVA EXPLOSIONS

• IN SECOND GENERATION STARS FUSION REACTIONS PRODUCE NEUTRONS – THESE NEUTRONS ARE CAPTURED BY IRON GROUP METALS THEN DECAY INTO PROTONS AND ELECTRONS TO CREATE HEAVIER ELEMENTS.

• IN LOW MASS STARS (1 TO 7 SOLAR MASSES) NEUTRON CAPTURE OCCURS SLOWLY (THE S PROCESS) DURING THE STARS OLD AGE. THE S PROCESS CREATES ELEMENTS UP TO ELEMENT 84 – POLONIUM.

• IN MASSIVE STARS (>8 SOLAR MASSES) NEUTRON CAPTURE OCCURS RAPIDLY (THE R PROCESS) DURING THE STAR’S SUPERNOVA PHASE – THIS PRODUCES ALL REMAINING HEAVY ELEMENTS.

• NEUTRONS CAPTURED BY IRON GROUP METALS DECAY INTO PROTONS AND ELECTRONS (PLUS NEUTRINOS) TO CREATE HEAVIER ELEMENTS.

• LOW MASS STARS EXPEL THEIR WHOLE ATMOSPHERE AS PLANETARY NEBULA, HIGH MASS STARS EXPLOSIVELY EXPEL MUCH OF THEIR METAL‐ ENRICHED MASS AS A SUPERNOVA –BOTH PROCESSES ENRICH INTERSTALLAR SPACE WITH THEIR NEWLY FORMED ELEMENTS.

• NUCLEONS (NEUTRONS AND PROTONS) ARE 2000 TIMES MORE MASSIVE THANELECTRONS.

• THE RADIUS OF THE NUCLEUS IS ~1/10,000 OF THE ATOMIC RADIUS (HENCE ATOMS ARE MOSTLY EMPTY SPACE).

• ONE SOLID CUBIC CENTIMETER OF NUCLEAR MATTER (NUCLEONS) HAS A MASS OF ~3,000,000,000 TONNES (~EQUIVALENT TO THE MASS OF 1.1 SQUARE KILOMETERS OF ROCK, OR ~THE MASS OF ALL THE BUILDINGS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA).

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LOW MASS STARS EXPEL THEIR ATMOSPHERE AS A PLANETARY NEBULA(INTERSTALLAR ENRICHMENT OF ELEMENTS)

X‐RAY/OPTICAL COMPOSITE IMAGE OF CAT’S EYE NEBULA

• PLANETRY NEBULA FORM FROM STARS LARGER THAN OUR SUN BUT SMALLER THAN 10 SOLAR MASSES (ABOVE THIS – GO SUPERNOVA).

• THE CATS EYE NEBULA IS 3,300 LIGHT YEARS FROM EARTH AND IS 0.2 LIGHT YEARS IN DIAMETER.

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SUPERNOVA REMNANT ‐ CRAB NEBULA

HIGH MASS STARS EXPLOSIVELYEXPEL MUCH OF THEIR METAL‐ENRICHED MASSAS SUPERNOVA (INTERSTELLAR ENRICHMENT OF ELEMENTS)

• THE CRAB NEBULA IS 6,500 LIGHT YEARS FROM EARTH AND MEASURES 10 LIGHT YEARS IN DIAMETER.

• ONE LIGHT YEAR = 9.5 TRILLION KILOMETERS.• OUR SOLAR SYSTEM WAS BORN FROM A CLOUD OF HYDROGEN, HELIUM AND HEAVIER

ELEMENTS AS REMINANTS FROM YOUNGER PLANETARY NEBULA AND/OR SUPERNOVA EVENTS. THIS MAKES OUR SUN A POST PRIMARY STAR (SHOWS HEAVY ELEMENTS WHEN VIEWED BY SPECTROMETER), AND THE HEAVY ELEMENTS ARE WHAT FORMED OUR SOLAR SYSTEM’S PLANETS, ASTEROIDS AND COMETS – THEY ARE ENRICHED IN HEAVY ELEMENTS (ESPECIALLY THE SOLID PLANETS AND ASTERIODS).

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EAGLE NUBULA (M16)Newborn stars emerging fromevaporating gaseous globulesin a vast cloud of molecularhydrogen.

Hubble Image1995

HubbleLaunched 1990Repaired 1993

BIRTH OF SOLAR SYSTEMS

• AGE OF UNIVERSE ~13.7 BILLION YEARS.• ANALOG FOR THE FORMATION OF OUR SOLAR SYSTEM SHOWN IN THIS IMAGE.• THE PILLARS IN M16 ARE SEVERAL LIGHT YEARS LONG (1 LIGHT YEAR IS 9.5 TRILLION KM OR

63,240 AU).• OUR MILKY WAY GALAXY IS A BARRED SPIRAL: 100,000 LIGHT YEARS IN DIAMETER AND

1,000 LIGHT YEARS IN THICKNESS WITH ~200 BILLION STARS AND ROTATES ONCE IN 250 MILLION YEARS.

• CLOSEST STAR TO OUR SOLAR SYSTEM IS PROXIMA CENTURA AT 4.3 LIGHT YEARS. THERE ARE ~25 STARS WITHIN 12 LIGHT YEARS OF EARTH.

• SUN IS 500 LIGHT SECONDS FROM EARTH.• 1 AU (ASTRONOMICAL UNIT) = 150 MILLION KILOMETERS.• 1 PARSEC EQUALS 3.26 LIGHT YEARS (19 TRILLIONS MILES). 1 PARSEC IS LENGTH OF LONG

SIDE OF RIGHT TRIANGLE ONE ARC SECOND (ANGLE) MADE BY TRIANGLE WITH BASE OF 1 AU.

• 1 LD (LUNAR DISTANCE) = 384,000 KILOMETERS.• SPEED OF LIGHT = 299,793 KM PER SECOND.• THE SPEED OF THE EARTH IN THE UNIVERSE AS PART OF THE “LOCAL CLUSTER” IS ~600

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OUR SOLAR SYSTEM

AGE OF OUR SOLAR SYSTEM BASED UPON CURRENT OBSERVATION IS ~4.5 BILLION YEARSEARTH’S HUMAN (HOMO SAPIEN) TIME IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM IS ~200,000 YEARS (44.4 PPM)

Wikipedia

IN‐CORE FUSION OF HYDROGEN TO HELIUM (E=MC2)

• RADIOMETRIC SAMPLE DATING OF ROCKS ON EARTH AND FROM METEORITES, MAINLY USING U‐Pb IN ZIRCONS. U‐238 HAS A HALF LIFE OF 4.5 BILLION YEARS. RADIOACTIVE DECAY OF U‐238 GOES THROUGH 15 NATURAL STEPS (8 ALPHA AND 7 BETA PARTICLES ARE EMITTED) YIELDING ULTIMATELY AN ISOTOPE OF LEAD Pb‐206 WHICH DOES NOT DISINTEGRATE FURTHER.

• CARBON DATING ONLY GOOD TO MAXIMUM OF 60,000 YEARS BEST BELOW 30,000 YEARS. HALF‐LIFE OF CARBON 14 IS 5,730 YEARS, AND IS FORMED IN ATMOSPHERE BY COSMIC RAYS THAT PRODUCE THERMAL NEUTRONS: n + 7N14 = 6C14 + p. USED ON ORGANIC REMAINS FROM ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES . DETERMINES RATIO OF C14 TO C12 (WHEN IT DIED AND NO LONGER METABOLIZED CO2).

• SOLAR FUSION: FIRST STARS FORMED OUT OF ~75% HYDROGEN AND ~25% HELIUM (PLUS MINOR ELEMENTS LITHIUM, DEUTERIUM OR He‐3). 1H1.01 IN OUR SUN “BURNS” (AT 10 MILLION DEGREES KELVIN) TO 2He4.

• 3.4 X 10*38 PROTONS ARE CONVERTED TO HELIUM EVERY SECOND. THE MATTER‐ENERGY CONVERSION RATE IS 4.26 MILLION TONNES PER SECOND (3.83 X 10*26 WATTS). SUN CORE DENSITY IS 160g/cm*3. SUN CORE TEMPERATURE IS 15 MILLION DEGREES K. APPARENT (EARTH ALSO MOVES) ROTATION OF SUN IS 27.2 DAYS (SYNODIC).

• THE SUN IS ~26 MILLION LIGHT‐YEARS FROM MILKY WAY GALACTIC CENTER AND 500 LIGHT SECONDS FROM EARTH.

• EQUATORIAL COORDINATE SYSTEM IS A WIDELY‐USED METHOD OF MAPPING CELESTIAL OBJECTS. IT FUNCTIONS BY PROJECTING THE EARTH’S GEOGRAPHIC POLES AND EQUATOR ONTO THE CELESTIAL SPHERE. RIGHT ASCENSION IS THE LONGITUDINAL ANGLE EAST OF THE SUN AT MARCH EQUINOX (USUALLY MEASURED IN SIDERAL HOURS (24). DECLINATION IS THE LATITUDINAL ANGLE OF AN OBJECT ABOVE OR BELOW THE CELESTIAL EQUATOR.


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POST AVATARPANDORA MINING ENTERPRISES

A JV BETWEEN EARTH INC.AND PANDORA NATIVES INC.

PANDORAPIERRE LOISON

1861

• PANDORA (GREEK MYTHOLOGY) – “SHE WHO SENDS UP GIFTS” – IMPLYING FROM BELOW THE EARTH.

• JOHN S. LEWIS IS A PROFESSOR OF PLANETARY SCIENCE AT THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA’S LUNAR AND PLANETARY LABORATORY. HE PREVIOUSLY TAUGHT AT MIT.

• IN THIS BOOK, DR LEWIS DISCUSSES THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTERPLANETARY SPACE WITHIN OUR SOLAR SYSTEM. HE MAKES A PREDICTION THAT THE ABUNDANT RESOURCES OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM, INCLUDING EFFECTIVELY‐LIMITLESS SOLAR ENERGY, COULD SUPPORT A VAST CIVILIZATION OF 1016 PEOPLE. HE ARGUES THAT SHORTAGE OF RESOURCES IS "...AN ILLUSION BORN OF IGNORANCE."

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THE THEORY OF THE ABIOTIC GENESISOF HYDROCARBONS

• CARL SAGAN: “OUR SPECIES NEEDS, AND DESERVES, A CITIZENRY WITH MINDS WIDE AWAKE AND A BASIC UNDERSTANDING OF HOW THE WORLD WORKS”.

• WE TALKED ABOUT THE ELEMENTS – BUT LETS NOW DISCUSS SOME IMPORTANT MOLECULES (IN ADDITION TO WATER THAT IS MOST IMPORTANT TO WE HUMANS).

• THOMAS GOLD (CORNELL UNIVERSITY) WAS A BRILLIANT ASTROPHYSICIST. HE WAS ALSO SMART ENOUGH TO HIRE CARL SAGAN AFTER SAGAN WAS DENIED TENURE AT HARVARD IN 1968.

• THOMAS GOLD EMPHASIZED THE IMPORTANCE OF THE DEEP HOT BIOSPHERE IN THE EXPLORATION FOR LIFE (AND HYDROCARBONS) ON EARTH AND OTHER PLANETARY BODIES – HE WAS A CONSULTANT TO NASA ON SEARCHING FOR “LIFE” IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM.

• METHANE CH4 (COMPOSED OF HYDROGEN THE MOST ABUNDANT ELEMENT IN THE COSMOS AND CARBON THE FOURTH MOST ABUNDANT ELEMENT IN THE COSMOS).

• GOLD ASSERTS THAT PRIMEORDEAL METHANE UPWELLING FROM VERY DEEP IN THE EARTH (+300KM DEPTH) ALONG WITH HELIUM (ALPHA PARTICLES FROM RADIOACTIVE DECAY OF URANIUM, THORIUM AND POTASSIUM) FORMS LIGHT OIL, HEAVY OIL AND EVEN COAL AS HYDROGEN IS DISSOCIATED (HYDROCARBON GASES BECOME MORE CARBON RICH).

• GOLD ESTIMATES THAT THE BIOMASS CONTAINED IN ROCK VOIDS DOWN TO 5 KM DEPTH WOULD BE EQUIVALENT TO A LAYER OF LIVING MATERIAL 1.5 METERS DEEP OVER THE ENTIRE LAND AREA OF THE EARTH – MORE THAN EXISTING FLORA/FAUNA IN THE SURFACE BIOSPHERE.

• GOLD STATES THAT HOPANOIDS (MOLECULES ATTRIBUTED TO BACTERIA) FOUND IN HYDROCARBON GASES, OIL AND COAL ARE SIGNS OF BURIED “LIFE” – HOWEVER, RATHER THAN FOSSILS (FROM SURFACE) THEY WERE IN FACT “DINING”AT DEPTH ON THE UPWELLING PRIMORDEAL HYDROCARBON ENERGY SOURCE.

• GOLD ALSO POINTS OUT THAT NO EXPERIMENTS HAVE EVER BEEN ABLE TO TURN, VIA INCREASING TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE, BIOLOGICAL REMAINS INTO HYDROCARBONS.

• ALSO, BE AWARE THAT OLIVENE + WATER + CARBON DIOXIDE = SERPENTINE + MAGNETITE + METHANE.• THE DISCOVERY OF VAST RIVERS, LAKES, OCEANS AND GLACIERS OF METHANE AND ETHANE ON TITAN (MOON OF

SATURN) SUPPORTS GOLD’S ABIOTIC HYDROCARBON THEORY – AND KILLS THE ARGUMENT OF THOSE PEOPLE THAT PREACH “PEAK OIL”.

• WORLD OIL RESERVES IN BILLIONS OF BARRELS: 1980 = 411, 1990 = 748, 2000 = 811, 2010 = 1,200.• USA NATURAL GAS RESOURCES INCREASED BY 40% LAST YEAR TO 1,836 TRILLION CUBIC FEET – BY FAR THE HIGHEST

RESOURCE EVALUATION IN THE 44 YEAR HISTORY OF THE PGC ANNUAL REVIEW.• ACCORDING TO THE USGS METHANE HYDRATE, IN THE OCEAN (BELOW 300M) AND IN HIGH LATITUDE PERMAFROST,

CONTAINS ~2 TIMES MORE CARBON THAN ALL OF THE KNOWN AND EXTRACTED OIL, GAS AND COAL ON EARTH.

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• IN 2007 I MET DR. JIM JORDON, CHAIR AND PROFESSOR, EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCES, LAMAR UNIVERSITY, BEAUMONT TEXAS, AT THE PTMSS CONFERENCE (PLANETARY AND TERRESTRIAL MINING SCIENCES SYMPOSIUM) IN SUDBURY 2007 WHERE HE WAS A KEYNOTE SPEAKER, “FROM PROSPECT TO PIPELINE: THE SEARCH FOR EXTRATERRESTRIAL RESOURCES”. HE IS AN EXPERT ON RARE GAS ISOTOPES – ON EARTH, ON THE MOON AND IN OUR SOLAR SYSTEM.

• JIM INDICATED TO ME THAT HE WAS PLANNING TO WRITE A SUPPORTING SEQUEL TO THOMAS GOLD’S DEEP HOT BIOSPHERE BASED UPON NEW INFORMATION FROM HIS ISOTOPIC STUDIES ON HYDROCARBONS AND RELATED GASES.

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THE CHALLENGES& REWARDS

• Humans cannot survive as a single planet species as evidenced in the Earth’s fossil record of mass extinctions of life caused mainly by comet/asteroid impacts and super‐volcanic eruptions (pending much hotter sun)

• Humans have a genetic “wiring” that drives exploration (risk) for discovery of new places and things (reward) – the earth no longer holds the exploration potential nor the rewards needed by society – it is time to move onto the rest of the Solar System

DUNCAN STEEL – TARGET EARTH

• NASA AS OF MAY 2008 REPORTS 5,474 NEOs (IN THE VICINITY OF EARTH’S ORBIT) HAVE BEEN DISCOVERED: (65 COMETS AND 5,409 ASTERIODS), OF THESE 881 ARE ESTIMATED TO BE AT LEAST 1.0KM IN DIAMETER. THE RATE OF IMPACTS OF OBJECTS OF AT LEAST THIS SIZE IS ESTIMATED AT 2 PER 1.0 MILLION YEARS (2,000 PER BILLION YEARS). MANY MORE NEOs WILL ARRIVE OVER TIME DUE TO GRAVITATIONAL EFFECTS ON ASTERIODS (MAINLY JUPITER) IN THE ASTERIOD BELT AND COMETS (MAINLY NEPTUNE) IN THE KUIPER BELT.

• THE LARGEST NEO AT THIS TIME IS GANYMED, AN ASTERIOD, WHICH IS ~32KM IN DIAMETER.

• IN 2008 THE ASSOCIATION OF SPACE EXPLORERS INTERNATIONAL PANEL OF ASTERIOD THREAT MITIGATION PRESENTED “ASTERIOD THREATS: A CALL FOR GLOBAL RESPONSE” TO THE UNITED NATIONS. IT IS A 54 PAGE DOCUMENT OUTLINING THE THREAT AND THE PROPOSED MITIGATION PROGRAM FOR DETECTION, TRACKING AND DEFLECTION.

• 99924 APOPHIS IS A 279 METER DIAMETER NEAR EARTH ASTERIOD THAT COULD HAVE A VERY CLOSE ENCOUNTER WITH EARTH IN 2029, 2036 AND 2068 – WE NEED TO KEEP TRACKING THIS HAZARD AS AT SOME POINT IN TIME IT MAY NEED TO BE “DEFLECTED”.

• DOTCOM BILLIONAIRES ARE TURNING TO SPACE INVESTMENTS (SETI AND ROCKETS) AS “TROPHY”INVESTMENTS – PAUL ALLEN: SETI, ELON MUSK: SPACEX.

• AT THE 2003 ILEWG LUNAR CONFERENCE IN HAWAII ASTRONAUT JOHN YOUNG IN HIS OPENING ADDRESS SAID WE HUMANS WILL NOT SURVIVE AS A SINGLE PLANET SPECIES BECAUSE OF COMETS, ASTERIODS AND SUPER VOLCANOES. AT THE END OF THE CONFERENCE THE MEMBERS WERE ASKED IF THEY FELT IT WAS WORTH THE EFFORT FOR HUMANS TO TRY TO CONTROL THEIR DESTINY BY POPULATING OTHER PLANETS – MORE THAN HALF SAID THEY DID NOT CARE AS WE WERE DOOMED NO MATTER WHAT WE DO. I WAS IN THE MINORITY AND I DO BELIEVE THAT WE SHOULD GET ON WITH DOING THE VERY BEST WE CAN TO POPULATE OTHER PLANETS – AND THEREBY SAVE THE HUMAN SPECIES.


John A. Chapman 20

• IN THE NEXT ONE TO THREE BILLION YEARS THE HABITAL ZONE (GOLDILOCKS ZONE) WILL MOVE OUT OVER MARS, AND THEN AS THE SUN BECOMES HOTTER, THE ASTERIOD BELT, AND THEN THE MOONS OF JUPITER AND SATURN.

• JUPITER HAS 63 MOONS.• SATURN HAS 62 MOONS.• KEPLER'S (EARLY 1600S) PLANETARY LAWS OF MOTION ARE: (1) THE ORBIT OF EVERY

PLANET IS AN ELLIPSE WITH THE SUN AT ONE OF THE TWO FOCI, (2) A LINE JOINING A PLANET AND THE SUN SWEEPS OUT EQUAL AREAS DURING EQUAL INTERVALS OF TIME, AND (3) THE SQUARE OF THE ORBITAL PERIOD OF A PLANET IS DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL TO THE CUBE OF THE SEMI‐MAJOR AXIS OF ITS ORBIT.

• RADIATION FLUX AT EARTH: AT TOP OF ATMOSPHERE IS ~1,360 WATTS PER SQUARE METER, AT EARTH’S SURFACE IT IS ~1,000 WATTS PER SQUARE METER. THE FLUX DENSITY IS PROPORTIONAL TO THE INVERSE DISTANCE SQUARED FROM THE SUN (IN SPACE VACUUM).

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John A. Chapman 21

COMET SHOEMAKER‐LEVY IMPACTING JUPITER JULY 16, 1994

(JUPITER’S DIAMETER IS 11.2 X EARTH’S)

KNOWN MASS EXTINCTIONS OF SPECIES ON EARTH

1) END OF CRETACEOUS, ~65 Ma, ~75%

2) END OF TRIASSIC, ~205 Ma, ~75%

3) END OF PERMIAN ~250 Ma, ~90%

4) END OF DEVONIAN ~370 Ma, ~70%

5) END OF ORDOVICIAN ~450 Ma, ~85%

WE NOW HAVESPACE SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS WORKING ON THE PROBLEM OF DETECTING, TRACKING AND DEFLECTING ASTEROIDS AND COMETS

• JUPITER’S DIAMETER IS 143,000 KM, EARTH’S IS 12,800 KM, THE MOON IS 3,480 KM.• THERE WERE AT LEAST 20 SEPARATE FRAGMENTS OF THE COMET SHOEMAKER‐LEVY THAT HIT JUPITER – ONE

OF THE LARGEST “G” (JULY 18, 1994) CREATED A DARK SPOT MEASURING 12,000 KM ACROSS AND WAS ESTIMATED TO HAVE RELEASED AN ENERGY EQUIVALENT TO 6 TRILLION TONS OF TNT (~750 TIMES THE WORLDS NUCLEAR ARSENAL). TWO IMPACTS 12 HOURS APART ON JULY 19TH CREATED IMPACT MARKS OF SIMILAR SIZE TO THAT CAUSED BY FRAGMENT G. SEVERAL OF THESE IMPACTORS, IF THEY WERE HITTING EARTH, WOULD HAVE EXTINQUISHED ALL OR MOST LIFE ON THE PLANET.

• IMPACTORS: ASTERIODS (PROGRADE ~19KM/SEC), COMETS (RETROGRADE ~55KM/SEC) – IF SAME SIZE OBJECTS THEN COMET HAS ~8 TIMES MORE ENERGY (KINETIC) THAN THE ASTERIOD (KINETIC ENERGY = ½M x V*2). OBJECTS TRAVELING AT ~3 KM/SEC HAVE KINETIC ENERGY EQUIVALENT TO THEIR MASS IN TNT.

• EARLY MORNING ON EARTH IS LIKE FACING FORWARD IN AN AUTOMOBILE TRAVELING AT 30KM PER SECOND –A RETROGRADE IMPACTOR WOULD HIT AT ~55KM/SEC.

• IMPACTORS NORMALLY CREATE CRATORS 10 TO 20 TIMES THE DIAMETER OF THE IMPACTOR.

• EARTH ROTATION VELOCITY AT EQUATOR SEA LEVEL = 1,650 KM/HR, MEAN EARTH ORBITAL VELOCITY = 30KM/SEC, THE SOLAR SYSTEM IS ORBITING WITHIN THE MILKY WAY AT A VELOCITY OF ~220 KM/SEC AND IN RELATION TO THE COSMOS BACKGROUND AT ~600 KM/SEC.

• THE TRICK IN TRACKING NEO ORBITS LIES IN A STRANGE NATURAL PHENOMENON: SOLAR‐POWERED ORBITAL MECHANICS. THE IDEA GOES BACK TO A SCIENTIFIC PAPER WRITTEN BY RUSSIAN ENGINEER I.O. YARKOVSKY A CENTURY AGO AND SINCE LOST. YARKOVSKY IS SAID TO HAVE PROPOSED THAT THE SUN WARMS AN ASTEROID MORE ON THE "DAY" SIDE THAN ON THE "NIGHT" SIDE. THE WARMER SIDE OF THE ROCK EMITS MORE THERMAL RADIATION, CREATING A SLIGHT DIFFERENCE IN MOMENTUM THAT GENTLY NUDGES THE OBJECT IN A MANNER SIMILAR TO HOW A ROCKET IS PROPELLED. OVER HUNDREDS OF YEARS, THE MOVEMENT CAN BE SIGNIFICANT, SCIENTISTS SAY.

• NOTE THAT THE EXTINCTIONS ARE SHOWN AT THE END OF GEOLOGICAL “PERIODS” – THAT IS BECAUSE EXTINCTIONS ARE ONE OF THE MARKERS GEOLOGISTS USED IN PREPARING THE SCALE.


John A. Chapman 22

SPACE DEVELOPMENT OPPORTUNITIES

• SAVE HUMAN SPECIES FROM EXTINCTION• OPTICAL AND RADIO COMMUNICATIONS • MULTI & HYPER SPECTRAL REMOTE SENSING• GPS AND OTHER POSITIONING SYSTEMS• HELIUM THREE FUSION RESOURCE• SOLAR POWER BEAMING• SERVICING HIGH‐ALTITUDE SATELLITES • ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS• REPOSITORY OF HUMAN KNOWLEDGE• REPOSITORY OF BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES • TRACKING OF NEOs• NEO DEFLECTION• GENERAL ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE• HUMAN HABITATION ON OTHER “WORLDS”

• SPACE INDUSTRY IS ~US$280 BILLION PER ANNUM (ABOUT ½ OF 1 PERCENT OF WORLD GDP) – CAME FROM NOTHING IN 1950S SO THIS IS SIGNIFICANT POSITIVE GROWTH.

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John A. Chapman 23

Launch Complex 39 with the Vehicle Assembly Building (VAB) and Saturn V being transported to the launch pad.

Saturn V Launch(7.5M lb thrust)Kennedy Space CenterUSA

NASA

ESCAPING EARTH’S GRAVITYKENNEDY SPACE CENTER – SATURN V

SPACE EXPLORATION AND DEVELOPMENT

• MENTION DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE ADJACENT KENNEDY SPACE CENTER (NASA) AND CAPE CANAVERAL (US AIRFORCE).

• LAUNCH TO EAST GIVES A BOOST FROM ROTATION OF EARTH (GREATEST AT EQUATOR) ~1,650 KM/HR AND ABORT IS OVER ATLANTIC OCEAN. FOR POLAR ORBITS NASA NORMALLY LAUNCHES FROM CALIFORNIA TOWARD THE SOUTH SO THAT ABORT IS IN THE PACIFIC OCEAN (THE RECENT POLAR LAUNCH FAILURE, WITH REMOTE SENSING CO2 SPACECRAFT, CRASHED IN ANTARCTICA AFTER CALIFORNIA LAUNCH). POLAR ORBITS PROVIDE GOOD COVERAGE OF THE EARTH FOR MAPPING (MULTISPECTRAL, HYPERSPECTRAL, SYNTHETIC APERATURE RADAR, PHOTOGRAPHS, ETC.).

• EARTH GEOSYNCRONOUS SATELLITES ORBIT IN THE PLANE OF THE EARTH’S EQUATOR AT AN ALTITUDE OF 35,786 KM IN THE SAME COUNTERCLOCKWISE DIRECTION AS THE EARTH (LOOKING DOWN FROM NORTH). THE GEOSTATIONARY ROTATIONAL PERIOD BEING THE SAME AS THE EARTH’S IS 23H, 56M AND 4.091S. THESE ORBITS ARE USED FOR “PARKING”SATELLITES FOR COMMUNICATION (VOICE, TV, DATA, ETC.). AT THIS ALTITUDE THERE IS A O.12 SECOND DELAY ONE‐WAY DUE TO THE SPEED OF LIGHT TRANSMISSION (35,786 KM/300,000 KM/S).

• SPECIFIC THRUST IS THE NUMBER OF SECONDS THAT ONE KG OF FUEL WILL PROVIDE A THRUST OF ONE KG.

• ESCAPE VELOCITY (FROM EARTH’S GRAVITATIONAL WELL) FOR ROCKETS LEAVING EARTH’S SURFACE IS 11.2 KM/S (~25,000 MPH).

• ESCAPE VELOCITY FROM THE SUN’S GRAVITATIONAL WELL, AT EARTH, FOR ROCKETS IS 42.1 KM/S (~94,000 MPH). NOTE: 1.0 MILE = 1.6093 KM.


John A. Chapman 24

NASA

KENNEDY SPACE CENTERSHUTTLE ON PAD 3

• NASA’S SHUTTLE INTEGRATED LAUNCH SYSTEM: MASS TO LEO = 105t. ABOUT TO BE RETIRED. THERE IS NO HUMAN ESCAPE CAPSULE DESIGN AS ON SATURN V AND PROPOSED ARIS I.

• COST PER KG OF PAYLOAD TO: LEO = ~US$10,000, TO GTO = ~US$50,000.• LEO IS ~350 KM TO 1,400 KM ALTITUDE AND GEOSTATIONARY TRANSFER ORBIT (GTO) IS AT

AN ALTITUDE OF ~35,700 KM.• TO PLACE A SATELLITE IN GEOSTATIONARY ORBIT IT MUST BE IN THE PLANE OF THE

EARTH’S EQUATOR AND BE AT AN ALTITUDE OF 35,786 KM ABOVE MEAN SEA LEVEL.• NASA’S SHUTTLE, ISS AND HUBBLE PROGRAMS HAVE PROVIDED EXCELLENT TRAINING FOR

ASTRONAUTS IN EXTRA‐VEHICULAR ACTIVITIES (EVAS) TO PLACE, ENLARGE AND REPAIR COMPLEX MACHINERY – ALL A PRECURSER TO ASSEMBLING LARGE SPACE SHIPS FOR HUMAN VOYAGES TO THE MOON, MARS AND BEYOND.


John A. Chapman 25

CONSTELLATION PROGRAMAres V: Heavy-Lift Launch VehicleAres I: Crew Launch Vehicle

SATURN V: 111 m long, 2.9M kg launch mass,33.6M N launch thrust,129K kg to LEO, 49K kg to Moon

ARES: 109 m long (V), 3.7M kg launch mass (V+I)53.3M N launch thrust (V+I)148k kg to LEO, 64.8k kg to Moon

Specific Impulse: solid boosters ~265 s (vac)liquid hydrogen/oxygen ~450 s (vac)

NASA

ARES IV

ARES I

NASA CONSTELLATION PROGRAM

• NASA’S SATURN V (RETIRED): MASS TO LEO = 118t, MASS TO TLI 47t (TRANSFER LUNAR INJECTION).

• NASA’S ARES V (IN DEVELOPMENT): MASS TO LEO = 160t, MASS TO TLI 63t (130t WITH REFUELING).

• NOTE THAT ARES I ALLOWS FOR CREW ESCAPE (CREW OF SIX) IF LAUNCH GOES AWRY –WITH EXPLOSIVE ABORT BELOW MODULE AND A PARACHUTE DECENT. THIS IS A SYSTEM SIMILAR TO THAT USED ON SATURN V. THIS IS MUCH SAFER THAN THE SPACE SHUTTLE CONFIGURATION.

• NOTE THAT CREW MODULE ON APOLLO V HELD ONLY THREE CREW MEMBERS.

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ULA USA – ATLAS V

ULA USA – DELTA IV HEAVY

• BOTH THESE ROCKETS ARE MANUFACTURED BY UNITED LAUNCH ALLIANCE (ULA) –LOCKHEED MARTIN AND BOEING.

• DELTA 1V (OPERATIONAL): MASS TO LEO = 23t, MASS TO GTO = 13t.• ATLAS V (OPERATIONAL): MASS TO LEO = 29t, MASS TO GTO = 13t.

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RUSSIA ‐ PROTON ESA – ARIANE 5

• RUSSIA’S PROTON (OPERATIONAL): MASS TO LEO = 21.6t, MASS TO GTO = 6.4t. NOTE: DEVELOPING LARGER ANGARA ROCKET SYSTEM.

• ESA’S ARIANE 5 (OPERATIONAL): MASS TO LEO = 21.0t, MASS TO GTO = 9.6t.• THE PROTON AND ARIANE V ARE VERY COMPETATIVE TO GTO AT US$18,400 AND

US$20,000 PER KG RESPECTIVELY.• ESA: MARS EXPRESS (MARS ORBITER) LAUNCHED 2003, SMART‐1 (LUNAR ORBITER)

LAUNCHED 2003.

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CHINA – LONG MARCH 3B INDIA ‐ GSLV Mk. II

• CHINA’S LONG MARCH 3B (OPERATIONAL): MASS TO LEO = 12t, MASS TO GTO = 5.1t –CHINA SUCCESSFULLY PLACED A SPACECRAFT (CHANG’E 1) IN LUNAR ORBIT IN 2007 AND JUST PLACED CHANG’E 2 IN LUNAR ORBIT A FEW DAYS AGO (OCTOBER 11, 2010).

• ON OCTOBER 11, 2010, CHINA’S CHANG’E‐2 SPACECRAFT SUCCESSFULLY ENTERED ITS DESIGNATED WORKING ORBIT AFTER COMPLETING ITS THIRD AND FINAL BRAKING.THE UNMANNED LUNAR PROBE ENTERED THE 118‐MINUTE, ROUND WORKING ORBIT AFTER COMPLETING ITS THIRD AND FINAL BRAKE ON SATURDAY WHICH CHANGED ITS APOLUNE (FARTHEST POINT FROM THE MOON) FROM 1,825 KM TO ABOUT 100 KM, ACCORDING TO A REPORT IN THE CHINA DAILY.

• INDIA’S GSLV Mk. II (OPERATIONAL): MASS TO LEO = 5.1t, MASS TO GTO = 2.5t – INDIA SUCCESSFULLY PLACED A SPACECRAFT (CHANDRAYAAN‐1) IN LUNAR ORBIT IN 2008.

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John A. Chapman 29

JAPAN – H‐IIB

• JAXA’S H‐11B (OPERATIONAL): MASS TO LEO = 19t, MASS TO GTO = 8t.• JAXA SUCCESSFULLY PLACED A SPACECRAFT (SELENE) IN LUNAR ORBIT IN 2007.• JAXA, ON MAY 21, 2010 SUCCESSFULLY LAUNCHED VENUS BOUND SPACECRAFT

“AKATSUKI” (DAWN) FROM THE TANEGASHIMA SPACE CENTER OF JAPAN.

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John A. Chapman 30

UKRAINE – ZENIT‐3SL

• SEA LAUNCH (NORWAY, RUSSIA, UKRAINE, BOEING): UKRANIANE ZENIT‐2 ROCKET: MASS TO LEO = 6.1t, MASS TO GTO = 5.3t. COMPANY IN USA CHAPTER 11 REORGANIZATION.

• SEA LAUNCH OFFERS THE ADVANTAGE OF SEA LAUNCHES (TAX‐FREE ZONE) AND PLACEMENT RIGHT AT THE EQUATOR TO TAKE ADVANTAGE OF THE EARTH’S MAXIMUM SPIN VELOCITY (~1,650 KM/HR TO EAST) FOR HIGH ALTITUDE GEOSTANTIONARY OR NEAR EQUATORIAL LEO PAYLOAD LAUNCHES.

• NOTE THE USE OF AN OIL COMPANY STYLE SEA DRILLING PLATFORM AS THE ROCKET LAUNCH PLATFORM.

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SPACEX USA – FALCON 9 HEAVY

CANADA HAS THE 10TH LARGESTECONOMY IN THE WORLD AT

US$1.34 TRILLION PER ANNUM GDP

FOURTEEN COUNTRIES HAVE THECAPACITY TO CONDUCT ORBITAL

SPACECRAFT LAUNCHES

CANADA HAS NO CAPABILITY TO LAUNCH ORBITAL SPACECRAFT

SHAME ON CANADA

• SPACEX’S FALCON 9 HEAVY (IN DEVELOPMENT): MASS TO LEO = 32t, MASS TO GTO = 19.5t. FALCON 9 IS OPERATIONAL AT 10.5t LEO AND 4.7t GTO.

• SPACEX HAS RECEIVED A NASA CONTRACT TO DELIVER SUPPLIES TO THE ISS AND THEN LATER, UPON PROOF OF RELIABILITY, HUMANS TO ISS.

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LOWERING SPACE ACCESS COSTS

NASA: HYPER‐X

SCALED COMPOSITES, LLC: WHITE KNIGHT ONE & SPACESHIPONE

• SPACE PLANES TO REDUCE PRESENT PAYLOAD COST TO ORBIT (STS ‐ SPACE SHUTTLE ~US$11,000 PER KILOGRAM)

• NASA HYPER‐X DESIGNED FOR PLUS MACH 10• SPACESHIPONE BROKE ALTITUDE RECORD (HELD BY X‐15) ON OCTOBER 4, 2004 AND WON

THE ANSARI X‐PRIZE (US$10 MILLION)• SPACESHIPONE (SCALED COMPOSITES, LLC) BURT RUTAN, WHITE KNIGHT ONE RELEASED

SPACESHIPONE AT 47,000 FEET, FIRED SPACEDEV ROCKET FOR 83 SECONDS TO 213,000 FEET (VEL ~MACH 3.1, 2,186 MPH) AND COASTED UP TO 367,442 FEET (69.6 MILES), ON REENTRY REACHED MACH 3.25 AND 5.7 GS AND RETRACTED FEATHERING AT 51,000 FEET, SPACEDEV ROCKET: RUBBER (FUEL) AND NO2 (OXIDANT).

• SIR RICHARD BRANSON’S VIRGIN GALACTIC IS NOW SELLING SEATS TO “SPACE” IN SPACESHIPTWO WHICH WILL FLY INITIALLY FROM THE MOJAVE AIR AND SPACE PORT, AND THEN LATER FROM A PERMENANT VIRGIN GALACTIC FACILITY “SPACEPORT AMERICA” IN SIERRA COUNTY NEW MEXICO, USA.


John A. Chapman 33

USA SR‐71 BLACKBIRD

• NEVER DOUBT THE USA’S CAPABILITY WHEN IT COMES TO AIRCRAFT OR ROCKETS – VIEW THE REMARKABLE SR‐71 BLACKBIRD FOR EVIDENCE.

• THE SR‐71 WAS DEVELOPED AT THE NOW FAMOUS LOCKHEED SKUNKWORKS AT BURBANK CALIFORNIA, AS A BLACK PROJECT (TOP SECRET), IN THE EARLY 1960S, BY THE LEGENDARY ARONAUTICAL ENGINEERS KELLY JOHNSON AND BEN RICH. IT NEVER FLEWMILITARY AS IT WAS DESIGNED AS A RECONNAISANCE AIRCRAFT AND WAS OPERATED BY THE US AIR FORCE FOR THE CIA. IT FLEW FROM 1964 TO 1998 AND WAS REPLACED BY HIGH‐RESOLUTION PHOTOGRAPHY ON ORBITING SPACECRAFTS.

• IT COULD FLY PLUS MACH 3 AT VERY HIGH ALTITUDES OF ~100,000 FEET AND COULD OUT‐RUN INTERCEPTOR MISSILES LAUNCHED FROM CHINA AND RUSSIA WHEN OVERFLYING THEIR AIRSPACE.

• ONE RUMOUR HAS IT THAT WHEN PRIME MINISTER DIEFENBAKER WAS TOLD OF THE SECRET SR‐71 AIRCRAFT BY PRESIDENT EISENHOUR IN 1959 – THAT WAS THE END OF THE AVRO‐ARROW (A VERY INFERIOR AIRCRAFT TO THE SR‐71).

• A FAMOUS QUOTE OF KELLY JOHNSON WAS: "BE QUICK, BE QUIET, AND BE ON TIME“.• “WE ALREADY HAVE THE MEANS TO TRAVEL AMONG THE STARS, BUT THESE

TECHNOLOGIES ARE LOCKED UP IN BLACK PROJECTS AND IT WOULD TAKE AN ACT OF GOD TO EVER GET THEM OUT TO BENEFIT HUMANITY….. ANYTHING YOU CAN IMAGINE WE ALREADY KNOW HOW TO DO”, BEN RICH, FORMER HEAD OF THE LOCKHEED SKUNK WORKS.

• WHAT BLACK PROJECTS MAY BE UNDERWAY TODAY IN USA, CHINA, RUSSIA OR JAPAN THAT THE GENERAL PUBLIC IS NOT YET AWARE OF?

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John A. Chapman 34

NASAASSEMBLY OF SPACECRAFT IN LOW EARTH ORBIT

• ESSENTIAL TRAINING AT THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION (ISS) FOR FUTURE ASSEMBLY OF LARGE SPACESHIPS FOR TRANSFER TO THE MOON, ASTERIODS, MARS AND THE MOONS OF JUPITER AND SATURN (GOLDILOCKS ZONE).

• CURRENT AND NEAR TERM ROBOTIC TECHNOLOGY WILL ALLOW ALL OF THIS ASSEMBLY, IN FUTURE, TO BE DONE UNDER REMOTE CONTROL WITH INCREASING AUTONOMOUS FUNCTION ‐ “NO TOUCH LABOUR”.

• THE ISS IS IN A NEAR CIRCULAR ORBIT AT A MEAN ALTITUDE (FROM THE EARTH’S SURFACE) ~350 KM, TRAVELING AT ~27,700 KM/HR OR 8 KM/S (~15.7 ORBITS PER DAY).

• NOTE THE BEAUTIFUL VIEW TO THE EARTH’S SURFACE BELOW THE ASTRONAUTS THAT ARE PERFORMING THEIR ASSEMBLY EVA’S.

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NUCLEAR ENERGY USE IN SPACE(importance of energy density)

A URANIUM DIOXIDE FUEL PELLET ‐ SHADOW IS ~3 SQUARE CENTIMETERS.

HOW MANY DAYS OR YEARS WOULD THE SUN NEED TO SHINE ON THE SHADOW

AREA, AT ARIZONA USA SOLAR INTENSITY, 12 HOURS PER DAY, TO EQUAL THE

FISSILE ENERGY IN THE FUEL PELLET?

THE ANSWER IS 951,000 YEARS.

(from Chuck Edwards, Cameco Corporation, 2003)

THE USE OF NUCLEAR HIGH‐TEMPERATURE GAS REACTORS IN SPACE FOR ROCKETS, HABITATION AND INDUSTRY IS ESSENTIAL IF SPACE DEVELOPMENT IS TO BE SUCCESSFUL (LOWEST POSSIBLE COST AND LEAST TECHNICAL RISK)

• THE MOST SUCCESSFUL NASA SPACECRAFTS HAVE BEEN THOSE THAT USED RADIOISOTOPE THERMOELECTRIC GENERATORS (RTGs) POWERED WITH PU‐238 (NOW IN CRITICAL SHORT SUPPLY).

• "NUCLEAR POWER IS ESSENTIAL TO A LONG‐RANGE, COMMITTED SPACE PROGRAM," SAID DR. LOUIS FRIEDMAN, EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR OF THE PLANETARY SOCIETY. "YOU CAN'T DO A THOROUGH EXAMINATION OF THE OUTER PLANETS WITHOUT IT“. MANY OF NASA'S EARLIER SHIPS HAVE RELIED ON SOLAR POWER. BUT AT THE SOLAR SYSTEM'S EXTREMITIES THE SUN ISN'T A PRACTICAL ENERGY SOURCE, SAID PROMETHEUS DIRECTOR ALAN NEWHOUSE. THERE'S ONLY 1/25 THE SUNLIGHT AROUND JUPITER THAT THERE IS ON EARTH, FOR EXAMPLE. SO A SPACESHIP'S SOLAR PANELS WOULD HAVE TO BE GARGANTUAN TO GENERATE ENOUGH POWER TO PULL A CRAFT INTO ORBIT AROUND ONE OF JUPITER'S MOONS. EVEN ON MARS, SOLAR POWER HASN'T BEEN PARTICULARLY USEFUL. IN 1997, THE SUN‐RELIANT PATHFINDER CRAFT LASTED ONLY THREE MONTHS ON THE RED PLANET (ALSO RECENT PHOENIX MARS LANDER). BUT IN 1976, VIKING LANDERS, WHICH RELIED ON NUCLEAR ISOTOPES FOR POWER, STAYED ACTIVE FOR NEARLY SIX YEARS.

• THE COMANCHE PEAK NUCLEAR POWER PLANT SOUTH OF DALLAS TEXAS IS RATED AT 2,500MW AND IT SITS ON 4,000 ACRES (INCLUDES A MAN‐MADE LAKE FOR COOLING THAT ALSO SERVES AS A RECREATION SITE). HOW MANY GE 1.5MW WIND TURBINES WOULD BE NEEDED TO DELIVER THE SAME POWER AS THE NUCLEAR PLANT? THE ANSWER IS 6,668 TURBINES AND THEY WILL COVER 147,000 ACRES (230 SQUARE MILES). IT IS ALSO WORTH NOTING THAT COMANCHE PEAK HAS APPLIED FOR ADDITION OF TWO MORE UNITS (ANOTHER 2,500MW) WITHIN THE SAME 4,000 EXISTING ACRES OF LAND. THIS BRINGS THE LAND USE EFFICIENCY OF NUCLEAR POWER TO 73 TO 1 FROM 36 TO 1 COMPARED TO WINDMILLS!

• BOTH WIND AND SOLAR ARE INTERMITTANT AND NEED TO BE BACKED‐UP WITH CONVENTIONAL COAL, GAS OR NUCLEAR PLANTS.

• THE SOLAR AND WIND POWER INDUSTRIES HAVE POOR SAFETY RECORDS COMPARED WITH NUCLEAR – THIS INCLUDES DAMAGE OR INJURY TO HUMANS, FAUNA, FLORA AND PROPERTY.

• NATURAL URANIUM ORE CONTAINS U‐238 (99.3%) AND U‐235 (0.7%). U‐238 HAS A 1/2 LIFE OF 4.47 BILLION YEARS, U‐235 HAS A 1/2 LIFE OF 0.704 BILLION YEARS.

• U‐235 IS READILY FISSIONABLE AND IS USED IN POWER PLANTS TODAY. THE MUCH MORE ABUNDANT U‐238 IS ONLY FERTILE AND MUST BE BRED IN A FAST NEUTRON REACTOR (FAST BREEDER) TO BE TRANSMUTED TO FISSIONABLE PU‐239.

• “BURNING” (IN FAST BREEDER REACTORS) ALL OF THE PARTIALLY SPENT NUCLEAR FUEL STORED AT NUCLEAR FACILITIES AROUND THE USA WOULD POWER THE COUNTRY FOR ~200 YEARS WITHOUT HAVING TO USE ANY NEWLY MINED URANIUM!

• THORIUM IS ~4 TIMES MORE ABUNDANT IN THE EARTH’S CRUST THAN URANIUM AND IT IS A BETTER NUCLEAR FUEL THAN URANIUM (GREATER “BURNUP” ON FIRST PASS).


John A. Chapman 36

NERVA SOLID‐CORE DESIGNAD ASTRA PLASMA ROCKET

• A NUCLEAR REACTOR HAS A VERY LARGE AMOUNT OF ENERGY PER UNIT MASS, IN FACT A REACTOR CORE HAS THE HIGHEST ENERGY DENSITY OF ANY USEFUL ENERGY SOURCE ON EARTH. THIS HIGH ENERGY DENSITY AND SCALABILITY MAKE NUCLEAR REACTORS AN IDEAL POWER SOURCE ON EARTH AND IN SPACE. A NUCLEAR ELECTRIC POWERED SPACECRAFT COULD DRAMATICALLY SHORTEN HUMAN TRANSIT TIMES BETWEEN PLANETS (LESS THAN 3 MONTHS TO MARS).

• IN THE 1960S THE USA AND RUSSIA WORKED ON NUCLEAR THERMAL ROCKETS. NASA DESIGNED BUILT AND TESTED 20 ROCKET REACTORS IN THEIR ROVER AND NERVA PROGRAMS. THEY DEMONSTRATED THE FEASIBILITY OF SPACE NUCLEAR POWER, TESTING A WIDE RANGE OF ENGINE SIZES, USING LIQUID HYDROGEN AS BOTH THE COOLANT FOR THE REACTOR, AND THE PROPELLANT, EXPELLED TO CREATE THE THRUST. THE RUSSIAN NUCLEAR ROCKET WORK WAS CONDUCTED AT THE SEMIPALATINSK FACILITY IN KAZAKHSTAN. THE RUSSIAN SYSTEMS PRODUCED HYDROGEN EXHAUST TEMPERATURES HIGHER THAN 3,000 K OR ABOUT 500 K DEGREES HIGHER THAN THE BEST USA NERVA FUEL ELEMENTS.

• FOR A GOOD READ ON NUCLEAR ROCKETS SEE “BACK TO THE MOON WITH NUCLEAR ROCKETS”, MARSHA FREEMAN, 21ST CENTURY SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, SUMMER 1999, VOL. 12, NO. 2 (www.21stcenturysciencetech.com).

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• SEE: www.adastrarocket.com• A VASIMR (VARIABLE SPECIFIC IMPULSE MAGNETOPLASMA ROCKET) PROPELLED, NUCLEAR

POWERED SPACECRAFT PROMISES TO MAKE FAST HUMAN MISSIONS TO THE MOON, MARS AND BEYOND, A REALITY.

• THE PRESIDENT AND CEO OF AD ASTRA ROCKET COMPANY IS RETIRED NASA ASTRONAUT, DR. FRANKLIN CHANG‐DIAZ. DR. DIAZ IS AN ENGINEER AND PHYSICIST AND HOLDS THE RECORD FOR MOST SPACEFLIGHTS (SHARES THE RECORD WITH JERRY ROSS), HAVING FLOWN ON SEVEN SPACE SHUTTLE MISSIONS.

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BABCOCK AND WILCOX ADVANCED LIGHT WATER REACTOR

• http://www.pbmr.com • http://www.babcock.com/products/modular_nuclear/generation_mpower.html• http://www.world‐nuclear.org/info/inf34.html• THE RELIABILITY OF BOBCOCK AND WILCOX NUCLEAR REACTORS ON USA SUBMARINES AND

AIRCRAFT CARRIERS IS WELL ESTABLISHED. SINCE 1955 THE USA NAVY HAS ACCUMULATED OVER 6,200 NAUTICAL REACTOR‐YEARS OF ACCIDENT FREE EXPERIENCE OVER THE COURSE OF 230 MILLION KILOMETERS.

• ROLLS‐ROYCE HAS BEEN THE NUCLEAR SYSTEMS SUPPLIER AND TECHNICAL AUTHORITY FOR THE ROYAL NAVY SUBMARINE FLEET FOR OVER 50 YEARS.

• NEXT GENERATION NUCLEAR REACTORS SUCH AS THE PBMR HIGH TEMPERATURE GAS COOLED (HELIUM) REACTOR ARE SHOWING THE WAY TOWARD MORE EFFICIENT AND SAFER REACTORS.

• UNFORTUNATELY CANADA HAS FALLEN BEHIND IN REACTOR DEVELOPMENT AS WE HAVE BEEN STUCK‐IN‐A‐RUT WITH CANDU (HEAVY WATER REACTOR) THAT MOST COUNTRIES ONLY PURCHASE IF CANADA OFFERS SIGNIFICANT SUBSIDIES. IN MY OPINION THE CANADIAN GOVERNMENT SHOULD SELL ANY INTEREST IT HAS IN AECL (www.aecl.ca) AND THEN SUPPORT ALL ADVANCED NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGIES. IT IS WORTH NOTING THAT THE HARPER GOVERNMENT HAS ANNOUNCED THAT THEY ARE SEEKING A BUYER FOR AECL, AND RECENTLY SNC‐LAVALIN NUCLEAR, AN INTERNATIONAL FIRM BASED IN OAKVILLE ONTARIO, HAS EXPRESSED INTEREST IN THE PURCHASE.

• IT IS INTERESTING TO NOTE THE RECENT US$20 BILLION AWARD TO KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CO., FOR DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION (60 YEAR JV WITH UAE) OF FOUR NEW REACTORS (1,400MW EACH) IN THE UAE. KOREA ELECTRIC IS THE SPONSOR WITH WESTINGHOUSE ELECTRIC COMPANY PART OF THE JV – WESTINGHOUSE IS CONTROLLED (MAJOR SHAREHOLDER) BY JAPAN’S TOSHIBA CORP. SEVERAL MAJOR INTERNATIONAL NUCLEAR COMPANIES HAD SUBMITTED PROPOSALS.

• IN EARLY OCTOBER 2010 THE WORLD NUCLEAR ASSOCIATION REPORTED THAT OVER 45 COUNTRIES ARE ACTIVELY CONSIDERING EMBARKING UPON NUCLEAR POWER PROGRAMS.

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THE BENEFIT OF NUCLEAR POWER(PLUTONIUM 238 RTGS)

• THE VOYAGER 1 AND 2 SPACECRAFTS LAUNCHED IN 1977 ARE STILL FUNCTIONING –ALTHOUGH THE RADIO SIGNAL STRENGTH IS ATTENUATED DUE TO THE GREAT DISTANCE FROM EARTH (PROPORTIONAL TO INVERSE SQUARE OF DISTANCE). THEY ARE 17 BILLION KM AND 14 BILLION KM RESPECTIVELY FROM THE SUN (TRAVELING AT ~17KM/SEC).

• THE SPACECRAFT ARE IN THE OUTER MOST LAYER OF THE HELIOSHEATH WHERE THE SOLAR WIND IS SLOWED BY THE PRESSURE OF INTERSTELLAR GAS.

• DATA STREAMING FROM THE SPACECRAFT IS RECEIVED BY THE DEEP SPACE NETWORK (DSN) – IT TAKES ~13 HOURS FOR THE ELECTROMAGNETIC (RADIO) SIGNAL TO REACH EARTH.

• THEY ARE STILL SENDING DATA BACK TO EARTH REGARDING: COSMIC RAYS, MAGNETICS, PLASMA WAVES, LOW ENERGY CHARGED PARTICLES AND ULTRAVIOLET RAYS.

• THE POWER SOURCE ON BOTH SPACECRAFT ARE RTG (RADIOISOTOPE THERMOELECTRIC GENERATORS) USING PLUTONIUM‐238 (37.7KG, 160 WATTS OF ELECTRICITY AND 2000 WATTS OF HEAT). PLUTONIUM‐238 HAS A HALF‐LIFE OF 87.7 YEARS.

• IN APRIL 2010 THE AMERICAN ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY (AAS) SENT OUT AN “ACTION ALERT” TO ITS MEMBERS ASKING THEM TO CONTACT CONGRESS ABOUT RESTARTINGPRODUCTION OF PLUTONIUM‐238, AS THIS ISOTOPE IS ESSENTIAL FOR DEEP SPACE MISSION SPACECRAFT (SUCH AS VOYAGER, GALILEO, ULYSSES, CASSINI‐HUYGENS, ETC.).

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MOON

• NOW, IN THE NEXT THREE SLIDES LET’S LOOK AT THE VERY HIGH TECHNOLOGY SPACECRAFT THAT ARE CURRENTLY EXPLORING OUR SOLAR SYSTEM.

• LCROSS (LUNAR CRATER OBSERVATION AND SENSING SATELLITE) AND LRO (LUNAR RECONNAISSANCE ORBITER) LAUNCHED JUNE 2009 FROM CAPE CARAVERAL ON ATLAS V 401 ROCKET.

• TWO LUNAR IMPACTS (ROCKET UPPER STAGE THEN LCROSS SPACECRAFT A FEW MINUTES LATER) AT ~4:30 a.m. PDT ON OCTOBER 9, 2009.

• NASA HAS A FIRST MAJOR ANOUNCEMENT ON RELEASE OF DATA FOR LRO AND LCROSS ON OCTOBER 21, 2010.

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MARS

• OLYMPUS MONS – HIGHEST KNOWN MOUNTAIN IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM, 600 KM DIAMETER BASE AND TOWERING 25 KM HIGH. MOUNTAINS ON EARTH CANNOT “GROW”THIS HIGH BECAUSE OF THE EARTH’S LARGER GRAVITY.

• VALLES MARINERIS IS 4,000 KM LONG AND 220 KM WIDE AT ITS WIDEST SPOT.• NEW SPACECRAFT SUCH AS MARS RECONNAISSANCE ORBITER (2006), AND THE LANDERS

AND ROVERS PHOENIX (2007), SPIRIT (2003) AND OPPORTUNITY (2003) ARE DOING A REMARKABLE JOB OF IMAGING AND TESTING SURFACE RESOURCES.

• THE PHOENIX LANDER (2008) DISCOVERY OF “SNOW” IN THE MARS ATMOSPHERE (LIDAR) AND WATER ICE AT THE SURFACE UNDER A THIN VENEER OF RED DUST.

• THE ROVERS HAVE IDENTIFIED SEDIMENTARY ROCK DEPOSITS (MUST HAVE FORMED IN WATER).

• THE ESA SPACECRAFT MARS EXPRESS (2003) HAS MEASURED THE WATER‐ICE IN THE SOUTH POLAR REGION AND DETERMINED, “THERE IS ENOUGH FROZEN WATER TO COVER THE WHOLE PLANET IN A LIQUID LAYER APPROXIMATELY 11 METERS DEEP.

• MAY 14, 2008: REV JOSE GABRIEL FUNES, HEAD OF THE VATICAN OBSERVATORY AND A SCIENTIFIC ADVISER TO THE POPE BELIEVES THERE IS A STRONG POSSIBILITY THAT LIFE EXISTS ON OTHER PLANETS. THE ALIEN LIFE FORMS FUNES HAS IN MIND DOESN'T EXCLUDE A RACE WITH INTELLIGENCE. THIS WAS TRYING TO GET THE VATICAN “AHEAD” OF ANY SCIENCE ANNOUNCEMENT AS THE PHOENIX LANDER LANDED ON MARS ON MAY 25, 2008! COPERNICUS, GALILEO AND KEPLER WOULD FIND THIS AMUSING, WERE THEY STILL ALIVE TODAY.

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SATURN

• TITAN (5,150 KM DIAMETER VS OUR MOON AT 3,476 KM) HAS RIVERS, OCEANS, GLACIERS OF METHANE (CH4) AND ETHANE (C2H6) AN ATMOSPHERE OF NITROGEN AND METHANE AND ROCKS OF WATER‐ICE (‐180 DEGREES CENTIGRADE) – REFER TO THOMAS GOLD’S DEEP HOT BIOSPHERE AND ITS DISCUSSION OF ABIOTIC HYDROCARBONS.

• CASSINI‐HUYGENS LAUNCHED IN OCTOBER 1997 AT CAPE CANAVERAL BY TITAN IV‐B/CENTAUR ROCKET. THE SPACECRAFT STANDS 6.8 METERS HIGH AND HAS A MASS WITHOUT FUEL: ORBITER = 2,150KG AND PROBE = 350KG. IT IS POWERED BY THREE PLUTOMIUM 238 RTGS.

• CASSINI INSTRUMENTS: PLASMA SPECTROMETER, COSMIC DUST ANALYZER, COMPOSITE INFRARED SPECTROMETER, ION AND NEUTRAL MASS SPECTROMETER, IMAGING SCIENCE SUBSYSTEM, DUAL TECHNIQUE MAGNETOMETER, MAGNETOSPHERIC IMAGING INSTRUMENT, RADAR, RADIO AND PLASMA WAVE DETECTORS, RADIO SCIENCE SUBSYSTEMS, ULTRAVIOLET IMAGING SPECTROGRAPH AND VISIBLE AND INFRARED MAPPING SPECTROMETER.

• HUYGENS PROBE INSTRUMENTS: AEROSOL COLLECTOR AND PYROLYSER, DESCENT IMAGER AND SPECTRAL RADIOMETER, DOPPLER WIND EXPERIMENT, GAS CHROMATOGRAPH AND MASS SPECTOMETER, ATMOSPHERE STRUCTURE WITH SOUND AND ELECTRICALDETECTORS AND SURFACE SCIENCE PACKAGE.

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SOLAR SYSTEM RESOURCES

• BEST TO STAY IN THE GOLDILOCKS ZONE:• EARTH• MOON• MARS AND ITS MOONS (2)• MOONS OF JUPITER (63) AND SATURN (62)• ASTEROIDS AND NEAR EARTH COMETS

• EXPLORING FOR:• WATER‐ICE • HYDROCARBONS• NUCLEAR FUELS (URANIUM & THORIUM)• ALL OTHER MINERALS AND ELEMENTS

• REFER TO “MINING THE SKY” BY JOHN LEWIS FOR A GOOD SUMMARY OF SOLAR SYSTEM RESOURCES.

• LUNAR RESOURCE EXTRACTION IS FOCUSED UPON THE ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN. THESE ELEMENTS (H AND O) OR MOLECULES (H2 AND O2) ARE REQUIRED FOR SUPPORT OF HUMAN LIFE ("AIR" AND WATER), ROCKET PROPELLANTS, FUEL CELLS (MOBILE AND STATIONARY), AGRICULTURE AND AQUACULTURE. THE NEXT MOST IMPORTANT ELEMENTS ARE URANIUM AND THORIUM AS FEED TO LUNAR NUCLEAR REACTORS TO PROVIDE ELECTRIC AND HEAT ENERGY.

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SPACE LAWFROM HISTORICAL MINING CAMPS

• POSSESSION IS 9/10 OF THE LAW

• USE IT OR LOSE IT

• KEEPING LAW AND ORDER, GOLD MINING IN WASHINGTON STATE, KEN AND VIDA MARTIN, 1995, “WHEN NEWS OF NEW DISCOVERIES WERE MADE KNOWN, HUNGRY AND EAGER PROSPECTORS RUSHED TO THE NEW ELDORADOS TO COMPETE FOR THE BEST DIGGINGS. GIVEN THE PRIMITIVE CONDITIONS AND LIMITED RESOURCES WITH WHICH MINERS HAD TO WORK, IT IS UNDERSTANDABLE THAT TOLERANCE WAS NOT ONE OF THEIR LEADING VIRTUES. TO PROTECT ONE’S PROPERTY WAS CONSIDERED OF GREAT IMPORTANCE AND SOMETIMES EVEN A MATTER OF SURVIVAL. THEN, THERE WERE THOSE WITHIN THE CAMPS WHO REALLY BELIEVED THEY HAD TRAVELED BEYOND THE REACH OF THE LAW AND THAT JUSTICE WAS A MATTER OF THEIR OWN PREFERENCE. THESE FACTORS, COMBINED WITH THE PROBLEM OF EXCESSIVE DRINKING CREATED A VOLATILE ENVIRONMENT. BOUNDARY DISPUTES AND ACCUSATIONS OF HIGH GRADING WERE ALL TO OFTEN SETTLED FROM THE SMOKING BARREL OF A SIX‐SHOOTER. HOWEVER, TO MAINTAIN A SEMBLANCE OF LAW AND ORDER, MINERS IN MOST DISTRICTS ORGANIZED THEMSELVES INTO CONFEDERATIONS [OR MINERS’ COMMITTEE] TO LEGISLATE RULES AND REGULATIONS IN THE CAMP.”

• IT IS MY OPINION THAT THE “DOERS” THAT WILL BE THE EARLY HUMAN SETTLERS OF SPACE WILL SET THEIR OWN RULES AND REGULATIONS IN EACH SITUATION, AS WAS DONE BY THE EARLY MINERS IN REMOTE MINING CAMPS – NO DISTANT “GOVERNMENT” ON EARTH WILL BE ABLE TO APPLY OR MAINTAIN THEIR RULES AND REGULATIONS ON THESE SPACE PIONEERS.

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MARK ELOWITZ

• VISIONARY VIEW OF LUNAR ALPHA MINING AND ROCKET REFUELING BASE AT HIGHLANDS OF SOUTH POLAR REGION OF THE MOON.

• MOST IMPORTANT SUPPORT FOR THIS BASE IS: 1) A RELIABLE AND ABUNDANT SOURCE OF WATER, 2) RELIABLE NUCLEAR FISSION SOURCE OF POWER (ELECTRIC AND HEAT), AND HABITAT STRUCTURES AND SPACE SUITS THAT PROTECT AGAINST SOLAR AND COSMIC RAYS.

• IT IS IMPORTANT TO UNDERSTAND THAT MOST NUCLEAR REACTORS PRODUCE BOTH ELECTRICITY AND HEAT IN ABOUT EQUAL AMOUNTS.

• THIS BASE WILL ALMOST CERTAINLY BE LOCATED NEAR A LARGE SOURCE OF WATER THAT CAN BE “MINED” AS WATER‐ICE.

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CANADA WORLD LEADER IN MINERAL

EXPLORATION

• CANADA HAS 7% OF LAND AREA ON EARTH AND 0.5% OF POPULATION

• 20% OF WORLD MINERAL EXPLORATION CONDUCTED IN CANADA

• CANADIAN COMPANIES CONDUCT 43% OF THE WORLD’S MINERAL EXPLORATION

• 45% OF THE WORLD’S $12.7 BILLION RAISED FOR MINERAL EXPLORATION IS VIA COMPANIES LISTED ON CANADIAN STOCK EXCHANGES

• THIS REMARKABLE RECORD HAS BEEN ACHIEVED TO A LARGE DEGREE BY TAX INCENTIVES TO THE RESOURCE INDUSTRY OPERATING IN CANADA. THIS HAS CREATED A STRONG “LOCAL” GROUP OF CANADIAN MINING EXPERTS (GEOLOGY, MINING, LAW, ACCOUNTING, FINANCE, ETC.) THAT HAVE STEPPED ONTO THE WORLD STAGE AND BEEN VERY SUCCESSFUL – TO THE BENEFIT OF ALL CANADIANS.

• THE NUMBERS SHOWN ON THIS SLIDE ARE FROM STATS CANADA 2004.• IT IS IMPORTANT TO UNDERSTAND THAT THE COLLECTION AND REPORTING OF VAST

AMOUNTS OF GEOPHYSICAL, GEOCHEMICAL AND GEOLOGICAL DATA INTO A GIS DATABASE, ACCESSIBLE BY MANY, IS AN ESSENTIAL PART OF SUCCESSFUL MINERAL EXPLORATION AND DEPOSIT VALUATION. THE BRITISH COLUMBIA GSB, WITH THEIR www.mapplace.ca IS A RECOGNIZED, AWARD WINNING, LEADER. ON THE MOON AND MARS GOOGLE IS ASSEMBLING AND DELIVERING SIMILAR GEOSCIENCE DATABASES THAT ARE OPEN TO THE PUBLIC.

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AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHYRADIOMETRICSMULTISPECTRALHYPERSPECTRALSYNTHETIC APERTURE RADARMAGNETICELECTROMAGNETICGRAVITY

REMOTE SENSING

ASTER IMAGING

• THE NEXT EIGHT SLIDES WILL SHOW MINERAL EXPLORATION METHODS ON EARTH.• NOTE THAT USA AND RUSSIAN NAVIES USE A VLF‐EM SIGNAL FROM LAND OF ~30,000 HERTZ (WAVES PER

SECOND) THAT CAN BE PICKED UP BY SUBMARINES TO DEPTHS OF 20 METERS. THESE VLF‐EM SIGNALS ARE USED EXTENSIVELY BY THE MINING INDUSTRY FOR EM SURVEYS. NOTE THAT AT THIS FREQUENCY THE WAVELENGTH IS ~10 KM.

• ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM: RADIO = 10*6 Hz, INFRARED = 10*13Hz, VISIBLE LIGHT = 10*15 Hz, ULTRA VIOLET = 10*16Hz, GAMMA RAYS = 10*18 Hz.

• ONLY RADIO WAVES AND VISIBLE LIGHT MAKE IT THROUGH EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE – ALL OTHER WAVELENGTHS ARE BLOCKED AT VARYING DISTANCES BEFORE REACHING THE GROUND.

• IT IS INTERESTING TO NOTE THAT RECENT ADVANCES IN THE DETECTION AND BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF NEUTRINOS HAS RESULTED IN GEOPHYSICISTS STARTING TO USE NUETRINO OBSERVATIONS TO DETERMINE THE DISTRIBUTION OF RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES ON EARTH. REFER TO SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, MAY 2010, FOR A STATUS OF THE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RELATED TO NEUTRINOS.

• RECENT ADVANCES IN ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTATIONAL POWER HAVE FACILITATED 3D INDUCED POLARIZATION, 3D SEISMIC AND ZTEM (SEE: www.geotech.ca).

• THE ZTEM OR Z AXIS TIPPER ELECTROMAGNETIC SYSTEM IS AN INNOVATIVE AIRBORNE EM SYSTEM WHICH USES THE NATURAL OR PASSIVE FIELDS OF THE EARTH AS THE SOURCE OF TRANSMITTED ENERGY. THE EARTH AND IONOSPHERE, BOTH CONDUCTIVE, ACT AS A WAVEGUIDE TO “TRANSMIT” THE SOURCE ENERGY GREAT DISTANCES. DUE TO THE MANNER IN WHICH THEY PROPAGATE, THESE NATURAL FIELDS ARE PLANAR AND HORIZONTAL. ANY VERTICAL FIELD IS CAUSED BY CONDUCTIVITY CONTRASTS IN THE EARTH. THE VERTICAL EM FIELD IS REFERENCED TO THE HORIZONTAL EM FIELD AS MEASURED BY A SET OF HORIZONTAL BASE STATION COILS. THE PROPRIETARY RECEIVER DESIGN USING THE ADVANTAGES OF MODERN DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND SIGNAL PROCESSING DELIVERS EXCEPTIONALLY LOW‐NOISE LEVELS.

• ZTEM IS ABLE TO DETECT LARGE MINERAL BODIES (PORPHYRY COPPER) THROUGH THIN COVER SUCH AS GLACIAL OVERBURDEN OR YOUNG VOLCANIC CAPPING.

• MDA GEOSPATIAL SERVICES, BASED IN RICHMOND BC, PROVIDES RADARSAT (1 AND 2) REMOTE SYNTHETIC APERATURE IMAGE DATA TO THE MINING INDUSTRY (SEE: www.gs.mdacorporation.com).

• 3D GRAVITY GRADIENT EQUIPMENT (ROTATING ACCELEROMETER GRAVITY‐GRADIOMETER) DESIGNED AND BUILT BY BELL AEROSPACE (NOW LOCKHEED MARTIN) HAS REVOLUTIONIZED THE USE OF GRAVITY AS A REMOTE SENSING TOOL FOR MINERAL EXPLORATION.

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VISIBLE COLOUR ANOMOLY

• PROSPECTORS HAVE ALWAYS USED COLOUR OF ROCKS AND SOILS TO ASSIST IN THE EXPLORATION FOR MINERAL OREBODIES.

• THIS PHOTOGRAPH SHOWS IRON OXIDE STAINING AT THE COPPER ZONE ON THE TASCO MINERAL PROPERTY NEAR TASEKO LAKES, BRITISH COLUMBIA.

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KAOLINITE (ASTER)

• THIS IMAGE COVERS THE IRON OXIDE VISUAL IMAGE ON THE PRIOR SLIDE (COPPER ZONE ON TASCO PROPERTY) NEAR CENTER OF IMAGE – AT “M” IN MINERAL)

• NOW REMOTE SENSING, BY SATELLITES, OF THE ABSORPTION SPECTRUM FROM REFLECTED SUNLIGHT PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN VECTORING TOWARD MINERAL DEPOSIT DISCOVERY.

• THE MULTISPECTRAL ASTER IMAGE (SOLAR REFLECTANCE FROM EARTH’S SURFACE) IN THIS EXAMPLE WAS PURCHASED FROM THE PROCESSES DISTRIBUTED ACTIVE ARCHIVE CENTER OPERATED BY THE UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (USGS) AND NASA. THE ASTER IMAGERY CONTAINS 14 SPECTRAL BANDS THAT CAN BE USED FOR SPECTRAL ANALYSIS IN THE IDENTIFICATION OF MINERALS ON THE EARTH’S SURFACE. THE PIXEL SIZE IN THIS IMAGE IS 15 METERS.

• A GROUND FOLLOW‐UP TO CHECK THESE RESULTS IS NORMALLY DONE USING A HAND‐HELD REFLECTANCE SPECTROMETER SUPPORTED, WHERE WARRANTED, BY ROCK AND SOIL SAMPLING AND CHEMICAL ANALYSIS.

• IT IS IMPORTANT TO UNDERSTAND THAT THE PIXELS IN THIS IMAGE ARE PRECISELY INDEXED TO THE GPS UTM NAD83 LOCATION AND CAN BE READILY LOCATED ON SURFACE BY A GEOLOGIST OR PROSPECTOR USING A HAND‐HELD GPS UNIT.

• NOTE THE USE OF GOOGLE EARTH AS THE “PLATFORM” IN PRESENTING THE REMOTE SENSING DATA ON THIS, AND THE NEXT TWO SLIDES.

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IRON OXIDE (ASTER)

• NOTE THAT THE IRON OXIDE ANOMALY SHOWN TO THE LOWER RIGHT IS THE SAME LOCATION SHOWN ON A PREVIOUS SLIDE (VISIBLE COLOUR ANOMALY) THAT IS A PHOTOGRAPH OF A RUSTY GROUND SURFACE.

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AIRBORNE MAGNETICS(HELICOPTER)

• THIS IMAGE OF TOTAL FIELD MAGNETIC RESPONSE IS BASED UPON AN AIRBORNE AEROTEM II SURVEY AT THE TASCO PROPERTY IN 2008, USING A HELICOPTER PLATFORM, BY AEROQUEST LIMITED, MISSISSAUGA, ONTARIO.

• THIS IMAGE COVERS THE CENTRAL PORTION OF THE ASTER IMAGE SHOWN IN PRIOR SLIDES.

• THE COMBINATION OF ASTER MULTISPECTRAL IMAGING ALONG WITH MAGNETICS, BOTH BY REMOTE SENSING, MAKES FOR A POWERFUL PROSPECTING TOOL WHEN SEARCHING FOR MINERAL OREBODIES.

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SURFACE EXPLORATION

CLAIM STAKINGPROSPECTINGSAMPLING

• REMOTE SENSING CAN LEAD EXPLORATION TEAMS TO A POSSIBLE MINERAL OREBODY BUT NOW THE WORK MUST TURN TO ON‐THE‐GROUND METHODS TO FURTHER DEFINE THE POTENTIAL OF THE REMOTE SENSED ANOMALIES.

• INITIAL STAGES NORMALLY INCLUDE CLAIM STAKING, PROSPECTING AND SAMPLING.

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SURFACE EXPLORATIONGEOPHYSICSGEOCHEMISTRYSURVEYINGTRENCHINGDRILLING

• IF INITIAL STAGE EXPLORATION IS SUCCESSFUL, IN FURTHER DEFINITION OF AN INTERESTING POTENTIAL MINERAL DEPOSIT, THEN THE MORE EXPENSIVE GROUND METHODS, INCLUDING TRENCHING AND DRILLING ARE WARRANTED.

• THESE METHODS OF EXPLORATION, DISCOVERY AND RESOURCE DEFINITION, AS CONDUCTED ON EARTH TODAY, WILL NEED TO BE APPLIED IN A SIMILAR FASHION ON THE MOON, MARS, ASTERIODS, COMETS AND THE MOONS OF JUPITER AND SATURN – WITH DUE CONSIDERATION FOR THE EXTREMES OF TEMPERATURE, ATMOSPHERE (OR LACK THEREOF), AVAILABILITY OF WATER AND COSMIC RAY BOMBARDMENT.

• PLANETARY BODIES THAT ARE MINERAL RICH AND ARE IMPORTANT FOR HUMAN ADVANCEMENT INTO THE COSMOS WILL NEED TO BE EQUIPPED WITH NUCLEAR POWER, GPS AND SUITABLE HUMAN HABITATS, AND HAVE A READILY AVAILABLE AND ABUNDANT WATER RESERVE.

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EXAMPLE OF GRID DRILLING TO DEFINE A MINERAL DEPOSIT

• AS A MINERAL DISCOVERY ADVANCES THROUGH INCREASINGLY COMPLEX AND MORE EXPENSIVE EVALUATION STAGES THE RISK IS DIMINISHED AND THE REWARD, OR LACK THEREOF, IS MORE CLEARLY DEFINED.

• NORMAL STAGES OF REVIEW AND REPORTING INCLUDE: ORDER‐OF‐MAGNITUDE, SCOPING, PRE‐FEASIBILITY AND FEASIBILITY. THE OBJECTIVE IS TO MAXIMIZE THE DCF‐NPV OF THE DEPOSIT BY REVIEWING VARIOUS COMBINATIONS OF MINING AND PROCESSING AND THEREBY DETERMINE ITS TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY AND ECONOMIC VIABILITY.

• EACH STAGE REQUIRES INCREASING AMOUNTS OF MONEY FOR DRILLING, SAMPLING AND METALLURGICAL TESTING. THE CROSS SECTION OF AN OREBODY ABOVE SHOWS A STEP TOWARD THE 3D SPATIAL DEFINITION (OREBODY MODEL) OF THE TARGET MINERAL IN RELATION TO TONNAGE, GRADE, RECOVERY AND WORK INDEX. THEN USING COMPUTER HOSTED ALGORITHIMS THE VARIOUS EXTRACTION AND PROCESSING METHODS CAN BE EVALUATED/OPTIMIZED AND THE ECONOMICS OF THE VENTURE DEFINED.

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A TECHNICALLY

FEASIBLE AND

ECONOMICALLY

VIABLE

MINERAL

OPERATION

THE GOAL!

• THE WEALTH FROM MINES, FROM THE DAWN OF RECORDED HUMAN HISTORY, IS THE EPIC MARCH OF MANKIND ALONG THE PATH OF PROGRESS. IT WAS THE MINES THAT MADE ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS SUCH AS EGYPT, GREECE AND ROME GREAT AND IN MORE RECENT TIMES HAVE CREATED IMMENSE WEALTH TO THE BENEFIT OF THE PEOPLE OF EUROPE, NORTH AMERICA, AUSTRALIA AND NOW CHINA, INDIA, BRAZIL AND RUSSIA.

• GEORGIUS AGRICOLA IN HIS “DE RE METALLICA” PUBLISHED IN 1556 STATED, “INASMUCH AS THE CHIEF CALLINGS ARE THOSE OF MONEY LENDER, THE SOLDIER, THE MERCHANT, THE FARMER, AND MINER, I SAY, INASMUCH AS USURY IS ODIOUS, WHILE THE SPOIL CRUELLY CAPTURED FROM THE PEOPLE INNOCENT OF WRONG IS WICKED IN THE SIGHT OF GOD AND MAN, AND INASMUCH AS THE CALLING OF THE MINER EXCELS IN HONOR AND DIGNITY THAT OF THE MERCHANT TRADING FOR LUCRE, WHILE IT IS NOT LESS NOBLE THOUGH FAR MORE PROFITABLE THAN AGRICULTURE, WHO CAN FAIL TO REALIZE THAT MINING IS A CALLING OF PECULIAR DIGNITY.”

• TODAY, WE ARE PART OF THE “SPACE GENERATION”, CRAWLING OFF THE SURFACE OF THE EARTH INTO THE “OCEANS OF SPACE” – MINING WILL CONTINUE TO PROVIDE THE CAPABILITY FOR HUMANKIND TO ADVANCE TO THE MOON, MARS AND ON TO THE STARS!

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MARK ELOWITZ

APPLYING CANADIAN MINERAL EXPLORATION & MINING EXPERTISE ON OURMOON

LUNAR SPACEPORT WITH ADJACENT MINING OPERATIONS

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John A Chapman our cosmic journey 20101014

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