job satisfaction thesis

7/27/2019 job satisfaction thesis

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JOB SATISFACTION OF PUBLIC MIDDLE SCHOOL PRINCIPALS IN THE

COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA:

REVISITED

Daniel L. Bowlin

Di!!e"#a#ion !$%&i##e' #o #(e )a*$l#+ o)Vi"inia Pol+#e*(ni* In!#i#$#e an' S#a#e Uni,e"!i#+

In -a"#ial )$l)ill&en# o) #(e "e$i"e&en#! )o" #(e 'e"ee o)

DOCTOR OF EDUCATION

in

E'$*a#ional Lea'e"!(i- / Poli*+ S#$'ie!

D". T"a,i! Twi)o"'0 C(ai"

D". Ro!alie Ma"#inD". JoeAnn E. New%+D". Jo(n S*("e*1

Jan$a"+ 230 4556

Bla*1!%$"0 Vi"inia

7e+ Wo"'!: Jo% Sa#i!)a*#ion0 Mi''le S*(ool P"in*i-al!


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JOB SATISFACTION OF PUBLIC MIDDLE SCHOOL PRINCIPALS IN THE

COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA: REVISITED

%+

Daniel L. Bowlin

C(ai": D". T"a,i! Twi)o"'E'$*a#ional Lea'e"!(i- / Poli*+ S#$'ie!

8ABSTRACT9

T(e -$"-o!e o) #(i! !#$'+ wa! #o a!!e!! #(e !a#i!)a*#ion le,el o) -$%li* &i''le

!*(ool -"in*i-al! in Vi"inia a! &ea!$"e' %+ #(e Minne!o#a Sa#i!)a*#ion $e!#ionnai"e

8MS9 an' *o&-a"e i# #o #(e ea"lie" 2333 )in'in! o) D". JoeAnn New%+. T(e Lon;

Fo"& o) #(e Minne!o#a Sa#i!)a*#ion $e!#ionnai"e 8MS9 wa! $!e' #o 'e#e"&ine #(e

le,el! o)


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#(e Minne!o#a Sa#i!)a*#ion $e!#ionnai"e 8MS9@ 8?9 Ba!e' on #(e 'e&o"a-(i*

,a"ia%le! o) a**"e'i#a#ion !#a#$! an' A'e$a#e >ea"l+ P"o"e!! 8A>P9 (a,e #(e Vi"inia

S#an'a"'! o) Lea"nin an' No C(il' Le)# Be(in' lei!la#ion in)l$en*e' #(e ene"al


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION TO THE STUD> ..................................................2S#a#e&en# o) #(e P"o%le&.............................................................................................

Sini)i*an*e o) #(e S#$'+.............................................................................................?

P$"-o!e o) #(e S#$'+....................................................................................................Re!ea"*( $e!#ion!......................................................................................................6De)ini#ion! o) 7e+ Te"&! ............................................................................................

Li&i#a#ion! o) #(e S#$'+...............................................................................................3O"ania#ion o) #(e S#$'+ ..........................................................................................25

CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE ...............................22De)ini#ion! o) Jo% Sa#i!)a*#ion ...................................................................................22

T(eo"ie! o) Jo% Sa#i!)a*#ion.......................................................................................24Con#en# T(eo"ie!....................................................................................................2

Hie"a"*(+ o) Nee'! T(eo"+....................................................................................2Mo#i,a#ion;H+iene T(eo"+ 8Two;Fa*#o" T(eo"+9 .................................................2

P"o*e!! T(eo"ie! ....................................................................................................2E=-e*#an*+ T(eo"+ ................................................................................................2

Wo"1 A' ......................................................................4Re!ea"*( $e!#ion!................................................................................................4

Pa"#i*i-an#!............................................................................................................In!#"$&en#a#ion......................................................................................................

In'i,i'$al In)o"&a#ion S(ee#..............................................................................Minne!o#a Sa#i!)a*#ion $e!#ionnai"e 8MS9.....................................................

Relia%ili#+ o) #(e MS Lon Fo"&.....................................................................3Vali'i#+ o) #(e MS Lon Fo"& ........................................................................4

Da#a Colle*#ion P"o*e'$"e!........................................................................................In#"o'$*#o"+ Le##e".............................................................................................

S$",e+ In!#"$&en#..............................................................................................Fi"!# Re&in'e" Le##e" .........................................................................................


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Se*on' Re&in'e" Le##e"..................................................................................... Final Re&in'e" Le##e" ........................................................................................

Da#a Anal+!i! ............................................................................................................S$&&a"+...................................................................................................................6

CHAPTER FOUR: FINDINGS ....................................................................................

De&o"a-(i* Da#a.....................................................................................................MS S*ale Relia%ili#+ Anal+!i!.................................................................................3F"e$en*ie! o) MS Di&en!ion!...............................................................................?4

Anal+!e! an' Fin'in! A""ane' %+ Re!ea"*( $e!#ion.............................................64$e!#ion 2.......................................................................................................... 64

$e!#ion 4.......................................................................................................... 6$e!#ion .......................................................................................................... 66

$e!#ion .......................................................................................................... 6$e!#ion ?........................................................................................................ 25

S$&&a"+.................................................................................................................24CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMAR>0 DISCUSSION0 AND CONCLUSIONS ...................2

S$&&a"+ o) S#$'+...................................................................................................2S$&&a"+ o) Fin'in!...............................................................................................2

Con*l$!ion! .............................................................................................................2?4Re*o&&en'a#ion! )o" P"a*#i#ione"!..........................................................................2?

Re*o&&en'a#ion! )o" F$#$"e Re!ea"*(....................................................................2??Di!*$!!ion ...............................................................................................................2?6

S$&&a"+.................................................................................................................25REFERENCES............................................................................................................24

APPENDI A .............................................................................................................262In'i,i'$al In)o"&a#ion S(ee# ...................................................................................262

APPENDI B .............................................................................................................26Minne!o#a Sa#i!)a*#ion $e!#ionnai"e ......................................................................26

APPENDI C .............................................................................................................26IRB E=e&-# A--"o,al .............................................................................................26

APPENDI D .............................................................................................................26Minne!o#a Sa#i!)a*#ion $e!#ionnai"e Pe"&i!!ion ....................................................26


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LIST OF TABLES

Ta%le N$&%e" Ta%le Na&e Pae N$&%e" 2 Me'ian an' Rane o) Hol# Relia%ili#+ Coe))i*ien#! 5

4 Te!# Re;#e!# Co""ela#ion Coe))i*ien#! 2

F"e$en*+ Di!#"i%$#ion )o" De&o"a-(i* Va"ia%le! ?5 F"e$en*+ o) Re!-on!e!: A%ili#+ U#ilia#ion ?? F"e$en*+ o) Re!-on!e!: A*(ie,e&en# ?

F"e$en*+ o) Re!-on!e!: A*#i,i#+ ??6 F"e$en*+ o) Re!-on!e!: A',an*e&en# ?

F"e$en*+ o) Re!-on!e!: A$#(o"i#+ ?63 F"e$en*+ o) Re!-on!e!: Co&-an+ Poli*ie! an' P"a*#i*e! ?

25 F"e$en*+ o) Re!-on!e!: Co&-en!a#ion ?322 F"e$en*+ o) Re!-on!e!: Co;wo"1e"! 5

24 F"e$en*+ o) Re!-on!e!: C"ea#i,i#+ 22 F"e$en*+ o) Re!-on!e!: In'e-en'en*e 4

2 F"e$en*+ o) Re!-on!e!: Mo"al Val$e! 2? F"e$en*+ o) Re!-on!e!: Re*oni#ion

2 F"e$en*+ o) Re!-on!e!: Re!-on!i%ili#+ ?26 F"e$en*+ o) Re!-on!e!: Se*$"i#+

2 F"e$en*+ o) Re!-on!e!: So*ial Se",i*e! 623 F"e$en*+ o) Re!-on!e!: So*ial S#a#$!

45 F"e$en*+ o) Re!-on!e!: S$-e",i!ion H$&an Rela#ion! 342 F"e$en*+ o) Re!-on!e!: S$-e",i!ion Te*(ni*al 65

44 F"e$en*+ o) Re!-on!e!: Va"ie#+ 624 F"e$en*+ o) Re!-on!e!: Wo"1in Con'i#ion! 64

4 Gene"al Jo% Sa#i!)a*#ion an' De&o"a-(i*! 64? Ran1 O"'e" o) MS Di&en!ion! 66

4 De&o"a-(i* S*o"e! )o" MS: A%ili#+ U#ilia#ion 546 S*(e))e Po!# Ho* Te!#: A%ili#+ U#ilia#ion an' A"ea 4

4 De&o"a-(i* S*o"e! )o" MS: A*(ie,e&en# 43 S*(e))e Po!# Ho* Te!#: A*(ie,e&en# an' S*(ool En"oll&en# ?

5 De&o"a-(i* S*o"e! )o" MS: A*#i,i#+ 62 De&o"a-(i* S*o"e! )o" MS: A',an*e&en# 35

4 De&o"a-(i* S*o"e! )o" MS: A$#(o"i#+ 3 De&o"a-(i* S*o"e! )o" MS: S*(ool Poli*ie! an' P"a*#i*e! 3

S*(e))e Po!# Ho* Te!#: Poli*+ an' P"a*#i*e>ea"! a! P"in*i-al 3? De&o"a-(i* S*o"e! )o" MS: Co&-en!a#ion 33

De&o"a-(i* S*o"e! )o" MS: Co;wo"1e"! 2546 De&o"a-(i* S*o"e! )o" MS: C"ea#i,i#+ 25?

De&o"a-(i* S*o"e! )o" MS: In'e-en'en*e 253 De&o"a-(i* S*o"e! )o" MS: Mo"al Val$e! 222

5 De&o"a-(i* S*o"e! )o" MS: Re*oni#ion 222 De&o"a-(i* S*o"e! )o" MS: Re!-on!i%ili#+ 226

4 De&o"a-(i* S*o"e! )o" MS: Se*$"i#+ 245 De&o"a-(i* S*o"e! )o" MS: So*ial Se",i*e 24


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2

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION TO THE STUD>

P!+*(oloi!#! in#e"e!#e' in wo"1 o"ania#ion! (a,e $n'e"#a1en #(e &a


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*a$!in #(e!e $n'e!i"a%le #"ai#!0 onl+ #(en *an #(e+ *(ane ea"l+

P"o"e!! 8A>P9. D$e #o #(i! wa,e o) a**o$n#a%ili#+0 #(e "ole o) #(e !*(ool -"in*i-al (a!

%een )o"*e' #o $n'e"o !$%!#an#ial *(ane. A**o"'in #o Pie"!on an' Ro'"i*1 8233290 #(e

!*(ool -"in*i-al wa! on*e !een a! a &e"e -a-e" -$!(e" an' %$il'in le,el &anae"0 one

w(o !i&-l+ (el-e' )a*ili#a#e #(e 'ail+ o-e"a#ion o) #(e !*(ool. T(i! #+-e o) -"in*i-al0 li1e

#(e 'ino!a$"0 (a! *o&e an' one. In an e))o"# #o i&-"o,e #(e -e")o"&an*e o) !*(ool!0 #(e

"e!-on!i%ili#ie! o) #(e -"in*i-al (a,e e=-an'e' #o in*l$'e !*(ool )inan*e0 !-e*ial

e'$*a#ion0 *$""i*$l$& 'e,elo-&en#0 in!#"$*#ional lea'e"!(i-0 &o"al an' *(a"a*#e"

e'$*a#ion0 !#$'en# 'i!*i-line0 !$-e",i!ion o) e=#"a*$""i*$la" a*#i,i#ie! an' a#(le#i* e,en#!0


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Jo% Sa#i!)a*#ion

)o" -$%li* e'$*a#o"!0


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'e*a'e (a! -a!!e'0 !in*e New%+ 823339 a#(e"e' (e" 'a#a an' anal+e' #(e )in'in!. In

#(a# #i&e0 !o*ie#+ (a! *(ane' an' 'e&an'! on !*(ool! (a,e in*"ea!e'. New #e"&! !$*(

a! (i( !#a1e! #e!#in0 !*(ool "e-o"# *a"'!0 S#an'a"'! o) Lea"nin 8SOL90 No C(il' Le)#

Be(in' 8NCLB90 an' A'e$a#e >ea"l+ P"o"e!! 8A>P9 (a,e )o"*e' !*(ool! #o &a1e

!wee-in *(ane! in #(e wa+ #(e+ *on'$*# %$!ine!!. T(e!e *(ane! (a,e )o"*e' #(e

-"in*i-al in#o #(e -$%li* !-o#;li(# an' !ini)i*an#l+ in*"ea!e' #(e "e!-on!i%ili#ie! an'

a**o&-an+in -"e!!$"e! -la*e' on #(e -o!i#ion.

T(i! !#$'+ o)


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6

823339 #o *o&-a"e ea"l+

P"o"e!! 8A>P9 w(a# i! #(e ene"al


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Jo% Sa#i!)a*#ion

De)ini#ion! o) 7e+ Te"&!

T(i! "e-li*a#e' !#$'+ )o" #(e -$"-o!e o) "elia%ili#+ an' ,ali'i#+ $!e' #(e !a&e 1e+

'e)ini#ion! a! New%+ 823339 in (e" !#$'+. T(e )ollowin 'e)ini#ion! a--lie' in #(i! !#$'+:

P"in*i-al T(e in'i,i'$al i'en#i)ie' a! #(e *(ie) %$il'in le,el a'&ini!#"a#o"

8Lon0 2330 -.249.

Mi''le S*(ool A !*(ool #(a# %$il'! $-on #(e ele&en#a"+ !*(oolK! -"o"a& )o"

+o$ne" *(il'"en an' in #$"n i! %$il# $-on %+ #(e (i( !*(oolK! -"o"a& )o"

a'ole!*en*eno# e=*ee'in %elow "a'e o" a%o,e "a'e 8Lon0 2330 -.249.

Sa#i!)a*#ion An in'i,i'$alK! -o!i#i,e a))e*#i,e e,al$a#ion o) #(e #a"e#

en,i"on&en# "e!$l# o) an in'i,i'$alK! "e$i"e&en#! %ein )$l)ille' %+ #(e #a"e#

en,i"on&en# a -lea!an# a))e*#i,e !#a#e #(e in'i,i'$alK! a--"ai!al o) #(e e=#en# #o w(i*(

(i!(e" "e$i"e&en#! a"e )$l)ille' %+ #(e en,i"on&en# 8Lo)$i!# / Dawi!0 23320 -.469.

Gen'e" ; "e)e"! #o #(e !e= o) #(e "e!-on'en#!. T(i! ,a"ia%le wa! &ea!$"e' %+

a!1in "e!-on'en#! #o !ele*# Male o" Fe&ale.

Ae "e)e"! #o #(e len#( o) li)e )o" ea*( "e!-on'en#. T(e ae o) -a"#i*i-an#! wa!

&ea!$"e' %+ a!1in "e!-on'en#! #o *(oo!e one o) #(e )ollowin ae "ane!: >o$ne" #(an

?0 ?0 ??0 o" Ol'e" #(an ??.

De"ee "e)e"! #o an a*a'e&i* #i#le *on)e""e' %+ a *ollee o" $ni,e"!i#+ $-on #(e

*o&-le#ion o) a -"o"a& o) !#$'+. T(e 'e"ee (el' %+ #(e -a"#i*i-an#! wa! 'e#e"&ine' %+

a!1in "e!-on'en#! #o &a"1 one o) #(e )ollowin: Ba*(elo"!0 Ma!#e"!0 E'$*a#ional

S-e*iali!#0 o" Do*#o"a#e.

E=-e"ien*e "e)e"! #o #(e n$&%e" o) +ea"! an in'i,i'$al (a! !e",e' a! a &i''le

!*(ool -"in*i-al. T(i! ,a"ia%le wa! 'e#e"&ine' %+ a!1in ea*( -a"#i*i-an# #o in'i*a#e


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3

(i!(e" le,el o) e=-e"ien*e a! a &i''le !*(ool -"in*i-al %+ &a"1in one o) #(e )ollowin:

5 0 0 6 30 o" 25 o" &o"e.

S*(ool Lo*a#ion "e)e"! #o #(e eo"a-(i* lo*a#ion o) #(e !*(ool. Re!-on'en#!

we"e a!1e' #o i'en#i)+ #(ei" !*(ool a! R$"al0 U"%an0 o" S$%$"%an.

S*(ool Po-$la#ion "e)e"! #o #(e n$&%e" o) !#$'en#! en"olle' in #(e !*(ool. T(e

"e!-on'en#! we"e a!1e' #o in'i*a#e #(ei" !*(oolK! en"oll&en# %+ &a"1in one o) #(e

)ollowin -o-$la#ion "ane!: 55 o" le!!0 52 ?330 55 6330 55 3330 o" G"ea#e"

#(an 20555 !#$'en#!.

A**"e'i#a#ion S#a#$! "e)e"! #o a !*(oolK! *$""en# a**"e'i#a#ion !#an'in a!

'e#e"&ine' %+ #(e Vi"inia De-a"#&en# o) E'$*a#ion. Pa"#i*i-an#! we"e a!1e' #o i'en#i)+

#(ei" !*(oolK! a**"e'i#a#ion !#an'in %+ &a"1in one o) #(e )ollowin: F$ll+ a**"e'i#e'0

P"o,i!ionall+ a**"e'i#e' &ee#! !#a#e !#an'a"'!0 P"o,i!ionall+ a**"e'i#e' nee'!

i&-"o,e&en#0 o" A**"e'i#e' wi#( wa"nin.

A'e$a#e >ea"l+ P"o"e!! 8A>P9 "e)e"! #o a !*(oolK! !#an'in a! 'e#e"&ine' %+

#(e Vi"inia De-a"#&en# o) E'$*a#ion $n'e" #(e )e'e"al $i'eline! o) #(e No C(il' Le)#

Be(in' A*# 8NCLB9. T(e -a"#i*i-an#! we"e a!1e' #o &a"1 >e! o" No %a!e' on #(ei"

!*(oolK! *$""en# A>P !#an'in.

Li&i#a#ion! o) #(e S#$'+

T(i! !#$'+ i! li&i#e' #o -$%li* &i''le !*(ool -"in*i-al! w(o a"e e&-lo+e' )$ll;

#i&e in #(e Co&&onweal#( o) Vi"inia. One li&i#a#ion o) #(e !#$'+ wa! #(e In'i,i'$al

In)o"&a#ion S(ee# an' Minne!o#a Sa#i!)a*#ion $e!#ionnai"e we"e !el);"e-o"#e'

in!#"$&en#!. D$e #o #(i! )a*#0 ina'e$a#e an!we"! *o$l' no# %e e=-lo"e'0 -a"#i*i-an#!K


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$e!#ion! *o$l' no# %e an!we"e'0 an' #(e"e wa! no wa+ #o en!$"e -a"#i*i-a#ion 8S#e&-le0

4559.

A !e*on' li&i#a#ion o) #(i! !#$'+ wa! *"ea#e' %+ "e!#"i*#in -a"#i*i-a#ion #o &i''le

!*(ool -"in*i-al! in #(e !#a#e o) Vi"inia0 #(i! &a1e! ene"alia#ion! a%o$# &i''le !*(ool

-"in*i-al! o$#!i'e o) #(e !#a#e ,e"+ 'i))i*$l#.

T(e #(i"' li&i#a#ion wa! *"ea#e' %+ "e!#"i*#in -a"#i*i-an#!K "e!-on!e! #o #(e

#wen#+ i,en 'i&en!ion! on #(e MS in;'e-#( e=-lo"a#ion o) #(e )a*e#! *a$!in

!a#i!)a*#ion an' 'i!!a#i!)a*#ion )o" Vi"iniaK! &i''le !*(ool -"in*i-al! wa! no# -o!!i%le.

T(e )o$"#( li&i#a#ion wa! *"ea#e' %+ a &i''le !*(ool -"in*i-al *on'$*#in #(e

"e!ea"*( 8-e"!onal %ia!9.

O"ania#ion o) #(e S#$'+

T(i! !#$'+ i! o"anie' in#o )i,e *(a-#e"!. C(a-#e" 2 in*l$'e! an in#"o'$*#ion #o

#(e #o-i*0 a !#a#e&en# o) #(e -"o%le&0 !ini)i*an*e o) #(e !#$'+0 -$"-o!e o) #(e "e!ea"*(0

'e)ini#ion! o) 1e+ #e"&! an' li&i#a#ion! o) #(e !#$'+. C(a-#e" 4 *on#ain! a "e,iew o) #(e

"ela#e' li#e"a#$"e on


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!a#i!)a*#ion i! #(e -lea!$"a%le e&o#ional !#a#e "e!$l#in )"o& #(e a--"ai!al o) oneK!


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2

E=-e*#an*+ T(eo"+0 Wo"1 A'


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2

nee'!. F$"#(e"&o"e #(e!e nee'! '"o,e a -e"!onK! %e(a,io". He (+-o#(e!ie' #(a# 'ee-

wi#(in e,e"+ -e"!on #(e"e e=i!#! a (ie"a"*(+ o) nee'!. T(e!e nee'! *on!i!# o):

2. P(+!ioloi*al nee'! w(i*( in*l$'e ($ne"0 #(i"!#0 !(el#e"0 !e= an' o#(e" %o'il+

nee'!.

4. Sa)e#+ nee'! in*l$'e !e*$"i#+ an' -"o#e*#ion )"o& -(+!i*al an' e&o#ional

(a"&!.

. So*ial nee'! in,ol,e a))e*#ion0 a))ilia#ion0 a**e-#an*e0 an' )"ien'!(i-.

. E!#ee& nee'! in*l$'e in#e"nal )a*#o"! !$*( a! !el);"e!-e*#0 a$#ono&+0 an'

a*(ie,e&en#0 an' e=#e"nal )a*#o"! in*l$'in !#a#$!0 "e*oni#ion0 an' a##en#ion.

?. Sel);a*#$alia#ion nee'! en*o&-a!! &o#i,a#ion #o o%#ain oneK! )$ll -o#en#ial

in*l$'in "ela#e' no#ion! o) "ow#( an' !el);)$l)ill&en#.

Ma!low 823?9 'i,i'e' (i! nee'! (ie"a"*(+ in#o #(e *a#eo"ie! o) lowe" an' (i(e" o"'e"

nee'!. T(e *la!!i)i*a#ion !*(e&e wa! "oo#e' in #(e no#ion #(a# lowe" le,el nee'! we"e

!a#i!)ie' e=#e"nall+0 w(ile (i(e" le,el nee'! we"e &e# in#e"nall+. T(e!e nee'! e=i!# in a

!-e*i)i* -a##e"n "e$i"in a lowe" le,el nee' #o %e !$%!#an#iall+ !a#i!)ie' %e)o"e #(e ne=#

le,el nee' *an %e*o&e 'o&inan#. Ma!low 823?9 %elie,e' #(a# al#(o$( no nee' i! e,e"

)$ll+ !a#i!)ie'0 a !$%!#an#iall+ !a#i!)ie' nee' no lone" &o#i,a#e! allowin &o,e&en# #o

#(e ne=# le,el.

Mo#i,a#ion;H+iene T(eo"+ 8Two;Fa*#o" T(eo"+9

He"%e" 823?69 e=-an'e' on Ma!lowK! Nee' Hie"a"*(+ T(eo"+ #o ene"a#e (i!

Mo#i,a#ion;H+iene T(eo"+. T(i! #(eo"+ wa! )o"&$la#e' on #(e a!!$&-#ion #(a# an

in'i,i'$alK! "ela#ion!(i- #o (i!(e" wo"1 i! a %a!i* one an' #(a# (i!(e" a##i#$'e #o (i!(e"

wo"1 *an ,e"+ well 'e#e"&ine oneK! !$**e!! o" )ail$"e 8Ro%%in!0 2339. He"%e" 823?39


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Jo% Sa#i!)a*#ion

2?

!o$(# #o an!we" #(e $e!#ion0 W(a# 'o -eo-le wan# )"o& #(ei"


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Jo% Sa#i!)a*#ion

2

P"o*e!! T(eo"ie!

P"o*e!! #(eo"ie! a##e&-# #o i'en#i)+ (ow &o#i,a#ion o**$"! in #(e wo"1 -la*e #(e+

e=-lain #(e -"o*e!! o) &o#i,a#ion 8L$nen%$" / O"n!#ein0 45559. P"o*e!! #(eo"ie! 'o no#

e=a&ine ,a"ia%le! in i!ola#ion o) one ano#(e". A #(eo"+ &a+ a##e&-# #o e&-(a!ie

"ewa"'!0 nee'!0 an' in*en#i,e! in $n'e"!#an'in


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Jo% Sa#i!)a*#ion

26

-e")o"&an*e will "e!$l# in a )ai" a&o$n# o) "ewa"' a! 'e#e"&ine' %+ #(e e&-lo+ee.

Ina'e$a#e "ewa"'! on #(e -a"# o) #(e e&-lo+e" will "e!$l# in a lo!! o)


25/186

Jo% Sa#i!)a*#ion

2

Wei!!0 239. T(e #(eo"+ !#a#e' #(a# %o#( #(e in'i,i'$al an' #(e en,i"on&en# a"e

*on!#an#l+ e,ol,in. T(i! *on#in$o$! an' '+na&i* -"o*e!! o) an in'i,i'$al a##e&-#in #o

&ain#ain an' a*(ie,e *o""e!-on'en*e wi#( (i!(e" en,i"on&en# i! *alle' wo"1 a'


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Jo% Sa#i!)a*#ion

23

wi#( #(e e&-lo+e" (a! o**$""e'. I) "a#io! a"e -e"*ei,e' #o %e $ne$al0 #(e e&-lo+ee )eel!

ina'e$a#e #($!0 ene"a#in a 'e*"ea!e in


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Jo% Sa#i!)a*#ion

45

$!e one o) #(e &an+ e=i!#in !*ale!. A la"e n$&%e" o) #(e!e !*ale! (a,e %een *a"e)$ll+

'e,elo-e'0 an' in a !ini)i*an# n$&%e" o) !#$'ie!0 *on*e"n! o) ,ali'i#+ an' "elia%ili#+

(a,e %een a''"e!!e' 8Coo10 2329. A )ew well;1nown e=a&-le! o)


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Jo% Sa#i!)a*#ion

42

8#e*(ni*al90 &o"al ,al$e!0 !e*$"i#+0 !o*ial !e*$"i#+0 a$#(o"i#+0 a%ili#+ $#ilia#ion0 *o&-an+

-oli*+0 *o&-en!a#ion0 a',an*e&en#0 "e!-on!i%ili#+0 *"ea#i,i#+0 wo"1in *on'i#ion!0

*owo"1e"!0 "e*oni#ion0 an' a*(ie,e&en# 8Wei!! e# al.0 239. T(e lon )o"& *on#ain!

)i,e i#e&! -e" )a*e# w(e"ea! #(e !(o"# ,e"!ion *on#ain! onl+ one i#e& -e" )a*e#.

Re!ea"*(e"! *an *o&%ine #(e )in'in! in#o a #o#al !*o"e o" %"ea1 #(e "e!$l#! in#o in#"in!i*

an' e=#"in!i* !a#i!)a*#ion !$%!e#! %a!e' on -a"#i*$la" )a*e#! 8S-e*#o"0 23369. Relia%ili#+

(a! %een oo' )o" %o#( #o#al !*o"e an' in#"in!i* an' e=#"in!i* !$%!e#!. C"i#i*! (a,e "ai!e'

*on*e"n! #(a# #(e"e i! no# eno$( 'i!#in*#ion %e#ween )a*e#! *"ea#in a (i( le,el o)

*o""ela#ion %e#ween !o&e !$%!e#! 8Coo10 2329.

Jo% Diano!#i* S$",e+ 8JDS9

T(e Jo% Diano!#i* S$",e+ 8Ha*1&an / Ol'(a&0 236?9 wa! 'e!ine' #o !#$'+

#(e e))e*#! o)


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Jo% Sa#i!)a*#ion

44

2369. Jo% !a#i!)a*#ion "e!ea"*( on !*(ool -"in*i-al! (a! no# ene"a#e' an+ well;

e!#a%li!(e' li!# o)


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Jo% Sa#i!)a*#ion

4

S-e*#o"0 23?9. An in#e"*o""ela#ion o) ,a"ia%le! in'i*a#e' a -o!i#i,e linea" "ela#ion wi#(

ae an'


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Jo% Sa#i!)a*#ion

4


32/186

Jo% Sa#i!)a*#ion

4?

In a !#$'+ o) #(e


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Jo% Sa#i!)a*#ion

4

+ea"! o) #en$"e #(e !*o"e! "ane' )"o& . 8SD .69 an' .3 8SD .?9. T(i!

'e&on!#"a#e' #(a# "ea"'le!! o) e=-e"ien*e0 #(e &a


34/186

Jo% Sa#i!)a*#ion

46

A"&!#"on 845529 *on'$*#e' a !#$'+ )o*$!in on #(e !ie o) a !*(ool an' #(e

!a#i!)a*#ion le,el o) #(e -"in*i-al. Con#"a"+ #o New%+K! 823339 )in'in!0 (e %elie,e' #(a#

#(e la"e" #(e -o-$la#ion o) a !*(ool0 #(e lowe" #(e !a#i!)a*#ion o) #(e -"in*i-al. A #("ee;

-a"# $e!#ionnai"e wa! &aile' #o 5 (i( !*(ool -"in*i-al! %a!e' on )o$" 'i))e"en# !*(ool

-o-$la#ion!. Fin'in! )"o& #(e !#$'+ in'i*a#e' #(e la"e" #(e !*(ool0 #(e le!! !a#i!)ie' #(e

-"in*i-al wa! in (i!(e" "ole. T(e )inal "e!$l#! o) A"&!#"onK! 845529 !#$'+ 'e&on!#"a#e'

a -o!i#i,e *o""ela#ion e=i!#e' %e#ween !*(ool -o-$la#ion0 lo*$! o) *on#"ol0 an'


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Jo% Sa#i!)a*#ion

4

Jo% Sa#i!)a*#ion o) S*(ool P"in*i-al! in Vi"inia

T(e"e i! an a%$n'an*e o)


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Jo% Sa#i!)a*#ion

43

&o"e !a#i!)ie' wi#( a',an*e&en# o--o"#$ni#ie!0 !e*$"i#+0 an' ene"al !a#i!)a*#ion #(an

-"in*i-al! in !&alle" !*(ool !+!#e&! 8333!#$'en#! o" )ewe"9.

S#e&-le 84559 *on'$*#e' a !#$'+ on #(e !a#i!)a*#ion le,el o) -"in*i-al! in

Vi"inia. He !o$(# #o $n'e"!#an' #(e le,el o) !a#i!)a*#ion o) (i( !*(ool -"in*i-al! alon

#(e ,a"ia%le! o): en'e"0 ae0 !ala"+0 n$&%e" o) a!!i!#an# -"in*i-al!0 +ea"! a! a -"in*i-al0

#en$"e0 !*(ool !o*io;e*ono&i* !#a#$!0 !*(ool -o-$la#ion0 an' !*(ool a**"e'i#a#ion !#a#$!.

T(e Minne!o#a Sa#i!)a*#ion $e!#ionnai"e wa! !en# %+ ele*#"oni* &ail #o 2 (i( !*(ool

-"in*i-al! in Vi"inia #o 'e#e"&ine w(i*( o) #(e a)o"e&en#ione' ,a"ia%le! &a+ o" &a+ no#

*on#"i%$#e #o


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Jo% Sa#i!)a*#ion

5

T(e "e!$l#! 'e&on!#"a#e' #(a# a!!i!#an# -"in*i-al! a"e onl+ &a"inall+ !a#i!)ie'

wi#( #(ei"


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Jo% Sa#i!)a*#ion

2

a!1e'. A one;wa+ anal+!i! o) ,a"ian*e 8ANOVA9 wa! $!e' #o anal+e #(e 'a#a. T(e

anal+!i! 'e&on!#"a#e' #(a# #(e"e we"e no !ini)i*an# 'i))e"en*e! in in#"in!i*0 e=#"in!i*0 an'

ene"al !a#i!)a*#ion "ea"'in #(e ,a"ia%le! o): en'e"0 !ie o) !*(ool0 #+-e o) !*(ool0

(i(e!# 'e"ee ea"ne' an' !*(ool -e")o"&an*e !*o"e!. F$"#(e" !#a#i!#i*al anal+!i!

"e,eale' a !ini)i*an# "ela#ion!(i- %e#ween ene"al


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4

CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOG>

T(i! 'e!*"i-#i,e !#$'+ wa! 'e!ine' #o 'e#e"&ine #(e *$""en# le,el o)


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Jo% Sa#i!)a*#ion

$e!#ion :

W(a# i! #(e ene"al !a#i!)a*#ion le,el o) &i''le !*(ool -"in*i-al! )o" ea*( o) #(e

#wen#+ 'i&en!ion! o) #(e P90 w(a# i! #(e ene"al


41/186

Jo% Sa#i!)a*#ion

In!#"$&en#a#ion

A! in New%+K! 823339 o"iinal !#$'+0 ea*( -a"#i*i-an# in #(i! !#$'+ wa! &aile' a

#wo -a"# !el);a'&ini!#e"e' !$",e+. Pa"# one o) #(e !$",e+ *on!i!#e' o) an In'i,i'$al

In)o"&a#ion S(ee# 8A--en'i= A9. T(e 'a#a !(ee#! we"e a'&ini!#e"e' )o" #wo "ea!on!.

Ini#iall+0 i# ea!e' #(e -a"#i*i-an#! in#o #(e !$",e+ %+ )"on# loa'in ea!+ $e!#ion! an'

(el-e' #o ,e!# #(e& in #(e in!#"$&en#. Se*on'l+0 -a"#i*i-an#! we"e no# a! li1el+ #o !1i-

o,e" #(e In'i,i'$al In)o"&a#ion S(ee# a! #(e+ &i(# (a,e %een i) #(e !(ee#! we"e -la*e'

a# #(e en' o) #(e !$",e+ 8S#e&-le0 4559. Pa"# #wo o) #(e !$",e+ *on!i!#e' o) #(e 236

Minne!o#a Sa#i!)a*#ion $e!#ionnai"e Lon Fo"& 8A--en'i= B9.

In'i,i'$al In)o"&a#ion S(ee#

T(e In'i,i'$al In)o"&a#ion S(ee# wa! $!e' #o a#(e" 'a#a a%o$# !ele*#e'

*(a"a*#e"i!#i*! o) #(e "e!-on'en#!. A "e,iew o) #(e li#e"a#$"e i'en#i)ie' !-e*i)i*

'e&o"a-(i* ,a"ia%le! #(a# we"e "ela#e' #o


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Jo% Sa#i!)a*#ion

?

a!1in "e!-on'en#! #o &a"1 one o) #(e )ollowin: Ba*(elo"!0 Ma!#e"!0 E'$*a#ional

S-e*iali!#0 o" Do*#o"a#e.

E=-e"ien*e "e)e"! #o #(e n$&%e" o) +ea"! an in'i,i'$al (a! !e",e' a! a &i''le !*(ool

-"in*i-al. T(i! ,a"ia%le wa! 'e#e"&ine' %+ a!1in ea*( -a"#i*i-an# #o in'i*a#e (i!(e"

le,el o) e=-e"ien*e a! a &i''le !*(ool -"in*i-al %+ &a"1in one o) #(e )ollowin: 5 0

0 6 30 o" 25 o" &o"e.

S*(ool Lo*a#ion "e)e"! #o #(e eo"a-(i* lo*a#ion o) #(e !*(ool. Re!-on'en#! we"e

a!1e' #o i'en#i)+ #(ei" !*(ool a! R$"al0 U"%an0 o" S$%$"%an.

S*(ool Po-$la#ion "e)e"! #o #(e n$&%e" o) !#$'en#! en"olle' in #(e !*(ool. T(e

"e!-on'en#! we"e a!1e' #o in'i*a#e #(ei" !*(oolK! en"oll&en# %+ &a"1in one o) #(e

)ollowin -o-$la#ion "ane!: 55 o" le!!0 52 ?330 55 6330 55 3330 o" G"ea#e"

#(an 20555 !#$'en#!.

A**"e'i#a#ion S#a#$! "e)e"! #o a !*(oolK! *$""en# a**"e'i#a#ion !#an'in a! 'e#e"&ine'

%+ #(e Vi"inia De-a"#&en# o) E'$*a#ion. Pa"#i*i-an#! we"e a!1e' #o i'en#i)+ #(ei"

!*(oolK! a**"e'i#a#ion !#an'in %+ &a"1in one o) #(e )ollowin: F$ll+ a**"e'i#e'0

P"o,i!ionall+ a**"e'i#e' &ee#! !#a#e !#an'a"'!0 P"o,i!ionall+ a**"e'i#e' nee'!

i&-"o,e&en#0 o" A**"e'i#e' wi#( wa"nin.

A'e$a#e >ea"l+ P"o"e!! 8A>P9 "e)e"! #o a !*(oolK! !#an'in a! 'e#e"&ine' %+ #(e

Vi"inia De-a"#&en# o) E'$*a#ion $n'e" #(e )e'e"al $i'eline! o) #(e No C(il' Le)#

Be(in' A*# 8NCLB9. T(e -a"#i*i-an#! we"e a!1e' #o &a"1 >e! o" No %a!e' on #(ei"

!*(oolK! *$""en# A>P !#an'in.


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Jo% Sa#i!)a*#ion

Minne!o#a Sa#i!)a*#ion $e!#ionnai"e 8MS9

T(e Minne!o#a Sa#i!)a*#ion $e!#ionnai"e i! 'e!ine' #o &ea!$"e an e&-lo+eeK!

!a#i!)a*#ion wi#( (i!(e" -"o)e!!ion. A! in #(e o"iinal !#$'+ *on'$*#e' %+ New%+ 8233390

a !li(#l+ &o'i)ie' ,e"!ion o) #(e 236 Lon Fo"& Minne!o#a Sa#i!)a*#ion $e!#ionnai"e

8A--en'i= B9 wa! $!e' #o a!!e!! #(e -o-$la#ionK! ene"al !a#i!)a*#ion le,el an' a**o$n#

)o" #wen#+ 'i&en!ion! o) #(e


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6

T(e"e a"e #("ee )o"&! o) #(e MS #(a# a"e a,aila%le #o "e!ea"*(e"!: #wo lon

)o"&! 82366 an' 236 ,e"!ion!9 an' a !(o"# )o"&. T(e MS i! a en'e";ne$#"al

in!#"$&en# #(a# *an %e a'&ini!#e"e' #o "o$-! o" in'i,i'$al! 8Dawi! e# al.0 239. T(e

lon )o"& o) #(e MS i! w"i##en on a )i)#( "a'e le,el an' *an %e !el);a'&ini!#e"e' in

a--"o=i&a#el+ 2? #o 45 &in$#e!. T(e MS i! 'e!ine' #o &ea!$"e #(e le,el o) %o#(

in#"in!i* an' e=#"in!i* nee'! a*"o!! 45 nee'! 'i&en!ion!. T(e in!#"$&en# i! *o&-"i!e' o)

255 i#e&! #(a# a"e -la*e' in 45 'i))e"en# !$%!*ale!. Ea*( o) #(e 45 'i))e"en# !$%!*ale! i!

*o&-o!e' o) ? i#e&!.

T(e MS !*ale! a"e:

2. A%ili#+ $#ilia#ion T(e *(an*e #o 'o !o&e#(in #(a# &a1e! $!e o) a%ili#ie!.

4. A*(ie,e&en# T(e )eelin o) a**o&-li!(&en# one e#! )"o& #(e


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24. Re*oni#ion Bein "e*onie' )o" a


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3

A! in New%+K! 823339 ea"lie" !#$'+0 a !li(#l+ &o'i)ie' ,e"!ion o) #(e 236 lon

)o"& o) #(e Minne!o#a Sa#i!)a*#ion $e!#ionnai"e wa! $!e'. Wi#( -e"&i!!ion o%#aine'

)"o& #(e Vo*a#ional P!+*(olo+ Re!ea"*( De-a"#&en# lo*a#e' a# #(e Uni,e"!i#+ o)

Minne!o#a0 #(e )ollowin *(ane! we"e &a'e: #(e wo"' *o&-an+ wa! *(ane' #o

!*(ool !+!#e& an' %o!! wa! *(ane' #o !$-e",i!o". T(i! en!$"e' #(a# #(e

in!#"$&en#a#ion $!e' wa! i'en#i*al #o New%+K! 823339 in!#"$&en#a#ion an' will #(e"e%+

-"o'$*e ,ali' *o&-a"i!on!.

Relia%ili#+ o) #(e MS Lon Fo"&

Hei&an 845529 w"o#e #(a# "elia%ili#+ i! #(e e=#en# #o w(i*( a &ea!$"e&en# i!

*on!i!#en#0 *an %e "e-"o'$*e'0 an' a,oi'! e""o". To #(i! en'0 #wo &ea!$"e! o) "elia%ili#+

we"e $!e' #o #e!# #(e MS: in#e"nal *on!i!#en*+ an' !#a%ili#+. T(e Ho+#K! anal+!i! o)

,a"ian*e &e#(o' 'e&on!#"a#e' #(a# #(e "elia%ili#+ *oe))i*ien#! "ane' )"o& a (i( o) .36 #o

a low o) .?3. T(e &e'ian Ho+#K! "elia%ili#+ *oe))i*ien#! "ane' )"o& .3 #o .6. T(e"e

we"e ?6 846 "o$-! wi#( 42 !$%!*ale!9 Ho+# "elia%ili#+ *oe))i*ien#! "e-o"#e'0 we"e

.5 o" (i(e" an' onl+ 4.? we"e lowe" #(an .65. T(e!e "e!$l#! !$e!# #(a# #(e MS

!*ale! (a,e in#e"nal *on!i!#en*+ "elia%ili#ie! 8Wei!!0 2369. Re!$l#! )"o& #(e Ho+#

"elia%ili#+ *oe))i*ien#! )o" #(e 46 no"&a#i,e "o$-! *an %e )o$n' in Ta%le 2.

Da#a )o" #(e !#a%ili#+ o) #(e !*o"e! we"e o%#aine' o,e" #wo #i&e in#e",al!: one

wee1 an' one +ea". Te!#;"e#e!# *o""ela#ion *oe))i*ien#! *an %e )o$n' in Ta%le 4. T(e one;

wee1 !#a%ili#+ *oe))i*ien#! "ane' )"o& . #o .32. T(e &e'ian *oe))i*ien# wa! . an' #(e

ene"al !a#i!)a*#ion !*ale wa! .3. T(e one;+ea" !#a%ili#+ *oe))i*ien#! "ane' )"o& .? #o

.62. T(e &e'ian !#a%ili#+ *oe))i*ien# wa! .2 an' #(e ene"al !a#i!)a*#ion "a#in wa! .65


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Jo% Sa#i!)a*#ion

5

8Wei!! e# al.0 2369. T(e a$#(o"! o))e"e' no )$"#(e" e=-lana#ion )o" #(e 'i))e"en*e! in

*oe))i*ien#! )o" %o#( #(e one;wee1 an' one;+ea" !#a%ili#+ !*o"e!.

Ta%le 2.

Me'ian an' Rane o) Ho+# Relia%ili#+ Coe))i*ien#! )o" 46 No"&a#i,e G"o$-!0 %+ MS

S*ale!

S*ale Hi(e!# Me'ian Lowe!#A%ili#+ $#ilia#ion .36 .32 .63

A*(ie,e&en# .32 . .6

A*#i,i#+ .34 . .62

A',an*e&en# .3 .3 .6

A$#(o"i#+ .34 .? .

Co&-an+ Poli*ie! an' P"a*#i*e! .3 .35 .5

Co&-en!a#ion .3? .32 .4

Co;wo"1e"! .3 .? .6

C"ea#i,i#+ .34 .6 .64

In'e-en'en*e .32 .? .6

Mo"al ,al$e! .3 .2 .4

Re*oni#ion .3 .3 .

Re!-on!i%ili#+ .3 .6 .

Se*$"i#+ .6 .5 .

So*ial !e",i*e .3? .3 .6

So*ial !#a#$! .34 .63 .62

S$-e",i!ion;($&an "ela#ion! .3? .3 .6?


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Jo% Sa#i!)a*#ion

2

S$-e",i!ion;#e*(ni*al .3 . .62

Va"ie#+ .3 . .?3

Wo"1in *on'i#ion! .6 .3 .5

Gene"al !a#i!)a*#ion .3? . .4

F"o& T(e In!#"$&en#a#ion )o" #(e T(eo"+ o) Wo"1 A'ea" In#e",al0 %+

MS S*ale

S*ale One wee1 One +ea"

N 6? N 22?A%ili#+ $#ilia#ion . .62

A*(ie,e&en# .2 .4

A*#i,i#+ . .3

A',an*e&en# .? .6

A$#(o"i#+ .? .6

Co&-an+ Poli*ie! an' P"a*#i*e! .5 .2

Co&-en!a#ion .63 .4

Co;wo"1e"! . .5

C"ea#i,i#+ .6 .

In'e-en'en*e .6? .?

Mo"al ,al$e! . .?

Re*oni#ion . .3


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4

Re!-on!i%ili#+ .6 .2

Se*$"i#+ .65 .?

So*ial !e",i*e . .?6

So*ial !#a#$! .5 .

S$-e",i!ion;($&an "ela#ion! . .

S$-e",i!ion;#e*(ni*al .35 .

Va"ie#+ .5 .3

Wo"1in *on'i#ion! .3 .65

Gene"al !a#i!)a*#ion .3 .65

F"o& T(e In!#"$&en#a#ion )o" #(e T(eo"+ o) Wo"1 A'


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Da#a Colle*#ion P"o*e'$"e!

Wi#( -e"&i!!ion "an#e' )"o& Vi"inia Te*(K! In!#i#$#ional Re,iew Boa"'

8A--en'i= C90 all &a#e"ial! in #(i! !#$'+ we"e &aile' #o -a"#i*i-an#! $!in #(e a''"e!!e!

li!#e' in #(e Vi"inia E'$*a#ion Di"e*#o"+ . A )i,e;!#e- 'a#a *olle*#ion -"o*e!! wa! $!e' #o

a#(e" #(e 'e!i"e' in)o"&a#ion. T(e !#e-! we"e an in#"o'$*#o"+ le##e"0 #(e in!#"$&en#

8MS90 a -o!#*a"' "e&in'e"0 an' #wo )ollow;$- "e&in'e"!.

In#"o'$*#o"+ Le##e"A le##e" o) in#"o'$*#ion wa! !en# #o all -a"#i*i-an#! one wee1 -"io" #o #(e &ailin

o) #(e !$",e+ in!#"$&en#. T(e *(ai" o) #(e a$#(o"K! 'i!!e"#a#ion *o&&i##ee en'o"!e' #(e

le##e" o) in#"o'$*#ion. Con#en#! o) #(e le##e" in*l$'e': #(e -$"-o!e o) #(e !#$'+0 a!!$"an*e

o) *on)i'en#iali#+0 an' en*o$"ae&en# )o" &e&%e"! #o -a"#i*i-a#e.

S$",e+ In!#"$&en#

A)#e" !e,en 'a+!0 a !e*on' &ailin *on#ainin a le##e" o) e=-lana#ion0 !$",e+

&a#e"ial!0 an' a !el);a''"e!!e' !#a&-e' en,elo-e )o" #(e "e#$"n o) &a#e"ial! wa! !en# #o

-a"#i*i-an#!. Re!-on!e! we"e "e$e!#e' wi#(in #wo wee1!. T(e "e!ea"*(e" $!e' a n$&%e"

!+!#e& #o &oni#o" "e!-on!e "e!$l#!. T(i! n$&%e" !+!#e& a!!i!#e' in #(e )ollow;$- o) non;

"e!-on'e"!.

Fi"!# Re&in'e" Le##e"

A "e&in'e" wa! &aile' #o -a"#i*i-an#! #wo wee1! a)#e" #(e &ailin o) #(e !$",e+

in!#"$&en#. T(i! le##e" a!1e' )o" -a"#i*i-an#!K *oo-e"a#ion an' en*o$"ae' *o&-le#ion an'

&ailin o) #(e !$",e+. T(e le##e" *on#aine' #(e a$#(o"K! #ele-(one n$&%e" an' ele*#"oni*

&ail a''"e!! )o" -a"#i*i-an#! #o *all o" w"i#e wi#( an+ $e!#ion!. A''i#ional !$",e+

&a#e"ial! an' a !el);a''"e!!e' !#a&-e' en,elo-e we"e in*l$'e'.

Se*on' Re&in'e" Le##e"


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Jo% Sa#i!)a*#ion

Se,en 'a+! a)#e" #(e )i"!# "e&in'e" &ailin 8#("ee wee1! a)#e" #(e ini#ial !$",e+

&ailin9 an a''i#ional "e&in'e" le##e" wa! &aile' #o all non;"e!-on'en#! "e$e!#in #(ei"

-a"#i*i-a#ion. In a''i#ion0 a !el);a''"e!!e' !#a&-e' en,elo-e wa! in*l$'e' alon wi#( #(e

a$#(o"K! *on#a*# in)o"&a#ion an' a )inal in!#all&en# o) !$",e+ &a#e"ial!.

Final Re&in'e" Le##e"

One wee1 -"io" #o #(e *lo!e o) #(e !#$'+0 a )inal le##e" #o all non;-a"#i*i-an#! wa!

&aile' o))e"in #(e& one la!# o--o"#$ni#+ #o -a"#i*i-a#e in #(e !#$'+.

Da#a Anal+!i!

T(e -"i&a"+ o%


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?

"ane !*o"e! we"e $#ilie' #o 'e#e"&ine an o,e"all !a#i!)a*#ion *a#eo"+ )o" Vi"iniaK!

&i''le !*(ool -"in*i-al!.

Wei(# Rane S*ale O-#ion

2 82.55 2.339 No# Sa#i!)ie' 8NS9

4 84.55 4.339 Sli(#l+ Sa#i!)ie' 8SS9

8.55 .339 Sa#i!)ie' 8S9

8.55 .339 Ve"+ Sa#i!)ie' 8VS9

? 8?.55 9 E=#"e&el+ Sa#i!)ie' 8ES9

4. Ba!e' on #(e 'e&o"a-(i* ,a"ia%le! o) en'e"0 ae0 'e"ee0 e=-e"ien*e0 !*(ool

lo*a#ion0 an' !*(ool -o-$la#ion0 w(a# i! #(e ene"al !a#i!)a*#ion le,el o) &i''le

!*(ool -"in*i-al! in Vi"inia@

$e!#ion #wo wa! an!we"e' %+ *on!#"$*#in a )"e$en*+ #a%le #(a# in*l$'e' #(e

n$&%e" o) -a"#i*i-an#! 8N90 &ean 8M90 !#an'a"' 'e,ia#ion 8SD90 an' )"e$en*+ 8)9. T(e

&ean !*o"e! we"e $!e' #o *a#eo"ie ea*( 'e&o"a-(i* ,a"ia%le in#o a !a#i!)a*#ion "a#in

$!in #(e a)o"e&en#ione' "ane !*ale.

To 'e#e"&ine w(e#(e" o" no# a !#a#i!#i*all+ !ini)i*an# 'i))e"en*e e=i!#e' %e#ween

#(e &ean!0 an anal+!i! o) ,a"ian*e 8ANOVA9 wa! $#ilie'. Sini)i*an*e wa! 'e#e"&ine'

a# #(e 8- 5.5?9 le,el. T(o!e 'e&o"a-(i* ,a"ia%le! #(a# we"e 'e#e"&ine' #o (a,e a

!#a#i!#i*all+ !ini)i*an# 'i))e"en*e %e#ween #(e &ean! $n'e"wen# )$"#(e" anal+!i! $!in #(e

S*(e))e -o!# (o* #e!# #o 'e#e"&ine an+ !#a#i!#i*all+ !ini)i*an# 'i))e"en*e! a&on

'e&o"a-(i* !$%"o$-!.


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Jo% Sa#i!)a*#ion

. W(a# i! #(e !a#i!)a*#ion le,el o) &i''le !*(ool -"in*i-al! )o" ea*( o) #(e 45

'i&en!ion! o) #(e


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6

)o" ea*( ,a"ia%le. T(e "e!$l#! o) #(e anal+!i! o) ,a"ian*e 8ANOVA9 we"e $!e' #o

'e#e"&ine !#a#i!#i*al !ini)i*an*e a# #(e 8- 5.5529 an' 8- 5.5?9 le,el!. An+

'e&o"a-(i* "o$- #(a# wa! 'e#e"&ine' #o (a,e a !#a#i!#i*all+ !ini)i*an# 'i))e"en*e in i#!

&ean wa! )$"#(e" e=a&ine' $!in #(e S*(e))e -o!# (o* anal+!i!. T(e S*(e))e -o!# (o* #e!#

wa! $!e' #o 'e&on!#"a#e an+ !#a#i!#i*all+ !ini)i*an# 'i))e"en*e! a&on 'e&o"a-(i*

!$%"o$-!.

S$&&a"+

T(i! !#$'+ wa! 'e!ine' #o in,e!#ia#e #(e


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CHAPTER FOUR

FINDINGS

T(e -$"-o!e o) #(i! *(a-#e" i! #o -"e!en# #(e in)o"&a#ion )"o& #(e anal+!i! o) 'a#a

#(a# we"e *olle*#e' )"o& #(e !#$'+ o)


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3

-$%li* &i''le !*(ool -"in*i-al! w(o -a"#i*i-a#e' in #(i! !#$'+ 864.60 n 2359 we"e

e=-e"ien*e' wi#( !i= +ea"! o" le!!. P"in*i-al! wi#( !e,en +ea"! o" &o"e o) e=-e"ien*e

a**o$n#e' )o" 46. 8n 2359 o) #(e -o-$la#ion.

T(e la"e!# -o"#ion o) -"in*i-al! "e!-on'in #o #(e $e!#ionnai"e we"e a!!ine' #o

"$"al !*(ool !+!#e&! 84.20 n 2359 an' !$%$"%an !*(ool !+!#e&! 82.20 n 23590

w(ile onl+ 2. 8n 2359 "e-o"#e' %ein in $"%an !*(ool a"ea!. T(e -"in*i-al!K !*(ool

en"oll&en# "ane' )"o& le!! #(an 55 #o o,e" 20555 !#$'en#!. S*(ool! wi#( !#$'en#

-o-$la#ion! o) le!! #(an 55 *o&-"i!e' 2. 8n 2359 o) #(e 'a#a. Ea*( o) #(e o#(e"

en"oll&en# *a#eo"ie! *o&-o!e' a--"o=i&a#el+ 45 8n 2359 o" %e##e" o) #(e "e-o"#in

!*(ool!. P"in*i-al! "e-o"#e' #(a# .6 8n 2359 o) #(ei" !*(ool! we"e )$ll+ a**"e'i#e'.

Howe,e"0 onl+ 4.2 8n 2359 o) #(e -"in*i-al!K !*(ool! &a'e A>P w(ile 6.3 )aile'

#o &a1e A>P )o" #(e -"e,io$! !*(ool +ea".

MS S*ale Relia%ili#+ Anal+!i!

Wei!!0 Dawi!0 Enlan'0 an' Lo)$i!# 82369 !$e!# #(a# an in#e"nal *on!i!#en*+

"elia%ili#+ *oe))i*ien# %e *al*$la#e' )o" #(e !a&-le on w(i*( #(e MS i! in#en'e' #o %e

$!e'. Fo" #(i! !#$'+0 SPSS wa! $!e' #o *o&-$#e #(e C("on%a*(K! Al-(a #e!# o) in#e"nal

*on!i!#en*+ on #(e 45 'i&en!ion! &ea!$"e' %+ #(e MS. C("on%a*(K! Al-(a ene"a#e' a

#o#al !*ale !*o"e o) .3?. T(i! al-(a !$e!#! #(a# #(e 'a#a *olle*#e' )"o& #(e MS )o" #(i!

!a&-le (a! (i( in#e"nal *on!i!#en*+ an' "elia%ili#+ wi#( #(i! !a&-le. A *o&-a"i!on #o

New%+K! 823339 !#$'+ 'e&on!#"a#e! an e$al le,el o) in#e"nal *on!i!#en*+ an' "elia%ili#+

wi#( a #o#al !*ale !*o"e o) .3?.


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?5

Ta%le .

F"e$en*+ Di!#"i%$#ion! )o" De&o"a-(i* Va"ia%le! 8n 2359

De&o"a-(i* Va"ia%le! N Pe"*en#

Gen'e"

Male 25? ??.

Fe&ale ? .6

To#al 235 255.5

Ae

>o$ne" #(an ? 22 ?.

? ? 43.?

?? 6 ?.

Ol'e" #(an ?? 2.3

To#al 235 255.5

De"ee S#a#$!

Ba*(elo"! 2 5.?

Ma!#e"! 26 64.2

E'$*a#ional S-e*iali!# 4 24.2

Do*#o"a#e 43 2?.

To#al 235 255.5


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?2

>ea"! a! Mi''le S*(ool P"in*i-al

2 6 2.2

5 2.

6 3 44 22.

25 o" Mo"e 5 2?.

To#al 235 255.5

S*(ool Lo*a#ion

R$"al 5 4.2

S$%$"%an 6 2.2

U"%an 4 2.

To#al 235 255.5

S*(ool Po-$la#ion

55 S#$'en#! o" Le!! 4 2.

52 55 S#$'en#! 2 42.

52 55 S#$'en#! 4 44.2

52 20555 S#$'en#! 6 23.?

20555 S#$'en#! 45.5

To#al 235 255.5

A**"e'i#a#ion S#a#$!

F$ll+ A**"e'i#e' 22 .6


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?4

F$ll+ A**"e'i#e' Mee#! S#a#e S#an'a"'! 2.

P"o,i!ionall+ A**"e'i#e' Nee'! I&-"o,e&en# 24 .

A**"e'i#e' wi#( Wa"nin 2 6.

To#al 235 255.5

A'e$a#e >ea"l+ P"o"e!!

>e! 22 4.2

No 64 6.3

To#al 235 255.5

F"e$en*ie! o) MS Di&en!ion!

T(e MS an' In'i,i'$al In)o"&a#ion S(ee# wa! &aile' #o -$%li* &i''le

!*(ool -"in*i-al! in #(e Co&&onweal#( o) Vi"inia. One ($n'"e' an' nine#+ $!ea%le

!$",e+! we"e "e#$"ne'. One "e!-on'en# "e-o"#e' !e",in a! a -"in*i-al wi#( (i!(e"

%a*(elo"K! 'e"ee. D$e #o #(i! *a#eo"+K! low "e!-on!e "a#e0 no "elia%le *on*l$!ion *an %e

'"awn )"o& #(i! 'e&o"a-(i* an' i# will no# %e "e-o"#e' in #(e )in'in!. A !$&&a"+ o)

ea*( #a%le i! lo*a#e' %elow.

A%ili#+ U#ilia#ion

T(e MS 'e)ine! a%ili#+ $#ilia#ion a! #(e o--o"#$ni#+ #o 'o #(in! on #(e


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?

!a#i!)a*#ion "a#in )o" a%ili#+ $#ilia#ion wa! e=#"e&el+ !a#i!)ie' wi#( ? o$# o) 235 8o"

46.39 o) -"in*i-al! "e-o"#in a )a,o"a%le "e!-on!e. O$# o) 235 -a"#i*i-a#in -"in*i-al!0

2 8o" 3.?9 "e-o"#e' %ein !a#i!)ie' wi#( a%ili#+ $#ilia#ion. T(e nea" lowe!# *a#eo"+

wa! !li(#l+ !a#i!)ie' wi#( ? o$# o) 235 8o" 4.9 an' #(e lowe!#0 no# !a#i!)ie'0

"e-"e!en#e' o$# o) 235 8o" 2.9 o) #(e -a"#i*i-a#in -o-$la#ion o) -"in*i-al!. T(i! 'a#a

'e&on!#"a#e! #(a# #(e &a


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?

-a"#i*i-a#in -"in*i-al!0 4 8o" 2.69 no#e' %ein !a#i!)ie' wi#( #(ei" a*(ie,e&en#. T(e

lowe!# "o$-0 o$# o) 235 8o" 2.9 "e-o"#e' %ein no# !a#i!)ie' wi#( #(e a*(ie,e&en#

a!-e*# o) #(ei" -o!i#ion!. T(i! 'a#a 'e&on!#"a#e! #(a# #(e &a


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Jo% Sa#i!)a*#ion

??

in (i!(e"


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Jo% Sa#i!)a*#ion

?

862.29 o) #(e "e-o"#in -$%li* &i''le !*(ool -"in*i-al! we"e ei#(e" !a#i!)ie' o" ,e"+

!a#i!)ie' wi#( #(ei" o--o"#$ni#ie! )o" a',an*e&en#.

Ta%le 6.

F"e$en*+ o) Re!-on!e! )o" MS Di&en!ion: A',an*e&en#

S*ale ) Pe"*en#

No# Sa#i!)ie' 82.55 2.339 3 .6

Sli(#l+ Sa#i!)ie' 84.55 4.339 44 22.6

Sa#i!)ie' 8.55 .339 ?6 5.5

Ve"+ Sa#i!)ie' 8.55 .339 6 2.2

E=#"e&el+ Sa#i!)ie' 8?.559 4 24.

To#al 235 255.5

A$#(o"i#+

T(e MS !#a#e! #(a# a$#(o"i#+ i! #(e o--o"#$ni#+ #o #ell o#(e"! w(a# #o 'o 8Wei!!0

Dawi!0 Enlan' an' Lo)$i!#0 2369. T(e 'a#a )o$n' in Ta%le 'e&on!#"a#e! #(a# #(e

la"e!# "o$- o) -a"#i*i-a#in -$%li* &i''le !*(ool -"in*i-al! 834 o$# o) 2350 o" .?9

we"e ,e"+ !a#i!)ie' wi#( #(ei" 'e"ee o) a$#(o"i#+ in #(e -o!i#ion. T(e !e*on' la"e!#

"o$- 862 o$# o) 2350 o" 6.?9 "e-o"#e' %ein !a#i!)ie' wi#( #(ei" a&o$n# o) a$#(o"i#+.

T(e &i''le "o$- 845 o$# o) 235 -a"#i*i-an#!0 25.?9 *lai&e' #o %e e=#"e&el+ !a#i!)ie'

wi#( #(ei" le,el o) a$#(o"i#+. T(e ne=# lowe!# *a#eo"+ 8 o$# o) 2350 o" .49 wa!

!li(#l+ !a#i!)ie'0 an' #(e lowe!# 82 o$# o) 2350 o" 5.?9 wa! no# !a#i!)ie' wi#( #(e a&o$n#

o) a$#(o"i#+ in #(e


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Jo% Sa#i!)a*#ion

?6

Ta%le .

F"e$en*+ o) Re!-on!e! )o" MS Di&en!ion: A$#(o"i#+

S*ale ) Pe"*en#

No# Sa#i!)ie' 82.55 2.339 2 5.?

Sli(#l+ Sa#i!)ie' 84.55 4.339 .4

Sa#i!)ie' 8.55 .339 62 6.?

Ve"+ Sa#i!)ie' 8.55 .339 34 .?

E=#"e&el+ Sa#i!)ie' 8?.559 45 25.?

To#al 235 255.5

S*(ool Poli*ie! an' P"a*#i*e!

S*(ool -oli*ie! a"e 'e)ine' %+ #(e MS a! #(e wa+ -oli*ie! a"e -$# in#o -"a*#i*e

%+ #(e !*(ool. Da#a -"e!en#e' in Ta%le 3 'e&on!#"a#e! #(a# #(e la"e!# "o$- 83 o$# o)

2350 o" ?5.9 we"e ,e"+ !a#i!)ie' wi#( #(ei" !*(ool -oli*ie! an' -"a*#i*e!. T(e !e*on'

la"e!# "o$- 8?5 o$# o) 2350 o" 4.49 we"e !a#i!)ie' wi#( #(e wa+ -oli*ie! we"e -$# in#o

-"a*#i*e in #(ei" !*(ool!. O$# o) 235 -$%li* &i''le !*(ool -"in*i-al -a"#i*i-an#!0 45

825.9 we"e !li(#l+ !a#i!)ie' wi#( !*(ool -oli*ie! an' -"a*#i*e!. T(e ne=# lowe!#

*a#eo"+ 826 o$# o) 2350 o" .39 "e-o"#e' %ein e=#"e&el+ !a#i!)ie' #(e !&alle!# "o$-0

6 o$# o) 235 8o" .690 we"e no# !a#i!)ie' wi#( #(ei" !*(oolK! -oli*ie! an' -"a*#i*e!. T(e

'a#a in'i*a#e! #(a# 6. o) -a"#i*i-a#in -$%li* &i''le !*(ool -"in*i-al! we"e ei#(e"

!a#i!)ie' o" ,e"+ !a#i!)ie' wi#( #(e wa+ -oli*ie! we"e -$# in#o -"a*#i*e in #(ei" !*(ool!.


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?

Ta%le 3.

F"e$en*+ o) Re!-on!e! )o" MS Di&en!ion: S*(ool Poli*ie! an' P"a*#i*e!

S*ale ) Pe"*en#

No# Sa#i!)ie' 82.55 2.339 6 .6

Sli(#l+ Sa#i!)ie' 84.55 4.339 45 25.

Sa#i!)ie' 8.55 .339 ?5 4.4

Ve"+ Sa#i!)ie' 8.55 .339 3 ?5.

E=#"e&el+ Sa#i!)ie' 8?.559 26 .3

To#al 235 255.5

Co&-en!a#ion

Co&-en!a#ion i! 'e)ine' %+ #(e MS a! %ein #(e a&o$n# o) -a+ )o" #(e wo"1

#(a# i! 'one. T(e 'a#a lo*a#e' in Ta%le 25 !(ow! #(e la"e!# "o$- 8 o$# o) 2350 o"

2.29 a! %ein ,e"+ !a#i!)ie' wi#( #(ei" *o&-en!a#ion. T(e !e*on' la"e!# "o$- 8?2 o$#

o) 2350 o" 4.39 we"e !a#i!)ie' wi#( #(ei" a&o$n# o) -a+. O$# o) 235 -$%li* &i''le

!*(ool -a"#i*i-an#!0 8459 !#a#e' #(a# #(e+ we"e !li(#l+ !a#i!)ie' wi#( #(ei" le,el o)


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Jo% Sa#i!)a*#ion

?3

Ta%le 25.

F"e$en*+ o) Re!-on!e! )o" MS Di&en!ion: Co&-en!a#ion

S*ale ) Pe"*en#

No# Sa#i!)ie' 82.55 2.339 24 .

Sli(#l+ Sa#i!)ie' 84.55 4.339 45.5

Sa#i!)ie' 8.55 .339 ?2 4.3

Ve"+ Sa#i!)ie' 8.55 .339 6 2.2

E=#"e&el+ Sa#i!)ie' 8?.559 22 ?.

To#al 235 255.5

Co;wo"1e"!

Wei!!0 Dawi!0 Enlan'0 an' Lo)$i!# 82369 'e)ine' *o;wo"1e"! a! #(e wa+

-eo-le on #(e


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5

Ta%le 22.

F"e$en*+ o) Re!-on!e! )o" MS Di&en!ion: Co;wo"1e"!

S*ale ) Pe"*en#

No# Sa#i!)ie' 82.55 2.339 2 5.?

Sli(#l+ Sa#i!)ie' 84.55 4.339 6 .

Sa#i!)ie' 8.55 .339 ? 4.?

Ve"+ Sa#i!)ie' 8.55 .339 3 .

E=#"e&el+ Sa#i!)ie' 8?.559 ? 2.

To#al 235 255.5

C"ea#i,i#+

T(e MS 'e)ine! *"ea#i,i#+ a! #(e *(an*e #o #"+ oneK! own &e#(o'! o) 'oin #(e


68/186

Jo% Sa#i!)a*#ion

2

Ta%le 24.

F"e$en*+ o) Re!-on!e! )o" MS Di&en!ion: C"ea#i,i#+

S*ale ) Pe"*en#

No# Sa#i!)ie' 82.55 2.339 2 5.?

Sli(#l+ Sa#i!)ie' 84.55 4.339 4.5

Sa#i!)ie' 8.55 .339 23 25.2

Ve"+ Sa#i!)ie' 8.55 .339 226 2.

E=#"e&el+ Sa#i!)ie' 8?.559 3 4?.

To#al 235 255.5

In'e-en'en*e

In'e-en'en*e i! 'e)ine' %+ #(e MS a! #(e *(an*e #o wo"1 alone on #(e


69/186

Jo% Sa#i!)a*#ion

4

Ta%le 2.

F"e$en*+ o) Re!-on!e! )o" MS Di&en!ion: In'e-en'en*e

S*ale ) Pe"*en#

No# Sa#i!)ie' 82.55 2.339 2.

Sli(#l+ Sa#i!)ie' 84.55 4.339 25 ?.

Sa#i!)ie' 8.55 .339 3 .

Ve"+ Sa#i!)ie' 8.55 .339 .

E=#"e&el+ Sa#i!)ie' 8?.559 45 25.?

To#al 235 255.5

Mo"al Val$e

T(e MS 'e)ine! &o"al ,al$e a! #(e a%ili#+ #o 'o #(in! #(a# 'o no# o aain!#

oneK! *on!*ien*e. T(e 'a#a )"o& Ta%le 2 !(ow! #(a# #(e la"e!# "o$- 8245 o$# o) 2350 o"

.49 o) -a"#i*i-a#in -"in*i-al! we"e ,e"+ !a#i!)ie' wi#( #(ei" &o"al ,al$e!. T(e !e*on'

la"e!# "o$- 8 o$# o) 2350 o" 4.4 9 "e-o"#e' %ein e=#"e&el+ !a#i!)ie' wi#( #(e

*$""en# !#a#$! o) #(ei" &o"al ,al$e!. O$# o) 235 -a"#i*i-a#in -"in*i-al!0 45 825.?9 !#a#e'

#(a# #(e+ we"e !a#i!)ie' wi#( #(e &o"al ,al$e a!-e*# o) #(ei" -o!i#ion!. T(e !&alle!# "o$-

8 o$# o) 2350 o" 4.29 "e-o"#e' #(a# #(e+ we"e !li(#l+ !a#i!)ie' wi#( #(ei" &o"al ,al$e!.

T(e 'a#a )"o& Ta%le 2 in'i*a#e! #(a# #(e &a


70/186

Jo% Sa#i!)a*#ion

Ta%le 2.

F"e$en*+ o) Re!-on!e! )o" MS Di&en!ion: Mo"al Val$e!

S*ale ) Pe"*en#

No# Sa#i!)ie' 82.55 2.339 5 5.5

Sli(#l+ Sa#i!)ie' 84.55 4.339 4.2

Sa#i!)ie' 8.55 .339 45 25.?

Ve"+ Sa#i!)ie' 8.55 .339 245 .4

E=#"e&el+ Sa#i!)ie' 8?.559 4.4

To#al 235 255.5

Re*oni#ion

Wei!!0 Dawi!0 Enlan'0 an' Lo)$i!# 82369 'e)ine' "e*oni#ion a! #(e -"ai!e one

e#! )"o& 'oin a oo'


71/186

Jo% Sa#i!)a*#ion

Ta%le 2?.

F"e$en*+ o) Re!-on!e! )o" MS Di&en!ion: Re*oni#ion

S*ale ) Pe"*en#

No# Sa#i!)ie' 82.55 2.339 22 ?.

Sli(#l+ Sa#i!)ie' 84.55 4.339 45 25.?

Sa#i!)ie' 8.55 .339 4 4.

Ve"+ Sa#i!)ie' 8.55 .339 63 2.

E=#"e&el+ Sa#i!)ie' 8?.559 2 3.?

To#al 235 255.5

Re!-on!i%ili#+

T(e MS 'e)ine! "e!-on!i%ili#+ a! #(e )"ee'o& #o $!e oneK! own


72/186

Jo% Sa#i!)a*#ion

?

Ta%le 2.

F"e$en*+ o) Re!-on!e! )o" MS Di&en!ion: Re!-on!i%ili#+

S*ale ) Pe"*en#

No# Sa#i!)ie' 82.55 2.339 5 5

Sli(#l+ Sa#i!)ie' 84.55 4.339 6 .6

Sa#i!)ie' 8.55 .339 44.6

Ve"+ Sa#i!)ie' 8.55 .339 22 2.5

E=#"e&el+ Sa#i!)ie' 8?.559 4 24.

To#al 235 255.5

Se*$"i#+

T(e MS 'e)ine! !e*$"i#+ a! #(e wa+ a


73/186

Jo% Sa#i!)a*#ion

Ta%le 26.

F"e$en*+ o) Re!-on!e! )o" MS Di&en!ion: Se*$"i#+

S*ale ) Pe"*en#

No# Sa#i!)ie' 82.55 2.339 ? 4.

Sli(#l+ Sa#i!)ie' 84.55 4.339 3 .

Sa#i!)ie' 8.55 .339 ?5 4.

Ve"+ Sa#i!)ie' 8.55 .339 25 ?.6

E=#"e&el+ Sa#i!)ie' 8?.559 44 22.

To#al 235 255.5

So*ial Se",i*e

So*ial !e",i*e wa! 'e)ine' %+ Wei!!0 Dawi!0 Enlan'0 an' Lo)$i!# 82369 a! #(e

a%ili#+ #o 'o #(in! )o" o#(e" -eo-le. T(e 'a#a "ea"'in !o*ial !e",i*e *an %e lo*a#e' in

Ta%le 2. T(e la"e!# "o$- o) -a"#i*i-a#in -"in*i-al! 825 o$# o) 2350 o" ?.9

"e-o"#e' )eelin ,e"+ !a#i!)ie' wi#( #(e a&o$n# o) !o*ial !e",i*e in #(ei"


74/186

Jo% Sa#i!)a*#ion

6

Ta%le 2.

F"e$en*+ o) Re!-on!e! )o" MS Di&en!ion: So*ial Se",i*e

S*ale ) Pe"*en#

No# Sa#i!)ie' 82.55 2.339 4 2.2

Sli(#l+ Sa#i!)ie' 84.55 4.339 2 5.?

Sa#i!)ie' 8.55 .339 .4

Ve"+ Sa#i!)ie' 8.55 .339 25 ?.

E=#"e&el+ Sa#i!)ie' 8?.559 62 6.

To#al 235 255.5

So*ial S#a#$!

So*ial !#a#$! i! 'e)ine' %+ #(e MS a! #(e *(an*e #o %e !o&e%o'+ in #(e

*o&&$ni#+. Da#a "ea"'in !o*ial !#a#$! i! lo*a#e' in Ta%le 23. T(e la"e!# -o"#ion o)

-a"#i*i-a#in -"in*i-al! 834 o$# o) 235 o" .9 "e-o"#e' %ein ,e"+ !a#i!)ie' wi#( #(ei"

*$""en# le,el o) !o*ial !#a#$! in #(e *o&&$ni#+. T(e !e*on' la"e!# "o$- 86 o$# o) 2350

o" 29 wa! !a#i!)ie' wi#( #(ei" !o*ial !#a#$!. O$# o) 235 -a"#i*i-a#in -$%li* &i''le

!*(ool -"in*i-al!0 25 8?.9 "e-o"#e' )eelin e=#"e&el+ !a#i!)ie' wi#( #(ei" a&o$n# o)

!o*ial !#a#$!. T(e ne=# lowe!# "o$- 83 o$# o) 2350 o" .9 wa! !li(#l+ !a#i!)ie'0 w(ile

#(e la!# "o$- 82 o$# o) 2350 o" 5.?9 "e-o"#e' %ein no# !a#i!)ie' wi#( #(e *$""en# le,el o)

!o*ial !#a#$! !$""o$n'in #(e -o!i#ion. T(e 'a#a )"o& Ta%le 23 'e&on!#"a#e! #(a# #(e

&a


75/186

Jo% Sa#i!)a*#ion

Ta%le 23.

F"e$en*+ o) Re!-on!e! )o" MS Di&en!ion: So*ial S#a#$!

S*ale ) Pe"*en#

No# Sa#i!)ie' 82.55 2.339 2 5.?

Sli(#l+ Sa#i!)ie' 84.55 4.339 3 .

Sa#i!)ie' 8.55 .339 6 2.5

Ve"+ Sa#i!)ie' 8.55 .339 34 .

E=#"e&el+ Sa#i!)ie' 8?.559 25 ?.

To#al 235 255.5

S$-e",i!ion H$&an Rela#ion!

Wei!!0 Dawi!0 Enlan'0 an' Lo)$i!# 82369 'e)ine' !$-e",i!ion ($&an

"ela#ion! a! #(e wa+ !$-e",i!o"! o,e"!ee o#(e" e&-lo+ee!. T(e 'a#a "ea"'in !$-e",i!ion

($&an "ela#ion! *an %e )o$n' in Ta%le 45. T(i! 'a#a !(ow! #(e la"e!# "o$- o)

-a"#i*i-a#in -"in*i-al! 8 o$# o) 2350 o" ?.9 "e-o"#e' )eelin ,e"+ !a#i!)ie' wi#( #(e

($&an "ela#ion! a!-e*# o) #(ei" -o!i#ion. T(e ne=# la"e!# "o$- 8? o$# o) 2350 o" 4.69

!#a#e' #(e+ we"e e=#"e&el+ !a#i!)ie' wi#( ($&an "ela#ion! -o"#ion o) #(ei" -o!i#ion. O$# o)

235 -a"#i*i-a#in -$%li* &i''le !*(ool -"in*i-al!0 4 82.9 we"e !a#i!)ie' wi#( ($&an

"ela#ion! in #(e -o!i#ion. T(e ne=# lowe!# "o$- 845 o$# o) 2350 o" 25.?9 wa! !li(#l+

!a#i!)ie' an' #(e !&alle!# "o$- 86 o$# o) 2350 o" .9 "e-o"#e' %ein no# !a#i!)ie' wi#(

($&an "ela#ion! in #(ei" -"in*i-al!(i-!. Ba!e' on #(e 'a#a )"o& Ta%le 450 #(e &a


76/186

Jo% Sa#i!)a*#ion

3

Ta%le 45.

F"e$en*+ o) Re!-on!e! )o" MS Di&en!ion: S$-e",i!ion H$&an Rela#ion!

S*ale ) Pe"*en#

No# Sa#i!)ie' 82.55 2.339 6 .

Sli(#l+ Sa#i!)ie' 84.55 4.339 45 25.?

Sa#i!)ie' 8.55 .339 4 2.

Ve"+ Sa#i!)ie' 8.55 .339 ?.

E=#"e&el+ Sa#i!)ie' 8?.559 ? 4.6

To#al 235 255.5

S$-e",i!ion Te*(ni*al

S$-e",i!ion #e*(ni*al i! 'e)ine' %+ #(e MS a! #(e *o&-e#en*e o) #(e

-"in*i-al!K !$-e",i!o"! in &a1in 'e*i!ion!. T(e 'a#a )o" !$-e",i!ion #e*(ni*al i!

lo*a#e' in Ta%le 42. Da#a )"o& Ta%le 42 'e&on!#"a#e! #(a# #(e la"e!# -o"#ion o)

-a"#i*i-a#in -"in*i-al! 83 o$# o) 2350 o" .9 we"e ,e"+ !a#i!)ie' wi#( #(ei" #e*(ni*al ;

!$-e",i!ion. T(e ne=# la"e!# "o$- 82 o$# o) 2350 o" 42.9 "e-o"#e' %ein !a#i!)ie'

wi#( #(ei" *$""en# le,el o) #e*(ni*al ; !$-e",i!ion. O$# o) 235 -a"#i*i-a#in &i''le !*(ool

-"in*i-al! 5 82?.9 !#a#e' #(a# #(e+ we"e e=#"e&el+ !a#i!)ie' wi#( #(ei" #e*(ni*al ;

!$-e",i!ion. T(e ne=# lowe!# "o$- 823 o$# o) 2350 o" 25.29 wa! !li(#l+ !a#i!)ie' an'

#(e !&alle!# "o$- 86 o$# o) 2350 o" .69 "e-o"#e' %ein no# !a#i!)ie' wi#( #(ei" *$""en#

le,el o) #e*(ni*al !$--o"#. T(e 'a#a in Ta%le 42 in'i*a#e! #(a# #(e &a


77/186

Jo% Sa#i!)a*#ion

65

Ta%le 42.

F"e$en*+ o) Re!-on!e! )o" MS Di&en!ion: S$-e",i!ion ; Te*(ni*al

S*ale ) Pe"*en#

No# Sa#i!)ie' 82.55 2.339 6 .6

Sli(#l+ Sa#i!)ie' 84.55 4.339 23 25.2

Sa#i!)ie' 8.55 .339 2 42.

Ve"+ Sa#i!)ie' 8.55 .339 3 .

E=#"e&el+ Sa#i!)ie' 8?.559 5 2?.

To#al 235 255.5

Va"ie#+

Va"ie#+ wa! 'e)ine' %+ Wei!!0 Dawi!0 Enlan'0 an' Lo)$i!# 82369 a! #(e *(an*e

#o 'o 'i))e"en# #(in! )"o& #i&e #o #i&e. T(e 'a#a )o" ,a"ie#+ i! lo*a#e' in Ta%le 44.

Anal+!i! o) #(e 'a#a !(ow! #(a# #(e la"e!# -o"#ion o) -a"#i*i-a#in -"in*i-al! 824 o$# o)

2350 o" .9 "e-o"#e' %ein ,e"+ !a#i!)ie' wi#( ,a"ie#+ in #(e -o!i#ion. T(e ne=# la"e!#

"o$- 8 o$# o) 2350 o" 29 wa! !a#i!)ie' wi#( le,el o) ,a"ie#+ in #(ei"


78/186

Jo% Sa#i!)a*#ion

62

Ta%le 44.

F"e$en*+ o) Re!-on!e! )o" MS Di&en!ion: Va"ie#+

S*ale ) Pe"*en#

No# Sa#i!)ie' 82.55 2.339 2 5.?

Sli(#l+ Sa#i!)ie' 84.55 4.339 2.?

Sa#i!)ie' 8.55 .339 2.5

Ve"+ Sa#i!)ie' 8.55 .339 24 .

E=#"e&el+ Sa#i!)ie' 8?.559 4 2.6

To#al 235 255.5

Wo"1in Con'i#ion!

T(e MS 'e)ine! wo"1in *on'i#ion! a! #(e -(+!i*al !$""o$n'in! o) #(e


79/186

Jo% Sa#i!)a*#ion

64

Ta%le 4.

F"e$en*+ o) Re!-on!e! )o" MS Di&en!ion: Wo"1in Con'i#ion!

S*ale ) Pe"*en#

No# Sa#i!)ie' 82.55 2.339 2.

Sli(#l+ Sa#i!)ie' 84.55 4.339 26 3.5

Sa#i!)ie' 8.55 .339 26.6

Ve"+ Sa#i!)ie' 8.55 .339 34 .?

E=#"e&el+ Sa#i!)ie' 8?.559 4.4

To#al 235 255.5

Anal+!e! an' Fin'in! A""ane' %+ Re!ea"*( $e!#ion

T(i! !e*#ion *on#ain! ea*( "e!ea"*( $e!#ion $!e' in #(i! !#$'+. T(e $e!#ion! a"e

)ollowe' %+ a 'e!*"i-#ion o) #(e anal+!i! $!e' an' a "e,iew o) #(e )in'in!.

$e!#ion 2

W(a# i! #(e ene"al !a#i!)a*#ion le,el o) -$%li* &i''le !*(ool -"in*i-al! in

Vi"inia a! &ea!$"e' %+ #(e Minne!o#a Sa#i!)a*#ion $e!#ionnai"e 8MS9@

T(e MS -"o,i'e! a !*ale #o &ea!$"e ene"al


80/186

Jo% Sa#i!)a*#ion

6

"a#in )o" -a"#i*i-a#in -$%li* &i''le !*(ool -"in*i-al! in Vi"inia i! *on!i'e"e' #o %e

,e"+ !a#i!)ie'.

$e!#ion 4

Ba!e' on #(e 'e&o"a-(i* ,a"ia%le! o) en'e"0 ae0 'e"ee !#a#$!0 e=-e"ien*e0

!*(ool lo*a#ion0 an' !*(ool -o-$la#ion0 w(a# i! #(e ene"al o$ne" #(an ? 22 .43 .45

? ? .5 .?

?? 6 .5 .5

Ol'e" #(an ?? .54 .?35


81/186

Jo% Sa#i!)a*#ion

6

To#al 235 .5? .?? .6 .652

De"ee S#a#$!

Ba*(elo"! 2 .?5

Ma!#e"! 26 .5 .?4

E'$*a#ion S-e*iali!# 4 .24 .6?

Do*#o"a#e 43 .52 .3

To#al 235 .5? .?? 2.54? .4


5 6 .5 .56

5 .52 .?5

6 3 44 .2 .?5

25 o" &o"e 5 .56 .??

To#al 235 .5? .?? .6 .45

S*(ool Lo*a#ion

R$"al 5 .52 .?5

S$%$"%an 6 .24 .?2

U"%an 4 .36 .62

To#al 235 .5? .?? . .65


82/186

Jo% Sa#i!)a*#ion

6?

S*(ool Po-$la#ion

55 o" le!! 4 .32 .3

52 55 2 .5 .6

52 55 4 .5 .?2

52 20555 6 .54 .5

Mo"e #(an 20555 .2? .

To#al 235 .5? .?? 2.55 .24

- .5?

Gen'e"

Te!#in "e,eale' #(a# no !ini)i*an# 'i))e"en*e e=i!#e' in


83/186

Jo% Sa#i!)a*#ion

6

'o*#o"a#e (a' a &ean !*o"e o) .52 8SD .39. Re!-on'en#! wi#( an e'$*a#ional

!-e*iali!# 'e"ee "e-o"#e' #(e (i(e!# le,el o)


84/186

Jo% Sa#i!)a*#ion

66

$e!#ion

W(a# i! #(e ene"al !a#i!)a*#ion le,el o) -$%li* &i''le !*(ool -"in*i-al! )o" ea*(

o) #(e 45 'i&en!ion! o) #(e


85/186

Jo% Sa#i!)a*#ion

6

25. Wo"1in Con'i#ion! 235 .5 .4

22. Se*$"i#+ 235 .52 .666

24. A$#(o"i#+ 235 .36 .52

2. S$-e",i!ion ; H$&an Rela#ion! 235 .36 .3

2. S$-e",i!ion ; Te*(ni*al 235 .3 .

2?. In'e-en'en*e 235 . .3

2. So*ial S#a#$! 235 .4 .?

26. S*(ool Poli*ie! an' P"a*#i*e! 235 .4 .42

2. A',an*e&en# 235 .6 .32

23. Re*oni#ion 235 .6 .323

45. Co&-en!a#ion 235 .?2 .3

$e!#ion

W(a# wa! #(e !a#i!)a*#ion le,el )o" ea*( o) #(e 45 'i&en!ion! o) #(e MS

a**o"'in #o #(e 'e&o"a-(i* ,a"ia%le! o) en'e"0 ae0 'e"ee !#a#$!0 e=-e"ien*e a! a

!*(ool -"in*i-al0 !*(ool lo*a#ion0 an' !*(ool -o-$la#ion@

T(e !a#i!)a*#ion !*o"e )o" ea*( o) #(e 45 'i&en!ion! o) #(e MS we"e anal+e'

a**o"'in #o #(e in'e-en'en# ,a"ia%le! o): en'e"0 ae0 'e"ee !#a#$!0 e=-e"ien*e a! a

&i''le !*(ool -"in*i-al0 !*(ool lo*a#ion0 an' !*(ool -o-$la#ion. S#a#i!#i*al anal+!e! we"e

*on'$*#e' an' "e!$l#! -la*e' in Ta%le! 4 3. An anal+!i! o) ,a"ian*e wa! *on'$*#e' #o

*o&-a"e #(e &ean! o) ea*( 'e&o"a-(i* "o$-. Sini)i*an*e wa! &ea!$"e' a# 8- .5?9

le,el. T(e S*(e))e -o!# (o* #e!# o) anal+!e! wa! *on'$*#e' #o 'e#e"&ine i) an+ !ini)i*an#

'i))e"en*e e=i!#! a&on !$%"o$-!.


86/186

Jo% Sa#i!)a*#ion

63

A%ili#+ U#ilia#ion

T(e "e!$l#! )"o&


87/186

Jo% Sa#i!)a*#ion

5

Ta%le 4.

De&o"a-(i* S*o"e! )o" MS Di&en!ion!: A%ili#+ U#ilia#ion!

Va"ia%le N M SD ) P

Gen'e"

Male 25? .3 .?3

Fe&ale ? .42 .

To#al 235 .2 .?6 2.?5 .256

Ae

>o$ne" #(an ? 22 .? .6

? ? .4 .?

?? 6 .2 .?24

Ol'e" #(an ?? .6 .4

To#al 235 .2 .?6 2.53? .

De"ee S#a#$!

Ba*(elo"! 2 .5

Ma!#e"! 26 .4 .

E'$*a#ion S-e*iali!# 4 . .??

Do*#o"a#e 43 . .?

To#al 235 .2 .?6 .?2 .32?


88/186

Jo% Sa#i!)a*#ion

2


5 6 .44 .52

5 .? .?

6 3 44 .3 .?2

25 o" &o"e 5 . .5

To#al 235 .2 .?6 2.52 .566

S*(ool Lo*a#ion

R$"al 5 .4? .3

S$%$"%an 6 .4 .?3

U"%an 4 .23 .

To#al 235 .2 .?6 4.5 .52

S*(ool Po-$la#ion

55 o" le!! 4 .2 .2

52 55 2 .4? .24

52 55 4 .? .

52 20555 6 .4 .

Mo"e #(an 20555 .?5 .?

To#al 235 .2 .?6 2.4 .45

- .5?


89/186

Jo% Sa#i!)a*#ion

4

Ta%le 46.

S*(e))e Po!# Ho* Te!#! )o" A%ili#+ U#ilia#ion an' A"ea

A"ea 8I9 A"ea 8J9 Mean 'i))e"en*e 8I J9 -

R$"al S$%$"%an ;.265 .44

U"%an .566? .?2

S$%$"%an R$"al .265 .44

U"%an .42 .236

U"%an R$"al ; .566? .?2

S$%$"%an ; .42 .236

- .5?

A*(ie,e&en#

T(e "e!$l#! o)


90/186

Jo% Sa#i!)a*#ion

wi#( #(ei" 'o*#o"a#e! 8M .40 SD .5690 -"in*i-al! wi#( 5 +ea"! o) e=-e"ien*e a! a

&i''le !*(ool -"in*i-al 8M .40 SD .6490 -"in*i-al! lo*a#e' in $"%an !*(ool! 8M

.260 SD .290 an' -"in*i-al! wo"1in in !*(ool! wi#( a !#$'en# -o-$la#ion o) le!! #(an

55 !#$'en#! 8M .230 SD .?39. T(e &ean !*o"e! "ane' )"o& .?2 #o .4 w(i*(

in'i*a#e! #(a# "e!-on'en#! we"e ,e"+ !a#i!)ie' 8.55 .339 wi#( #(ei" o--o"#$ni#ie! #o $!e

#(ei" a%ili#ie! in #(e "ole o) -"in*i-al.

T(e ANOVA -"o'$*e' a !ini)i*an# "ea'in 8- .559 "ea"'in !*(ool lo*a#ion.

T(e S*(e))e -o!# (o* #e!# in'i*a#e #(a# no !ini)i*an# 'i))e"en*e e=i!#! a&on #(e &ean!

o) !*(ool! wi#( -o-$la#ion! o) 55 o" le!!0 52 55 !#$'en#!0 52 55 !#$'en#!0 52

20555 !#$'en#!0 o" !*(ool! wi#( &o"e #(an 20555 !#$'en#!. Re!$l#! )"o& #(e S*(e))e -o!#

(o* #e!# a"e lo*a#e' in Ta%le 43.

Ta%le 4.

De&o"a-(i* S*o"e! )o" MS Di&en!ion!: A*(ie,e&en#

Va"ia%le N M SD )

Gen'e"

Male 25? .6 .36

Fe&ale ? .43 .6

To#al 235 . .23 .6 .623

Ae

>o$ne" #(an ? 22 .5 .?2


91/186

Jo% Sa#i!)a*#ion

? ? . .

?? 6 .5 .36

Ol'e" #(an ?? .2 .?53

To#al 235 . .23 2.53 .56

De"ee S#a#$!

Ba*(elo"! 2 .5

Ma!#e"! 26 . .?33

E'$*a#ion S-e*iali!# 4 .3 .?2

Do*#o"a#e 43 .4 .56

To#al 235 . .23 2.? .23


5 6 .4 .64

5 .6 .3

6 3 44 . .?63

25 o" &o"e 5 . .3

To#al 235 . .23 . .32

S*(ool Lo*a#ion

R$"al 5 .2 .3

S$%$"%an 6 . .52

U"%an 4 .26 .2


92/186

Jo% Sa#i!)a*#ion

?

To#al 235 . .23 2.2?2 .45

S*(ool Po-$la#ion

55 o" le!! 4 .23 .?3

52 55 2 .2 .63

52 55 4 .? .63

52 20555 6 .43 .644

Mo"e #(an 20555 .?2 .?4

To#al 235 . .23 2.342 .55

- .5?

Ta%le 43.

S*(e))e Po!# Ho* Te!#! )o" A*(ie,e&en# an' S*(ool En"oll&en#

A"ea 8I9 A"ea 8J9 Mean 'i))e"en*e 8I J9 -

55 S#$'en#! o" le!! 52 ?33 ;.6? .34

55 33 ;.6 .4

55 333 ;.3 .3?3

20555 ;.23 .44

52 ; ?33 55 S#$'en#! o" le!! .6? .34

55 33 ;.465 .33

55 333 ;.542 2.555

20555 ;.34? .2


93/186

Jo% Sa#i!)a*#ion

55 33 55 S#$'en#! o" le!! .6 .4

52 ?33 .465 .33

55 333 .43 2.555

20555 ; .? .2

55 333 55 S#$'en#! o" le!! .3 .3?3

52 ?33 .542 2.555

55 ; 33 ; .43 .33

20555 ; .35 .

G"ea#e" #(an 20555 55 S#$'en#! o" le!! 2.35 .44

S#$'en#! 52 ?33 .34? .2

55 33 .? .?

55 333 .35 .

- .5?

A*#i,i#+

Anal+!e! o) -a"#i*i-an#!K


94/186

Jo% Sa#i!)a*#ion

6

!$%$"%an a"ea! 8M .?0 SD .?590 an' -"in*i-al! in !*(ool! wi#( a !#$'en# -o-$la#ion

o) &o"e #(an 20555 8M .40 SD .?659.

T(e lowe!# "e-o"#e' !a#i!)a*#ion !*o"e! we"e: &ale -"in*i-al! 8M .430 SD

.?490 -"in*i-al! %e#ween #(e ae! o) ?? 8M .4?0 SD .?4590 -"in*i-al! wi#( #(ei"

'o*#o"al 'e"ee! 8M .40 SD .6?90 -"in*i-al! wi#( +ea"! o) e=-e"ien*e 8M

.4?0 SD .3690 -"in*i-al! lo*a#e' in "$"al !*(ool! 8M .4?0 SD .?590 an' -"in*i-al!

in !*(ool! wi#( a !#$'en# -o-$la#ion o) 55 !#$'en#! o" le!! 8M .450 SD .69. T(e

&ean !*o"e! "ane )"o& .5 #o .45 w(i*( in'i*a#e #(a# "e!-on'en#! we"e ,e"+ !a#i!)ie'

8.55 .339 wi#( #(e o--o"#$ni#ie! #o "e&ain %$!+ in #(e -"in*i-al!(i-.

T(e anal+!i! o) ,a"ian*e -"o'$*e' no !ini)i*an# 'i))e"en*e! in


95/186

Jo% Sa#i!)a*#ion

? ? .? .4

?? 6 .4? .?45

Ol'e" #(an ?? . .?4

To#al 235 .2 .?? 2.422 .4

De"ee S#a#$!

Ba*(elo"! 2 .5

Ma!#e"! 26 .2 .?2

E'$*a#ion S-e*iali!# 4 .5 .?3

Do*#o"a#e 43 .4 .6?

To#al 235 .2 .?? 2.66? .52


5 6 . .5

5 .4? .36

6 3 44 .2 .?

25 o" &o"e 5 .43 .?4

To#al 235 .2 .?? .32 .?43

S*(ool Lo*a#ion

R$"al 5 .4? .?5

S$%$"%an 6 .? .45

U"%an 4 . .?


96/186

Jo% Sa#i!)a*#ion

3

To#al 235 .2 .?? .4 .2?

S*(ool Po-$la#ion

55 o" le!! 4 .45 .6

52 55 2 . .?5

52 55 4 .5 .?24

52 20555 6 .4 .65

Mo"e #(an 20555 .4 .?65

To#al 235 .2 .?? 2.??4 .226

- .5?

A',an*e&en#

Ta%le 2 'i!-la+! #(e


97/186

Jo% Sa#i!)a*#ion

35

!*(ool! wi#( 55 !#$'en#! o" le!! 8M .0 SD .?9. T(e &ean !*o"e! "ane' )"o&

.65 #o .30 w(i*( in'i*a#e! #(a# "e!-on'en#! we"e !a#i!)ie' 8.55 .339 wi#( #(ei"

o--o"#$ni#ie! )o" a',an*e&en#.

T(e ANOVA -"o'$*e' a !ini)i*an# "ea'in 8- .549 "ea"'in -"in*i-al!K

o--o"#$ni#+ )o" a',an*e&en#. Howe,e"0 #(e S*(e))e -o!# (o* #e!# in'i*a#e' #(a# no

!ini)i*an# 'i))e"en*e e=i!#e' %e#ween #(e &ean! o) &ale an' )e&ale *(an*e! )o"

a',an*e&en#.

Ta%le 2.

De&o"a-(i* S*o"e! )o" MS Di&en!ion!: A',an*e&en#

Va"ia%le N M SD ) P

Gen'e"

Male 25? .3 .666

Fe&ale ? .? 2.565

To#al 235 .6 .32 2.25 .54

Ae

>o$ne" #(an ? 22 .3 2.535

? ? .5 .3?3

?? 6 .6? .6

Ol'e" #(an ?? .?? .3?2

To#al 235 .6 .32 2.562 .?


98/186

Jo% Sa#i!)a*#ion

32

De"ee S#a#$!

Ba*(elo"! 2 4.5

Ma!#e"! 26 .6 .35

E'$*a#ion S-e*iali!# 4 . .3

Do*#o"a#e 43 .65 .33

To#al 235 .6 .32 .636 .62?


5 6 .6 .33

5 . .636

6 3 44 .?? .3

25 o" &o"e 5 .? 2.525

To#al 235 .6 .32 2.2 .435

S*(ool Lo*a#ion

R$"al 5 .6 .32

S$%$"%an 6 .35 .4

U"%an 4 .?6 2.255

To#al 235 .6 .32 .6 .62

S*(ool Po-$la#ion

55 o" le!! 4 . .?

52 55 2 .62 2.25


99/186

Jo% Sa#i!)a*#ion

34

52 55 4 .6 .?

52 20555 6 .6 .3

Mo"e #(an 20555 .3 .?

To#al 235 .6 .32 .3 .?36

- .5?

A$#(o"i#+

Ta%le 4 'e-i*#! -a"#i*i-a#in -"in*i-al!K


100/186

Jo% Sa#i!)a*#ion

3

Ta%le 4.

De&o"a-(i* S*o"e! )o" MS Di&en!ion!: A$#(o"i#+

Va"ia%le N M SD ) -

Gen'e"

Male 25? .5 .?6?

Fe&ale ? .3 .4

To#al 235 .33 .52 .62 .6?3

Ae

>o$ne" #(an ? 22 .22 .?2

? ? .3 .4

?? 6 .33 .?

Ol'e" #(an ?? .55 .?

To#al 235 .33 .52 2.463 .44

De"ee S#a#$!

Ba*(elo"! 2 .5

Ma!#e"! 26 .55 .?6

E'$*a#ion S-e*iali!# 4 .36 .?42

Do*#o"a#e 43 .3 .643

To#al 235 .36 .52 2.5 .2


101/186

Jo% Sa#i!)a*#ion

3


5 6 .36 .45

5 .3 .?3

6 3 44 .45 .?34

25 o" &o"e 5 .36 .??3

To#al 235 .33 .52 .?24 .34

S*(ool Lo*a#ion

R$"al 5 .3 .?

S$%$"%an 6 .52 .5?

U"%an 4 .25 .4

To#al 235 .33 .52 .? .6

S*(ool Po-$la#ion

55 o" le!! 4 .63 .43

52 55 2 .55 .?

52 55 4 .55 .?24

52 20555 6 .52 .65

Mo"e #(an 20555 .53 .?6?

To#al 235 .36 .52 .626 .6??

- .5?


102/186

Jo% Sa#i!)a*#ion

3?

S*(ool Poli*ie! an' P"a*#i*e!

In)o"&a#ion "ea"'in -a"#i*i-a#in -"in*i-al!K


103/186

Jo% Sa#i!)a*#ion

3

Ta%le .

De&o"a-(i* S*o"e! )o" MS: S*(ool Poli*ie! an' P"a*#i*e!

Va"ia%le N M SD ) -

Gen'e"

Male 25? . .62

Fe&ale ? .66 .33

To#al 235 .4 .42 .3 .?5

Ae

>o$ne" #(an ? 22 .22 .?3

? ? .6? .33

?? 6 . .64

Ol'e" #(an ?? .5 .6

To#al 235 .4 .42 2.56 .3

De"ee S#a#$!

Ba*(elo"! 2 4.45

Ma!#e"! 26 .6 .

E'$*a#ion S-e*iali!# 4 .53 .

Do*#o"a#e 43 .6 .44

To#al 235 .4 .42 .346 .??5


104/186

Jo% Sa#i!)a*#ion

36


5 6 . .64

5 .2 .664

6 3 44 .5 .3

25 o" &o"e 5 . .354

To#al 235 .4 .42 2. .5

S*(ool Lo*a#ion

R$"al 5 .6 .6

S$%$"%an 6 .35 .6?2

U"%an 4 .6 .3?

To#al 235 .4 .42 2.2 .46

S*(ool Po-$la#ion

55 o" le!! 4 .6 .

52 55 2 .2 .32

52 55 4 .3 .26

52 20555 6 . .62

Mo"e #(an 20555 .66 .63

To#al 235 .4 .42 2.5 .24

- .5?


105/186

Jo% Sa#i!)a*#ion

3

Ta%le .

S*(e))e Po!# Ho* Te!#: Poli*+ an' P"a*#i*e>ea"! a! P"in*i-al

>ea"! 8I9 >ea"! 8J9 Mean 'i))e"en*e 8I J9 Si

5 .524 2.555

6 3 .54 .333

25 o" &o"e ;.552 2.555

5 ;.524 2.55

6 3 .52 2.55

25 o" &o"e ;.52 2.55

6 3 5 ;.54 .333

;.52 2.555

25 o" &o"e ;.546 2.555

25 o" &o"e 5 .552 2.55

.52 2.55

6 3 .546 2.55

P .5?

Co&-en!a#ion

Ta%le ? *on#ain! #(e "e!$l#! o) -"in*i-al !a#i!)a*#ion wi#( #(e a&o$n# o) -a+

"e*ei,e' )o" #(e wo"1 *on'$*#e'. T(e!e !*o"e! a"e -"e!en#e' %+ #(e 'e&o"a-(i* "o$-!

o) en'e"0 ae0 'e"ee0 e=-e"ien*e0 !*(ool lo*a#ion an' -o-$la#ion. T(e (i(e!# &ean


106/186

Jo% Sa#i!)a*#ion

33

!*o"e! we"e: &ale -"in*i-al! 8M .?60 SD .3?490 -"in*i-al! +o$ne" #(an ? +ea"! o)

ae 8M .620 SD .63690 -"in*i-al! wi#( &a!#e"! 'e"ee! 8M .?0 SD .390

-"in*i-al! wi#( 5 +ea"! o) e=-e"ien*e 8M .?0 SD .34590 -"in*i-al! lo*a#e' in

!$%$"%an a"ea! 8M .?0 SD .3?90 an' -"in*i-al! o) !*(ool! wi#( !#$'en# -o-$la#ion!

in #(e "ane o) 52 55 8M .60 SD .359.

T(e lowe!# &ean !*o"e! "e-o"#e' we"e: )e&ale -"in*i-al! 8M .0 SD .3690

-"in*i-al! ol'e" #(an ?? +ea"! o) ae 8M .0 SD .3690 -"in*i-al! wi#( 'o*#o"a#e!

8M .30 SD 2.5690 -"in*i-al! wi#( 6 3 +ea"! o) e=-e"ien*e 8M .?0 SD 2.290

-"in*i-al! in "$"al a"ea !*(ool! 8M .0 SD 2.5290 an' -"in*i-al! o) !*(ool! wi#(

-o-$la#ion! o) 20555 o" &o"e 8M .0 SD 2.59. T(e "ane o) &ean !*o"e! wa! .3

.60 w(i*( in'i*a#e! #(a# -a"#i*i-a#in -"in*i-al! we"e !a#i!)ie' 8.55 .339 wi#( #(e

a&o$n# o) -a+ "e*ei,e' )o" #(ei" e))o"#!.

T(e anal+!i! o) ,a"ian*e *on'$*#e' -"o'$*e' no !ini)i*an# 'i))e"en*e! %e#ween

*o&-en!a#ion an' #(e 'e&o"a-(i* !$%"o$-! o) ae0 en'e"0 'e"ee0 +ea"! o)

e=-e"ien*e0 !*(ool -o-$la#ion0 an' !*(ool lo*a#ion.

Ta%le ?.

De&o"a-(i* S*o"e! )o" MS: Co&-en!a#ion

Va"ia%le N M SD ) -

Gen'e"

Male 25? .?6 .3?4

Fe&ale ? . .36

To#al 235 .?2 .3 .6 .6


107/186

Jo% Sa#i!)a*#ion

255

Ae

>o$ne" #(an ? 22 .62 .636

? ? .2 2.5?5

?? 6 . .34?

Ol'e" #(an ?? . .36

To#al 235 .?2 .3 .?5? .34

De"ee S#a#$!

Ba*(elo"! 2 .4

Ma!#e"! 26 .? .3

E'$*a#ion S-e*iali!# 4 .5 2.55

Do*#o"a#e 43 .3 2.565

To#al 235 .?2 .3 .?43 .3?2


5 6 .? .345

5 .?4 .

6 3 44 .? 2.25

25 o" &o"e 5 . 2.25

To#al 235 .?2 .3 .5 .65


108/186

Jo% Sa#i!)a*#ion

252

S*(ool Lo*a#ion

R$"al 5 . 2.525

S$%$"%an 6 .? .3?

U"%an 4 .?2 .4

To#al 235 .?2 .3 .32 .??

S*(ool Po-$la#ion

55 o" le!! 4 . .36

52 55 2 .? .3

52 55 4 .6 .35

52 20555 6 . .?6

Mo"e #(an 20555 . 2.55

To#al 235 .?2 .3 2.46 .45

- .5?

Co;wo"1e"!

Ta%le *on#ain! -"in*i-al!K


109/186

Jo% Sa#i!)a*#ion

254

T(e lowe!# !*o"e! o%!e",e' we"e wi#(: )e&ale -"in*i-al! 8M .250 SD .6590

-"in*i-al! %e#ween #(e ae! o) ? 8M .50 SD .6690 -"in*i-al! wi#( #(ei"

'o*#o"a#e 8M .50 SD .64690 -"in*i-al! wi#( 5 +ea"! o) e=-e"ien*e 8M .5?0 SD

.6?90 -"in*i-al! wo"1in in $"%an !*(ool! 8M .30 SD .90 an' -"in*i-al! in

!*(ool! wi#( a !#$'en# -o-$la#ion o) 55 o" le!! 8M .30 SD .9. T(e "ane o)

&ean !*o"e! wa! .5 .4. T(i! in'i*a#e! #(a# -a"#i*i-a#in -"in*i-al! we"e ,e"+

!a#i!)ie' 8.55 .339 wi#( #(ei" )ellow *o;wo"1e"!.

T(e ANOVA -"o'$*e' no !ini)i*an# 'i))e"en*e! a&on #(e &ean! o) *o;wo"1e"!

an' en'e"0 ae0 'e"ee0 e=-e"ien*e0 !*(ool lo*a#ion o" !ie.

Ta%le .

De&o"a-(i* S*o"e! )o" MS: Co;wo"1e"!

Va"ia%le N M SD ) -

Gen'e"

Male 25? .26 .?3

Fe&ale ? .25 .65

To#al 235 .2 . .65 .645

Ae

>o$ne" #(an ? 22 .2 .24

? ? .5 .66

?? 6 .23 .23

Ol'e" #(an ?? .2 .


110/186

Jo% Sa#i!)a*#ion

25

To#al 235 .2 . 2.?5 .5?

De"ee S#a#$!

Ba*(elo"! 2 .5

Ma!#e"! 26 .2 .35

E'$*a#ion S-e*iali!# 4 .2 .65

Do*#o"a#e 43 .5 .646

To#al 235 .2 . . .


5 6 .5? .6?

5 .2 .?

6 3 44 .4 .655

25 o" &o"e 5 .4 .?64

To#al 235 .2 . 2.56 .23

S*(ool Lo*a#ion

R$"al 5 .53 .?

S$%$"%an 6 .4 .

U"%an 4 .3 .

To#al 235 .2 . 2.535 .


111/186

Jo% Sa#i!)a*#ion

25

S*(ool Po-$la#ion

55 o" le!! 4 .3 .

52 55 2 .5 .54

52 55 4 .4 .23

52 20555 6 .2 .652

Mo"e #(an 20555 .4? .4

To#al 235 .2 . 2.65? .5?

- .5?

C"ea#i,i#+

In)o"&a#ion "ea"'in -a"#i*i-a#in -"in*i-al


112/186

Jo% Sa#i!)a*#ion

25?

&ean !*o"e! )ell %e#ween .45 .2. T(e!e !*o"e! in'i*a#e #(a# -a"#i*i-a#in -"in*i-al!

we"e ,e"+ !a#i!)ie' 8.43 .339 wi#( #(e a&o$n# o) *"ea#i,i#+ in #(ei" "ole! a! -"in*i-al.

T(e anal+!i! o) ,a"ian*e in'i*a#e! no !ini)i*an# 'i))e"en*e a&on #(e &ean

!*o"e! )o" *"ea#i,i#+ an' ae0 en'e"0 'e"ee0 +ea"! o) e=-e"ien*e0 !*(ool -o-$la#ion an'

lo*a#ion.

Ta%le 6.

De&o"a-(i* S*o"e! )o" MS: C"ea#i,i#+

Va"ia%le N M SD ) -

Gen'e"

Male 25? .6 .??

Fe&ale ? .4 .

To#al 235 .? .5 2.? .26

Ae

>o$ne" #(an ? 22 .2 .3

? ? .? .6

?? 6 .2 .?2?

Ol'e" #(an ?? . .5?

To#al 235 .? .5 .? .?

De"ee S#a#$!

Ba*(elo"! 2 .45


113/186

Jo% Sa#i!)a*#ion

25

Ma!#e"! 26 .43 .?33

E'$*a#ion S-e*iali!# 4 .? .3

Do*#o"a#e 43 .2 .33

To#al 235 .? .5 2.24? .


5 6 . .64

5 .4 .?53

6 3 44 .6 .?56

25 o" &o"e 5 .4 .6

To#al 235 .? .5 2.425 .4

S*(ool Lo*a#ion

R$"al 5 .2 .4

S$%$"%an 6 .5 .?6

U"%an 4 .4 .?6

To#al 235 .? .5 2.56 .

S*(ool Po-$la#ion

55 o" le!! 4 .43 .2

52 55 2 .43 .635

52 55 4 .3 .2?

52 20555 6 .46 .?


114/186

Jo% Sa#i!)a*#ion

256

Mo"e #(an 20555 .?2 .6

To#al 235 .? .5 .65 .64

- .5?

In'e-en'en*e

Da#a "ea"'in -"in*i-al !a#i!)a*#ion wi#( #(e *(an*e #o wo"1 alone %+ en'e"0

ae0 'e"ee0 le,el o) e=-e"ien*e0 !*(ool -o-$la#ion0 an' !*(ool lo*a#ion *an %e )o$n' in

Ta%le . T(e (i(e!# &ean !*o"e! "e-o"#e' we"e %+: &ale -"in*i-al! 8M .320 SD

.?90 -"in*i-al! ol'e" #(an ?? 8M .30 SD .6?290 -"in*i-al! wi#( #(ei" 'o*#o"a#e 8M

.360 SD .690 -"in*i-al! wi#( 6 3 +ea"! o) e=-e"ien*e 8M .20 SD .6?290

-"in*i-al! in !$%$"%an !*(ool! 8M .30 SD .6490 an' -"in*i-al! in !*(ool! wi#(

!#$'en# -o-$la#ion! %e#ween 52 55 !#$'en#! 8M .330 SD .49.

T(e lowe!# le,el! o) -"in*i-al!K


115/186

Jo% Sa#i!)a*#ion

25

Ta%le .

De&o"a-(i* S*o"e! )o" MS: In'e-en'en*e

Va"ia%le N M SD ) -

Gen'e"

Male 25? .32 .?

Fe&ale ? .66 .6?

To#al 235 . .3 .3?3 .?56

Ae

>o$ne" #(an ? 22 . .4

? ? .6 .63

?? 6 .3 .5

Ol'e" #(an ?? .3 .6?2

To#al 235 . .3 2.53 .

De"ee S#a#$!

Ba*(elo"! 2 .45

Ma!#e"! 26 .2 .654

E'$*a#ion S-e*iali!# 4 .6 .

Do*#o"a#e 43 .36 .6

To#al 235 . .3 .? .3


116/186

Jo% Sa#i!)a*#ion

253


5 6 .6 .3

5 .6 .5

6 3 44 .2 .6?2

25 o" &o"e 5 .5 .

To#al 235 . .3 .6 .?5

S*(ool Lo*a#ion

R$"al 5 .63 .

S$%$"%an 6 .3 .64

U"%an 4 . .6

To#al 235 . .3 2.42 .24

S*(ool Po-$la#ion

55 o" le!! 4 . .2

52 55 2 . .63

52 55 4 .33 .4

52 20555 6 .6 .3

Mo"e #(an 20555 .35 .66

To#al 235 . .3 2.2 .2


117/186

Jo% Sa#i!)a*#ion

225

Mo"al Val$e

Ta%le 2 'e-i*#! -"in*i-al


118/186

Jo% Sa#i!)a*#ion

222

Ta%le 3.

De&o"a-(i* S*o"e! )o" MS: Mo"al Val$e

Va"ia%le N M SD ) -

Gen'e"

Male 25? .3 .?45

Fe&ale ? .? .2

To#al 235 .6 .? 2.56 .

Ae

>o$ne" #(an ? 22 .? .?

? ? .? .3

?? 6 . .

Ol'e" #(an ?? .2 .?4?

To#al 235 .6 .? .35 .34

De"ee S#a#$!

Ba*(elo"! 2 .55

Ma!#e"! 26 .3 .?46

E'$*a#ion S-e*iali!# 4 .3 .?56

Do*#o"a#e 43 .44 .66

To#al 235 .6 .? 2.62 .54


119/186

Jo% Sa#i!)a*#ion

224


5 6 .? .23

5 .2 .?2

6 3 44 .4 .?

25 o" &o"e 5 .?2 .33

To#al 235 .6 .? .345 .?

S*(ool Lo*a#ion

R$"al 5 .2 .?3

S$%$"%an 6 . .?

U"%an 4 .6 .6

To#al 235 .6 .? 2.5? .22

S*(ool Po-$la#ion

55 o" le!! 4 .43 .

52 55 2 . .6

52 55 4 . .42

52 20555 6 .44 .6?

Mo"e #(an 20555 .? .33

To#al 235 .6 .? 2.42 .46

- .5?


120/186

Jo% Sa#i!)a*#ion

22

Re*oni#ion

T(e in)o"&a#ion *on*e"nin -"in*i-al!K


121/186

Jo% Sa#i!)a*#ion

22

Ta%le 5.

De&o"a-(i* S*o"e! )o" MS: Re*oni#ion

Va"ia%le N M SD ) -

Gen'e"

Male 25? .6 .42

Fe&ale ? .? 2.545

To#al 235 .6 .323 2.5?? .54

Ae

>o$ne" #(an ? 22 .56 .64

? ? .63 .3

?? 6 .5 .33

Ol'e" #(an ?? .?4 .?

To#al 235 .6 .323 .43 .

De"ee S#a#$!

Ba*(elo"! 2 4.5

Ma!#e"! 26 .4 .?46

E'$*a#ion S-e*iali!# 4 .6 .?56

Do*#o"a#e 43 . .66

To#al 235 .6 .323 2.5 .225


122/186

Jo% Sa#i!)a*#ion

22?


5 6 .64 .3

5 . .64

6 3 44 . .32

25 o" &o"e 5 .? .3

To#al 235 .6 .323 2.2?6 .5

S*(ool Lo*a#ion

R$"al 5 .? .34

S$%$"%an 6 .63 .2

U"%an 4 . 2.55

To#al 235 .6 .323 2.3 .533

S*(ool Po-$la#ion

55 o" le!! 4 .4 .3

52 55 2 .3 .3

52 55 4 .? .

52 20555 6 .3 .?2

Mo"e #(an 20555 .? .32

To#al 235 .6 .323 2.45 .25

- .5?


123/186

Jo% Sa#i!)a*#ion

22

Re!-on!i%ili#+

T(e 'a#a )o" -"in*i-al


124/186

Jo% Sa#i!)a*#ion

226

Ta%le 2.

De&o"a-(i* S*o"e! )o" MS: Re!-on!i%ili#+

Va"ia%le N M SD ) -

Gen'e"

Male 25? .23 .?3

Fe&ale ? .5 .?

To#al 235 .2 .22 2.54 .2?2

Ae

>o$ne" #(an ? 22 .? .??4

? ? .24 .643

?? 6 .22 .?4

Ol'e" #(an ?? .2 .43

To#al 235 .2 .22 .6 .?3

De"ee S#a#$!

Ba*(elo"! 2 .5

Ma!#e"! 26 .2 .2

E'$*a#ion S-e*iali!# 4 .23 .?

Do*#o"a#e 43 .2 .

To#al 235 .2 .22 2.?? .532


125/186

Jo% Sa#i!)a*#ion

22


5 6 .2 .62

5 .22 .33

6 3 44 .4 .?3

25 o" &o"e 5 .5 .

To#al 235 .2 .22 .25 .

S*(ool Lo*a#ion

R$"al 5 .2 .??3

S$%$"%an 6 .23 .2

U"%an 4 .33 .

To#al 235 .2 .22 2.62 .2

S*(ool Po-$la#ion

55 o" le!! 4 .36 .??

52 55 2 .26 .

52 55 4 .2 .?

52 20555 6 .56 .6

Mo"e #(an 20555 .4 .6

To#al 235 .2 .22 2.2 .262

- .5?


126/186

Jo% Sa#i!)a*#ion

223

Se*$"i#+

Ta%le 4 *on#ain! in)o"&a#ion *on*e"nin -a"#i*i-a#in -"in*i-al


127/186

Jo% Sa#i!)a*#ion

245

Ta%le 4.

De&o"a-(i* S*o"e! )o" MS: Se*$"i#+

Va"ia%le N M SD ) -

Gen'e"

Male 25? .56 .3?

Fe&ale ? .3 .

To#al 235 .52 .666 2.54 .

Ae

>o$ne" #(a

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