216 JOUTi,NAL, ri.A.s. (CEYLON). iVor,. XIX,

GENERAL }IEtrTING.

Colombo Museum, Nouemtter 4, 1907.

' Present:

llis Uxcellenc)' Sir tlenry McClallurn, G.C.M.G.,Patron, in the Cliair.

'I'ire l1on. Sir J. T. Ilutchinson, Vice-Patrt;Ir.TJre Hon. llr. I{ugh Clifford, C.l[.G., Vice-Patron.

'Ihe Hon. Mr. J. n'erguson, C.XI.G., Presiclent,.lIr. P. I'reudenberg, J.P., Vice-President.

t{r. 11,. G. Anthonisz, Govetn-ment Archivist.

Mr. F. J. de Mel, l[.A., LL.B.NIr:. C. M. Fernanclo, nI.A., LL.IU.IVIr. D. B. Jayatilaka, B.A.Sir William lfitchell.Mr. M. A. O. }Ioharnad.NIr. P. E. lforgappali.l\[r. J. IIarward, M.A. , and l4r. G. A. Joseph, ]Ionorary Secretaries.

Visitors : i}\vclve ladies and seventeen gentlemen.

Bus,iness.

l. Il,ead ancl co.nfirrncd llinutes of last' Cleuerai Meeting holdon September 30, i907.

2. Ihs Excnr,r-ENcr' rulr GovpaNon-after lrrcliminarir:s-calletl on Mr. R,. G. Anthonisz, Government Archivist, trr reacl thefollor'vinq Paper by Mr. Donald Fersuson ort " Joan Gideon l,oten,F.11,.S., the Naturalist Governor of Ceylorr (1752-57), and theCeylonese Artist de Bevere " '-

Ng. 58.-1907.] Jo-1N GrDnoN r,ornN, F.B,.s, 217

JOAN GIDEON LOTEN, tr'.R.S.,

the Naturalist Governor ot Ceylon (l7SZ-87),and ihe Ceylonese Artist tle Bevere.

lrv a catalog ue entitlecl Bibliotheca N ierland,o - I nclicct, isstred,jn 1883 bv the well-knor,r'n bookseller at the lfague, Martinusl{i.jhofi, occurred the following entry (in n'rench, whicjr Ibr:r,n-qlate) :-

2299" Fauna of the Indian Archipelago and of the Island ofCcylon.-Collection of drawings in colours, representing birds,m*,rmnifers, insects, &c., o{ the Indian Archipelago and Ceylon.[44 fo]io sheets in two portfolios. f. 300.

fl'ir,:sc drarvings of a r:eally exlraordinary beauty from livingruriltlals fare ?] by a Sieur de Bevere, who, it would appear, r,vas!n tlie service of Mr. J. G. Lot,en, rvho rvas in the sorvice of thoOast India Company from 1731 to 1757, successively as Cornmis-sary at Bantam,* Govornor of Ceylon, &c., and rvho retired laterto Fulham in England. Mr, de Bevere executed his drawings{rorn 1754 to 1781.f

'ihe collection is divided as follows : Birdsn 101 sheets ; mammi-f,-:rs, 5 sheets ; insects, 10 sheets ; fishes, &c., 14 sheots ; plarrts,tr,i, shoets.f

Hacl the Ceylon Government had {as it ought to have) an:r;:;ent in England on the constant look-out for literary andr-:.i'fistic treasures re-lating to the Island, the collection de-rl'ibcd above rvould norr-form one of the most, valuable exhibitsi:i tlie Colombo lfuseum. Norv the opportunity is gone, per-h::.ps for ever, for in 1885 the collection was bought bv Mr.f,'" J. van llouten, nolv President of the Commission of the{-lolonial Museum at Haarlem, who, at the annual meeting oftiii; council of the Museum in 1905, at rvhich the paintings r\:ereexhibited, gave some interesting details regarding their history.

* l.t rvas after he had been trventy years in the Netherlancls Eastlndia Company's service, and had held several important posts, thatLoten was sent as Commissioner to the coast of Bantam.

i' As 1\[r. van Houten shorvs, they were executed betweon 1754 audl?57.

,i This division differs from t'hat of Mr. van llouten given belotv.

I2

l)r. A. Nell, I[.R.C.S.IIr. Jarnes Pieris, lI.A., LL.M.il{r. T. Rajepakse, Gate }Iuda-

liyar.n{r. F. A. Tiseverasingha,

Proctor, S.C.l[r. ]-. E. Wait.

Zl8 JourtNAL, R,.A.s. (cryr,oN). fVor,. XIX.

his address being printed inthe Ind,ische ilercuur (Amsterdarn)of 6th June 1905. In the issue of the same periodical of l3thl'Iarch 1906 appeared a communication from IIr. van Houten,in *'hich were given further interesting particulars relating tothe drau'ings and the two persons chiefly concerned in theirexecution. As the majority of these paintings are of Ceylnnfauna, and were drawn in Ceylon by a young Ceylonese underthe direction of a Dutch Governor of Ceyion, I thought thatrny fellor.r--Ceylonese wcluld be interestecl in their history. Ihave thelefore translated all that Mr. van Houten has rvrittenabout thern,x and have added in a third section such additionalinformation as I have been able to glean.

Cro,qd,on. Doner,n FnneusoN.

Sncrror LThis time it falls to my lot to have the honour to drau- your

attention for some minutes to the subject chosen, rvhich is thecollection of plates that for themoment adorns this hall, and,according to the intention of our Director, t-ill remain here onexhibition for a period of four rveeks.

For some t.wenty years I have myself been the luchy ownerof these plates, the possession of rvhich l acquired at a booksale of the firm Nlart. Nijliofi at the Hague.

" Lucky " owner, I called myself, and I believe that youu'ill consider the woy<l lucky figlftly chosen *'hen I r:hall havetoid you all the facts concerning the plates.

In th.e first place, they are already fairly old, having beenmade betrveon the years 1754 and 17b7, ol just a centurland a hal{ ago.

In the second place, they appear, in spite of this, saving forsome brown damp-spots on the paper, especially as regardsthe perfectly fresh colours, as if they hail been drarvn andcoloured only in our present time. And that notr,vithstandingthat they were made in the tropical regions, namely, in Ceylonand Java, in the stirring times of the East India Company,

* Ail the footnotes to the fust two sections a,re by myself, and Mr.van l{outen is in no way responsible for them.-D. F.

ti,r. 58.-1907.1 JOAN GTDEON LorEN, n'.R.s. 219

rrhere they had to undergo the disadvantages of the often un-lir,rgienic and damp d.r.vellings of the Company,s servants, andthese in addition to the great danger of long voyages by sailingshiP.

As the third and, in my opinion, perhaps the most rernark_ahle feature, I may mention that the artist was a man of three-feurlths Indian (namely, Ceylonese) blood., rvho had receivedver.y iittle instruction, certainly nono in drawing or painting,and yet, in spite of this pro<luced this work, u'hich-as I hopepresently further to demonstrate-deserves our admiration:in a high degree.

Let me now name the artist to you and tell you the little thatI ]<norx' regarding his person.

He was named de Bevere, and v;'as .r,yhat rve should nor,-:rtiays call an Indo or " countty-born," but r1'as at that timereckoned among the " native Christians," according to thenote on one of the plates of his employer, J. G. Loten, rvhothere calls him " the untaught Christian Cingalese,''x to whichhe adds the following regarding his origin f :-" His father,rlhom f have knolyn, \\ras a natural son of the nlajor de Bevere(of the most noble and ancient family of de Bevere) by a Cin-gatrese or black Portuguese \rroman ; this son lvas married atCoiombo lvith a similar brownish \yoman of r,vhom the artistxl-ir,!i a son. In 1755 the father seemed about, 50 or b5,f themother 50, the son I guessedwas circa 22, was on [soc-? in]thc Surveyor's office somelr.hat instructed in handling com-ptisses and scales." In a letter .written in l78l Loten alsostlys of him : " a youth born of native Ceylonese parents, livingrvith me and helping me very much in drawing."

From this it appears that, de Bevere was unmaried ; that heatcompanied Loten .when the latter .was transferred to Bataviain 1757; and also that he did not attain to any consiclerableage. In one of the notes, made by Loten later in England onthe plates, rve read of oo the late de Bevere." That was aboutthe year 1781.

llhis is all that I knou' ai present of the artist.* The words quoted are in English.f The quotation that follows is also in Englisb.t On this, see footnote further on.

22ti JOURNAL. R,.-{.s. (OEYLON). Itrror,. XIX.

Lct me norv for some moments direct yonr attention parti-cularly to the artist's rvork, I mean to tlle plates themselves.ifhey are all drawn from life or from nesly-killecl animals.

In number 144 paintinqs, thcy clepict :-5 rnarnmals, 103birds, 7 fishes, 3 crustaceans, 3 cephalopod molluscs (so-called" ink-fish "), l0 insects, 13 plants ; there being besides on thlplates of birds also various plants representecl from life.

Thereareinaddition, beingin aseparategroup, ten platesthatare not by de Bevere, but rvere executcd by oilrers and rnostlyin later years, u'hich rvere in the coilection as I bouglit it.

You see that the pictures of birds torm by far the rnajority.It :r,lso seems to me that these are in the main the most, beauti_ful in execution.

P"egarding the execution and thc vaiue of tirese plates, no.wa single rvord.

Although it cannot be ignored tliat certain figures are some_what stifi and, owing to insufficient sliailing, do not entirelvrepresent the rounding of the ltoclies, they are otherwisedeserving only of praise.

rret us notice, first.f all, tlie complete firm.ess of thehand,.rhat controlled the d'a*'ing pencil and brush, *.hereby every-thing appears quite distinctly on the p&roer, and in aclclitionthe astonrshing precision rvitli

'vhich forms ancl colours are

represented. The artist extemporized nothing, but remainedtruo to nature even to the smallest details, ryere it a bird, afish, a flolver, or anything else that he ryas delineating. Thatprecision u.as demonstrated t,o me still more clearly r.l.hen lastrveek, assisted by Dr. van Oort, in the l{ational } useum r-rfNatural History at Leiden, for the identification of the birdsdepicted, I compared the plates r,vith tliose in standarcl .rvorl<s

of more recent date or the stufied birds in tire collection there.There, rvhere, as is so often the case, various kinds closelyallied and much resernbling each other exist, the painted one,swere ahvays recognizable by little peculiarities of the plumage.

I may by rvay of explanation refer to ts-o points. iooL, iorexample, in the picture of the Ceylonese Lemur, * at the form of

* The Ceylon Loris or Sloth : soo picture in Tennent,s Nat. H,ist. oJCeglon 12. Plate xliv. in Brown's New lil,ust, oJ Zool. is of the Lemur,but whence it is copied is not stated.

N'. 58.-1907.] roAN: (,lrDEoN LotEN. r'.R.s

t5e vcry sruali hands and feet and tho lociplocally unequal

le1gttrr of the fingers and toes. fn the case of the birds, attent'ionsirould be paicl to tlie so-called beard-hairs r,vhich some kinds6i1rr at the root of the beak, the colours so r.'arying of the irisof the eye and of the eye-circles, the size and form of ther:ptaneous scutellm or excrescences on the legs and toes; inr.6nnection 'ivith lvhich l specially drar'v your attention to thet,grrect representation of the characteristic shin of the foot of

the parrots, and, on the other hand, the entirely clifierent one

,rf the d.ucks, also to the difference in the placing of the toes, in

l)roportion as we have to dowith sitters or rvith climbers; thc,

sarne rvith respect to the 'rl'eb of slvimmers and paddlers.

And norv let us observe once again hot- de Bevere knertlrorv to handle the colouring brush. lVhether it be darkslmple tints or fiery and variegated colouls, broad surfaces

or fine lines, he knorvs horv to represent everything faithfullv,lrt it 'with bird, insect, or plant,. He shrinks frorn nothing;ri,hether it be that he has to do 'with the finely marbled plu-rn;lge of an orvl, tlie handsorne feather shades of a gay-colouredbarbet, the metallic lustres of other birds' bodies, the eye of

i,, peacock's feather, the body of a fish glistening likc nother-of -

pearl, a satiny butterfly's r-ing, a fine plant-lea'f rvith colourerl

l'oins, or the delicate transitions of colour in the corolla of r"

i1ora'er.

And then several of the plates considered in their entirety,;uch as those of the Little-eared Owl,* the Lit'tle Barbet,f theP;r,radise Flycatchers,f the pair of little Honeysuckers $ on thei;:ee-sfem overgrown with orchid.s, the nest of the Tailor-bird'llrire these not gems of natural life ?

I flatter myself to have thus said enough to comrnend thescplates to your special attention and to that of your artisticfriencls and acquaintances.

x llire Little llorn Ou'l referred to belou'.

i il)he Red-crou'necl Barbet of Brorvn's Neu lllust' oJ Zool. (see i,nfro)-

f 'Ilhis plate does not appear to have been reprorltrced in any of thervorks rnentionod later on.

ns I am uncert'ain if this plate has boen copicc{ in any of the u'orkstlescribed under Section III.

lj Sec further on regarding this.

22.1

f have hot'ever u'ith this not yet said. all that is to be toldof the plates.

We rightly praise the m&ker, the skilful artist d.e Bevere,but should be incomplete and even ungrateful if lve clid noiremember with respect the man r.vho cliscovered and causedexpression to be given to de Bevere's talent, .who indeed prob"ably took a practical interest in the preparation of the piates.f also venture to think that you-r Jttention .will be rvellbestowed upon some particulars that I can tell you regardinghis career and the fu:rther history of the plates.

The man who set de Bevere to the r.r,ork and paid him for itwas-f have a,lreadv a uhile ago named him several times_Joan Gideon Loten, during the years l73l to lTbT in theservice of the Nethe.rlands East fndia Company, and steadilvclimbing up to their most important officesl what r can tellyou regarding his personality and his services I ote, first, tohis own notes, made upon the back of the plates and in acouple of bundles of papers left by him, u,liich form part oftlie collection; but second,-having had rny attention drawnthcreto by that l'idely-read

"*p"rf in documents relating tothe colonies, Mr. G. p. Rouffaer at the Hague, whom I trer-enythankfully mention,-sspecially to the Kronijh uan het Hii_torisch Genoot.schap te ()trecht, 16th year (1g60), 4th series,part I., *'herein on page 106 and follo.rving appears a detailedreport from the hand of the late prof. p. J. Veth on papersteft by Loten. Of the papers themselves, rvhich I should sowillingly have consulteil, in the hope of learning furtherdetails of the life o{ the testator, all trace has, alas, since beenlost. At least I have notyet, in spite of investigations made,succer.dr-,1 irr finding them again.

From Prof. Veth,s report f borro.w the follou,ing :_Joan Gideon Loten left 28th December I731,* in the rank of

under merchant, by the ship Beekuliet from Amsterclam. Theship formed part of a squadron of five ships, and put to seafrom Texel, 4th January lTB2. In the beginning

-of August

they arrived safely at tsatavja.

222 JorrRNAL, n..r..s. (cnvr,ox), fVor,. XIX.N'o. 58.-f 907.] JoAN GTDEoN LorDN, ,!..R.s. 22J

Animated rvith much love and sympathy for naturc,especially the animal world, toten madJseveral exclursionsi1 the neighbourhood of Batavia, such as to Tandjong_priok,lanahbang, the island of Onrust, &c.

He did not, hot,ever, remain long in Batavia. On l0thJ'uly 1733,-Prof. Veth rvrites 1782, rvhich, horvever, cannorbe correct,-being already appointed fiscal of Javais nortJi_eirst coast, and having on 24th August of that yearnarried Anna Henrietta van Beaumont,* he left on l0thSeptember u'ith his r,vife per ship 'l Huis d,e Vlotter foygtr,marang, rvhere he arrived on 29th September_tlius after al9-days'voyage.

He oontinued u-ith his business cluties to stuily naturallristory, ancl made inter alia an excursion inland from{itlr to lOth November L740, and appears to have thenl.*ken an interest also in the architectural antiquities of Java.f

Re-appointed to Bahvia in IT4l, he returned thither per.;)ip Zorgwijfr, and remained there this time until the beginningti L744, r,r'iren, being nominated as Governor of Macassar, hii'.nbarked thither with his rvife and a littte daughter on 2nd.iiarch on board the ship Ad,righem, to au:ive at the place men-tioned on 24th llarch. On the ,,Journael in ,t edele Com_pagnieschip Adrighem van Batavia na Makasser,,, kept bythe sliipper Herbert Sam, and reail by prof. Veth, Loten madlsoulc notes, and says therejn with regard to the said ,, Capteyn,Herbert Sam " that he $'as ,, I unclerstand from Dorclreclit,lf ;r, good family, but a dissolute and not very polishecllllL&r}.t'

Advanced to Councillor Extraordinary of India,f Loten ini?50 $ handed over the government of Macassar to his successor,L{osenboom, at, the same time leaving Jrim a memoir (printedin the rvorlrs of tlie Utrecht Society) comprising a dltailed

* Regarding winom see'infra,f It was during his residence at Samarang flrat Loten's three children

rl'elc. born, only one of r,vhom surt ived (see under Section II.),, :L fn Decembet 1747 lsee Hooykaas, Repertoriurn op d,e RolonialeLtueretuur ii. (1990) 104).

rs On 17th October 1750, according to Robid6 van cier Aa in thoPaper cited .jnlra.

__a For information regarding.Loten,s parentage and birthpiace sbeilr, van lfouten's second paper below.

224 JouE,NAL, R.A.s. (Ljoyt,or\). fVor,. XIX.

report of the state of the Government of Macassar and of u'hatthe writer as Governol had accomplished.

X'rom the other papers quoted by Prof. Veth in the journalrramed it appears that in 1752 Loten tas nominated as

Governor of Ceylon,* and on 30tir Septernber of that yearnrrived at Colombo per slip Giesserzburg. Therc he discoveredthe artistic talent of de Bevere, and got him to prepare thernajority of the plates exhibited.

On llthf August 1755 his u'ife died in Colornbo.Loten occupied the Governorship until Marcir 1757, when

rvith the rank of " Councillor Ordinary of Netherland-o fndia "fhe returned to Batavia, entertaining the purpose of shortlyleaving the service of the Comper,ny and setting out upon thereturn voyage to the fatlierland.

From a paper rvritten at Colombo in l'ebruary 1756, andadd.ressed to the Political Council, it appeals that he expe-

rienced great difficulties l'ith one of h.is head officials, Lhe

upper merchant' and chief zr,dministrator l{octl Anthonie leBeck.$ Prof. Veth also remarhs that Loten's rule in Ceylonr,vas much disturbed by internal commotions, fear of attackfrom external enemies, and great scarcity of finances.ll Tlierealso existed from his hand a " Geprojecteercl Regiement ver-vattende d' ordres die merr in cas van eenig onverrvagt allarm

x In succession to Cerard Joan Vreelant, who died in February1752, after a gor-emorship of under a year. 'Iire commandour of Jaffrra,Jacob de Jong, acted as Gor.ernor until I-oten's arrival (see C. As. Soc.Jl. xi. 141, lYolf ii. 75, 126). lVolf *-as in (-'eylon during the rrhole ofLoten's governorship, but, being in Jaffna, did not come in contactwith hini, and says nothing of his rrle. In the C. As. Soc. Jl. viii. 430-3(misprinted :336-9) witl be found a letber in Sinhaleso, r'ith translation,written by Loten from Colombo on 4t'h July I7 54, to the Siamese priostUp5,1i, who, rvith other theras,lrad recently arrirred in Ceylon in re-sponse to an embassy sent to Siarn by I{ing l(irti Sri RSjasinha (seo C.

As. Soc. Jl. xviii. 17-44).

f This should be 10th : see second papet i,n'frct.

I According to liobidi van der Aa (u. i'.), Loten rvas raised to tlLisrank in October 1754 (see also Ilooykaas, op. ci,t. L02).

$ See F,. G. Anthonisz's Report on Dutch Recorrls 50.

ll X'or a summary of the events in Ceylon during Loten's governorship,see t'he Beknopte H'istorie (C. As. Soc. .[1. xi. l4l-5).

91. 58.-1907.] JoAN crDrroN Lo.rEN, _F..r.i.s. 'l+ii

zou hebben t' observeeren,"* of rvhicli Frof. Veth says tirat,tler document is very circumstancial, r'hilst tlte conclusiontr-.stifies to the calm deliberation of the author; tllso a " Rulve.Qchets der behuizingen binnen 't casteel Coiombo met dierlre'woonderen in de jaren 1756-1759."J'

That his departure from Colornbo .was accompanieal bysirecial ceremonies appears from a documenl, printed in theiournal named, entitled " Project van iret Cerimonieel dat,g'crlrserveerd zal dienen te rvorden zo aun de wal ais op deschepen, ten dage van hct vertrek van clerr trVel Edeien Groot.tr"chtbaren Heer Joan Gideon Loten, Raad Ordinair r-an Ne-clellandsch India en afgaande Ceylon's Gouverneur en Direc-ieur op den 18" Maart Ao 1757."t

tr oten at that time took cle Bevere x'ith him, as appeai'sfr"om the plates preparecl by tlie latter in the course of theyear 1757 at Batavia, and the paintirrgs containing birds,iilter alia pigeons, kingfishers, and rvoodpeckers, n.hich Lotenrrranaged to shoot or catch in the neighbourhood, as lvell as

of lfolucca parrots brought to Batavia.In accordance with his intention Loten returned horne in

l?58, a,nd indeed as admiral of the return fleet,, reachinghis native soil in June of tirat year (Tijdschr. Ilist. (|en.L860,

Fl). 112-11:l). The voyage u'as not entitely free frommisiiaps ; during t'he passage, in a mutiny on board, his goodsr-ere plundered, rvheretry among other things he sufierecl great

+ " Proposed Regulation comprising tho orciers that would have toir:, observed ia case ol any unexpectoiX alarm."

t " Rough sketch of the du.elling-houses inside the Colombo castle,ivlth their occupants, in the ycars 1756-1759 [? I 757]." Possiblya copy ofi:his interesting document exist's among the Dutch archives in Oolombo"

I " Pkm of the ceromonial that shall be observed both on sirore and,-rrr the ships on the day of the deparfure of the most honourable Mr.'loan Gideon Loten, Cor:Lncillor Ordinary of Netherlands India, andretiring Governor and Director of Ceylon, on the lSth of }Iarch l?57."{See R. Cl. Anthonisz's Eep. omDutoh Rec. L09.) Loten was succeededir1- Schriider or Schreuder (who arrived at Colombo on 27t'h Septemberl 756), a man of very different temperament, under whoso rule broke outa, war with the Sinhalese fhat lasted over six years and cost the DutchaD enormous sum in addition to much loss of life (seo Ceyl'on Lit./ieg. v. 84).

226 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [Vor. XIX.inconvenience and the loss of memoranda for a claim thathe had upon the East Lrdia Company.

He had, namely, during his governorship of Ceylon, ad-vanced to the Company's chest the sum of 82,000 rixdollars.A letter of demand for the repayment of this sum, sent in toGovernor-General Mosselx in l757,t had for the time bein$the only result that he lvas asked to complete the sum to100,000 rixdollars I To this he agreed, and got back theadclitional 18,000 rixdollars later through his attorneyinJava.It cost him more trouble and time to get back the large sumof 82,000 rixdollars. tr'rom the transcript printed in thejournal mentioned, of a demand presented in Europe, it seemsthat only in 1763, u.hen he " ryas in n'rance for the improve-ment of his feeble health," did he receive the money back,but-n'ith a gross deduction of 7.r1, per cent. for the Companyand ] per cent. on the intelest, plus 2l per cent. commission.In the said letter of demancl he asks for the decluction back,as l'ell as the interest, at 6 per cent. since 1762. This last,holvever, r,\'as not granted to him. From an " extract uyt cleResolutie door de vergadering der Heeren l7en binnenAmsterdam genomen op Woensdag I April !767,,,I it&ppears that he received a refusal.

From various notes and papers tliat accompanied theplates in the portfolios it appears that Loten rvas in constantcorrespondence v-ith students of natural history in the coloniesand in Europe, and norv anil then sent specimens to privatepersons or learned societies in the motherland. He himselfon his hometrard voyage brought rvith him i,n,ter al,ia four livecrested pigeons,$ but hacl declined an olTer made to him by hiscousin,ll Mr. Cornelis llasselaar,fl at Cheribon, of deer and birclsfor taking with him on the s&me voyage.

+ Jacob -\loss"l. Gorlcl,nor-Ccn",rl,' Z;t-0,.f Perhaps the marriage of Loten's relative Ilasselaar to Mossel,s rlaugh-

ter in this year (seo note belorv) inclu ced him to sencl in his claim at this time.f " Extract from the resolution adopted by the meeting of the

Seventeen in Amsterdam on Wcdnesday, lst Aprit l?67.,,$ See extract from Edr.ards's Gleanings ol Nat. Hist. further on.ll Or nephew (neel means either).fl Pieter Cornelis Ilasselaar married, at Ratavra, 2rtth April lTdT, as his

second wife, Geertmida, lfa,rgaretha, the claughter of Governor-GeneralMossel. (See notice of him in van der Aa's Bio11. lTclnbtt. cler Neclerl.J

\o. 58.-1907.] ro.{N erDEoN LoraN, r.R.s. 227

IIe was himself not unskilful at painting in colours. Thisappears from the plate with a representat[n of a sea a'imal'lrelonging to the jelly-fishes, the so-called ,. Beza,antje ,, (phy_-rnlia),* it being apparently his ou,-n clrarving, dor.e iy Hmsettrin tlre outward voyage to India inI7B2, orlerhap* o copy ofiris orm drarving. Further, I imagine that both the too ieep"red coloured rep*esentations of trre atras moth made at Ma-cassar' and thus before he knew dre Bevere, are also from his.rrn hand, rvhilst, from other notes written by him it seernsrlpparent that he himself drerv other plates besides, or at leastassisted in them.

An active man like Loten naturallJ, rlid not remain quitequiet after his departure from the Company,s service, although,as 1vo saw just norv, he had for some tiine to wrestle .r,r,ith lessgood health"

His view of life \rre are enablecl to know from, amongstothers, the cover of a packet, !' Notes to serve provisionallyfor bringing into order t'hat f have successivel5, collected, boiirrn painting from life a'd in ii'riting, in orcler to be able to cc,*-lribute some light upon the natural history of East fndia andcspecially of Java, Ce,lebes, and Cevlon,', datecl 2bth Decemberi754, and unclerncath rproted Dcclesiastcs ix. 10.

If 'rve turn up this text of the ,, Preacher ,' we find : ,, What-rroever thy hand findeth to do, do it nith thy might ; for thereis no l'ork, nor device, nor knorvledge, nor tisdom, in thegrave, rvhither thou goest."

From the papers that he lr'as able to examine, prof. Vctirga,r,v that Loten, among other things, left on 4th Novembert775, as f imagine, lvith a commission,-f- on boarcl tiie East-[rdia Company's ship Alkemad,e, accompanied by trl,o otheriltips, for the Cape of Good Hope, .where he arrivecl on l7th$'ebruary 1776, and on 7th Mar:ch of the follorvJng year setrut on the homes'ard voyage in the slip Dellslm*en, accoTtt_iranied by three other ships, and on 13tli June anchorecl atTexel-

i' The ., Portuguese man-of-s.ar,,, common on the beach at Colomboafter storms (see Tennent's Nat. Hist. o.f Ceyton 400).

f This surmise is incorrect : Loten r.isitecl the Cape otr private busi-uess (seo second paper).

228 JoURNAL, R.A.s. (cEYLoN). fVoi,. XIX.

In later ;rears Loten set'tled at n'ulhatn near London.*There he remained zealously studying zoology and botany,and hacl regular intercourse rvith rnen of science and scien-

tific institut ions in the motherlancl and England. IIe lvrotevarious notes on or rvith the plates, ol completed earlier-made"not,es. X'or this the English language, of lvhich he 'lvas athorough master, r'r'as often used, conceivably on account bfthe English friends rvho received the plates for inspection orfor use. I say for tr,se, because from the accompanying notes

it appears that the plates did frequent servicet for those inthe u'ell-knorvn rt'ork of Edu'alds's Gleanings of l{aturalIlistory,\ a,nd the sequel to it by Btttwn, Illustrcdions on

Zoology.gThe loan of the plates for the purpose mentioned often

horvever caused old Loten much vexatiolr.ll We in our timealso knorv s-ell that the loan, especially of books, is even yetaccompanied b)' the danger of receiving them back in a ]ess

fresh coridition, or sometimes not at .r'll. Norv it did not happento Loten quite so badly, but he could a,lso talk of injuries,and his displeasure at the state in which he ofteri received theplates back sometimes drel' from him on the back of theplates bitter expressions at thc oxpense of the engraver; forinstance,fl on that representing the nest of the Tailor-bird:** " The clirty scoundrel 'was not contented rvith ruining

* This is hardly accurate, as Loten's lesitlerrce at llulliarn seems tohave been confined to the period f759-65 (see trnder Section III.).

f As regarcls this statement see Section III.I Gleani,ngs of Notural trIistory, &c. (in Eng,lish and French), by

George Edwards, 3 parts, 1758-60-64. This is a continuation of thesame author's A Ncttural History oJ Uncontnt'on B'ird,s, &c.,4 parts'1743-,47-50*51. (SeefuriherunderSection 1IL) TheBritishlluseumI.ibrary possesses copies of both t'hese works, presented by the authorto the R'er'. I']-ros. Birch, containing Edwards's original paintings.

-.$ try'ezu lllustrati,ons o.{ Zoology, &c. (in Enslish :r'ncl French), byPoter Brown. 17?6. (See further under Section III.)

ll I think that llr. r'an Ilouten here unrtittingly exaggerates: Loten'scomplaints seern to har-o been confined to the engraver Mazell, whose

ill-treatment of the drawings must have taken place in 1768-9 (seo

further on), and not' to have appliod f,o Peter Brown, to whom Lotenlent a number of his drarvings for copying somer five or six years later.

lf All Loten's annotations that follow are in English.** Plate viii. in Pennanl's Indian Zoologltl-

No. 58.-19{}7.] JoAN GrDnoN LorEN, F.n,.s. 229

oine of thesc drawings of tlie same object but ruined themboth ;" and somervhat lo.lver : " By no means is this reflexionrin.the late 1\[r. Sidney Parhinson,* lvho kept everything veryt.|ea,rr," and finally in the lower corner as a further explanationierased later, but still legible) : 'o This was the --- bunglingellgraver Mazell."t'' On another plate (also erased, but still legibte) : ,oMacle sodirty by the pityable engraver Mazell ; ', and on plate 4 (Owl)trhere follor,r.s after a long unbosoming, later made illegible,rertainly also directed at the engraver : " What a difterence ofbehaviour betu-een the late u.'orthy Mr. Geo. Edv'ards ancl,iuch a scurrilous, scrubby fellow."

That later, hol,vever, the wrath of the olcl man, eventhough it were just, r,vas calmed, appears not only fronrthe erasures just referred to, but from the lvords, placedr-inder the erased portion of the plates, " Forgive and forget.,,

The perusal of Loten's notes ofiers the reader moreover inrla,ny respects a peculiar pleasure, both because one obtains;pontaneously a retrospect to the establishment of the llastfndia Company in the tropics, norv a century and a half ago, anclalso as regards the evidence of accurate observation by thet'riter, and the often valuable details related by him regardingthe ideas of the natives touching the depicted animals anclplants or thefu characteristics and value.$

A couple of examples of this :-Of the Pitta,ealled, by Loten" the short-tailed Pye " 'll " I once found such a trird atColombo inside the citadel in the garden behind the govern-nrent house after I had resided there quite ayear or longer ;rt leaped to the ground, and let itself be caught with theirand tf . ... .. ..)'

x The talented young artist who accompanied Banks and Cook int heir voyage round the v'orld in 1768. He died at sea on 26Ur Decembor177I. (SeeDi,ot. ot' Nat. Biog.)

f R,egarding this man see later on.:! Ther Little Horn Owl, doubtless, forming plate iii. in Pennant's

Ind,. ZooI.g It is to be hoped that Mr. van Ifouten will in some futuro paper"

publish bhe whole of Loten's annotaiions.ll This name is quoted in English. The bird in question is figured

ln plato cxiv. of Edrvards's Gleanings (see under Section III.),'l] Cf. Legge's Bird,s ol Ceylon E9l.

2:)(, JouRNAr,. R.A.s. (crrrr,o\). l\ror,. XIX.

Speaking of the depicted Bee-eater (Merops), he states tohave learnt from the natives of llacassar that these birdsdig holes in front of their rrests in the clayey banks ofthe rivers, r,vhich, as one nol knols, is quite correct, sincet'he Bee-eaters agree in this ri'ith many Kingfishers. Of thevariety of Copsychus (birds allied to the Thrushes, rvhich arevery rvallike and courageous) depicted on other plates, it is alsorelated that in Ceylon it' regularly follou's and chases the cro'rvs

u'ith loud cry, and is therefore 'vl'ell called " king of crolvs."*Some statements evoke from us, so many years after they

were .qet dorvn, an involuntary smile.Such, for example, on the painting of the dark-coloured

l{olucca, Lori Parrot (Batavia, 1757), that " it' .i,r'histled entirehymns and the morning song 'uit mijnes Herten gronde' inthe su'eetest musical manner."t.

In connection t'ith the painting of the Inclian GoldenThrush at llacassar, describing the lovely " r,vater-like mellor.vv,liistle " of t'his bird, so r-,.ritten because the rvriter states.

tliere that he is reminded by the noise of the rvell-knorvn oldrvater-t'histle, he adds thereto in 1779 that he hail heard frornDan. Mackay f tliat because of its rvhistle the Gelderlandpeasants call tlie Golden Thrush " Hansken r.an Trurelen."

To the plate representing a pigeon fallen clead on a hot, dayat Batavia in 1757$ is appended the simple note that hereceived tlie bird " from mejufirourv Verklohken, Caat,jeRotgers's daughter, afterr'vards fthe note is apparently lrcit-ten later in Europe] married more than once, now I believewidorv of Governor-General Riemsdijk."li ,']

x 'Ihe name quoted is in llngiish. The bird known in Ce5'l6tr o* tnu" IGng cror,v " is the Drongo (Buchctnl1a), ry}iich has the habit describedby Loten. The Magpie-rohin (Copsgoltzrs), though a pugnacious bird,.cloes not, I think, chaso crows (cf. Legge'sBzrclso.t Ceyl,on 388 aud 435).

f The quotation is in English.f Probably Daniel, son of -l0neas Macliay, ancl -founder of tire Dutch

farnily of Mackay : he dietl in 1745 (see r-al der Aa's Netl. Biog.Il/clnbk.).$ This forms plate I'ii. in Pennant's Inclictn, Zaolog.u, lr.here fhe fact

of the bird's having fallel dead fron the lLr:at is stated, v'ith somedetails (from f,oten's notes) regarding the eficct of the great heat inJava on the animals there,

ll Jeremias van Riemsdijk, Gor.elnor-G.cnera1 28th Deceml:rer 1775to 3rd October 1777, rvhen he died. Theodora Rotgers was his thirdwi{e (see van der Aa's Bi,o11. IVttnbh.\.

l(o. 58.-1907.] JoAN crDEoN LorEN, x,.R,.s. 2Bi

And there are also moro valuable remarks !

For a very long time the paintings, or more correctly copie.q

of i,hem, certainly borrowed from the works of Edrvard.s ancllJros'n, continued to do service for illustrated works. As a'raluable proof of this rnay, inter alia, serve the little work putr-lished in 186I in this country by our fellow-countryman thelate Prof. P. I{arting, t}re Bouwkunst aan Dieren (reprint of apaper in the periodical Albumd,er Natuur),lvhere at page 266a wood engraving representing the nest of the Tailor-birdis plainly a copy, though it be a rough one, of do Bevere'splate here present.

In tlre handsome work of Captain Legge, A Hi,story ol thellird,s of Ceylon, mention is also made in an introduction ofpaintings rvhich in his day Loten had had prepared by a,

" native artist."* I have not been able to ascertain if thatlefers to duplicates of the plates in my possession or someothers, as also if and r,r'here these plates still exist. A letterwritten by me some years ago to Mr. Legge came back asundeliverable, and inquiries made subsequently through thelirm of Martinus Nijhofi of the London publisher led to noresult.f

x Mr. .,'an l{outen gives theso words in English, but thev do notoccw in the introduction to Legge's work. After mentioning Georgeilcl'rvards's Nat. Hist. of Uncommon Bdrd,s (Lhe date of publication ofrrhich is given as 1743), but not saying a word about Eds'ards's laternrrk (which, horvever, is occasionalll,- referred to in the body of thelrook, sometimes incorroctl5'), Lcggo says:-" During the latter half ofl,ile oighteenth centtuy Gideon Loten lvas norrrinated Governor of Ceylon.iry the Dutch [szc], and, happemng to be a great lover of birds, collected,rrrd employed peoplc to procwe specirnens of species 'which attractedlris notice ; an<l from his labours we first loarn something of tlie peutliarjrirds of tho Island. I{e had drawings prepared of many species, whichlro lent, 6o an Enqlish naturalist [sic] named Peter Bror'r'n.. who publishedin London, in 1776, a quarto work styled ' Illustrations of Zool.rgy.'. .. . .'[he artist who delineated these species was Mr. Khuleeiooddeon fsic !?].Some of the drawings are fairly accurate; but others are grotesque andtrnnatural, showing the poor state of perfection to which the illustra-tiou of books had up to that time been brought." In view of the fact'ihat Edwards's beautifully illustrated *-orks had preceded Bror*'n's farinforior production, the deduction in the last sentence is absurd; anclas to tho illustrator of Brown's work, it rvas Brolvn hirnself (see furtheron). Whence Logge got his '. Mr. Khuleelooddeen" I cannot imagine"

t Captain Legge resides (if still living) at Elolrart, ll'asmania.

36-07

oD.) JOURNAL, R,A.S. (CEYLON). [Vor,. XIX.

I hope that what I have been able to tell you has awakened

or indled increased your legitimate interest in and appre-

ciation of the exhibitecl rvorks. I think I may for to-day

leave this portion of our subject u'ith aimost the same rvords

rvith rvhich I ended a more cursory discussion of the plates at

a meeting of the Ned. Ornith. Vereeniging : Assuredl;r jtrnust be acknow'ledged that both the artist " by the gift of

God" de Bevere, as lvell as Loten, rvho got him to paint the

plates, added his notes to them, and brought them under the

notice of men of science, have gained for themselves a peculiar

merit in connection u'ith the study of natural history in the

tropical regions."

* These figures are talien from Valentyn's index, which is very,rle{ective and sometimes incorrect. see the figures in the footnotos

turther on.

SscrroN II.Thinking that some readers of my address at the annual

rneeting of the Council of the Museum in 1905, printed in the

trnd'ische Mercuur of 6th June 1905, may possibly take suffi-

cient interest therein as to *'ish to know something more

regarding tlie tu'o naturalists mentioned and their work, Igive belorv sorne additional particulars with which further

investigation has supplied me, and u'hich on various points

supplement rvhat rt'as then said at Flaarlem'

Regarding the artist de Bevere himself I have not succeedecl

in finding anything additional, though, on the other hand,

something regarding his Dutch grandfather, the Major de

Bevere mentioned by Loten ; namely, we find entered in A' J'van der Aa's Biogt'apltischlAoorclen'boelc, Sth edition of 1854'

vol. ii., pb.2, on p. 488 : " Willem llendrik de Beveren, cap-

tain in the service of the E" I. Company," and, on the author-

ity of 3r. Valentyn's Oud' en Nieuzu Oost-Incliij, vol' iv', pt' 1,

pp. 162 and 168-200,* mention made of his military services

i" fZOO, during the rvar in Java against Soeropat'i, in which,

led on bv his " indomitable coul:aqe," he ventured" too far intothe enemy's territory and sufiered a defeat, in consequence

of which he was summoned before the court-martial and

f o. 58.-1907.] .to.4t\ (JrDEoN Lo,tEN. rr.R.s.

acquitted only in 1708. To this had undoubtedly porver,fullvlontributed his valiant bearing, of rvhich Valentyn hjmseifn'as a rvitness, at the storming and capture of the fortress ofl3angil, in lvhich, in spite of the lack of stormi'g ladders, hervas the first on the r,vall, I,vas ilrrown dor.vn from it by theb"lou' of a pike, which luckily glanced off on his sv.ord_knot,thereupon succeeded in getting upon the .w,all once more andptra,nt,ed the standard on it, r,vhereby the hono'r of the capt'relr'as due to him.

Valentyn further relates that in f70g cte Bevere, still .lvitht,he rank of captain, n.as sent to Ceylon, and there took part'in an expedition against the emperor of Candi,* but there_a,fter again had unpleasantnesses rvith the Company, rvhichValentyn hopes to recount later. I have ho.w,ever sought invain in this rvriter's great rvork. in the part that treats of theaffairs of Ceylon and describes the periodical events in thatlsland only to 1707,t for anything further regarding de Beverer.

There is no doubt, horvever, that he rvas the major of r.horrltr"ofen makes mention as the grandfather of our artist. That't,he latter rvas named de Bevere, is probably in consequenceof the often careless spelling of those days; but the clifferencelnixy also be intentional on account of the illegitimate origin.f

Perhaps tire paper.s left l'ry Loten and perused bv prof. F. J.Vcth might have furnished some further light, both as re-cards the de Beveres and as regards the testator himself andiris family. It is therefore doubly unfortunate that they tvelerire,sumably considered by one or other of their possessor$ a.c

',f no value and destroyed.When Prof. Veth consulted therir they belonged to Mr. J. A.

l,ii'othe, rvho, as I am told by llr. S. r\fuller, ].2., the nationaii, r't'tiil-ist at Utrecht. on several occasions presentecl the manu-F(rlipt{..rh&t he possesscd to the lJtrecht archives, the Acac,lernr,

. 'r 'l'his is ir:rcorrect, as rvill be seen by thequotation I give under Sec.f il, Iheexpcditionwas t,o, anl not ooctinst, tho .,emperor of Cancli.,''i l\lr. van Tfouten has been rnisled by the date erroneously contimred31 lhe '!op of the later pages of Valentyl's history. As a matter of fact,'t,ltr: a,fftrirs of Ceylon are chronicled (in a r-ery aar-*a"y manner, it ist',rtr:) rlorvn to 1724 on p, 360.

I illlro formet explanation is the rnore prol_rable : Valentyn hirnselfrlri.:s llrlth forrns.

234 JOURNAL. R.A.s. (CEYLON). fVor. X{X.

T,ibrary, and other public institutions. After his death somefamily papers were also presented to the national archives,but the papers in question were-so Mr. Muller assuredrne-with neither one nor the other, and Mr. Grothe's soqr,

1Ir. Grothe van Schellach at Utrecht, did not know the docu-ruents. Even less has been the result of an inquiry, institutedby rne, of the late Prof. P. J. Veth's son, Dr. K. J. Veth, andfurther by Mr. L. D. Petit, Conservator at the AcademyLibrary at, Leiden, in which are some of the papers left byProf, Veth, and of Prof. de Goeije, who arranged the literaryremains of the said scholar, but had not met with the requireddocument,s among them,

Regarding Joan Gideon Loten, on tlie other hand, I can, inthe way of supplement, no'w relate considerably more, thanksbo the help of Messrs. G. P. Roufiaer and P" A. M. Boele vanHensbroek, as well as the gentlemen alread"y named, Mr. S"Muller, tr'2., and especially Mr. Grot'he van Schellach, who wasable to dralv therefor from family papers.

In the first place, I can by this means refer to the shortbiography, to be found on page 651 of vol xi. of A. J. van derLa' s B io gr afi s ch W oor d, enb o elc (Haarlem, I 865 ),'where, however,Loten's services as Governor of Macassar * are alone extolled,and in particular mention is made of a fine map in 19 sheets ofCelebes, r'vhich he caused to be prepared by his bookkeeperJean Michel Aubert.t

In the secondplace, one finds some details intheBi,id,ragenuq,n het Koninkliilc Instituut oan Taal-, Lanil- en Volkenkund,euan Ned,.-IndiA 4fh series, vol. v. (1881), from the hand ofP. J. B. C. Robid6 van der Aa, in his paper " The Great BantamRising in the Middle of Last Century," rvhere the irnportantr:6le filled in 1752 bv Loten, at that time counciilor extra-ordinary, as commissar;. sent to the Bantam court, isdescribed, and a report from his hand printed ; whilst, in anappendix (pp. a9-53) the writer relates one thing and anotherfurther regarding Loten's career.

" l74l-50 (sea sLr,pra).

t This map is mentioned by R,obid6 van der Aa (ri,. l,.), who says tha6it is in the Bodel-Nyenlmis collection"

No. 58.-1907.] roaN erDtxoN LorEN, F.R.s.

fTtrecht was Lotenls earlier place of residence.* X.rom my1rapers I can also adcl to this that, as appears from a letterrtrated Colombo,2Tth January 17b6, treating of a consignmentof natural curiosities, there then lived in Utrecht also a6lother, Arnoud Loten, rvho also became burgomaster of thisf,orvn, and died only in 1801, and in the female line was ana,ncestor of the present Grothe family.f

On the authority of Prof. Veth, van der Aa also adopt-serroneously the year 1732 as that in which Loten was ap-pointed fiscal at Samarang (" before his arrival at Batavia,"says the relater) and on 24th August of the same was married.The information that both here forgot is to be found in theepitaph of Mrs. Loten, nlte van Beaumont, in the old Dutchrlhurch inside the fort f at Colombo, to be found on plato 25 inthe work cited by van der Aa himself , Lap,id,arium Zeylanicum,be.,ing a Collection of Monumental Insui,ptions ot' the DutcltChurches and, Churchyard,s of Ceylon, by L. Ludovici, Colombo,1877.$ We there read that she was born on 13th Novembertr716 at the Cape of Good llope, married 24th August 1733,and died l0th August (not I lth August, as Prof. Veth stated)t755.

Van der Aa surmises that Mrs. Loten rvas a ciaughter of theindependent fiscal Cornelis van Reaumont, r.vho died at theCape of Good Hope in L724.ll According to the same

'r Bnt not his l-rirthplace i see in!r&.-i See fu'ther regarclingl Arnoud Loten under Sec. III. According t'o

'lralentyn (i. 290), a " Josef Lothen, indepenclent fiscal," commandediho returrr fleet from Java to Ifolland in l72l; and in t'ho additionallist of subscri.bers to Valentyn's 6;reat work (given at the end of vol. v.pt,. 2) appears " Joseph Loten, lord of Rnnnicl< ancl Vechten, Witfe-vrolrwen ancl Abstede, as also canon to the chapter of tho cathedral at'Utreclrt," who evidently was a relative of Joan Gideon's.

f Wolvendaal clmrch is outs'id'e I'he Colombo'fort.g See also C. As. Soc" Jl. xv. 235, xvii' 18.

l l l(ornelis van l3eaumont, uucler -merchatt an<l il i s'p ensl er at t)olombo,nppointed indeperndent fiscal at the Cape of Good Hope 1712, anclarrived there l7l3 (Yal. Beschr. u. Bat. iv. 383); held otrtce I7l2-24,rvlren lre clied (Ici. Beschr. t:. d. Ko,ap d. G. H. 41). See also C. As. Soc.Jl. xvii. 16, rvhere van Reatmont's rvife's narne is given as DelianaBlesius, ancl she is said (? erroneously) to have died in Colombo on thesarne clay as her daughter, Loten's wife. 1 {She js aiso confused with hersister, Johanna Gystierta.)

J36 JOUnNAI,, F,.A.S. (CEYT,ON). [Vor. XIX"

irrtormant, Loten made his later vovage to the Cape* whollyir.s a private individual, and also becau,qe an inheritance hadfallen to his then deceased r.r.ife.t

With respect to tlie later clisputo of Loten,s with the EagtIndia Company regarding the derluctions made in the repay-rnent of the loan of 100,000 rixdollars, van der Aa, ,, afteril, careful perusal of the request,,' judges unfavourably ofLoten's complaint and demand, antl even says further that" Loten's actions and monetary concerns cannot perhaps inany respect stand the test of careful investigation.,' For ourpart, hotvever, in like manner, after a careful perusalof the documents, .lve, as in truth prof. Veth, do notregard Loten's demand as in any sense unreasonable, andconsequently van der Aa's suspicion of his rectitucle is notjustified.

R,eturning now to Loten himself, I can, thanks to Mr.Grothe's communications, coruect, and at the same tirne to alarge extent supplement, Robid6 van der Aa's statements.

He was boln l6th May l7l0 at Scadeshoeve, in the parishof Maartensdyk, and had as parents Jean Karel Loten, secre-bary of the Lekdijk Benedendams and stew-arcl of the conventof Marie Magdalena at, Wijk-bij-Duursted.e, and Arnoudina\{aria Aerssen van Juchem"

The Lotens rvele of n'Iemish origin. In 146l an ancestorappears as burgomaster of Aardenburg.

1\{r. Grothe also informs me that Loten, r,vhile residing inEngland, was married a second time, on 4th Jul;r 1765, at,Ranstead in Surre;r, namely, to Letitia Cotes, daughter ofDigby Cotes and Elizabeth Bannister, who survived her hus-band and died 1lth June 1810.{

In the plate given in the work mentioned, of the tornbstoneof l{rs. Loten, appears also a representation of her arms,$

No. 58.-1907.] JoAN GTDEoN rrornN, n.R.s.

namely, a scutcheon divided into tu,o halves longitudinally,in rvhich in the right half on a golden field a green thistle-branch forming two shoots llotenf-the arms of the Lotens ;and the left half divided into quarters, the uppermost display-i ng a rarnpant black lion on a golden ( ? ) field and underneath agolden ship on a blue field-the arms of the van Beaumonts.

Some clays before the death of Mrs. Loten there died invery early youth the only grandchild, also mentioned on thesaid tombstone, as Albert Anthonie Cornelis van der Brug-ghen. We see from this that at that time Loten's only childrvas also staying in Colombo, perhaps also her husband,*regarding rvhose identity van der Aa hazarded a guess, whichseems to have been incorrect,; since Mr. Grothe van Schellachrvrote to me concerning tliis rvife as follorvs :-o' Armandina fI)eliana Cornelia lthe daughter of Loten], the date of rvhoselrirtlr is unknown to me,f rvas married 19th July 17i2, atI3atavia, to Dirk Willern van der Brugghen, born at Bergenop Zoom, 4th February I7I7, upper merchant and chief atSoerabaia, lvhence he returned home in 1758.$ He died atUtrecht, 7th October 1770, she at Batavia, 15th May 1756.'fhey had trvo children."ll

Besides the above-named daught,er', .ivho r,vas his secondcluld, Loten had by Anna Henriette van Beaumont tlvo othercirildren ; the eldest lr-as a daughter, born t6th October 1734,and soon died, on 30th April 1735 ; the third, :r, son, died anliour after birth.

is more liko a lion rampant ; rvhile in plato 25 the lion, which in platelli is correctly shown as passant, (not passant guardant-.. leopard6 "--as Mr. de Voshas it), is assuming a rampant attitucle, The forrnrf the ship also differs considerably in the two plates.

x There is no proof of this. Mrs, van der Brugghon maSz have beenotr a visiN to her parents r,vifhout her husband.

f This is evidently a misprint or misreading fot Arnoud.ina, whichivas the namo of Loten's mother.

{ As Loten's first child.was born l6th October 1734 we may, I think,safelyplace the birth of this seconddaughter inthe latter partof 1735.'lhis would make her bareiy 1? years old at tire time of her marri:lge-a'ltout the sarne age at which her mother married Loten.

S h the sarne ship as Lot,en probably.ll R,egarding theso chilsren see at encl of Ssction lII.

* Ilr 1775*6 (see supra).-f- Loten had then been ten years rnarried to an English v-ife (see below).I R,egarding this second marriage see under, iiection III,S Cf. C. As. Soc. Ji. xv. 285 atd 22g. Owing to the jenorance of the

la,piclaries or of tho artist, the van Beatm,,na o"-*,r"-u very faultilyrelrr+serrted in the plates l6and 2d of Lapi,d,. Zeyt. For instance, inplate l{i' the lion in tho crest, which Mr'. de vos describos as issu:rntn

238 JOTiRNAL, R.A.S. (CEYT,ON). fVor,. XIX.

In later years * Loten returned from England to the father-,land, fixed his abode at Scadeshoevo-*at least in the summer

-and died, as appe&rs from the rcsister of cleaths consultedby Mr. S. lfuller, in the burgess ranl<, on 25th Februarv l7gg,:r,t Utrecht, " at the Drift near the Wittevrou\r,enbrug."

fn conclusion, something furthsr, regarcling the history pfrny collection of plates.

Robid6 van der Aa Jrad suggesteil IZ90 as the proba,ble yearof Loten's death, referring to tke Kunst- en .Letterbocle of l7g},p. 34 (should be vol. ii., p" 34)" On consulting that work, onereads therc uncler.the short reports:-

" Haarlem. List of presents to the Dutch society of Sciencessince 2Sth llay |139 to 2lst May 1790" For the room ofnatural curiosities. A collection of about 130 very fine drau-ings of mostly East Indian and rare birds, as also of some four-footed beasts, fish, crabs, sea-polyps, insects, and. plants, bylegacy of the late l{r. Joan Gideon Loten, in his lifetimeformer councillor of l{ether:lands fndia and Governor ofCeylon."

At once surrnising that this report referuccl to mv orvnplates, I applied through the medium of Dr:. Greshofi to prof.I)r. J. IJosscha at }Iaadeni, secrctary of the l)utch society ofSciences. u'hereupon I receivetl the follorving reply :-

" Here is x'hat riiy investigations have yielcleci" In theminutes of the meeting of directors of 4th August the follolvingis recorded :--

Ther president a,lso corrrmunicatcd ilrat Mr. J. T(o1 hacl in-{or'red the secletilry *'dci: clatc Utrocht, lgth J.ly last, .bhat thelate l{r. Joan Giclcon Loten, in his lifetirne former councillor ofNethell.ands India and Governor- of Ceylon, by a coclicil dateil l3thOctober l778 had ongaged to have transferreilto this Dutch societyof Sciences his collection of clrau,.ings and sket,ches madc in. East,India, as thcse shall antl are to be founcl. in a hrge coppcr box farnong his ruovables, on applicatiorr for thc saicl legacy, in ex-change for a proper receipt irr discharge of the inforrrrant as ex-ccu1,o'- of the decea,sed's estate,-- that on the same clate, the secre-tarv hal'ing beel retllestccl altl qlalifiecl t[ercfor, i,his tra'sfer

x Apparently aborLt 1783 (see rrnder Ser:tion III.),'i See nt enrl of Section I I I. regar,cline this legac5,.

5il. 1{}07.| .toAN GTDEoN LorrN, rf.x,.s.

rrils carriccl out,, and t.hc said ooppet box r.vith the said drawir.rgsr:,rrd sketches, ancl va,rions adttitional prints in sepia ancl *"r,"".1l*rglish prints of natural objects, were otrtainea by the sccretar.y.;rrrrl lairl on the table for inspectior-r, .rvhich was carriecL out, anclI,irc infoltnaut thanked for his corrununication ; it was also r.e--rrlvr:rl t, tha'k in trre fi:ie.dricst mahner the said Mr. J. t(.1 i*

'h.r,iinrlro of the society f.r' his t'o*ble'in this matter. as also t,o offe'' ' 1,ir}'l lrc e-11yon*p.i irruru,t,ctJ tlrr.rcirr wit,lr t,lranks, as is fair." Of this collection

'othing is no*, to be founcl either in thelibrary or in the archives. I imaginc that the copper boxt'gether rvith its contents was in the collection of

'aturali;'riosities that the Society at that time possessed, but bhat;r,as removed in 1866 (see Memorial of the lb0th an'ive_xsarv,rf the Dutch Society of Sciences, 1g02, p. 2g). On thati{casion the coppel box "r,vith plates r.vas doubtless also givenil\i'ay, to rvhom ol to rvhat institution is no lonser to bcii,$certained."

'l'his letter as rvell as the extract quoted from the old. K,unst.,:n, LetterborJe .fits in so rvonderfully rl-ell with my collectiori.t,hat at this rnoment f can entcrtain not a sh&dolv of a cloubttha,t it is the legacy of Mr. Loten to the Dutch Society" Onlvl,!re vicissitudes of the plates between the vear 1g66, lvhen lhe,liociety nrentionec'l had its ,, great dispcrsal,,, and the tirne*iren the firm of Niihofi got them into their possession?r.-hich by my orders they bought for me on t3th n'cbr:uary!,985, rernains as yet a bit of unrecordecl histor.y. Mr. Boele, ur }lensbroek rvrote to me : " Thcy belonged. to mc, a,ndr 'rrmed part of :r, large lot of books, &c., that f had tal<en over

ririnr the late art dealer A. G. de Visser. Whence the latterllrr,ctr the drarvings can no longer be traced.,, Of the (jopper;rerx spoken of ihere i-* at present even less of nny tlace to belis'-,overed.

And hele also for the moment my knorvleclgc <if the rnatter',f ,.rps. l{eanrvhile I shall be jnclebted for ail further reference-.,t information that anyone can send me regarding the prin-'igral liersons here brr.rught on the stage, or tlieir. adventuresirrd omployments.

2.39

'l'lie Hague, l'ebrunrv Ig06. v. H.

I

241t J CURNAL, P,.A.S. (0EYLON). [Vor. XIX.

SecrroN I I l.So far lfr. van Houten. To supplement the details given

a,bove regarding de Bevere and Loten a,nd the paintings. I.irere adil u'hat furthel informalion I have been able to collect.

First, as to the artist arrd his family.X'rom Mr. tr'. I{. de Vos of Galle I learn that Willem Hen'-

drik de Bevere of Oosterwijk came out to East India as anensign in 1688 by the slip China. Where he servcd duringt'he first ferv years, and r,vhen he r,r'as promoted, I do not linorv,*but in 1696 he was in Amboina u'itli the rank of licutenzrnt,frvhich position he held until 1702, u,'hen he became captain-lieutenant.-f In this capacity he commanded an expeditionagainst certain runalvays in f705.$ At the end of this vear,or in 1706, as captain he left Amboina for Java to take part inthe expedition against Soe.rapati, arriving by tlie ship Scloora-dyk at Japara on 23rd July ;ll and on lStli August rve read ofhim as being plesent at a reception by the Depati of Soerabajarto y.hich he had brought the old prince of l{arlura.fl Underrtrate 20th August, Captain de Bevere is referred to as com-manding a brigade;x* and under 23rd August rve read thatthis brigade consisted of 723 men.tt On 4th September,Valentyn says, he accompanied Captain de Bevere to tilequarters of Captain van der Horst, .u'ho had invited his brotherofficers and other guests to an entertainment, details of l.'hich

I Very li.kely those years were spent in Batavia, for rvhich placeValentyn's lists of ensigns and lieutenants arc very defective (seeBe"-chr. aa,n Bataaia 117,416). A relative, Gerard de Bevere, occupiedpositions of importanee in Batavia at this time, being a councillorexttaordinary of India, 1687-90 (Yal. Beschr. uan Bat. 372), advocatefiscal 1688 io May 1690 (ibid. 379), and president of aldermen 1688to ISth Mtr,y 1690 (ibid. 391). I have found no other references tohim.

I Ya,l- Ambon. Zaalcen (vii.) 44 and 25!).

I Id. 44, i5, and 27, where he appoars in the list of chief officials torr704.

S Id. 261 and (r-ii.) 27, where, in the list for 1705. .. left " is appended1,,, lris rrarrre.

ll Yal. Bc,schr. uan Groot Jaua I55. Valentyn accornpanied thisexpedition as assistant, chaplain.

\ro. 58.-1907.] JoAN GrDroN LornN. F.R.s. 211

ii,re given.* on llth septerrrber conrrnander Govart Knol,rvith thc brigade of Bintang, de Bevere, and van der Horst, setollt against, the enemy, accompanried by Valentyn,f u,ho int,ire follorving pages gives rninute details of the expedition, delJevere's name often appearing,f especially in conncctionrvith his unfortunate defeat ancl hjs ,subsequent courageousbehaviour at the capture of Bangel on 16th October 1bo1l otivhich events have lieen referrecl to by l{r,. yan Houten above).!'rom Valentyn's statemr:nts if rvould appear that ile Bevere,sconduct in attempting to justify his behaviour in connectionryith the former affair: l,as not very straightforwarcl.$ Hov-evel, he seems to have succeeded ultimately in clearing him_self, for, in detailing thr eveirts fhab tooh place in Jav:i in1708, \ralentyn ll says :-

In the rneanwhile the trial of the affair of d_e Bever:e at Bataviawas finished, he, in consequence of his clcfence, acquitted, antlnot long aftenvards sent as captain t,o Ceylon, where he remainedsome years, but in the end, having come back from an expeditionto the emperor of Candi, was again at loggerheads, as we shallsee rrrore fully under the affairs of Cevlon.

When Valentyn came to clescribe the aflairs of Ceylon heseems to have forgotten his promise, or to have charrged hisnrind ; for he does not evr:n mcntiorr dt, llcr,,ere, nor does he*ay anvthing regarding the expedition rvhich hatl such an un-irleasant result for the ca,ptai'" ll,hat tlie latter left Java, forCeylon tolvards tlie end of 1708 seems probable, thouqh Valen-tvn does not give tlie date ; :rnd it is possible that he went jn{)ne of the ships that sailed from Ba,ta,via in October convevingto Ceylon as a sta1,e prisoner the Pangerang Depati Anom, rvithiris three sons, nineteen rvives, and suite of fifty-two ilren.{Tl

While in Ceylon Captain cle llevere r.:ls in conirnancl of the

'iiiitia in colombo.x* rt rvas at this time that (as rne'tionedllv Mr. van Houten above) he formed the liaisorr. tlie fruit r.rf

* Ibicl. 169.

f lbid. t70.$ See 172, 174, r78, 129, lSt. 182, lS6, tSZ.$ See 181, 192, 193, 197.ll Loc. ci,t. 200.u Val. Zoc. cit.20:..x* So lfr. F. FI. rle Vos infonns ine, rvithout giving his au+"hority.!T rbid. 158, t5e +* Ibid. 162. tf lbid. 163

242 ,rotJR\rAL. R..{.i. (r'E\ LO\). fVor,. XIX.

which r.r'as the father o{ Loten's artist protegee.* What theaarrre of Captain Willem Hendrik de Bevere's son 1vas, we arenot told by Loten. Nh'. de Vos, however, tells me of a o' I)avidWillemsz de Bevere. of Batavia. an alssistant O. I. C., whornarried (2) in Colombo- lSth J:i,nuary 1736, Elizabeth Andrie-sen of Trincomalee,"t and rvho, l{r'" de Vos thinks, lvas a spnof Captain der Revere's. If this a,ctuzrlly be the father of theartist, the latter may havt-- lreen a trliild by the first wife,fwhose na,me Mr" de Vos does not give.

With respect to thc mvst,erious afiair lrhich jnvolved thehot-he:rded captain in fulther trouble, I think that the follorv-ing extract from t,he lleknoytte Historie aan, de Voornaam,ste

Geheurtenisse.n op Ceil,on$ rira,y afforcl some light :-In ther beginning of tire vear 1714 an ambassador rvho liad gone

up 'lvith the usual yearlv presents, and had been received vervtiriendlily at the court, rvas indiscreet and foolhardy enough, onletiring t'hence, to have recoltrse. oontrary to a1l imagination, tounheard of grossnesses arrcl conducb sharneful to our nationo in{jonsequence of which theLe uras tire greatest uneasiness in Colcm-bo : nevertheless not the slightest, hat n came to him or to hissrrite, at, whicir one could not, hclp being sur-prised. C)n t'his ac-count, in order: to prevent t,he fionsequences of such illbred andimpropet belia,r'iour, it, rvas t,houghi; rvell at, once to send an ola t,othe court and therein to offer: apologies, rvith a promise that theanrbassador's conduct should be rigorously punished, rvith whichthe court 'bhen appearecl to bc satis{ied, since in 1,his and thefollowing year l7l5 mat'ters continued in peace.

'Jlaking all things into consideration, I thirrk there can behardl5' any doribt that the amlras-qaclor here spciken of wasCaptain de Bevere,ll and that the " loggerheads " (strubbelin-ge?e) spoken of bv Vaientvn q'ere the consequence of his

* Loien, as quotecl bv illr. r'rrn .Flouten :rbcir-e. savs that, in 1755" Major " de Bevere's son ,o seenrecl about,50 or 55." Rut, trs Captaintle Bevere clid not a,rrir-e in Cervlon until the cncl of 1708. his son couldnot possibly ha,ve been morc tharr 45 or.lti in i755.

t llr. de Yos a,dcls the narnes of soveral descendanis of this couple"} Wl-rat Loten says, hc'.i1,-evcr (.u. s.), soerns to clisprove this.oS See also Cl. .{s. Soc" J}. xi. t16, rvlrere, lrorvevcr, tJre translation is

ra,ther {i'ee.An exa,tuin:rtion tif the Drrtch lecolrls in Oolornbo would probably

sottle the questiori.

)tro. 58.-1907.] ,JoAN GrDE()\ r,orEN. r"F..s

! )utrageous conduct. * In an.V case hc seetns to have lef t Ce.yloni'or Ratavia in l7l4 or 1715, for in the latter year, accotdinllro valentyn,t he rvas one of the captains at ilie kotterdar" g.rl,in Batavia, as rvell &s captain of tlic castle and najor fol airhile. In 1717, accord,iltg to the sarne authority,ll deBcverr:;,(-',reived thc perrnanent appointment of captain of the c&stle^,r. post rvhich lie held until l7lg. when hc Jiecl.$

That captain de Bevere reft behind him i. ccyl.' his rnis-tress and child seems certain ; and. iudging bv Loten,s ryolds,luotecl by Mr. van llouten above, it l-ould u1rp",r, that tlioughbrought up respectably and as a Christiuii tt i, child, o'rrit,aining adolescence and ma,nhood, displaYcd no rlncorlmon,lualities to call for: special mention, edse Loten u,ould. ..urelv[ave said something of them. Regarding this rnan ancl hisi,a,lented son \4'e shall probably never le,rrn rnore than rvhabi,oten has told us.lj

Let us nor'v tur'to Loteri irimself. A.s the crvents o{ his iifel'ecorded by Mr. v.n Ho*terr i* his t'.r, papers are set dou-n i';l somel'r'hat h:r,phazard tranner, it, tnay bc ars rve]l to tabulateNhem liere according to chronoiogical sequence. They are asiollows:--t.'iIU 16 NIay Loten born at, Sr,racleshoeve.l7i]2 4 Ja:r L. -qails as rtniltr nrerchant for l,.ast Indies.,, .{rrg, L. arrivos at Batavia.

j ;3;i I0 JuIy 1-. appointecl fisoal, Ja,r,a's nor.tlr coast,., 24 Aug. " #ru'Jjl,i.;

Tratavia to A,rna T{eni:ierr

., 10 Scpr.., 29 Sept.

i'i;:i.1 16 Oct"

L" Ieates Batavia Ior Sarnarang.L. arrives at Sanraratg..1,.'s eldest, chiltl bonr,

"! tr'or 'r'hich

he had noi tht' oxcrrse tirat j*stifiecl ilre berravior* of a*''rlrilier ar'bas5nd61-a solclier t, boot-rrer-LricrLs 'a' Rrstr,rr'elt in.1''7[ ("eo C. -4,s. Soc. Jt. xi" 3iI-?6, Iinox llast *]cl. ltili.

'r Besclt.r. ,oqn Bat. 4lb,r Ibid. 41.1.

li lbid. ?hat de Bever:e ik:o-* noi.,tlppetu. tlr {lat.e boel punisheti.]',rt

ra:leL to have becn pro'iotccl, rreed.,rot s.rpi:iso *s: cornpare il._.i'il!i) ol C)\.crschie nnd Thvssen in 1645 (see C, -\s. ilcic. Jl, xviij. Igg anrl1iil) t. 146).

._ ,i [r-nless, incleccl, it, tro frorii t]re \\:llr,,.encia,rJ r.ltLrrclL re.or,ds:r*d thcil'tlch a,rch.ives in Colornbo.

')44

I735 3(l AprilI740 6*10 Nov"r 7411741 ? Mar',, 24 Mar.

11747 Dec.l

r.750 li7 Oct.l17"o2 [Mar.]t ,, April

,. 19 Julv

,, ltO Sept.1754 24 Mar.

1,, Oct.l1?55 30 July

". I0 Aug.I ?56 l5 May175'i 18 Mar.r 758

I 763r 76517741 775r77G177'.l

r 77S

Juttt:

4 July7 Oct.

4 Nov.17 l'eb.7 llar.

tr3 June13 Oct.

",.ruR\AL. R.-{.s. {clEY-t,oN). [Voi,. XIX.

I-.'s eldest chilcl dies.L. rnakes excut'siotr inland,l-. returns to Ratavia.L. leaves Batavia for Macassar: as Govetnor.I-. arrives at, lfat:assar as Governor.1,. appointecl councillor extraordinary of

N. 1.

1,. leavcs Macassar lirt Batavia'1,. serrt as cottrtuissar-y to Rat,avia'L. r'etLrrns to Batavia.lT,.'s tJ-auglrtcl rnarlied at Rai,avia to Ditk

Willerl van der T3rugghc'n.

L, leavcs Bat,avia frrr Ceylon as Govetnol'.1.,. :r,l''-ives at Colornbo.I-.'s grandson born at, Colornbo'tr-. appointccl councillor otclinary of India'L.'s grandson dies at Colornbo.1,.'s u'ife dies ab Colombo"[,.'s claughter dies at Baiavia.L. lcaves Ceylon for Batavia.L. lcaves lJatavia for f{ollarrcl.1,"'s son-in-larr lea'l"es Batavia fo.r Holland.1,, arrives in l{ollancl..1,. visit's Iranoo for: health.1,. marriecl at llanstead to Lctit'ia Cotes.

L.'s son-in-lav" dies at Utreclrt.L. leavcs for Cape of Good HoPe.L" arrives at Cape of Good HoPe'L. leaves Cape of Good Hope for Holland.L. aruives at'I'exel"1,. beclueat.hs painbings, &c', to Dutch

Society of Sciencos' Haatlerrl.T,. dies at Llt'redit.T,.'s r.r"irlorv rlitrs.

178f) 25 tr'eh"1810 I I .lrurc

It r.r'ill have becn nobicecl that l\Ir. v€rn Houten gil'es no irr-

{ormation regardin[! Loten's history from t]re tirne of his birtiruntil his cXeparture for tlre llast fnclies in his tn'enty-seconcl

yea,r ; and I am unable to t'hrou' any }ight on tiiis period of his

life' Nor ca'rr r adil to thc cletails furnishecl b5' Mr' van Houten{'oncerring Loten's eareer in t}re East, beyond those I have

given in foot'notes to his i,rvo papers" As regalcls the thirdancl longest portiolr of his li{e,I r:a'n supply a few additjonal

rJo. 5E.-- t.9()7..] .,o-r\ (+rDEoj\: r,o.rEN. ]r..n.s. 2-t5

ir,lcis, u'hich are the disa,ppointingly mengre result of tlic re"::r.ii,rch r harre mrr"cle in,rl1 the sourccs ilrnt seemecl lik*l't.'i' ic"ld infornration.*

As u,e htr,vc see', T,oten lcft the llast fr,rr good i' ITbg, arriv-iirgi' Frolla'd in June of tliatvear. rre*asilreni'ilreprime.i;i trife. '*'a's possessed of co'siderable means, and had no fanrilr,rirs.t Hc rvas therefo'e able to devote his rvirore tinre to trisravourite study of natural history, and to carr.y on cor.re-''Fo*clence on the subject rvith various Europear natur:r,list,s.tr-\ihrrt his immediate movcments u'ere, after his arriva,l in!{riiland, I cannot say; but that he x,as in England in l760 isrieri&in.i trn that yea,r \tas pubtishecl thc seconcl part ofFlcirr-ards's GlecLnings of Natura,l History, ancl in the list of;;'lbscribers to thc .w.ork, prefixed to tliis part, appear..s theli:r,nre of, " John tlideon Loten, Esq."

'l'lie Roval Fiociety, in recognition of thc sclvices thu,t Lotentrilc:l rendered to the cause of science, this same year (1760)r,irnfcrterl upon him the honour of their fellor,r-ship. His cer:ti-iicirlc,$ a copv of r,r-hich I owe to the courtesv of lfr" ,Robt.

" "l'he eorrcspondcnrc trnd monoirs ol sorne of thc nren of srience., lr' livccl in t]rc latter lrrr,l{ of ihe eightecnt}r r,cntur,.1. ruay possibl.y rlrr-rill SOme fireltion o{ Loterr.i I{is tu.o grarrd.l.}ildron accr:r:npaniccl their father.i li-hu,t he v.as in Englancl in 175! seerits ovident ftorn tlre {:r,ct t}rat

., lie o1l Edl-:rrds's pla,tcs, painlccl {rorn spccirrrcns beliutrine to T,oterr".r'r ,1atectr in th:rt !o:rr (sce further on).

,'Ii is,si..rnr:d bv Professor,\1lamand, 1!1. Maty. Th. Birr,!r, {,ioryjrrr',rriairt. anclGeorgo Edr'vards. The last of thoservas the autlrrr.ol tlre,r,,r,!ig 3h,....1t rnentioned and rnore fully dealt rvith bclou," 'l'he Rer..l-i,!rlrr:1s llirch rvas secrelr:lry of the Roval Society, 1752.-8ir. JI:r,ttlierr,Lrrt..t. !l fellcirv-corrntrvnran of, Loten's, rvas at this tinre ari rrncler,-

' rrrarirln in the .llritish ]{uscum (h 1772 principal libi:lrir:lrr, iri l?62; i'ci.gn secret'ary,andinlT6Sprincipalset:retaryof fheiloyal Sorietr,).: ,.,r':ir l{night rvtls the first prr'ncipa) librarian of thc Britis}i }[usernrr,'i,,nr its fixndtr,tion in 1756 rrntil his death in i772" (Soer Dict. o/ tVat.liir',i. lcgtr,rcling tr,il {our rnerr.) ,Iean Njcolzrs S6bastien Alla,mrrnd, a.ir'.r:s-s. 'v&s plofessor ofi phiiosopliy :rnd natural liisi:ory at',he tnivcr-r:i., o1'Franeker in Friesland. I{e rv:rs elocted tr, fellou'of thc R,oval'i, r'iety iri l?46. IIis ntr"ure is pcrpetrrated in that of the gonrrs of1l,r',r'oring ,rrecFers -Alla,nranda. Eviderrtly thc above ceriifieate rvir,s. rifterr bv irinr. (See fnr.tlrer regruding ]riur in Norr,o, Bioo. (il.n.. ii.\

246

r1

JOUR,NAL, Ii.A.s. (CEYLON ). [Vor,. XXX.

llarrison, Assistant Secretary of the .R,oyal Society,* runs a,S

follorvs :-Monsieur Joan Gideon Lot'en, a-cien Gouverneur de Ceylon,

est un homme si distingu6 par sa naissance, par les emplois donbiI a 6t6 revetu, par son m6rite et ses belles connoysances dans.

dif6rentes parties de Ia Philosophie, qu' il ne peut que faire hop-neur i, toute Soci6t6 Literaire qui Ie reconnoitra pour un de ces

rnembres. J' ose dire en particulier que sa profonde estime pourla Soci t6.R61'6,lls de Londres et pour les excellens ouvrages de

ceux qui la compose le rend bien digne d'6tre aggr6g6 i, cet lllus-tre Corps.

Transl,ation.

Mr. Joan Gideon Lol,en, former Governor of Ceylon, is a ntan so'

distinguished by his birth, by the offices wit'h which he has beeninvested, byhis meritand hisfine attairunent,s indifferent bran-ches of Philosophy, that he cannot but, confer honour upon anyliterary society that shall recognize him as one of its mernbers-I may say in particulat that his profound esteem for the RoyalSociety of London and for the excellent, works of those that, com-pose it, render hirn very worthy of being added to that, illustriousbody.

On 27th November Loten was balloted for and e-lected, andon llth December was admitted as a Fellow of ihe RoyalSocietv.f

It rvas doubtless at this time that Loten took up his resi-

dence at l-ulham, as referred to by l\{r. van llouten above ;

though rvhen that resiclence began, and how long it continued,I have not been able to cliscover.f lrr any case, it is certainthat he spent a numbef, of years in England,$ bpcoming almost

* l{r. I{arrison has also made a search anong t}re recorcls of theRoyal Society, but has found no further roforence to Loten.

f Loten's name appears for the fust time in the " l-ist of the RoyatrSociety " ior 1761, and (it should be noted) not amorrg the "personsof other nations," but as " John Gideon Loten, Esq."

f Mr. C. J. Feret's elaborate work, Fulham ONd, and Netu (1900),confains no reference to l,oten.

$ In 1763, as Mr. van Ilouten rnentions, he visited France for thoherrefit, of his lrealttrr.

i{o.58.-1907.] JoAN c+rDrroN LornN, r.R,.s. 247

rrrr,turalized,* learning to use the English language like his

'rother tongue, and marrying an Itrngliih wife. llhis last fact

.\{r. rran Houten has mentioned above ; ancl it is recorded int,lre follon'ing notice, rvhich I copy from the Gentleman,sMagazine for 1765 (vol. xxx. p. 3a6j :_'Julv 4. John Gideon Loten of Nerv Burlington-str. U*q;_-

1,6 Miss Coates, neice [sic] to the counfess of Northington.ilaking the above lr,ith n,hat l\{r. van Houten tells us, it

scenrs that Lot,en rvas married at Banstead in Surrey (ihelesidence, apparentlv, of his bride,s widor.ved mother) to Let_f ir:e Cotes,f lr.hose father, the R,ev. Dr. Digby Cotes.ll rrascorrnected u.ith the peerage; and further, that Loten hadf.aken a house in Nerv Burlingtorr Street, in the heart ofLondon, as a permanent residence. That this was the case isevident from the follorving notice of the death of Loten,s rvidorvfortv-five years laterg (Gent. Mag.lxxx. (lgl0) 672\ :_

June I l In New Burlington-street, tlie wid.orv of John GideonLoten, esq. formerly Governor of Ceylon, and grand_riaughtertro William Lord Digby.

ifhat this marriage u'as childless is certain; but of Loten,sd.rnestic life r kno*' alr'ost nothing. A somervhat cursory

* Notico ho'lr'. in the authorities I quoie, his name is alrvays gi.r,on inil'glish form, I cannoi help thinking that Loten hacl somJ reasonother than his lovo of science that led hirn to resiile in England. Tho.elaiions of the English and Dutch in the East u'ere at this periocls()rrre\vhat strained (seo Willson's Led,ger and Suoril ii. 140_3) ; and[,oten's pro-]Jng]ish iikings co'ld hardly have tended to increase thea,iTection of tl're N. E. I. Co. towards him.

,.,r::Jnt Letitia, as Mr. van Houten I'ras it. Lettico v'as a Digby famiiy

:f ln the notice of his death, llth Jamrary 174t5, in lhe Gent, Mag. xv.ii!, he is thus doscribed:-,,R,ev. Dr Digby Coates, rector of Coleshill,-1\'rurvickshire, prebendary of Litchfield, and principal of XlagdatenE.all, Oxford." For further particulars regarding }iim, others of thellotes (or Coates) family, their connection with tho Digby family, andColeslrill, see Foster's Aturnni, Ononienses, Early Serios i. 832, iater$sries i. 301 : (1ent. Mag. lxiii. (f?98) 289-4: Dngdale's Antiquities of\\:;rndcksh:lro ( lTBg), 1006-20.

l

ll

l

il

I

$ And just over a hur:dred years after Loten,s birth,so(.roud l{r's. Loten v'a,s born, I Jiave not discovoled-

L

\Then tho

36-07

248 .lol n\.\t,. H..\.s. (( l:\ l.()\). lVor.. X1X.

perusal of Loten's lengthy rvill* and tliat r-rf his n'icklu- atSomelset House has {urnis}ied utc rvith s,rrtte interesting cle-

tails ; t ancl u'ere the fonner" tlocunient col-riecl and printedfit rvoulil tlilorv a good deal o{ lig}rt upon Loten's family }ristory.

I find, among otlier particulars, lhat Loteu had in his

householctr a fa,ithful llernale frei'd slal'e narncd Sity, a nat'ive

of Celebes. It t,ould tlppear, judging frotn the dates of the

various codicils, that Loten's lcsidence in .England continued

until about 1?81 or 1782,5 and tliat a,fter that date he settled

dorvn in or neal Utrecht, lvhere, as Mr. van Hout'en lias stated,

his brother Arnoucl t'as bur€lomaster,ll anil his tr'o grand-

childrentf probablv livecl. That Mrs. Loten also lernoved toHolland is probable, though I liave no proof of it; but tliat she

visitecl UtrecJrt at some period rve knou- from her will.* x Afterher husband's cleath, at, any rate, \vc may be sure tliat she once

more took up her: abode iri Nerv Burlington Street, rvhete, as

rve have seen, she died. Her body t'as doubtless buried, as

in her u'ill she desircs it to be, in the chancel of the church

at Coleshill , of thich her father liad for so manY years been

x \\iith the r-aliorts codicils, il, covcrs some l6 folio pnges. The wiilitself is dated in 1767, the r:odicils bear various dates dorrn to a,lmost

ihe -veal oil l.oten's death. thc later one'q bcilrg transl:rtions fi'otrt theDrLt'oh.

'f lln{oltrLn.ately, thc notes L had ma,cle u-ele .irltpt-irLndecl by a soul-

less official on the gloturd that, tlrey $'el'e " !'01-e11ue ": hence I ha,ve tolel.y orr rly rnell]ojlY

j: l\Irs. Loten's l'ill c'artrrot l:e cnpioil. a,s it {a1lsr'r,ithin the plesclibedperiod.

$ Comptrle l-lratl"orstcr sil,)rs. itr tltr: erttact clttotod belotr'. Orro

inc.idenb of Loien's later r.e:rrs. recorded by Ilobiciir r':rn der An in thorvork qgrotecl abor.e, Mr. van Tilouten has ornittccl to ntcntion" namely,that in I 7?5 Loteri u'as in colrcspondence rvith the noted hydrog*rapher

James Dalryrlple regarding a map of Cclebcs (dor.r}:tless the ono in l9shects by Jcan }Iichel Aubert spoken of abovo).

ll This fact is also mentioned in Lotcn's t'iil, from t'hir:h, more-

ovor, lvo letarn thnt, AlnotLd had a son and a cltr.ughter", t'hcforn:er boingir namesalie oI Lotel's

,li These, a son. rntl a daughto'r' of Dirk l\iiliern van der l3rugghen,are loferred to by Loten in his rvill. The clauglrtel mtrrliod (if myllomory is t:orlect) ;r lh. \\rilrnersdot'f, frour l.hom she trftoltlardsseip:rlatec{.

** In \\-hi(.ll she leavos lahrable lings to tu'o ltrrlies rlJro rrerc liincl tcr

hol in a,*clious illness tlrat shc bacl tr.lron. irr [:tlcr-'ht.

)io. i8.--1907.1 JoAN (iurror- r,o:url... r.n,.s J4t)

r.i,-,a,r, and rvhel'e. in :rll plobn,bilit.1,, shc *,as.brLr.n, ifhat,l,itten $'&s possessed of c',siderable proper,ty. i' Hcllla'cl as* cll as in ltrngland, is amply pr.oved by the nrany and yaiua,bleir.rluests* devised by him in his u-il} and its half-cloze*,,, u'iicils.

l!"or.v as to Loten's collection of paintings. I have saicl;ilrtrye tlrat thc second part of Edlr,ards's Gleanittgs of l{cttural,ltfi,story, in u'hich Loten's nalne &ppeal,s a,s a subscriber,, rvasyLrblishcd jn 1760. The third and last par.i rvas issuecl ini764; atrd in the list of subscr.ibers ri.e {incl ,,John Gjdeorrl,otcn, IXstl ; n'.R.S, 2 lJoohs." But an examina,tion of ther,olume shorl-s us that Lotcn hnd done more than subscribe toiitc rvork; for at page 229,f in chap. cvi.. rvliich clescriLres

1rl:i,l,o 316. "'I'he Clreat Blacl< Cocheitoo,":j. w.e read :*'lhis figure rvas la,kcn frorlt i-1, rlrarviug\ d,rrre frorn thclife, o1

ils natural size, by t]:re ortler: of John Gideorr [,ot,ern, Itrsq; Iate( iorrer:nor in the lsiand of Coylon, and clt,lrer L)ut.ch settlerncnt.s inlire lJast Indies. I shall takc this earliest opportunity gratcfully1o ar:knou'lcdge bhe liigh obligations I orve to this rrrorlhy andorlrious I Gentleman, as ht: hath cont,ributed every tliirig in liislJowor to assist rne in the r:ompletion of this lvork, by furnishingrno with many new and curious rratural specirnens in high preser-r-r.i,tion, as well as curious drawings after nature. IIe has also$'(retly obligerl the curious Jl of these kingdorns, by presenting totlil British Museurn a very large, curious, and valuable coilectionrtf' n1i*ilrot Drawings, in ivater-colours, of the raos1, curious Ani-rrrals, lregetables, &c" the productions oi Inclia ; togetirer witirti:;ln-v specirnens of thc nal,ural productions, rvell preserr"ed ; allrtirich have becn helps to rne.

I Arnong t'hese are some Ceylon " cruios," A valuable r:ollection,ri shells made by him nlrs. Loten bequeathed. to his nepher.r. or grandson(l .Irn not sure which). Loten also hacl a number of valurlble books,wlrich he left by his will to olre or other of these. As regards his naturalhir;torv paintings, see furthor on.

'i' The pagination is continued lrom the previous pn'rts, this partlrcr^rinning rvith p. 221"

:1. This plato is dated l5t1i Ociobor 176l' (Tho plates, it rvill beLlo.rl, are arlangecl scientilically, not chroriologicaily.)

I See ndrt-r,t is stated below in the descripbiou oi plal;o 338"

: T'his rvord hns hele one of its obsolete nreil,rrings-stuclious, diligont,,!1 0{i.i(1,.

! llllrtrt is, ctinn,:i"seurs^r .)

250 JOTTRNAL, Ii.A.S, (CI]YLOI* ). [Vor,. XIX.

Agairr, on pp. 237-8, chap. cxi., clescrilling pltr,te i)21 , " TheGreen Pye of the Isle of Ceylon,"* \'61 1'sa,d ;-

This bird rvas b'-otrght,, ivi1,h rnarr.l otherso {r'oru thc East, Indies,by' John Gideon Lolen, Estl; F.lt,.S. late Governol of Coylon, fts.rvho p'-esonlc,d therrn t,o llie Bli.lish J{nsentn, r'rrliere they noprr:rna,in.

An p. 244, chap. cxiv., ilesclibing p1a,te 1324, " lllhe Shbrt-tailed Pye,"t it is st,irtecl :--

'LLro bird holc ligured anc[ ilcscribecl lva-" blrlugltt, bY Corrernorl,oten {t:orn t]te Islttnd o1. Oo1'Ion,.ttc1 i5 6}e-:pcisitccl in t.lre Rritish.l{useurri.

On pp. 245-b, c,liii,p. cxr-.. dcscribing plate 1325. " 'I'he Crested

Long-ta,iled Pyc,"l. \\'e afe told :*-This eurious bircl r.vas Ll'oughb flotn i,ho lsiantI c,f Co;'lorr b;r rny

rl.ort'hy.frientl John Cideon Lot,eu, Esq; arrcl is norv preserved int,he British l{user-rrn.

Yet again, on pp, 217*8, chap. cxrri., in tl'hich i.. descr:ibedplate 326, " The Blue.Iay fronr tlte East Indies,"$ it is said :-

Tlier subjecrt irtlrn rvhich f ch'arv llry figuro I'as br"ouglrt lrornCe1'1er. by Jolrn Gideon Loton^ Escl I and is rrorv prcselved in thoIlritish Museu'.rr.

Tiren, on pp, 269-70. cirtr,p. cxxviii., dcscribing plate 338,

" The Great Crol'ned Inclian Pigeon,"]l Edl-ards sa,ys :.-This l3ircl, and bhat figrLred Pla. 316, are all that have been

ligured frorl clrarvings in t'hese last fift'y platos of rny rvork : but,as they \rere nerv to me, anrl the testirnon;, oi their aut'irerrlicityrnost undoubted, I rvas glad of an opportunity to engtave them,The original is one of t'hose that, Governor Lotcn before-mentionedcaused to be drarvn fronr. the life in India, and is uorv depositod,rvith many others brought frorn thencen in the British Musourn'IIr. Loten.brouglrt' several of thern aliva {rorn .tnclia,'ll and pre-senl,ed them to the lat'e Princess Iioyal of Great lfrit'ain, Dol'agerPriucess of Orange, &c.

x This pLate is clatecl lst October I759.

f I'late clnted 6th October I759. Cf. Lotou's Lernarlis ot this bircl,rlrrobed by Mr'. vnn }lorrtcn in his first paper.

]: Piate datec{ 4th .\prit 1760. It, bears a loference to Iinox'sHistorical Rel.ation. p. 27, and in. tlio lottr;lpress the passago is rluotedIr'('rn l(nux's \tuIli.

$ Plate datccl J0tli Soptember' [7i-r9,Piate <latecl Sth Or:bober l.7G[.

fi See the stlttorlout in i\{r'. r-an IIoLrtorr'-q frrst pa,pcr',

\,' .jt{.--1907.1 ,ro.\\ cn)1,.():\ t.(),r't.;\. t.,H.{ 251

On pp. 282-3, chap. cxxxv., is a descripiion of plate S4b,

" -r'he Hoopoe,"* in lvhich rve read :-lt is an lnsect-cater, and is found (perhaps in v'inter only) in

(,',,.)'lon in l,hc East, Intlics. I have seen a vcly exact clrawing o{ii, as to size, shape, and colour, done frorn the iife in the Eastl.rrilies bv the procurement of John Gidcon Loten, .Esq ; F.ll .S.

la,tc (iovernor of the Island of Ceylon.

Again, on pp. 285-7 , chap. cxxxvii., plate 34'l , " The Recl-hreastcd Ch'cen Creeper," &c.,f is described, and we are toldi hr t-'

lrig. L lras brought frorlr the Capo of Good Hopr-. by Govcrnorl.ltcn, and i-q nou' lodged in the Britisli l'Iusenrn.

lninally, on llp. 299-300, chap. clxiv.. rlescriiiirrg plrrte 3511,

'"'l'he Little Sparrou', ilnd the \V:r,x-bi1J."f it is statecl :-.'i'lrr, Wax-bi1l lrra,s brou.glit, f lonr tlre lIast Inrlit s b1' .Iohn (.litlerorr

I"r,rr"n, Ilscl I F"l{.S.

i h:rve quoted tirese extracts for lrvo rea,srlns. In thelilsl p1ace. thw pror.e that )'[r. r'an Ilouten'-q assetticin,tirir,t, Loten's plat,es " did frequent ser:vice for lhose in tlierr',ll-linon.n u.ork of lld*'arcls, Gleaninrls ol l{aturol H'istory,"is incorrect ; since Edwards liinrself states distinclly that hcuse* only two o[ Loten's (really de Bevere's) drarvings forlri,i liook, the other six plates being drau'n from specimens in.[,rirrn's collection. But I have made these quotations chieflytr: ,rilal. attention to lhe statement, in tlie first extract, lvhichi" r';'pea,ted in brieler form in nlo$t of the other passages, to tlier iit'r:t that Loten liad presented to the British Museum$ " avt r']- iarge, curious, and valuable collection of original Dran'-itr*s. in $'ate,r-colours, o{ the rnost aurious Animals, Vegetables,lir', the productions of Inclia; together ri'ith niany speci-llri.'ns of the natural productions, $-ell presel'ved"" I haveIt!;rde irrqu'r'es in various departments o{ tlio Eritisir J\{useum,n,r;,.l searched corltenpora,ry rec,ords, printed and ntanuscript,

" .Plrio cll,teil lst Septernber 1759. lt is not copiod fi'om a Ceylon:;tr.r.i rnoLr.

' l'lrrte cla.tocl 29th December 1760.I Plate dated 27th April 1761,r I'lrb fJi'itish l.l.irserutr lrad boort oltln(xi ')lrl.\, ;i frw villitt".; lri:f,rt'r'(r' !;.".!lr irr \lr)tirr1.;rr0 Hrtul-

252 .r0tIil,NAl ,. tt,.,\.s. ((itil\]l,0N ) [Vor. XIX.

in tlre libraries there, but can find nc tt'itce, not'oven €t' mention,of any such collection.* I cannot, but'think, therefore, thatEdwards rvas uncler some misappreLension regarding thecollection, t'hich may have been placed by the orvner in theBritish Museum on loan temporarily. In any case, $'e shall

find that many of Loten's drarvings rvere utilizecl for t'orksIater than Edrvards's; and from the tletails given by NIr. vanHouten it seems absolutely certajn birat the c<ilection ofpaintings of rvhich lie is the fortunate po$sessor is the verysrrrno a$ thaf refelled to bv Eclrr'artls.

Ildrvards died in l77l]; and in 1?7{i appeatcd a n'olk in-

tcnded, evidently, as r srippleu.rent to his tl'o books, but verY

inferior to theti in the execrution of tlie platers.t llllris rvas tlielYeLu lllu,strntions of Zoc,logq. by Pcter Br:ou'n,j lho itr hispreface savs :*

Several plates are co1.riccl frtlm t'[rc elegant..Drar,'ings, generouslycomrnunicated to rne by Ciitleon Loten Esq; and originallyfinished under his own inspection frorn living subjects, duringhi3 residence in the Islands of Java and Ceylon, of the lat'ter ofwhich he has been G-overnor lor a considerable tirne'

To this is appended the follorving footnote :-_A. Certificate in N[r Loten's owli hancl-rn'rit'ing, declaring the

Tllates faithful copies of his valuable l)rawings, is in the hands ofMr Benjarriin White, Fleei-street, for the Inspection of suchPe-L'scrns who should iike to be convi.nced oI their Au-thenticity.

t Nor has a soarch instituted at the r\atural History lluseum atSouth Kensington proverl allv more successful, as Dr. llowdler Sharpel<incliy infonns rne.

t Inhis preface Brou'n speaks of his " feeble efiorts;" but this mayhe mor:k modesty. Compare Legee's disparaging rernarks qrtoteci inthe footnote at the end of Mr. r'an Houten's firsf, paper.

f Fennant, it lnis Lite,raru LiJe (25), savs:-" Il this }'car [1776]Peter Brown, a Dane by birth, an.d a' r'ery neat linner, prrblislted hisillustrations of natural hisl,ory in lalge quarto' with L. piates. Atirl.y tecommondation, lfr. Loten 1ent, to hinl the greatcst pari of thedrawings to Lre engraven, beir-rg of bilds painted in Inclia,. I patronizedBrown, ck'ew up the grt'a,test pa,lt of t'lie descliptionfor him" but hacl

not tbe least concern in tLe preface." (llfhe nreaning of the iast clauseis, that, Pennant, is spoken of iri llattorin.g ternis in ihe ploface.) In irisCatal,o11u,e ol XIlt Worhs ilTBii) Perrnanl gives tlte salrle facts irr hriefep

i0tlrt,

I

No. 5li.--19()7. | ,t().\N (ll l)Flo\ t,o'trtl-\. r'.n.s

On p. :t2 llrou rr sT)cir,lis of " rttY \\'olthv Pa,tlrln .lolur (liclcon

Loten, I)sq.; " and flonl liis statements tliroughout the u'orli$'e find thab in all 20 plates * are copies rnade flom Loten's(de Bevere's) drarvings, the majority being representations ofOeylon birds"f

Seven years a{ter thc appearance of Bro*'n's book there rvas

published, in 1781, at Halle in Gerrnany, a folio volume by thceminent naturalist and traveller, Johann Reinhold Torster,bearing tiie title Intlisch,e Zoologie, a,nd containing fifteencoloured plates, u,ith detailed descriptions in Gernlan and[,atln, of birds, &c.] From the preface I translate the follorv-

ing passages :--I r. Gideon Loten, li'ho loved t,o investigate n.ature, occupied

himself much therein, and with much assiduily also learnt, the artof depicting objects o{ nature; when he was appointed by t'ho

Dutch East India Company Governor of the isiand. of Ceylon he

founcl in tl'ris islancl a large field for invest,igating 1,he secrets olnat'ure, and he applied hirnself thereto u'ith great zeal and extra-orclinarv diligence, as often as his itrcurnbeni public d.nties

irermittccl hinr. He instructed -qever:al slaves$ hirrrsell in the art ofdr:awing ; and caused. to be paint,ed by l,hcm various .nerv and tr:natur:alists unknolvn Ceylon animals. A{ter a laudably condtloted

:r,drninistration he r'eturnecl to Eulope, arlcl brouglrt rvith hirn also

a,ll 1,he beaut,iful 1:rictrlres o{ anjrnals. T{e afterwardg marrierl a

x Sorne of these are datecl I 774 and i 775'

| l['he birds copied frorn Loton's clra$'in's are as follot's (ail being

Oeylon unless oth.errvise statecl) :-Br:orT'n Haq'k, Spotted Cultrt:ui, Recl-

r'rJrvnecl Barbet, Oli'e-colou'i:d \Va.blcr, Yell.lr'-c1eei;ed Barbet''(Jr:ylon lSlaok-cap, .Javan Partriclgc' Purple Pigeon (Jar-a), Pornpadore

I'igeon, Yellou,-faced Pigcon,Yellorv-cror'vned'Ihrusjr (Ceylon and Java)'

Yeiiow-ventecl Fl"v-ca,tcher (Java), Il'ect-vented \Valbler', Yellow-

breastetl Fly-catcher, Creon Warbler, Pinl<-coloruecl \\rarbler, Green

\trragtail, Rail (two plates). One Ceylon brrd, tho Great Ceylonese

n,riu.l O-1, is not saiJ to be copiecl frorn a plate of Loten's ; bui, as the

i:rtter's narne is mentionetl in connection with it, 1lte rnay infer that italso is t,aken from a painting in Loten's colletrtion'

f A seconcl edition rvrs issuo,l in 1795, contain.ing some adclit'ional

rnattor. but tlio platcs and destrriptions being iclent'ical.

$ This is probably a misapproliension, As far as lve know' de

Ilcvere $,as the only pe}son employed by Loten in the erocution of hie

paintings, an<l her ll'as certa,in.ly not a o'sia've''' (Ocimpare' ho'lvever'

Penuant's s[ateu]ont quoled iI1 the frt<itlotr: ]rclotr'')

254 Jouri,NAL, R.A.s. (cEyLoN). [Vol. XIX,

British lacly, ancl was wont to trive rnan-_v rnonths and indeedwhole years in Engiand.

Baronet Joseph Banks, tho presen.t presidcnt of tire RoyalSociety of Sciences in London,x sawthese pictures rvith Mr. Loten,and with the permission of the owner caused several of thern t,o bocopied. Soon afterwards hor,vever he resolved, by the advrlcc ofhis friend Mr. Thomas Pennant, with the concllrrrence of Mt,Loben, to have a selection of tlrese pictures r,vell cngraved in copperat their own joint, experrse. This lvas a singularly fortunate oc-cutrence, for when IIr. Loten subsecluently sent, 1,hese paintingsby ship to Holland, the ship rvas r.weckecl, and all the paintingswere lost,.

Fifteen copperplates liad already been engraved, and twelvoof tliem described by Mr. Pennant, from Mr. Loten's written notes.when Mr. Banks in the year l 768 left for the South seas, and beganrvith Captain Cook the voyage round the .r,v"orld. Orring to nrvpr€sence in England f rvas comrnissioned t,o translate Mr. Pen-narit's descriptions into French, which riommission I und.ertookrtith much readiness ancl great care. Only as NIr. Pennantlrustecl an illiterate unknown Frencli teacher more than me, thetr'rench, w'hich rvae fuii of errors, rras pr.intecl in f{ngland to thefirst trvelvc copporplates. After I'Ir. Balhs hacl rcturned fromhis long vovage, hc with Messrs. Loten anc{ pclnant presented me,for the tr:oubie T had had over the translation, with tlie on'nershilro{ the coppelplates. t,ogetJter. r.r.ith the descriptions of them.

'fhe staternents macle b.]' Tot*t"r in the above exNr:act ar.elargelv borne ou1, bv Pennant,, who. in the " advertisernent ',J-

prefixed tcr the seconcl cclition (1790) of ltrs Inrlian Zooloo,11,

saYs :*This q"ork, ur,r'atlL,r fragruerrt,, q.as begun in thc I'ear iT6g.1:

The descriptive part, fell to my s.har:e : the expense of the platesrvas divid.ed bertrreen. lllr. Ranks, rrorv Sir Joseph l3anks, Bai'onet, ;

* Barrlis tlrr,s r,hosotl trs president, of {ho fiol'atr Societl, in lT7g. andrvas crezrted a baronet in I781.

t Dated lst l'[tr,rc]r. I791 , shorving that the wor.li .was pnblished laterthan the iitle-pa.so (ar e1)gr.avecl one bv l{:r,zeil) sttrtes. ,llhis is con-firnred lry s.hat Pennant hinrself says in his .Li,t. Lr).fe yt.4{1.

:L lt nr.st ha'e bcen in the early part of l TtiS ls.e trbrster's statelrer)ttu,prrt). InlisUa,talo(Ju.eo.f fuI'qltlorks (li9{;) Perrnant sa\.$: (! hr 1761.my India,n, Zoology in folio appeared." (Then |ollou. scme of the der-tails gir"efl above.i ?hc tlatt'here given is, lrorver:cr,, aln (tlxrious €rt,uor.since. in lis ltit. Li.ir: (9.-10) Pelrrairt tli-stinc1l1,.rsrJ;sns !lie worli io i?6,9.

No. 58.-190?.'] Jo..rN clDDoN lornN, tr,,R.s. 255

John Gideon Loten, Esq ; a governbr in Ceylon; ancl mvself.Twelvo only were engraved and published : soon a{t,er lvhich bheundertaking appeared so arduous that, the tlesign was given over,It, would be injustice t,o IIr. Loten not to say that the etchingsare taken from his fine collection of drawings made in lnclia : for:iie alleviated thc cares of life rvith th., delicio.s purs'its of thostudy of nature. I prevalecl [sic] on nrv t.wo friencls t,o unite rvith*re i' presenting the lcarned John Iicinholcl Forstcr lvith theplates. I also bestowed on him tlree othels ongraven at rny ownexpense, before tlie r,vork rvas dropp6d. These r.vere ne\rer llub-lished in England ; but u"hen Dr. Forst,er left oul island, irc 1,ookthe r,l'holc u'-itir liim, arrd in l?Sl printecl, at,Halle, in Saxony, ancdition very liighly impr:ovecl, and translatecl into Latin n,ndGerman...,.

Tliough neither Pentrant nol F<u'stel. st:ites the f:r<rt. theengraver of tlie fifteen plates* above spoken of $,as Jleter)Iazeli:t ancl it $'as in the execr_rtiorr of tliese that this manltla,ved sncll prank-q l-ith tlie origin:rl rlmu:ings ler-rt bv T,oten

He also sia)rs:,-(; I l-as indrrcecl tii preft;l ihn,t fzoologr,l of India fromrny acclrraintancc n-ith John Cideon [,oten, t_,sc1. who had lons boen atro\/ernor in rnolc than one of the Dutch islantls in the Inclian ocean,and rvith tr, laudable zeal had ernployed seyeral rnost accurate artists jntlciineating, on tire spot. thc birds :rncl other subjects of natrrral his,tor"v. He of{cr.ed to rne the tse of thorn jn a rnanncr that shorved l.rislibera,l trn:n." ('lhen follorv details sirniltlr to thosc given abor-e.)Pcnn:r,nt riglrtl;' cralls tire firsi editiorr a .,fragrncnt.', sinco it h:rs notitio-ptlge or proface, and enris abrupbly at, p. 14.

* lfhey are as follou.s :.-i. The Long tailed Scluirrel ; ii. T3lach andWrite X'alcon; iii. lfhe Little Horn Orvl ; ir-. Tl-re Red lYoocl-pecker : r'.'llre Faciated (iourorrcou ; r'i. illhe recl-headed Cnckoo ; r'ii. 'Jlhe bkich-oapped Pigeon; viii. 'I'ho illa,ilor: Bird; ir. The red-tailed ![,-ater-]Ien;:r. Tlie v']ritc-headed Ibis; xi. Thc black-backed Goose; xii. l]he black-bellieri Anhinga I xiii. Spottecl-billed Ducli, The iliger Shar.k, and TheClel'lon \Vrassc ; xir'" I)onble-spurred Partridee ; xv. Flanrmeous Fly-ratcher. All ol theso :rre frorl Ceylon spccimens, except iv. and vii.

-f' Br.yan's Dict. ol Painters cLnil, Enqrcmers (norv ecl. by G. C. \\-illiarns,t90-t) iii. ij0l) savs:-," -\Iazell, I?cter, an .Eriglislr ujgra\rer rvho flotrr-ishcd in tlre ser:rinrl palt of tlie l8lh centur'\. and u'olliecl for Pc-.rurant,:rnti Ro.i'doil. ancl u,ll tlre enqlavings in Clorclinei.'s 'Ruirrs andRoma,nticProspccts in Nolth fJritain ' (1792), ale b.y hirl." Pcnnant in his['itera,rtl Lile l:]), speaking oi hi.s British 7'oology (1761;, says of thelrlates hr thrrt I'oili: ,,'l-hey rvete all ensrayen by iIr. Pe,ter }fazel, nowliving, r:f u'ltose sirill aud integrify.[ hacl alivtr-v. ,rr'c&sjon tci spea,k woll""

2r,tG r0t1nN.\r,. tt.A.s. ((rrtYLoN). [-Vot. ,XIX.

:rs to call for'lli the latter's lvratiiful ctmments cluoted by IIr.yan Houten in ]ris first paper.*

But ryhat are \ye to think of l'orster.'s a$seltion, tha,t " u-ltenllr. Loten subsequently sent these paintings by ship toHolland, the ship u'as n.recked ancl atl the paintingst ere lost " ?

I cannot explain it; but that Lot,en's collection of naturaJhistory paintings rvas nol lost, at sea or on land. is demon-strated by the facts mentioned by I{r. van I{outen, that, by acodicil to his rvjll , clatcd l3th October 17?8, lie bequeathetlthe rvJiole collection to tttc l)ut<;h Society of Sciences at Haarlem, and that after lris decease in 1789 this body took posses-sion of thenr. f have read the clauso in the codicil in question.arl(l therc can be no rloubt in the rnatter. Tiie paintings arethere stated to bc in " a flat copper box," tr-hicli the testatorrequests to be pl:r,cecl insiclc a l'ooden casc for the better pre-servation of the valuable contents. The action of the Haar:-lern Societv of Sciences in pat'ting r.ith such a valuable gift isstrange. but is not n'ithout paralleJ in the history of otherpublic institutions. lts loss, hon-ever. ]ras becn l{r:. vanHouten's gain, and lie js to be congratulatecl on hi-u acquisi-tion, rvhich he evidentlv appreciates ; nltile a, debt clf gratiduilcis due to him for collecting and publishing the interestingfacts connected r-ith these paintings set forth in his two'PaPers'

D. F,.

llemorandum bv N{r. R,. G. AwruoNrsz, Cey}onCi overnn:rent Archivist.

As a considerable portion of the paper relates to the per:sonalhistrtr:v of tu.o men r',-lro rret'e closclv a,ssociated rvith Ce.ylon,f have been at some pains to supplernent frorn materials at]rand here tlic infomration that has bcen :-'r.lTordcd bv it. Ihave thus. I bclieve, cleared a\r-ay one or tso doubtful pointsu,hich l{r" Felguson confesses to Jre unable to furt}rer ehicidate,:lnd to have corru,ted sonre trifline trncl oar,dolritb'lc. erlor'.q.

'i'I'his is pt.or.cd b.1' thc faat that tlic rourar'lrs rltroted by -\h. vanT'Iouteu oft:ulr.r1r tire rlran,ings of the ilailor llir,c'l arrtl tho ([,ittL-. Hort ?)Orr'1, whicli form p1al,o* r'iii, r'rt<l iii, in Foritrilut'i: Intl.iara Zeriloey.

No. irti. I 907. I Jo.\N (:t r r) noN r,orrN. r,.li,.s" 2oi

First, as regards the artist de Bevere, I lra,ve hatl no diffi-culty in identifying him as Peter cle Bevere, son o{ l)a,viilWillemsz de Bel'ere, an ossi.stunt in tlie Civil Service of theDutch East India Cornpany. The father, David Willemsz deBevere, r'as born in Batavia, .lvhence he appears to have comocver to Ceylon some time previous to 2nd March l72l. On thatdate he married, ai Colombo, for the first time, Christina deKelcq, natural daughter of Willem de Keicq (or Kelk), mastersailmaker, b.\r one Anna Coere, tvho, to judge from hel narne.mtrst have becn of Portuguese descent. 'Ihe only issue of thismarriase l'as lhe a,rtist Pieter de Bevere. who was baptized atColornbo orr the 20th September 1722, n,ith the l1.rlles pit:terComelis. ltavid Wiliernsz de Bevere aftelrvarcls rnatlo asecond trtarria,ge, b.t' ri'hicli lre le{t, scl,eral otlier c|iftfu'e1.'llhe record of Pietel de Bevere,s appointnrents in theCornpany's service is a,s follou.s :*

1743, appo.inted Assistant Land Surve.vor. cxr 10 guilderspel rnonth.

1748. advanccd to 16 guilders.1754. advanced to 24 guilders.1757, advanced to iiO griilders.

AII these promotions rvere in the usual order except the last,in 'n'hich he obtains the status and tlie salary corresponding tothat of a, Boekhoud,er in the Civil Service before the expirationof his former bond, an indication, very probably, of the patron-age lie rvas under. It *'as in tliis l:r,st vear tliat he is said tohave accompanied Governor Loten to Batavia. I arn sorryI have failecl to get any further trace of him in the r.ecords;hut sufficient presumptive evidence of iris return to CJeylonis, I think, afforded by an old book ll'hich came into rny posses-sion accidentally some fifteen vears ago. It c;outainsr studiesin figure drarving from designs b;r tiie old Dutch artist Abra-harn Bloemart, and appears to have at one time been theproperty of Pietcrr dc Bevere ; because. insctibed in ink, in aneat, and e.legant handnriting, on severa.l pages of tlie book.occur the worcls: " Va,rr Pieter de Rer.tre. Ratavia <1eri l0Maart 1758,"8 There is also a, later cndorsenlent, ; " Den

)

* 'i lJelorigs l:ii Pir:t'€r'r:le.llever'e, L{airivitL, lilill }l.ilrelr !7i:}8,"

j

,lOUB,NT\T,. R.,\.S. ((:EYLON). [Vor,, XIX.

Eersten April 1799 gekogt door J. C. Holiebeek."x lllliisHollebeek, it is knou'n, r,vas a resident at Galle about a hun-dred years ago. The presence of the book in Ceylon seems

to me to be primri lacie proof of the fact that tire artist hadreturned here and had brought the book rvith him; although,f admit, tliere is also room for otlier theories more retnote,.as, for instance, of its having come here with his ef{ects afterhis <leath. The evidence afforded by this book is, hor.vever,not merely confined to tlie point I have referred to. It' rvouldseem to give us furtlier g'limpses into the life and occupationof the artist. As the studie-q in the book are all o{ the humanfigure in its various parts and aspects, they must have providedhirn rvitir cxclcise in figure clras'ing ancl painting; and it is, Ithinli, reasonable to suppose that his profe.<sion as an artistu.as not limited to t,he tlelinea,tion of natural historv objects,such as those he designed for his patron l but that he musta,lso have clevoted his tirne to dras,ing and liainting the" hnnlan fotn divine." It is ver.y proliable tha1, he \vas &

portrait painter.f conre nou' to tlre subject of the granclfatlier-the 1\{ajqr:

de Bevere referred to b;rr Governor Loten. Tliat tiiis u'as tlteCaptain Willem Hendrik de Bevere u.ho figured in Ceylonhistory in tlie first and second decades of the eighteenth cen-

tury i-s, I think, more than probable. He might very l'ellhave been the father of David Willemsz (i.e., Willem's son) de

Bevere and have brought over his son rvith him from l3atavia,as the particulars f havc quoted from the Marriage Registerare quite in agreement witli this supposition and also u'ith theages rvhich Loten assigns to iris artist' prot6g6 and his fatirer.That the father rvas born in Ceylon is, f thinh, clearly dis-proved, and rvhen Gol'ernor Loten, in later vears, possiblys'hen in England, speaks of him as " a natural -*on of i\Iajorr1e Bcvere bg a, Ci,ngale,se or blaclr Portuguese rlome,n," he is notcluite cor:rect. Major (or Captain) de Bevere had, as far as rr'e

linol, never beern in Ceylon before 1708, nnd his son, born inBalavia, could not have hacl a Cingalcse. or bla,ck Poltuguesefor his mother : although jt, is not impossible bhat the wolnan

n " {)n. the lst A.t:ril, I?fli}, horrg}rt by,l. (". }lol.leirei.k""

No. 58.-1907.-l JoAN c:+rDlroN LorrN, F.R.s.

rvas u, nal,ive of the Mtr,.lay Isiands" lVhcn, again, Lot,el rle-scribes the a,rtisN a.* " the r-rntaugirt Clrristian [1inga]cse " he iseither posilivei.r' u'rong or he uses tliese rvords in a sen.*c ri'hiclrrequires sorne e xplanalion. It must be r.onreinberc'cl l,lia,t,Loten, lhougli by lhis timer sufficiertly familiar l-ittr Jlnglish

,to use it t'ith freedom, nrust still have beeri ignorant of sorrreof bhose nice distinctions s4rich only a native or a li{elorig-student coulcl be cxpected to knori-. .Bv " untaugirt " Iiepossibiv nreant " sclf-taught," and in calling Pictcr doBevere a " Cingalese," he most iikely meant a Ceylonese, inthe sense of onc bont in the Island. In Ure cla,ssificatiorr o{Ii-ciallv recognized in Ceylor.r cluling the l)utch rule he u ould. Ithink, ]rave been rightl-y desclibecl as a rnirt,ies" llo rcturn toCapta,in \Villern Hendrik de Bevere. The pa,ssage l'hich l{r.Ferguson quotes flcxn thc .Ileknopte Histori,e undoubtecll1,'refers to him. I find that orr the 14fh Septemlter 1708 hetook his sea,t for thc lirst tiriie :rt the Politictil llouncii as Chiefof the I'Iilitary ab Colombo, and occupiecl it till tho 23r'cl ,Janu-arv 1714. On tho 9th Septcmber l7l3 the Council unani-rnously elected him Arnbassaclol to the liandyan Court, andthe Embassy soon after set or-rt ri.itir tlie usual pornp and cere-il1ony. Nothing unto*':r,ril appeilr's to have ocrcurled in thejourney upcountry. The conduct, both of tlre Anrbassadolir,ncl of liis retinr.re, u'as cvelything to be dt-.sired, arid lhe re-ception at Kandl' ri'as rnost grlcious. tsut, de Beyere is saidto have t'aken umbrage at lhc tluality of the letuln gifts rtichthe King pr:esented to the Jt)mbass.y. .[Ie ioohed upon thesetr,s of too little value and unt.ortliy his posit,ion and dignity.In th.e r&ncour created in his mind bv this, which lie lookedupon as an insnlt and indignitlt, he appears to have behavedin a most rasir, if not insane, manner'. When, immedjatelvafter the audience rvith tlie King, tlie royal rcpast *'as scrvedout according to the custom of the countly, he rvould not so

much as touch or ta.qte auv of thc dishes r'hich ryere presentedto him, but, in the most ofiensive lnanner, ordered them to begiven to his slaves to eat. Ancl the royal s^jfts. l'hicll her l':rsJ:ound to corrr-cy *'ith due celelnonv. covcling them uith lu.hite cloth, he treatecl u'ith great disrespect and conternpt b1'

t,vins- thcm up at thcr foot cncl of his ptrt;rnquin. Nol did lie

260 .l0unNAr,. R..\.s. (cx\'l,or,r ). lVor," XL\.

treat lr'ith any grea,ter considerat.iori the coult'iers lvhom HisMajesty appointed to accompany hirn on his retutn journey.'lhese be insulted and abused, calling thern scoundlels andrascals, and their pricst, ot tclngutaar, 1l'ho $'as also in theoompany, he rnclcked and mimickcd in tho most irrevcrent,manner. l{ot content with all tliis, he rushod after one of thgcoraels ancl somc of thrr othel ciriefs, blandisliing a cane, rvitlrwhich Jre threatencd to flog and r,hastjse them. lUhe firstintim:'r,tion u-hicli the Gor,'ernor and Countril at Colombo re-ceived of thcse doings s-as fronr :rn ola dispatcliecl by thcInterpretel Mudalivar, .Don Paulo l)ias Gunaretna, rvho ac-companied the lJn.rtiassr'-. Tlie Council, full of concern as tothe result u,hich these rash proceedings of their accreilitedambassaclor s-ould have on thc friendlv relations then subsist-ing betrveen the Oourt and tlre l)utcli Government, decidedto placc de Bevere unaler arrest as soon as lie should arrive atthe capital, and al.qo to forryarcl to the Kandyan Court, an oladispatch tendering apologies. trn the rneantime de .Bevere

was deprived of hi-q seat in Council ancl of liis local comrnandin the army, x.hile it rvas decided to dispatch liim to Bataviaby tlie vessel then reaclS, le .qail, so tirat he might be deaib rvithfor his conduct by the Supreme Government of India. Of thefur:tlier hist'ory of Captain de Bevere the Ceyion records are,of course, silent.

Of Governor Loten's personal hislorv very little beyondrvlrat has been stated could be gathered from the records. Hisresidence in the Island rvas limited to five years, and thediaries for these years are unfortunately missing, rvhile theResolutions of the Political Council deal for the most part,n'ith purcly official matt,ers. With reference to Loten's son-in-lau', Dirh Willenr van der Bruggen, it rnay be mentionedthat he not onlv accompanied. the Govemor to Ceylon in theGiesen,burll , but served in Cevlon for about four years. Onthe sarne day that Governor Loten's letters patent rvere readin Council and he assunecl the Governruenl, (30th september1752) , van der Bruggen was introduced to tlie Political Councilancl took his seat, as a rnember of it. A,1, the next nreeting ofOouncil, 9th Octobcr 1752, he subrnitted an application for apassagc in the lrornevard-bouncl vessel for his son, Jacolr

No" 5ll.*-lg07.l ,JoAr\ GrDxLlN r,otlrN, lr.n,.s. ,tilWillem van r{er J3ruggen, evidently a son by a previous nrar-riage. Aftel Malcir 1756 liis name disappear.s fronr tllerccords, ti,rd as his lrifc llote''s claugrrter) cliecr :r,t [Jai,a'irr,on the lSth llal' 1756, it is moirt likelv tlrat about tha,t timehe accornpanied her there.

' r irave exami'ed the i'rpared alrtrs on n{r:s. Lot*r,s tomb-stone at \\rolvcnda,al clrurch, iind also th.c arms on that ofJorrl<lreer Franqois r.an Bcauntor-rt depicted on pag-c 16 ol Lalpi-rktriuT rt' zeyl,a.rtjt:um. 'rhe lierald ic tincrturcs .ot boing clcnoieclon either of tliese stories by the conventiont_r,l ljnes nncl dotsused for tiie pur,pose, I p'esur'e lilr:. van llo'te' oltttr,i'ecl tlictirtctures he gives frorn sorne other sourcc. ruhe rcprocluctio'sintb,e Lup. Zeyl. are not very ii,ccurate, but yet they cannot besaid to be seliousl-l at fault. llire lion in tlte trppel half of thesirister impaler'ent on the L.ten tornbstonc ancl i. thc arrnsof Franqois van Beaumont certainl;r var,"y. 'I,here is an apllar_ent inacc'racy i' both cases, because in rreither of thenr isthe attitude of the animal in accorda.cc *'ith a*y prescribeclheraldic form. comparirrg the t*-o and rnahing arlr*,ari.e fortlie ignorance clf the ergraver: il, rrould seem that either ilrerlio'rampant or the lion passant ('ot guartlant,) ri'as intenilecl.'lhis is fu'ther proved by the cresi o'e. tlre ratte. shieicl, *']richsliould be properl-1t desclibed n,s a {e1ij-lio1 r,arnpa,1t. Iattach no importance to the

'a'ia'ce. i' the fo.'r .f tlre ship inl,lie trvo v:r,n Beaum,rit shields. A certain ilrnount of tatitudeis allorved in clepicting from helaldic s-orcl blazons suchcharges as these, and the slrip in bol,h cases may be taken torepresont the same char.ge. 'I'here being r:eally no doubt that"Mrs. Loten belcinged to the same farnily as the young noble_man whose death is recorded in the tombstone on page t6 ofLa1t. Zeyl", it l'ould be interesting to knol, rvhat lelatiorishiphe bore to Cornelis van Beaunont, the ftr,thel of I,Irs. l,oten.Thev appear to have been contemporalies.

There is only one othe'p.int upon *,liich f shor.rlcl.'.isii totouch, and that is, the reference to the tlpper lfer,cha,'t a'clChief Adnrinistrator Nodl Anthorv Lel:reclr, u.ith r.r-ho'r G.ver_nor Loten is siiicl to ha'e " expe'ie'cecl great clifficulties.,,The Cliief Aclministrator. (Hoofd Aclministr.ateur,), it rrra.y bcrrnentionecl, rvas tJre highest otficiai uext to tho ()1;1.er11rl a.t tirer

r1

I

l

l

262 JouriNAL, R,A.s. (ou).loN). fVor,. XIX.

Council Boatcl, tliat is, cxcepting the Comniandeurs of Jafinaand Galle, n'ho, l,lien present, took precedence of all the otherrnembels. Tiie strained relations bctu-een Loten and Lebecku'oulcl appeal to have begun fr.orn the ver,v mornent of Loten'slanding in Colombo. When the Giesertburrl u,ith tlie Governoron troard arrivcd at, the Colornbo r:oacls on the 30th SeptenrbgrI752, it is said that, upon Lebeck's proposal, the castlc guns.instead of, in the first instance, opening the salute u-ith theusual dischatge, \t'ere made to au'ait and to ansrver the salutelired from the sliip. Again, Lebeck, it is stated, objected tothe temporary suspension of the state rnourning u'liich u.asthen rvorn for the late Ilrince of Orange. \Villiam fV., rvhentliis tvas suggested as a cornpliment to the incoming Governor.Whether in these matters he had a,cted in good faith or u-iththe determined intention of ofier:ing a sJight to tlic Governor,it is clear that Loten l'as not, a little put out by tire circum*stance. What plivate explanations or recriminations passedbetr.r'een the Governor anr-l the Hoofd Administrateur do notappear, but tliat a good cleal of ranciour existed betlr.eenthem througliout their intercourse l.itli cach otlrer js abund-antly manifest. Yet t,he smouldering fire dicl not burst forthtill nearly four years had gone by. Accumulated cliargesrrere then brought against Lebeck, anlong rvhiih rnay bernentionerd (1) the failure to foru,ard rice to 'frincomalee,rviiere it tvas urgently s'antecl for tlie ga,r,r'ison and the estab-lishment, (2) not having the cinnamon intended for exportproperll, packed in bags. (i)) the excessive expenditure of 1,000guilders in the repairs of the ll,otterdam Bastion of the Colombofortifications, and (4) tlie taking of everv opportunitv torvilfull;, rnislead thc Govelnor', u'hereby he rvas ]ed to cornmitseveral errors of administration. Lebecli, rrho appear.s tohave considered himself very much ill-used, and $'ho lookedupon the action taken agairrst hirn in the light of a persecution,shou'ed anything but a submissive spirit under these proceed-ings. When pressed. very hard in the Council on one occasionhe burst fort'h rdth the l-ords : " I shall nclu- r'isk evervthing,)'ea, evervtliinq, even if it be mi lif e."* \Vhen chargecl by the

Governor with iraving written against hirn to the Lrovernrientof fndia, he retortcd : ,, yes, f r,vrote concerning ;rou lastyear to Batavia arrcr also to the fatherrand, and r srra[ clo s'|€3in. You may be sure I will not lie still ;,,r and he added-" I have had mucJr greater enemies than

-vou fi.om whom

h4ve escaped, and, trarkyou, I shall with God,s helpresist youalso and get ofl free.',t On the 26tir April I7b6 the Council,on the proposition of the Governor, suspencled him frorn office,when he put in the following protest : ,, I prol,est against tiristemporary suspension from office in the most resl-rectful nan-ner, chiefly on the ground that I have not yet replied to all thecharges brought against me by His trxceltency, nor have Ibeen heard thereon. I request also that copies of the rvrittencharges brought against me may be furnish-ed to me, wiilr ailthe papers relatiug thereto placed on the ta]:le this day, andthat this protest may be duly entered in the pr.oceejings",,'l'he matter event*allv went before the Council of trraiu, *rrAalthough I have not been able to trace any record of the fiat,pronounced in ths case try the Supreme Gover.nrnent of India,there is no doubt that, as a consequence of his spirited conduct,Lebeck was, for ser-eral years, superseded by AbrahauiSamlant as Hoofd Administrateur, ancl il, r,vas onlyoir AnthonyMooyaart's retirerne't {rom the cornmarrdcurship of Jaff*a-patam in 1767 that lie regaiired thc seniority rvhich lie ap-pears to have temporariiy lost.

No. 58.-1907.] .roar.r GTDEoN Lo.r&N, r..R.s. 263

22nd Febmarr" tr907 tl,. (1. Aul:nowrsz

* " Ja. ik 1r,.b vuor|pdurr jrar ovcr u gr.s, Irlr,* *,, ,,,, n,,,,,,.;, e,r n,):( r.i't Vaderlant{, on i}< zni het, nu wecXer'oen. u liu'd r.rzel<er.rl zv* dat ilinit't stil zit. "f "Ik.heb zoi: veel groter vyanden gehad u,aar van ik my welr.erlost. zie, et za,l het N. B" c{oor Gods huip tegens u ook wel houclen enrny reddon,"

}f 36 07

+ r{ lvu sal jk er a,lles a,arru-aagen, ja ili sal er allcs a,l n'tlt het nr5,nleven ilarttt'aa gt:n, "

264 JouR\AL, R.A.s. (cEYLoN). [Vor. XIX.

Memorandum bv illr. n'" H. nu Vos, Advocate'

J ohan Gid,ean Loten"

I take the following from Mr" R. P' van den Bosch'slist* of

persons who held office in Ceylon under the l)utch :-

" 1754, 30th September. Johan Gideon Loten, f born in

Utrecht l6th May 1710, son of Mr. Jan Carel Loten, Beuetaris

aan ilen Lekkend,uk, bened'enclam,s, died lst December 1763'

and Maria Aartsen van Juchem. Johan Gideon Lot'en was

married,f 25fn August l?33, to Anna Henrietta van

Beaumont, daugllter of Cornelis van Beaumont, died 1724,

Independent 3'iscal of the Cape of Good llope, and Deliana

Blesius.$ Anna Henrietta van Beaumont' was born in the

Cape of Goorl }Iope on the lSth November 1716, and diecl in

Oolombo on the l0th August 1755"

" Johan Gideon Loten married, (2) in Banstead in Surrey,

4th July l?65, Letitia Cotes, daughter of Digby Cotes and

Elizabeth Bannister, and died in [Jtrecht, 25th ]'ebruarv

1?89. The follor,ving is an extract from the Burial Register;-'

" 'Overleden op 25 Februari l'789 en begraven inde Jaeobi-

kerk : f)el Wel Ed. G. Hee'r Mr. Johan Gideon Loten, op

rlen Drift hii de witte vrourvenburg, laat na zyn vrouw, maar

geen kinderen. Gezonken f. 250 en op den 2en May l79l het'

1l'apen opgehangen.'.. n "... -

" We also have come across the rrame of Joseph Loten,

1709-10, Fiscal I'rtdeytenderzt, rvho in the year I"721 returned

to Holland. wibli a return fleet of 34 ships and (a cargo) worth

rnore than ten million guilders iVal. I. v' p' 177)'

'' IIe is also mentioned as Lot'en 1/ eer DalL Bun'nik en' Yechlen' 'Witte Vrouwert en' Astetle., rni,tsgrt'clers Kanunnik ten Capitelle'

uan, ilen' Dom. [{e rvasr the unc]e of Joan Gideon Loten' ' ' ' ' '" Jo&n Gideotr Loten, born in Utrecht, is ment'ionetl as a

student in ther Acr:r,demv of Utrecht Ao' 1776"

* 1 l,Vapenlrct&ttt i7.t .rn.oi,ii, Ii.A.S. ' C.8., r'ol' XV. , No 49, p' 235 ; vol' XVxI' ' No 52'

rn. 16" 18.' ''i 4t Fia{avia. 14r lr ,\rretlst, 1733.

$ Jot,rtnl, tt.A.S " (:. lllv,rl .\Vlll', \o' 5G'p' 3:)7'

No. 58.-1907.1 ,JoAN (irDEoN r,orrN, r..R.s. 2(iir

o'In the first volume of a copy <if Valentyn's rvork on tlrt,East lndies, which rvas published at Dordrecht , 1724_26, t,het.cis the.follorving note on the front sheet :-

" ' Dit werk is vcrrnoedelyk in het bezit geweest van den HerrlJoan Gideon Loten in 1754 Gouverneur en Directeur vanLjeylon (zie de ei,(tenhand,'ist: aanteeke,ning op page 320 r,an lretIIIe Dl)" This book I bought in l?3b or lT36 at Samarang onbhe East Coast of Java; it Lvas with me at, Batavia, Mactr,ssa,r.Oeylon. Cape the Good. Hope, Utrecht, and Londen, also atSt. Helene. I bought, it of Benjamin Blom ancl as I rernem-ber pd. st. at the ra,te of about f. lb0, certainly clearenough""'.....,.

"

The above does rrot perhaps add much to what is containeclin Mr. tr'erguson's paper and Mr" Anthonisz's menlorandum.

I have not been able to discover the grandparents of Gover-rror Loten" According t<i Mr. van Houten there lived atIJtrecht in 1756 a brotirer of the Governor byname Arnoud,rvho v'as burgomaster of Utrecht and rliecl there in 1801. Thismust have been the Arnoud Loten * rvho u'as married to Lucre-tia Christina Scheffer and had b5' her Mr. Joan Gideon Loten f(the Governor's narnesalie), horn 23rd September 1755, diedI0t'h January 1809, rnarried at LItrecirt,, 29th May 1Tg7,Hemictta Wilhrimina van den T.l.euvel, born in Utrecht, l4thJanuary 1769, clie.cl in Bonn, lst June 1829. As rega,rds,foseph Loten ] the follor-ing is an extract from t]re ]Iarriageilegister, Batavia :-

" 13 Juli 1720.

" "Ioseph Loten va,rr Arnsterdam laaist geu'eest zijnde incle-prendent fiscaal in de directie van Bengale wedulvnaar van Al-lierta Pierraerd van Batavia mel, Abigael 'tr'ant va,n Babavi;rweduwe van de Ildele Joan van der Nipoort, oud-socretaris, au de Hoogc Regeering van lndia."

He rnust tiierefore hal'e retulned to the fatherland a ye?r,r

atter his marriage.

* Aunz'ienl'gke Famil'ien, Vorsteman van Oyen. r'ol. XI., p" ti0.f Student in the Academy of Utrecht.""; .De Netlerlanil,sche .Leeu,u:, vol, xxiii., p 286.

ri! 2

266 JouR'NAL, P"'A's' (cEYLoN)' [Vor'' XIX'

Dirlc Will'em aan d'e'r B'ruogen (Brug91e' Brugghen)'

Tlie following is an ext'ract from the rMarriage R'egister'

Batavia,:-

" 19 Juli 1752'

" Dirk Willem van d'er Bruggiren van Bergen-op-zoom'

opperkoopman' weduwn'u" outt bhtisti na Engeltina Rebbens

Ji errroiaina Deliana Cornelia Loten van Sernarang'"

The children * of these parties born in Ceylon were the

following :-r' Jan carel Gideon van der B*ugge (Brugghen)' baptized

at Colombo, ISth APril 1753'

2.AlbertAnthonyCorne,lisvanderBrugge(Brugghen)'baptized at Colombo, 31st March 1754" died at Colombo' 30th

Julv 1755.

S.ArrnaHenriettavand"erBrugge(Brugghen),baptizeclat Colombo. 20th APril 1755'

According to Mr. van Houten the brother and sister of

.{lbert Antlrony Cornelis van der Brugghen predeeeased the

latter.C orneliu's''*an R eau'rnont'

I Corrtelius aan Bect'umont ol Bteda' on'derkoop'man and

,l,isputcier, Colombo, 1712' tr'iscal of the Cape' 1713-24' u'as

rnarried to Deliana Blesius, daughter of Johannes Blesius and

Christina Diemer. He had bY her :-

1. Catharina Balthazarina' baptized 7th October 1714;

!. Anna Hanrietta. baptized 22nd l{ovember 1716;

3. Christina Jacoba, baptizecl 21st August 1718:

4. Cornelis Johan, baptized 18th n'ebruarv 1?20;

5" Elizabeih Aronc'lina, baptized 2n'd March 1721 ;

6. T)eliana Isabella. baptiz'ed 5tli Julv i722;

.\ll born in lltc OaPc'

flis eldest <larighter, Anna Henriett'a rvas haptized irl

oolorn'boorr"gthocLoberl7l2,arrdrntrsthavediedyoung'

r\o.58.-I907.1 Jo-{N GTDEoN LorEN, F.R.s.

Johannes Blesius of Breukelen, married, 22nd AprilChristina Diemer, and had by her :-

l. Gysberta Johanna, baptized in the Cape, 23rd1686, marriecl Governor ll,umpf.*

2. Christina, baptized jn the Caupe, 24th September

26i

1685,

June

1690,irarried Jacobus Cruse.t

3. Deliana, baptized in the Cape, 29th November: 1693.

Pieter d,e Beuere.

I agree u'ith Mr. Anthonisz that Pieter de Bevere was theson of David Willemsz cle Revere and Christina de Kelcq, butI do not knorv lvhere l{r. Anthonisz got the information thatChristina rvas the natural daughter of Willem de Kelcq, mastersailmaker, and Anna Coere. Willem Jansz de Kelcq, of DorCrecht, sailmaker, u'as marriecl in Colombo, 3rd September1690, to Domingn Flalrrensz, of Colombo. From a woma,Ir,:alled lVlaria Lucas he (de ltelcq) had an illegitimate daughter',Wilhelmina, baptizecl in Colombo, 3rd May 1711. DomingaHarmensz n'as perhaps the daughter of Hendrik Harmensz ofI{orden, abrazier in Colombo in 1669, thereafter auri'jbwge,r,by his u'ife Dona Dominga. In the catalogue referred t,o bvl[r. lterguson at t]re comnlerlcement' of his paper de Beve,re iscalled a siea,r, rvirich I think has a peculiar significance" ItIrleans that he held the rank of a boekhouder. Valentyn fsays: " De onderkoopman, die als sezcr of boekhouder van otls

:xrhip medevoel, was Jakobus Valentyn, enz."This confirms Mr. Anthonisz's statement regarding the status

of de Beve,r:e in 1757. Govertror Loten's statement thatNlajor de Bevere " was of the most noble and ancient' fa,milyof de Bevere" f think requires confirmaticin. VorstemanvartOyen $ makes no reference to him.

* Journa,I, R.A.S., C.I3., vol. XVIII., No.5{i, p.326. She married(as widow Ilrunpf) in Batavia, l6t'h March 1726, Mr. Everhard Krav-vanger of llacassar, Advocate Fiscal of India, rn*idower of Maria Catha-riria de Vcrs (24 Nederlantl,sche Leeuzo 241.

f Journal, R,.A.S., C.B., vol. XVIII.' No. 56, p. 327.

I Vat'ten'naar Indie, by A. W. Stelhvagen, p. 126.

I Aanzienluke Fam'ili,ert (de Reveren).* y12 )da1,r-tsrscher 'til1 J 2 lVtt'iten'heraut 6'

fVor,. XIX- No. 58.-1907.1 PR,OCDNDINGS.

well-known Nijhotr of the Hague from whorn Mr. varr }louberi.bought his collection of drawings, in one of r1y trips to Hoilanc[in 1B85 or 1886. The title of the Mernoir is " Merriorie raekendeCeylon door den afgaanden Gouverneur Joan Gideon Loten aantlen aan l(omenden Gotlverneur Jan Sclrreuder, nagaleten,gedateert, Colombo,28 Feb.,1757, geinsoreert in het 2nclCeylon's Briefboek, I758, p.202., {Memoir on Cey'on le{t by the outgoing Governor Joan Gideon

floten to t'heincoming Governor Jari Schreuder, dated Colombo"February 28, l7lt7, inserted in the 2nd Ceylon Letterbook l.758,page 202")

X mav at once say that though se;veral officials' nam€s are metr-bioned, no mention is rnade of De Bevere or Lebeck. I{owever,some light is thrown upon the lvork oI Land Surveyors in Coylonin 174:l-1757, which is interesting, as the artist De Bewere wasa Land Surveyor. I may here rnention that Dutch surveyors'plans were coloured, and {ar more works of art than rrtodern slip-shod sr-rrveys ; and from tv-r: such plaus in my possession I camfancy ihat De Bevere must havehacla training indras'ingbeforehe qualified to become a Land S\rrve.,vor.

The confents of the Memoir are-Sscrroll T"

The Company should remain in harn:ion3' witlr the Prince ofthe Land.

Ch,rr,per I.The Jiitg's birtli a,rrd malriage.The l)essaves aud Acligaars.R,elations n'ith the f,.(anclyan Court, relia.vmel and Cirila,,v banks"Siamese embassr-.

Clm,ptu' II.Of the Princes and their rule on the coast of Tndia and the

Maldives.Madura, Tinnevelly, Tutucorin, &c.The Ulaldir.ian Sultan, cor,I'ries, ernbassl'.

SscrroN T[.

Adrninistratiol of possessions and subjects.

Chapter I.Functions of l)essave, Land Raad, the 'Iombo or Land anrl

Garden Description.As De Bevere was Land Surveyor, 17 43-17 57 , I trarslate a part

of this chapter, and itmay well be imagined that llo l3everc hactrample scolle for study o{ birds from nature cluring lris sun'eJ,'s.

The l-and Description was begun in Colombo iri I7rt3 fthe yearthat' the artist De .lJevere was appointed Land Surveyorl, arLrinow, says Loterr (in I75l), " the Register of Lands and NIen of theIlina, R,ay'garrr, Allrtlioer, Tlev'agarl, anrl Happitiqarn liorles ir asbeen completed.

265268 JOI,IR,NAL, N,.A.S. (CEYI,ON).

Pi,eter C ornel'is H assel,aur -

Pieter Uornelis Hasselaar, Rurgomaster of Amsterdam,+

thereafter R'esident, Cheribon, born at Batavia' 24th March

1720, was the son of Cornelis Hasselaar of l)nkhuyzen, Director-

General of the Dutch fndies, by his third rvife Gertniida Con-

tantia Clement. Pieter Cornelis Hasselaar married (2) Ger-

truida lVlargarita Mossel, of Negapatam. the datighter of the

Governor-General l\{ossel. llhe issue of this marriage was

Adriana Hasselaar, born in the Indies, 4ih July 1795, married

in 1780 Jacob Antony d'c' Roth, born Surat, tr753, the son of

Johan de Roth and Susanna Anthonia van der Bruggen' So

that in 1780 Pieter Cornelis Hasselaar's son-in-law was the

son of (perhaps) the sister of Dirk Willern van cler Brugghen'

Loten's son-in-lalv. This is the, only possible connection f can

see of the Governor rvith tlie Hasselaar farnily'

The Arms ol Loten ctnd ad'lr Beau'rn'onl'

The arms on the tomb of Governor Loten's wife are the

impaled arms t of Loten and van Bea,urnont, the blazons of

which I have taken from Riet'stap's Arrnorinl Gdndral (2nd ed')"

The close resemblance between the arms of X'ranqois van'Beaumont and Anna Henrietta van Beaumont' shows t'hat

they were, beyond a doubt, of the same family.

3, Mr. Gnnano Josnpn therr read the following notc frolrXIr. A. E. Buultjens, bearing on the subject', prepared-from- certainDutch rrranuscripts in his liossession 'which he pur:chased at' theHaque on one of his visits there :-

Notn ev Mr. A. E. Buur,tlnNs' B'A'I lrave in my possession t,he I'[emoir on Ce.r''lon .of Governor

Loterr, and as t]ot'n m". van llouten and Mr. Antlionisz state t'hat" all trace of other Papers of Lotel has, alas, since been lost"'ancl " thr: cLiaries for the five years of Lot'en's rule in Ceylon

^arerrnfortunately lost," I hasten to give (as I received t'he proof .ofl[r. Ferguson's paper only yesterday' ?1tl the mect'ing is lor theday aftei to-moirow; only an outline of t'he manuscript'

.

th* Dot"h manuscript in my possessiotr consists of seventyfolio pages of contemporary writing in a fair st'ate o{ preservatior't puich"asecl the maiuscriirt' rvith solne '1the1s' t11lt*i"-"

* 62 Naaorscher 24A; "'un charmant vieillard (1737), la sant6 et le

contentement personifi6s " (Mevr. van Hogendorp)'

f Journal, R.A.S., vol. XV., No. 49, pp. 229, 235'

I

lrI'lii

i

tI

I

(\

'!i

T

I

i

i

I

!

I

I

I

t

270 JOrJliNAL, R.A.S. (CDYLON). [Vor,. XIX.

" The Tombo at Galle was begun in 1741, and tire n'our Gravetsand the Talpe Pattu have been completed ; since then in the pastyear ( 1756) a beginning has been made with the Gangeboda Pattu,a great part of which, together with the Wellabodda Pattu and the',vhole of Wallalawitte Corle, still remains to be completed"

" The Tombo at Matara was begun in 1740, and during this timethe whole of the Morawal< I(orle has been completed, a,nd incourse of completion are the Mature, Four Gr:avets, Weligama,Weligam liorle, Girrewalr Pattu, as well as the Wellabodda,Gangebodda, and I(andeboda Pattus, Dondra, the Baaygams"Cattoene, Oedabokke.

" Now, in order t'liat the Land Description nay be brought toperfection, everything depends, says Lleer van Gollensee [aprevious Dutch Governor] on an accurate survey, and this hasbeen alreadl' arrcomplished so far that 1,he gardens and fields of thevillage Attidie irr Sa\riti I{orle, Kosgama in Hewagam Iiorle,Billern [I3ellana ?] irr Pasdun llorle, Il,aygarn, Iielanie, andPalourn in }lina Corle have been surveyed by the Sworn Surveyors,and charts and registers thereof have been made." Hete Loteniroints out the necessary connection between the Land Descriptionin the Torlbo and the Surveys, so that the possessions of eachrnan rnay tle accurately described, and by the surveys and chartsit can be imrnediately discovered whether encroachments haveloeen made, and so that the surveys and the charts made fromthem shall agree u'ith the description of the land. More on thissubject may be read from t'he report just, sent in on February 3,1757, by t'he Sworn Land Surveyor, togeiher rvith thecompendiumsreferred t'o there, the cllarts, registers, &c.

Chapter II.Of the lands and the income from them.It is here noted that l,he revenue fell orving to plague depopu-

.trating t'he counl,ry (and Loten suggests measures as taken in Java,Macassar, &c.), and a terrific storm or ]rurrica,ne in Ma;', 1755,which uprooted a consj.derable number of trees.

Chapter III.The Inliabitants, their Chiefs, cluties and accomodescans.Six folio pages here describe the different castes and the services

by each.SscrroN LII.

Revenue fronr the land.Ch,apter I.

Trade.l,inen frorn Madura.The Fanam Mint.Arecanuts, chanks, salt, elephants, &c.

The Income.R'evenue fell.

No. 58.-r907.1 PROCEEDINGS.

Chapter lII.Ti're Products of the Land.Cinnamon and disorclers of the Chalias. About the conselvatiorr

o{ the cinnamon trees rnore may be seen from the report of theI)essave Oranrrer and the annexutes of the officer of the MahabeddoI-eembruggen dated April 24, 1756, as well as t'hatof tlre SworrrLand Surveyor of lr'ebruary 13, 1757. [This last may well beI)e Bevere, lvho was then at the head of his class.]

.dbraham Samlant frvho superseded Lebeck] is here nrentioneda,s being tTpper l'[erc]rant, antl Chief Administratot.

The Ceylon carclarnon'r.Pepper cult'ivationCoffee cultivation.

'I'he pearl reefs (4 pages folio).The blood coral.Maldivian cowries.

SpctroN I\''.Internal affairs.ILeligion:

Jansz and De l{elho (Jaffna)..De Sih'a (Trincomale).Brousveld, Sybrands, Meyer (qualiff ing at tho Seminary)'Wirlrnelskircher (R,ector of School).Pot'ken, Smith, Schultze (Fredihants at Colombo ancl Galle).The printing press: catalogue of printed books.Tlie Courts of ,hrstice.I'he fortifications atd artillery.The Navy.fucome and expenditure.

4. I:[rs ]:lxcnr-t-uNcl-rHE GovnnNon : Does any gent]eman wis]rto speak on the papers which have jusf been delivered ? If the,rtris no discussion I would ask tlie President to read a papel: on" Prehisloric lfan and Stone Implernents in Ceylon'"

5. 'llhe Pnosrousr (Mr. l'oneusoN) introduced Mr. Poie'spaper bv gs,ying: J am not a geologist,, and indeed know- \'erylitfle on-the iubject of t]re stone age and prehist'oric remains. Butone of the greatest authorities inlndia, Mr. Bruce Foote, l-.G'S''has been irrcomtnunication r'vith Mr. Pole, and has expressed greafinterest in his lqork as a collector. f am no1, sure that he has seerl

more than diagrams from llr. Pole as yet; but we hal'e t'he factthat t'he Drs. Sarasin so prized Mr. Pole's first collect'ion of stoneimplernents that they asked ]rim to take them to.Europe" For-tuirately Mr. Pole was able to duplicate the collection' and he hasfavourecl us u,itir a series of spe-imens and cerLain notes on thesalne. I think it was befc-rre he left the llast that Lord Curzonrelated how a friend of lris examined the arrows in the quiver of anative hunter in Tndia. He found that the first arrow rvas tippedwith stone of the neolithic age, but that tlie next' t'as t'ippd withelectric telegraph s{1's-a tlielt from the 20th ce1tu1f' T}rere isno case her6 oi such rnodern application, but Mr' Bruce Foote'juclging by the diagrams, sayi the collection shows a type of:' ni,L"-"p.oarrction,"'-quite iljstinct froin that' hitherto met' with in

^Southein and WesLerr-r Inclia. I will now read from the notes :-

27t

Ahapter II.