Jill Didur and Teresa Heffernan REVISITING THE …jwaldron/articles/spivakempire.pdf · Jill Didur...

$: Jill Didur and Teresa Heffernan REVISITING THE …jwaldron/articles/spivakempire.pdf · Jill Didur and Teresa ... cMigages with somelhing Spi\ak hersell calls 'doing your homewoi"k'.$
Jil l Didur and Teresa Heffernan

REVISITING THE SUBALTERN INTHE NEW EMPIRE

Abstract

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coclilic a l i o n h\ ' B r i t i s h c o l o n i a l i s t s as an e x a m p l e i h e e p i s t e m i c \ i o l e n c e ol

i m p e r i a l i s m i h a l s u b j u g a t e s o t h e r k n o w l e d t j r s ; t o t h e S u b a l t e r n S t u d i e s g r o u p in

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ot c o l o n i a l r e s i s t a n c e in t h e ' a l r eacU d i g e s t e d ' h i s t o r i c a l arc h i w s a n d r e c o r d s ol

t h e e l i t e ; t o t h e <| n e s t i on ot t h e B r i t i s h a b o l i t i o n <il w i d o w s a c r i l i c e ( I 8 2 9 ) a n d

a n a l i x i s l n o s t a l g i a fo r los t o r i^ j ins .

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c j u e s t i o n it p o s e d , S p i \ ak i n t e n t i o n a l I v ec h o i n g a n d c-ns^agin^ w i th K a n t ' s ' w l i a t

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c|uc-st ion ot h o w o n e c a n k n o w , hi t h r r e p r e s e n t a t i o n ot t h e s n h a l l e r n as ' p o l i t i

l a l K c a n m ' oi" u n \ io la tecl o r as ' s p e a k i n g ' , S p i x a k a r g u e s , s h e L o n t i n u e s t o h e

s i l e n c e d . In t h e e x a m p l e ot w icl<iw s a c i i l i t e , t h e B r i t i s h i m p e r i a l i s t s , m i s i n t e r

p r e l i n y t h e t e r m ' s a t i ' a n d I l i n d n law , w o r k e d t o o u t l a w w iclow sac rilic c ,

p u r s u i n g t h e popLi l a r c o l o n i a l s l r a l e g \ ol 'w h i t e m e n sa \ i n ^ h r o w n w o m e n Ir-oiii

h r o w n m c - n ' ( 1 9 8 8 : 2 9 7 ) . The n a t i o n a l i s t s r e s i s t i n g i m p e r i a l i s m bi l l a c c r p t i n j ^

t h e i m p e r i a l i s t m i s r e a d i n g o f ' s a l i , ' s e l o u t t o ( r e ) c ' l a i m b r o w n w o m e n , i n s i s t i n g

' t h e w o m e n a c U i a l t y w a n t e d t o d i e " ( I 9 N 8 : ? 9 7 ) . C a u g h t in t h e I'elax he t w e e n

' | ) e n e \ o l e n t ' c o l o n i a l i n l e r \ e n l i o n s a n d n a t i o n a l l i l n r a t i o n s i r u ^ g l r s i h a l h o l h

c o n s t r u c t a w i l l t o r h e r , t h e s u b a l t c - r n , S p i v a k s u g g e s t s , c a n n o t s p e a k . In h e r

c< inc l i i s ion t o C S S , s h e i ; i \ e s ,\u u p d a t e d e x a m p l e ot t h i s s i l e n c i n g : t h e c a s e ol

B h u \ a n e s w a r i B h a d h u r i ' s sLiicicie ( 1 9 2 6 ) is r e p r e s e n t eel b \ h e r n i e c e s as a c a s e ol

'illic it l o \ e " Jc'.s/>i(L' B h a d h u r i ' s a t l e - n i p l s l o < l i sp lace t h i s i n o t i w I n k a\ insj b e h i n d

a l e t t e r a h o u t he'r u n w i l l i nn r i e s s l o cai^rv n u t t h e p o l i t i c a l a s s a s s i n a l i o n assicrjied

l o lu'i- as a m e m b e r ol a g r o u p s t r u g g l i n g t<ir I n d i a n I n d e ' p e n d e n c e . S p i \ a k

s t r e s s e s t h a i t i h a d h u r i e o n i m i l t e c l s u i c i d e whi l e ' s l ie w a s m e n s l r u a l i n y , t h u s

d e l l e c t i n g t h e i n t c ' r p r e t a t i o n ot he r <kMth as s h a m e o \ e r an " i l l e g i l i n i a l e ' p re i^

n a n c \ an<l i h e i x a d i n g <il h e r d e a l h as a s a c r i l i c e l o r a m a n ( t h e ' n o r m a l i z e c!"

u n d e r s t a n d i n g ot s a t i ) anel \ c l the ' l e t t e r a l s o suj j i fests s h e w a s n o t w i l l i n t ; t o

ac c o m i u o d a t e t h e I 'ole ol a ' l i g h t i n g w o m a n , ' a r o l e t h a t h a d h e e n e e k h r a t e d 1>\

m a l e l e a d e r s o l I n d e p e n d e n c e , i !iis i n t e r \ c-nt ion an<l re'w r i l i n g o l ' t h e s o i iaI l e x t

oi s a l i - su ic iek-' w a s r iol heai^d. S p [ \ a k s t a t e s :

W h a t I ' m , s a \ i n g is t h a t e \ c ' n w h e n , w h e t h e r s h o w i n g h e r p o l i l i c a l i i n p o

t e n c e o r h e r p o l i l i c a l p o w e r , s h e t r i e s l o s p e a k a n d m a k e it c l e a r , s o t h a t

it w o u k i b e reael o n e w a \ , i h e w o m e n in t h e l a m i h r a d i c a l w o m e n

••; r

elec i de l o l o r g c i i l . I he r h e t o r i c ol t h e e n d i n ^ is a rheloi"ic <il d e s p a i r . Il

w a s at i h a l n i o m e n l , r i y h l a l t e r t h e s i o ] - \ , w h e n 1 sa id , t h r o w i n g u p n i \

h a n d s , ' I h e s u h a l l e r n c an inU s p e a k ' .

( I 9 9 9 e : 8 9 )

It is t h i s u n a \ o id able' m u l i n g ol the- s u h a l t e r m ' s i n l e i i l , as a wi l l is c o n si rue t e d t o r

h e r , tha t S p i \ a k ' s w o r k a sks LIS t o b e a t t e n t i \ e t o in ' o u r ' o w n w o r k .

' S p e - a k i n g ' l o r S p i \ a k is a nec r s sa i " i l \ d i s p l a c e d a c t . C i t i n o A h e n a lUisia s

r e s p o n s e t o C S S wh ic l i p o i n t e d t o i h r lact l l i a l , in i h e e n d , S p i \ a k w a s a b l e l o

m a k e t h e s u b a l l e r n "speak" Sp ivak e x p l a i n s i h a t B h a d h u r i , as a miek lk ' -e lass

w o m a n w i t h s<ime a c c e s s l o c e n t r c \ s {i| p o w e r , w a s n o t a 'ti"Lie' s u l i a l l e r n , b u l

i h a l , in a m c a s e , t h e goa l <il h e r w o r k is n o t t o prêc lude h o p e t u l i n \ c s l i ^ a l i o n s

ol s u h a l t e r n s p e e c h h u l l o l o r e ^ r o u n d h o w t h e s e in \ eslisiati<ins m u s t ae 'know I

edcje t h a t ' la j l l s p e a k i n i ; , e \ c ' n s e e n i i n i j K t h e m o s t i n i n i e d i a l e , e iUai l s a d i s l a n c e d

dec i p l i e r m e i i l b \ a n o l h e r , w h i c h is , at b e s t , .\u i n t e ix e p t i o n ' ( 1 9 9 9 : 5 0 9 ) . 1 h e

d e s c r i p t i o n ol s p e a k i n g as ' a n i n t e r c e p t i o n h i g h l i g h t s b o t h t h e c o n t i n g e n c \ a n d

c o n s t r u c l i o n ol t h e a d . An i n l e i x e p i i o n sugê ' s t s sonic ' th in i^ t h a t is s topj iec l o r

c a u g h t b e t w e e n tw o p o i n t s , I he u s e ol t h e w o r d i n t e r i . e [ i t i o n t o d e s c r i b e speec h

in t h i s s e n t e n c e h e l p s l o e ( )n \ e ' \ t h e i n e \ i t a h l e d i s p l a c e m e n t t h a t a c c o m p a n i e s

a n \ ' a t t c m p l l{i r e a d a d e l i n i l i \ e ' m e a n i n n o r i n t e n t in t h e a e t i i i n s o r s i a l e ' i n e n l s

ol o t h e r s , a n d h o w s p e e c h as i n t e r c e p t i o n a l so p r o d u c t i \ e l \ p o i n t s l o t h e hinai 'x

t h e t w o p o i n t s in w hie h il is so o l i e n l i a p p e < l .

Il is l l ie i n l e r c e p t i < i n ot suba l le - rn s p e e c h in t h e s e r x i c r ol o l o b a l i z a t i o n <ir

w h a t s h e has a l so c a l l e d t i ie ' N e w L n i p i r r ' t h a i lias b e c o m e o n e ol t h e m a j o r

c o n c e r n s ol S p i \ a k ' s w o r k s i n c e C S S . In t l ie m o \ c - I r o n i iMiadhur i t o h e r gi 'eat

t j rand n i e c e , Sp i \ a k ' s o w n r e \ i s i i i no <il t h i s essa \ ' in I ( runiuc oj POÎLOIOUIOI Rct.i\on

( h e r e a l l e r CPR) d r a w s o u r a t l e n t i o n t o t h e lou ic ot l l ie N e w I j n p i r e : as a we ' l l -

p l a c e d d i a s p o r i e S o u l l i As ian w o r k i n a l o r a A m e r i c a n - h a s e e l t r a n s n a t i o n a l

c o n i p a m , th i s o r e a l o r a n d - n i e c e n o l lun ing l e a r n e d t h e l e s s o n ot B h a d h u r i s

suie icle t h a t i n t r r r u p t e i ! t h e traje c t()i"\ ot h o l h i m p e r i a l i s m .'[ud n a t i o n a l l ihe i -a t ion

s t r u g o l e s is w o r k i n g o u t ol a s e n s e ol 'mo i - a l l o w ' l o i n i p r o \ e ' S o n l l i As ian

m a i k e ' l s . C i t i n g t h e l a s t I n d i a n C o n i p a n \ as ' t h e lii'st g r e a t I r a n s n a l i o n a l

c c i m p a m b e f o r e t h e fac t ' ( 1 9 9 4 ; 2 2 0 ) , S p i \ a k a r g u e s t h a i t h e N e w k n i p i r e , in

o n e s e n s e , is a l so a r e l u r i i t o t h e r o o t s ol i m p e i ' i a l i s m ' s r e l a t i o n s l i i p l o cap i laMsni

w l u ' r e ' f r e e l ra<le ' a g r e c - m e n l s he-e \ imr t h e n o r m l o r c o n c l u e i i n g b u s i n e s s . II as

I e i i in s t a l e s 'le l ap i l a l i sn i has b e e n I r a n s l o r m c d i n l o i n i p c - r i a l i s m ' , Sp i \ ak

e x p l a i n s , ' l l l o c l a \ ' s p r o g r a m ol i^lnbal t i n a n c i a l i z a t i o r i e a r r i e s o n t h a t r e l a \

(I 9 9 9 : 51 I I. A b r o c h u r e - l<ir a re 'eei i l e x l i i h i l i o n at the' Br i t i sh l . i h r a r \ , e n l i l k - d

" T r a d i n a P l a c e s : T h e Last Ind ia C o m p a n \ a n d A s i a ' ( s u m m e r 2 0 0 2 ) , u n w illintÛ

a n d u n c r i t i e a l K m a k e s (h i s c o n n e c t i o n as it u n d e r s t a n d s e o n t e m p o r a r \ h b e r a l

m u l t i e u l t u i - a l i s m as e o n l i n u o u s w i l l i t r a n s n a l i o n a l c a p i t a l i s m : ' I m a g i n e an

j j i g l a n d w i t h o u t t ea in c l i ina c u p s , w i t h o u l p e p p e r , oi" c h i n t z o r c l i i i t n e \ ;

i n i a e i n e an Ind i a w i t h o u t c ric kc t o r -'in anel ton ie , a w o r l d w ithciut I loni^ K o n i j .

'h V

I ra\ f l hatk 400 \I.MI"S in t i i iu- and d is f in r i ' how ni i i l l ic i i l l iu ' . i l ism hcân' . I low

(lid this xcrsion ol postcoliinialisni luxo i i ic ihc noi in. ' Dcsnilc rxnccTatioris that

Uu' hi'^loiicalK 'othci^', ^LH h .is Bhadhuris sji'ial ^ran<hiie(.t.\ W<HII(I ( .OUUUT I IK '

( lo i i i i i ianl , 'the f cn i r sm la l i x rs of I he so (.ailed I hi id VVoi ld ' are ol tc i i and wi th

ihc hrsi ol inictUions loLirxl lo be "in ihc scr \ i (c ol y;lohali/,ili()n" (.^001 / ^: ')).

Spi\ ak in\ iU's a (.lilicRic ol I his \ci-sion ol ihc odsK xilonial thai is nol ii"<inic in ils

Lisc ol ihc 'post' ^VM\ |ir(.'siipposcs the possihiliU ol a 'dcci i loni/.al ion' ol t l ic mind

(2001 / . ^ : 10}.

Allhoni^h kcji i ah\c in MarN's work , the clidini^ of the di l lcrciK c hc lwrcn

the two (l i lk' ix' i i t nolions ol rcnrcscntal ion, ilarsicllcn ( rc-nrcscnl oi" rhc lor i r as

ti<^Lirali\c) and \cni-c:en ( to stand in lor/pcrsLiadc) w h i d i is c\ idcnt in the

cx( hanoi,' hctw (.'cn I'oiKaLilt an<l 1 )ciLuv.c in CSS, w ho speak l<ir the w orkcr , and

the proponrnls ol glohal Icniinisni an<l (k ' \elopinent dial speak lor ihe third

wor ld woman is w hai perm ils die in\ esi ia. i lor/ inlel leeUial lo reniiei^ h imse l l /

hersell as the Iranspai-ent ((>mnuini(.aloi" ol tht.' \ o i r e of au 'uiidix ided"

op|)i"essed. Ihis ton l la t io i i and assiimplion ol 'transna]'ene\' is, Snixak argues,

what (()nlirut(.'s lo setiii"!.' ihe eenlralit\ ol ' lhe \\'csti.'i"n Suhjeit and the "VWsl as

Suhjet l ' that depends on ihe mul ing of the sLihalleiii as it aâin (.(insiriuls a wi l l

lor hei-; \et her local ion (.(inliiuu s to shi l l . I l istoricalK , die tjendeiH'd sulialu rn

was (.ul oil li-oin the (cn l re , 'ex(.'liule(l e\en I rom the lo<ji( of i lass strucUirc'

( ^001 : I 2 I I and had 'hmited or no a(.'cess to ihe ( ul l i i rai imperial ism' (<le Koek,

j992 . 41;) ,Mo\ing I rom thii'd to Hi-st wor lds, as ihe welfare slale is eroded,

Spi\ak siigm'sts, ihis i-emains the (.ase lor ihe diseniranchis>, d in melropol i lan

centres ihal aw i iui"eiisin^|\ cut oi l t rom social mohi l i tw I Iow( ' \e r , ihe nene-

tratioti ol global capitalism the New hmpire in the îiise ot ihe \Voi-id Trade

Organi /a l ion, N ( i ( ) s , bio-i-esear( h (ompanies, U N Development projecls and

human ri^hls 01-gani/alions inlo the lowest le\els of sot ie l \ is I'esponsihle lor

pi"odiK in^ what Spi\ak lerms ihe 'new subaltern" (l9'->9: 276). This new sub-

a!lei-n, (aught belween global c.ipilalism/(le\ elopinent .-\nf\ I radi l ion/culu i ra l isni ,

is now coiupielely co <iple(l as hei- bod\- is rendereii data and she is soughl al'lei"

as inteltccUkil propci-t\ . Spi\ak, thus, nol onlv i-c\ isils CSS and the 'The Rani of

Sir-mur' in CPU bul puls ihese essa\s in this new i o i i lext as she turns to the

'woidding ' ol the New I nipii"e and exposes the (.onli i iuit\ between colotiialism

as a c i \ i l i / i ng mission and globai i /a l iot i , de\e lopmenl organizations zmA t i i i rd

wor ld aid programmes. O I K e at the centre ol national ist policies (the slrucUii"es

ol which d\-v si il l <iperali \c), ihe 'Th i rd W o r l d Woman" is now mobil ized in ihe

n.inie of a glohal capitalist agenda (1999a: 200). Noi ' lhern iritei-\eritions into

Southern contexts ihroLigh ihe pi 'omotion ol ihings su(h as won iens micro

enterprises, gender Irainini ; and bi r ih c<inlrol programmes 'the in\asi\e

rest ru( lur ing ot gendei- r(dations" assume an innocent oi- e\eri luimanitai-ian

lace in natiie of 'global sisterhood" (1994a: Hi). The practice of extending

ci-edil I<i Southern women through ihe Wor ld Hank and N ( , ( ) s , w id iou l the

esiablishmenl <il an\ inli-astru( tui e that would lac i l i lale icloi-m (that al least was

j i a r t i a l U t h e r e u n d e r hi t ih c o l o n i a l i s m ) , w l i a t S p i x a k ca l l s 'cr<-(lil h a i t i n g ^ is a

p a r t i t u l a r K iJiiod e x a m p l e o t l iow t r a n s n a t i o n a l t a n i t a l i s m e x p a n d s i ts r e a c h a n d

r e p l i c a t e s t l i e p a t t e i i i ol c o l o n i a l i s t h e n e \ o l e n c e : a o a i n w e t ini l 'w h i t e m e n sa \ int;

h i " o w n w o m e n I r o m h r o w n m e n ' ( 1 9 8 8 : 2 9 7 ) . C r e d i t h a i t i n g a l s o p i - o h l e m a t i -

Ciill\ i . ' inl)ra(.es t h e ' c o n c r e t e e v n ^ - r i e n c c " ot t h e s e w < i m e n as t h e i f t e s t i m o n i e s

a r e iwi t l as a r a t i o n a l toi^ g l o h a l i / a t i o i i , s o o n c e a y a i n , t h e t r a n s p a r e n t rt a d i n g ot

t h e o i l i e r dnd t l x ' r e a d i n g ot t h e o t h e r as t i \ T n s n a f e n t is use t l t o t o n s o l i d a t e an

impc i - i a l i s t canitali>^t e m p i r e t ha t is ci i i ickU h e t o m i n L ; t h e rioi'iii in t h e t \ \ e n t \ -

t i r s t c e n t i i r \ . As S n i \ ak s u g g e s t s , t h e s o \ r i T i g n SLihjrc t is in \ o k e d in t h e i n t e r e s t

ot g l o h a l t a p i t . i l i s m w h e r e ' l e l \ idenci . ' is d a i l \ p r o d i u e d hy c o m p u t i n g t h e

n a t i o n a l s u h j e c t ol t h e <rl<ihal S o u t h ' In r e t e r^ r ing t o ' w h a t i f a l l v h a p p e n s ' in t h e

s a m e wa\ - t )eleLi/.e ant i foi icaLi l t r e f e r t o t h e r x p r r i e n c c ' ol t h e m a s s e s , w o r k e r s ,

a n d pris<inei-s in C S S as o u t s i t i r o f i d e o l o g \ ( 1 9 9 9 a : 2 5 5 ) . W h i l e il in h e r e a r l i e r

w o r k s h e w a s w i l l i n g t o a c t e p t t h e n e c e s s i t \ ' i>t t h i s ' - s t r a t eg i c e s s e n t i a l i s m ' in

p<ilitical s t r u g i ^ l r s , t h e e m e i - g e n c e o l t h e n e w s u h a l t e r n s u g g e s t s t h a t t h i s is n o

l u n g e r a \ I ah le o p t i o n <\w.\ in h e r m o r e r e t f n t w o r k s h e b e g i n s t o o l t e r an

a l l ( . ' i -na t i \ e .

CPU as^airi i n t c n t i st< o l o n i a l ' as

a l iTa tK t o n t a m i n a t e d a n d I n h i ' i d , as M i e k e Hall p o i n t s o u t , d i s r u p t s h i s r e a d i n g

o f t h e p o s s i l i i l i t \ o f i-eason as ' p u r e ' ( 2 0 0 2 : ^ 1 4 1 5 ) . 1 u i " the r , K a n t ' s t | i i e s t i o n

ol ' w h a t o u ^ l i t 1 t o d o . ' ' t h a t t o l l o w s t r o m ' w h a t c a n I k n o w ; ' ' is r r t h o u g h t , hv

S p i \ a k , as a t i u e s t i o n ot ' h o w r a n 1 t e a c h . ' ' hnpcrainc^ to Rcim.upnc the Pkiuct,

a n i > t h e r <il S p i \ a k ' s i -ecent p i i h l i c a t i o n s , l a \ s s o m e o t t h e gi-oiin<lw o r k loi ' t h i s

t l i s c u s s i o n h \ a s k i n g : '1 low c a n w r p i -o \ itie a d e t j i i a t e JListili< a t i o n l o r g i \ i n g c a r e ,

fo r c i m s i t l e r i n g t h e t a p a c i t \ t o h e l p o t h e r s as a h a s i c hLiman rii^ht. ' i l ow c an w r

ins t ri h e r e s p < i n s i h i l i t \ as a r i ^ h t r a t h e r t luui an o b l i g a t i o n : " ' (I 9 9 9 h : 5 2 ) . t \ i r s i i i n g

a r e s p o n s e t o t h e s e t i i i e s t i o n s i n \ ( ) l \ e s i \ ' a d i n [ ; K a n t ' s Ihe iniujiic oj IcIcoU'Ljicdl

RcLi.wn a y a i n s t t h e s j ra in: 'It h e w i s h e s t o r e m a i n d e \ i > t e d [ a n h a n g l i c h | ti> t h e call

ot his i n n e r d e t r i ^ n i i n a t i o n . . . h e m u s t , . , a s s u m e t h e b r i n g | DIIS(.'JJJ| ot a m o r a l

uiilhor ot t h e w n r l d " . I Ivvv t h e i m p e r a t i \ e is , S p i \ a k a r y i i e s ( e x a m i n i n g a l u n g e r

e x c e r p t ) , < lesp i le a s s e r t i o n s t o t h e i . o n t r a r \ , n o t t h e pr{) t l iKt ot t r e a s o n h u t t h e

s u p p l e m e n t t o it ( 1 9 9 9 b : 6 4 ) . t i i i p e r a t i \ e s t h o u g h t i>t o n l \ as t h e | ) ro<luc t ot

r e a s o n a r e a l s o w h e r e t h e e t h i c s o f a l t e r i t y g e t s < l i sp laced h \ t h e i n t e r e s t s ot

l u i r o p c a n i d e n t i t \ a n d w h e r e t h e W e s t e r n sLibject a n d t h e W e s t as s u b j e c t is cas t

as t h e n t ) i -m. A s opp<ise t l t o , as K a n t <loes , r f ro i in t l i n^ e t h i t s in r a t i o n a l k n o w I-

edi^e t h a t t h r r i l e a d s l o i l o i n i ; , S p i \ d k ' s n o t i o n ot t e a c h i n g k e e p s a l i \ e t h e e t h i c a l

i m p e ] \ i t i \ e as re la t i<inal a m i u n g r o u n d e d , as a l w a \ s bei jgini^ t b e ( p i e s t i o n a b o u t

t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w t f n e t h i c s an<l j c i i n g ant i n a t u r a l a n d l u i n i a n r i g h t s .

Ka thc i - tikiti f e e l i n g t ) b l i g a t e d t o ac t in t h e i n t e r e s t o f t h e o t h e r dLit\ as

W h i t e m a n ' s h u r d e n t h e N o r t h e t - r i p l a n e t a r \ s u b j e c t nee<ls ii> n n t l e r s t a n d h i s /

h e r ' l o r g o t l e n ' in ip l ica t i i>i i in t h e N o r t h / S o u t h t i \ n a n i i < ant i t h e { - l l eds it has

hati in o r t l e r tt> t l e \ t ' l< ip a t r u K a c t t i i i r i t a b l e e t h i t a l p t>s i t io i i . l l u ' n u i d e i ol d u t y

a s s u m e s t h e cu l tu iMl sv ipe r i t ) r i t \ ol t h e W ' e s t , w hit h m u s t w t)rk t o ' r i g h t t h e

w r o n g s ' t)l t h t ) s e It ss t i t . I h e 'I l i s t o r v ' t h a p t e r in (PR pvo\ i d e s a e x a m p l e t h a t

u n t l o e s t h e a m n e s i a t h a t i n t t i r m s t h e ' e n l i ^ h t e n e i l ' \ iew t h a t t h e F i r s t W t t r l t l h a s

a m t ) r a l i m p e r a t i x c nr o b l i ^ a t i t ) n t o w a r t ! t h e I 'hirt l W o r l d t o s i i p p K ' aitl an t i t o

<iisp<'nse r i g h t s , l ea \ i n g t h e I ' l i i i 'd W o r l t l i n d e h t e d / o h l i ^ e d ft)]- t h e r e c e i p t tif t h i s

b e n e \ t t l e n c e . In a l e t t e r S p i \ a k c i t e s b \ Majt)i- ( i e n e r a l l ) a \ i t l ( ) c h t e r l o n \ , t h e

n i i K ' t e e n t h - r e n t u r \ a^^crit t o t h e L;t)\ e i " n t ) r - g e n r i ' a l in I n d i a , h e i l o e s nt)t d i s i j i n s r

his c o n t e m p t l o r t h e p e o p l e in B e n g a l b u t , n c \ ei t l i e l e s s , Linilci^stantis t h a t t h e

r e t u r n ol t h r i r t e r r i t ( ) i " \ ' ami vvwnuK- ' w i l l b e i - t t r i \ e t l n o t s o m u c h as .m

o h l i g a t i t ) n as a r i g h t ' . l , \ e r i d i e - h a r d t i i l t>nia l is ts l i ke ( ) c h t e r l n ize i ! b e r e s t o r e t l b\- t h e c o l o n i a l i s t

w h o hati c o m m i U e < l a w i t i n g , du u n t l e r s t a n d i n g t h a t h a s s int e b e e n d i s p l a c e d ant i

r - e \ r r s c t l by t h e ' b e n e \ o l e n t ' d e s i r e o n t h e p a r t ot t h e cb l iga t ion as b e i n e ; t i b l i g e t l ' ( 1 9 9 9 a : 2 1 4 ) . I m p e r i a l i s m is

b a t k in 'I a sh i o n ' , a I ime a r t i c l e a n n t i i i n c e s in i t s t-c\ iew o l B u s h ' s p o l i t \ t tn t h e

.Midt l le I as t an t i t h e n t t)nt l i i t l es : ' I h e r e ' s n o t h i n i ^ w r o n g w i ih a I i t t i e c o l t ) n i a l i s n i

s o r r \ , n a t i t ) n l n i i l t l i n g b u t i t ' s n o t e a s \ ti> g e t it rii^lit . A m e i - i t a n s s h o u l t l

r e m e m b e r t h a t t h e ol t l i n i p e i i a l pt)w e r s g o t i>Lit ot t h e b u s i i K s s in p a r t b e c a u s e

t h e y n e v e r g o t a n \ d i a n k s It tr i t . I n s t ea t I t l i e i r r e w a r t i w a s " t h e b l a m e til t l i t i s r \i, '

b e t t e f , t i l e h a t e i>f t h o s e \ r g i i a r t i " ' ( t . l l i o t t , 2 0 0 2 : 4 6 ) . The n a t i i r a l i / a t i o n o f

t h i s n a r r a t i \ e t h e supe r i t i i - W i st n e e d s t o c t i n t - t t t h e ' t i- i ir t l ' w o r l d t h a t s h o u l t l ,

in t u r n , ix ' sp t in t i w i t h g r a t i t u t l e is t h e t i n e S p i \ a k s e e k s t t i t l e n a t u r a l i / e in h e r

m t i r e n u a n c e t l r e a d i n g o f h i s t t ) r \ .

In h e r p a p e r ' R i g h t i n g W r o n g s ' d e l i \ e r e d at O x I o r t I U n i \ e r s i t \ as p a r t i>f

^M\ A m n e s t y Int<, r n a t i o n a l s e r i e s tit l e c t u r e s 'I JLiman R i g h t s ant i [ i u n i a n W i r i n g s '

S p i \ a k t i e sc i - ibes t w i ) t o r n i s o l c u l t u r e r e s p o n s i h i l i t \ base t l ( s u b a l t e r n ) ant i

r i g h t s base t l ( N t i r t h e r n ) a r g u i n g b o t h mx-t l s u p p l e m e n t a t i o n , o n e b \ - t h e o t h e r ,

in t i r d c r t t i p i" t i t luce s o c i a l t r a n s l o r m a t i t i n . W i t h t i u t t l i s m i s s i n g t h e i i se lLi lness til

r i g h t s c u l t u r e t h a t e m e i " g e t l w i t h t h e l i i i i a h t r n m e i i t , s h e l a u n c h e s h e r m o s t

e x p l i t i t a t t a c k o n i ts f o l t m i a l t l i m e n s i t i n s t h a t h a \ e m a r g i n a l i / e t l an t i t xc l t i t l e t l

s u b a l t e r n c u l t u i - e s . W i t h i > i i t a d t i i i b t , t h e c u r r e n t a g e n t i a ant i a s s L i m p t i t m s

g u i t l i n g i l r \ f l o p m e i i t an t i h u m a n l i g h t s i n i t i a t i w s .-tvi t n ihe<l t le i l in an iinc tiiial

r e l a t i o n s h i p o f p o w e r h e t w f e n N o r t h an t i S t i u t h . S p i \ a k a i ^ j u r s t h a t it is t h e

t iest f n t i a n t s til t h e t t i l o n i a l m i t l d l e t lass w h o h a \ e b e t { i m e t h e h u m a n r i g h t s a n d

t l e \ e i o p m e n t w t i r k e i " s in S t> i i the rn coLt i i t r i e s t o d a w l i k e M a t a u l a y ' s M i n u t e

M e n , t h e s e w < i r k e r s s e r \ f a s i n t e r n i e t l i a i ' i e s b e t w e e n loca l c t i n s t i t u e i i c ies a n d

e m e r g e n c \ r e l i e l < i rua i i i / a t i on , s . G e i i e r a l K i g n o r a n t o l t h e l angLia^es ant i i t i i o m s

ol t h e p la t f s t hey t r a x r l t o , i i i - gan i za t i t i n s l ike M e t i i c i n e S a n s I r t m t i e r (1 )ot t<ii-s

w ith<iut [ ' r tmt ie i - s ) t u r n ' t h e i n t r i - p i - e t e r s t h e m s e U e s i n t o i m p e r f e t t \ t t t i - c a t i \ e

i m i t a t i o n s tit t h e tlt)t tugh et i i n o i n i c t i ia, i[ i i / .at i<ins l i ke

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t a n n t i t c o m e a b t i u t t h r o u i ^ i i r t i t e l e a r n i n g , m r m o r i z a t i t m , c o m m a n t l m r r U s a n t i

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h u m a n r i g h t s t l i s c o i i r s e a n t i p r t i \ i t I e a n a l i b i I t i r t h e N e w l i m p i r e . 1 r o m k i t k l i e

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a g e n t i a I t i r a ' h u m a n i t i e s t i i t t i m e ' a p r a t t i c e t i l t e a c h i n g l o t u s e t l o n t i r n n s t i -

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c u i t u r e a n d i i n \ e i " i l i a b l e i n c a u s e o t t i i e l i m i t s t i l r a t i o n a i k n t i w l e t l i r , - . t h i s

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a n t i t h a t N e w Y t i r k | n i e t t m \ n i i c a l i \ , t h e t l i s p r n t l i n g e n t i ] i s n u c f s s a r i b t h e c a p i t a l

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' t i i e o n i y p r i o r a n d p a t i e n t t r a i n i n g l i i a t c a n i e a \ e n t i i c t j i i i t k l i x t r a i n i n g i n s t i u i t e s

t i i a t p r e p a r e i n t e r n a t i o n a i c i \ i l s o c i e t \ w < i r k e r s , i n t i i i t l i n g h i i n u u i r i g h t s a t U t i -

c a l e s w i t i i u n c t i m p l i c a t e d s U i n t i a r t i s I t i r s i i t < e s s ' ( 2 0 0 5 ) . B \ l e a r n i n g t h i s p r a t t i t f

t i t r e a t l i n * ! , S p i \ a k s t i i j ^ e s t s t h a t r e s p t i n s i b i l i t x ' b a s e i ! c u l t u r e s w i l l b e r e \ i t a l i z e t l

a n < i s u t u r e t i i n t o r i i j i i t ' s i i a s e t i t i i i n k i n g i n n t i n - i i t d e m o n i c w a \ s .

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i n r \ t i i u t i t i n a r \ t e r m s a s a t e i f o i t i ^ i t a i n a r r a t i \ e o t p r e i i K i t i e r n t t i m t i t i e i n , i i t i n e

t i i e i n t e r e s t i n s p a t i a i a i t e r i t v . I n S p i \ a k ' s \ i e w , w h a t M a r x I a i l e t i t o t i n o r i z e w a s

t h e ' g r t i i i n i l c t i n t h t i t i n ' <il t h e c t i n t i n u t t l r e p r o t l u t t i t i n t i l c l a s s a p a r t h e i t ! a n t i t h t i s

h i s s t i l u t i t i n t t i t h r r e d i s t r i b u t i t i n o l w e a l t h w a s " t o c h a n g e t h e \ i t t i n i i n t t i a n

a g e n t ' ( 2 0 0 5 ) . e d u c a t i o n i n t h e I m m a n i t i c s ' t < i c t i m e ' w t i u l t l l i a \ f t h r ' n e c e s s a r y

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n o t i o n o t e n i i g i i t e n m e n t t h i n k i n g a n t i i i L i m a n r i g i i t s . I h e e c h o o l S p i \ a k ' s t a l i

t o r ' p e r s i s t e n t c r i t i c i i i e ' i n b e r e n g a g e m e n t w i t h < i t h t r t t i n t r r n s i n h e r o e u \ r e i s

t i b \ i i n i s h e r e , t h i s p r o t f s s , t h i s ' l e a r n i n g ' I r t i n i | i r e - c a p i t a l i s t s t i c i e t i e s t h e It i s t

i m p e r a t i \ e o l r e s p o n s i b i l i l x w t i u i t i i n t u r n r e \ i \ e t i i e d e i n o c i a t i c s t r u t l u r e s t i l

c i \ ii S t i c i e t \ a n < i e n c o u r a g e c a p i t a i t o i i r r a k t r o m ,^]-\ i m p e r i a i i s m t h a t i s n o w k i l i

s t a i e g l o i i a i i z a t i t i n , i n t e r r u p t i n g t i i e i o g i c o f c a p i t a i i s n i s o t i i a t i t s e r \ f s l i i e s t i t i a i

i n s t t a t i o l c o i t m i / i n g i t ^^utl t i e s t r t i y i i H ' i t .

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I h i s s p e c i a l i s s L i e t i n S p i \ a k s w t i r k r e s p o n d s t o w h a t w r s e e a s i t s c t i n t i n u e t i

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i s n o t r e i k i c i b i e t t i i t i e n t i t v p o i i t i c s w i i e r e t i i e g t n t i e r t t i s u i i a i t e r n o t t u p i e s a

p a r l i c u i a r l v t e i i i n g p l a c f a s p a r t t i l a c t i m p r c i i c - n s i x e c r i t i c | i i e t i l g l o i i a i i / a t i o n . I o

a i a r g e e x t e n t , t i i e t t i n t e n t i t i u s i - e t t M ) t i t ) n t i t ' C S S ' i n 1 9 8 8 w a s o \ e r i l e t e r n i i n e t i

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t h a t d o m i n a t e t l t i i s t u s s i t i n s a i i t i L i t s u b j e c t i \ i t \ w i t i i i n h t i t h t h e i n s t i t u t i o n a n t i l l u '

s i K i a i m t i \ e m e i i t s t i t t h e I 9 8 0 s . I n h e r r e t f n t r e l r a n i i n g i i l t h i s e s s a v a n d i n h e r

o c - L i \ r e a s a w h t i l e S p i \ a k a s k s u s t o c i m s i t l e r h o w t h e i i i a c c e s s i b i l i t \ o l s u b a l t e r n

t t i n s t i t i u s n e s s t t i n t i n i i e s t t i h a u n t i n t f r t l i s t i p l i n a r \ i n t | L i i r \ d e s p i t e t h e n i t i \ e t t i

n i t i i e t t i n t t x t u a l i z e t l a n t i t i e t a i l e t l a c c t i u n t s o t t h e ' e \ e r \ t l a y ' . 1 i i e s i i e i i t f s

e m i u ' t i t i t ' t i i n t h e s e c i i r t m t i l o g i c a i a n t i i t m t i n u t i u s a t t t i L i n t s t i t h i s t t i r \ i i a \ e i u ' e n

g i i i s s i ' t i < i \ ( . T b o t h i n t h e p r i \ i l e g i n g <il t h e a r c h i \ e , a n a l r e a c K ' t l i g e s t e t l " p a s t t i i a t

p o s e s a s t h e ' r a w m a t e r i a l l o r h i s t t i r \ w r i t i n g ' , a n < l i n t h e i t s i s t a n c r t o L i n < l e r -

s t a n d i n g t i i e p a s t a s t h e p r o t i u c t o l t i i e e \ e r s i i i l t i n g t e r r a i n o t m e m o r \ . H \

t i r a w i n g a p a r a i i e i i i e t w c c n t i i < i s e s i i e n c e s a n < i t i i e g e n i i t

w l i e t i i c r i i t t I a t u r e , i i i s t t n i o g r a p h \ , a n t l i r t i p t i i o g i c a l s i h t i i a r s i i i p , t i e \ t i o p m e n t

r h e t o r i c , a n t i l u i n i a n r i g h t s t l i s c o L i r s e s t h a t c l a i m t o e x c a \ a t e ' t h e o t h e r ' n e c f s

s a i i l \ ' a l s t i s u b s u m e h e r i n t t i h e g e m o n i c n a r r a t i \ c \ s . t n t h e i r t t i c u s n n t h e l i t e i a r \ ,

t h e p a p e r s w f l i a x e g a t h r r r t l f o r t h i s s p e c i a l i s s L i e e a c h e n g a g e w i t h t h e e t h i c s o f

a l t e r i t \ a s i t r e l a t e s t t i \ a r i o L i s e x p r e s s i t m s t t t s L i b a l t e i " n i t \ ' i n t h e N \ ' w l . m p i r e .

l ' a u l d e M a n l a m t i u s h w r t i t e , ' V V i i c n n i o t i e r n c r i t i t s t i i i n k t i i e \ a i " e t i e n n s t i t \ i n g

i i t e r a t u r e , t l i e \ a r t - i n l a c l b e i n g t i e i n \ ' s t i t i e t i h \ i t ; b n t s i n t e t h i s n e t f s s a r i i \

o c c u r s i n t i i e t t i r m t i t a t r i s i s , t i i e \ . i v v i i i i n t i t t i w i i a t t a k t s p i a t e w i t h i n t i i e n i

s c i \ e s . A t t i i e n i t i m e n t t l i a t t i i e \ c i a i m t t i i l t i a w a \ ' w i t i i i i t r r a t i i r e , l i t t ^ M t L i r e i s

i . \ f r \ w i i e r e ; w l i a t t h e y t a l i a n t i i r t i p t i i o g \ \ i i n g L i i s t i t s , p s \ t i i t i a n a i \ s i s i s n o t i i i i i g

i ) i i t i i t e r a t u r e r e a p p e a r i n g , i i k e t l v t i r a ' s i i e a t l , i n t i n ' \ C T \ - s p t i t w b e r e i t l u n i

s L i p p o s e t l i \ - b e e n s u p p r e s s t ' t l ' ( t i e M a n , 1 9 8 5 : 1 8 ) . L i t e r a t u r e p r t i \ t i k r s a p r t i t l u t -

t i \ e t r i s i s i n t i i e s t i i t U t i l c u l t u r e a s it s e r \ f s a s a r t i n i n t l e r <il t h e l i c t i \ e n e s s o l

a l l l a n g u a g e , a n d , i t i s i n t h i s s p a t f o t l a n g u a g e i n i t s s i n g u l a i i t \ a n d m a t e r i a l i t \

t h a t t h e r e a t l e r t t m t r t i n t s t i i e e t i i i t a i a s i t i n c l i n e s h e r t o w a r d t h e ( i m ) p o s s i b i e

t i t i i e r , w i i a1 S p i \ a k n a m e s a s t i i e t t i n t i i t i t ) i i o t i i e i i i g h u m a n . ' i 5 \ t l e t i n i t i o n ' , S I K -

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s i t u a t i o n c a n o n i \ i n - t i g L i r t t l i n t i i c c t i i i c a i e x p e r i e i u f o f t h e i m p t i s s i i i i e . A m i

i i t f r a t i i r e , a s a p i a \ t i l t i g u r e s , t a n g i \ f u s i m a g i i i a t i \ f a c c e s s t o t i i e e x p e r i e n c e '

(2000 : 5 56).t 5 r u c f R t i b i > i n s " s " S O L I I M a k i n g : S p i \ a k t i n U p w a r t i M o i ) i l i t \ " r e t t i r n s t t i C S S

t<i r e i n i n t i u s t h a t S p i \ a k p t i s e t l t h i s t r i t i c a i t j u e s t i t m w i t i i s p e c i f i c r e f e r e n c e t o

t i i e i n t e r n a t i t m a l t i i \ i s i o n o f i a b t i i i r . t k - r a n a U s i s t i t D e i n e / e a n t i I t n n a u l t ' s

r o m a n t i c i z a t i t m t i t t i i e k i i r t i p e a n ' w t i r k e r s " s t r u g g l e ' a p t i s i t i o n t i i a t i g n t i r e s

t h e l a t t t i i a t t i i i s s t r u g g l e i s i i e i n g p l a \ f t i t i u t i n t h e c t m l r x t t i t g i t i i ) a i t a p i t a i i s m

a n t i i n i p e r i a l i s n i r a i s e s t h e t i u e s t i t i n a b t i u t w h e t h e r t h e t i g h t t o r a n e g a i i t a r i a n

p t i l i t i c s i n t i i e m e t r t i p t i i i s i s n t i t a l w a \ s a t t b e e x p e n s e o t t i i t i s e o n t h r t i t h e r s i t i e

o t t i l e i n t e r n a t i o n a i t i i \ i t i c \ k l a i i t i r a t i n g t i n S p i \ a k ' s ( i e m a n t i i n CPR t i i a t t e i i o w

< i i a s p i i i i c i n t e i i e t t u a i s n t i t e x p i a i n a w a \ ' t i i e i r p r i \ i l e g e a n t i i n l l u c n c e i n t i t e

a c a t i e m \ t i n ' m t i r a i i u c k ' , R o i ) i ) i n s e x t e i u l s t h i s i m p e r a t i \ e t o a n \ a t a d e m i t /

a c t i \ i s t c o n i n i i t n u ' i i t t o p r t m u i t e a n e g a l i t a r i a n p t i l i t i t s , u n t k r s t a n t i i n g t i e c o n

s t r i i c t i \ f e t i i i t s a s a c k n t i w i e t i g i n g t i i e ' t i i r t \ i i a i n i s t i i a t c a n n e \ e r b e c l e a n e i k .

k t i l i t i w i n g t i i r o u g i i t m t i i i s i o g i c t i i e i i , R o b b i n s s u g g e s t s t i i a t if, a s S p i \ a k a r g u e s ,

B r o n t e ' s j a n e i : \ ' r e c l a i m s h e r i n t l e p e n t l e n c e a t t i i e e x p e n s e t i l h e r t o i t m i a i s i s t e r ,

s o t t i o s h e i - i s c s i n c l a s s a n t i , i n i i i s r e a t l i n g t i l K i n c a i t l ' s I u c \ , p t i i n t s t i n t t h a t t h i s

s a m e t > p p o r t L i n i t \ t t i r n p w a r t i n i t i b i l i t \ ' i s a t t t i r t l e t l t o t h i r t l w t i r k i w o m e n . I n t h i s

r e a t l i n g t h a t b i i i k i s u p o n S p i \ a k ' s , i < o b l i i n s s u g g e s t s t h e i n i p o r t a n c f t i l t i e l e n t i i n g

t h e s o c i a l w f H a r e s t a t e e \ f n i n i t s i n i p e r l e t t i t ) n a s u p w a r t i m t i b i i i t x ' s t t i r i e s t a n

b e a b t i u t n i t i r e t h a n s e l l i n t c i c s t t t i i n t i i x i c i u a i i s m a m i t i i e i ) r t r a \ a l o l t h o s e i e l t

i) t h i n t i . I t i s w i i a t R t i i ) i i i n s c a i i s t l i e ' e t i i i c o l s o c i a l i n t e n l e p e n i i e n c e ' u n t i e i i \ i n g

t h e s o c i a l w e i i a r e s t a t e t i i a t s a \ e s i t i r t i n i i i e i n g i n l u n t i a i n e n t a i c t m l l i t t w i t h n t ) i i -

m t ' t r t i p t i l i t a n s p a t t s e \ e i i i t , a g a i n s t t h e h i s t o r i t a l m t i m e n t o t i m p c i ' i a i i s m , t i i i s

c i m l l i c t i s t r < m t a n t i c e n t r e .

t u r n i n g t o t i i e i n i p t i r t a n t t ' t i t t i i e p t M c l i c e t i l c r i t i c a i r r a t i i n g i n S p i \ a k ' s

w o r k . B r e n t h t i w a r t i s , i n ' S e i x e t i g e S a i x a g e ' , e x a m i n e s t i i e u s e o t p a r o u i M s i n

i P R ; t i i i s r i i c ' t t i r i c a i t i e \ i c t ' i s ' a w a \ ' t i l u s i n g l a n g u a g e t h a t w i t i i h t i k i s c t i n n e t t i t i n s

a n i l c o n j u i i c t i t m s ' , t h u s t t i r e i n g t i i e r e a t i e r i n t o a n a c t i \ e c r i t i c a l e n g a g e m e n t w i t i i

t i i e t e x t a s s / i i e m u s t b o t i i m a k e t h e l i n k s b e t w e e n \ a r i t m s s e c t i t m s o l t i i e t e x t

a n t i r e c t i g n i / e t i i e i n e t > n i m e n s u i - a b i i i t \ ' t i t \ a r i t i n s m i g r a n t / r a t i a i i z e t i / c i a s s

n a r r a t i v e s . f u r s L i i n g a ( i i s c n s s i o n t i t S p i \ a k ' s a n a i \ s i s t i l K i n c a i d ' s I.LK] a s p a r a

t a c t i c a n d i i c r c i a i m t i i a t ' r i i e t t i r i c a i s e n s i t i \ e r e a d i n g s ' a r e i i o t h p t i l i t i c a l a n t i

e t i i i c a i , I ' t i w a r t l s t i i e i i c t i n s i t i e r s i i t i w ( t'R ' p t f Is a w a \ t i - t i m i t s <iw n p r o g r t s s ' t t i

k t t p a l i \ f t t n s i i m s t h a t a r e a t o i i t f i r r e s o h a i i i e a n t i p r t i t i n t t i \ f . A s t . t i w a r t i s

a r g u e s , t h e a s i t l c s , I t i t i t n o t r s , a n t i p a r e n t i i e t i c a i t i L i a i i t i c a t i t m s t h a t s i i r r t i i i n t i t h e

HE

r e p r i n t e t l / r e \ iset l e s s a \ s in CPR ( t h e \ e r \ s t \ i i s t i c e l e m e n t s tit h e r w t i r k t h a t

s o m e t r i t i t s finti m o s t t r u s t r a t i n g ) p t i i n t t t i t h e e t l g e s tif S p i v a k ' s t l a i m s a n d m a r k

a sel l r e t l e x i \ f ' a w a r e n e s s tit c l a s s b t i u n t l c t i n ip l i c it \ ' t i ia t g t i e s a i<mg w itii i i e r

pos i t l<m as a n u p w a r t i U m t i b i i e m i g i a n t in t i i e a c a t i t m y , Bu t il , as S p i \ a k h a s

a r g u e t l , a t a r e t u i r e a t l i n g til /.(/tn s u g g e s t s t h a t t h i s s t o r v o f a C a r i b b e a n g o \ e r n e s s

w h t i n i i o r a t r s t t i t h e i i i e t r o p t ) l i s is a b o u t m t i r e t h a n t h e s t a n t l a r t i n t i t i o n s ot

t i i a sp t i r a ant i i i \ i i r i t i i t \ t i iat g e t rea t i o n t o i t , E t i w a r t i s t n r t h e r a rgLKs t i ia t i ,Lic\ ,

t a k i n g t>ii t i i e r e s p t i n s i i i i i i t \ o) t i i e e x i l e as s h e h r e a k s t r t i m h e r m o t h e r ant i

b i r t h p l a c f , a c t i \ e l y r e s i s t s m a k i n g t t m n e c t i o n s b t t w f e n t h e ' s t a t t r r e t l p t i s t

ct i i<miai m i g r a n t s ' s h e e i i c t i u n t e r s . in t h i s w a \ , iAic\ r e t u s r s , as S j i i \ a k hers{.'|l

t i o e s , a t o t i e a s \ s o i i t i a r i t v t h a t w t m i t i e r a s e t i i t f e r r n c e s b e t w e e n \ar ioLis ly

s i t u a t e t l m i g r a n t s ant i b e t w e e n ' g k i h a l p t i s t c t i k m i a l i t y an t i m e t n i p t il it an

n i i g i a n c \ ' in t h e i n t e r e s t s tif a ' m u l t i c u l t u r a l i s m t t m i p i i t i t w i t h n e o t t i k m i a l i s n i .

S p i \ a k is p r t i p t i s i n g a i i io t l e l t t i r an ( i m ) p t i s s i b l e pe i lag<ig ica l a p p r t i a c h t t i c i i t i -

c i sn i t h a t is a k i n t t i t h e p o e t i c ( t t e t t tit t h e c o n t e m p t i r a r v pa rat a t t i c p r o s e p t n t r y

ot I I a r r \ f t t c ' M t i l l e n a m i g c s t u r t s t o w a r t l s t h e i m p o r t a m t - oi l i t e r a r v i-eat l ing

p r a c t i c e s in du e t h i t s til a l t e r i t \ \

In a n t i t i i e r r c c o n s i t l e r a t i t i n tif ( 7 ' / i , S a n g e e t a i < a \ , in ' t . l h i c a l E m t i u n t e r s :

S p i \ a k , A k ' x a m l e r ant i K i n t a i d ' , t r a c k s t h e r e t t - n t t t i n t r i h i i t i o n s t h a t S p i \ a k h a s

m a d e t t i a t k l r e s s i n g t h e t : | i ies l i im o f t- thi t s in t e r m s ol t h e p t i s s i b i l i t ) ot i -eat l ing

t h e o t h e r w i t h o u t d i s p e n s i n g w i t h t h e s t r u c t u r e s o( c i \ i l s o c i e t y ( s o m e t h i n i ;

S ] i i \ a k h e r s e l t h a s r c c e i i t U t a l l e t l ' a h - i i s i n g t h e E n l i g l i t e n i i K ' n t ' ) . C e n t r a l t t i t h i s

t l i s c u s s l t m is R a y ' s e x p l a n a t i o n o f t h e t l i s t i n c t i o n S p i x a k ' s w t i r k m a k e s b e t w e e n

' t h e C a l l t t i an t i t h e C a l l ot t h e i a h i c a k . ' f h e C a l l to t in- i J h i t a l , as R a y e x p l a i n s ,

a s s u m e s a t r a n s c t ' t n l e n t e t h i c t h a t is e m b e t k l e t l in an E n l i g h t e n m e n t p t i s i t i<m,

w h e r e as t h e C a l l o/ t h e E t h i c a l r f t | u i i f s "just t h e t i p p t i s i t e a r e c o g n i t i o n t h a t

the i - f is an o t h e r s i t ie an t i t h a t t m t h i s s i t le "is t h e i n t l e t i n i t e ' " . This i n t i \ e a l l ow s

S p i \ a k t o t l isrLipt t h e i n i r m a l i / e t l e t [L i i \ a l enc \ t h a t u m l e i - s t a m l s ix - sp tms ib i i i tx t t i

t i l t ' o t h e r as an <ii i i igat i t in t h t r c b v l e i n s t r i b i n g t i i e C u i t u r e tii t i i e I . n i ig i i t e i i

m t n t as rt a s t i n a i i i e in t i p p t i s i t i o n t t i t i i e cLil t t i rc tit t h e n u i l t i c u l t L i i a l o t i i e r a s m m -

r c a s t i n w i t i i a n t i t i t i n til r e s p t i n s i i ) i i i t \ a s a r i g i i t . R a \ ' s a n a l y s i s p t i i n t s t t i h t iw

S p i \ a k ' s r e r e a t l i n g ot h u m a n r i g h t s r e t | t i i r e s u s t t i ' | b e t t i m e | c o m l o r t a b l e w i t h

t h e i n e x h a L i s U b l e t l i \ c ' r s i t \ o t f p i s t e m e s ' a m i t r a n s t o i - m s t h e ' b u r t l e n tit s t ic ia l

r e s p o n s i b i l i t y ' t t i ' a l i i n h a b i t i n g t h e p l a n e t ' in t h e n a m e tit a ' m t i r e "JList n i o t l e r

n i t \ " ' . \i^\ n i t i b i l i z e s t h i s t i i e t i r c t i c a l s t a n c e in iiei- r e a i i i n g <il m i \ e l s i)y M r c n a

A i e x a n d t r ant i J a m a i c a K i n c a i d ant i a t i l in b \ - S h a s h w a t i t a l u k t i a r in t i r t k r t t i

i i i u s t r a t e t h e t l i t f e r - e m t ' b e t w e e n a c r i t i c a l \ c r s u s t o n s e r \ a t i \ e m u i t icuitiM ai

r e a t l i n g p r a c t i c e ' an t i t i i c t o i i t i i t i t m s tii pos s i i ) i l i t \ o l ki i t iw l e d g e t i ia t i n l l e t t an

e t i i i t s in t i i is a p p r < i a t i i .

R e t u r n i n g t<i s t i m e tit t h e i n s i g h t s in C S S , VV'WA N a r i s n i L i k i , in ' k x a m i n i i i g

t h e U i n l i s c l o s c t l . M a r g i n s : I ' t is t t t i k m i a l I n t e l l e c t u a l s a m i SLi i ia l te rn V t i i c f s ' , t i l l e r s

a c r i t i t | i n - til t h e t i i i g o i n g s i l e n c i n g <il s u b a l t r r n t u l t n r e in p o s t - a p a r t h e i d S t i u t h

Afri t a. N a r i s m u k i ' s nape i " e x a m i n e s t h e s y s t e m a t i c m a r g i n a l i z a t i t i n tit r e s i s t a n c e

l i t e r a t u r e i n t h e t u r r i c u h t i n o l t h e S t m t l i A t r i c a n p o s t - s e t t i n t i a r v e i k i t . i t i o n

s y s t e m v \ l i e r e E u r o ( ' e i i t r i t v a l u e s m a s t i u e r a t l e a s L i n i \ f r s a l a m i h e l p t o s h o r e u p

W h i t e l i b e r a l p r i v i l e g e . I k e p o e t f v t i l w o m e n r e s i s t a n t f w r i t t r s i s t t m t r a s t e t l

v\ i t h t h e p a t r i a r t h a l a n t i l i b e r a l r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o t ' p r o t e s t w l i t i n g ' t<i r e v e a l

t o n t r a d i c t i t m s a n t i c o m p l i c a t i o n s i n t h e p o s i t i t m t i t t h e g e n t l e r e t l s u b a l t e r n i n

r c l a t i < m t o S t m t l i A t r i c a n n a t i t i n a i i s t t l i s c o u r s e a n i l t h e s t a t e s s o t i a i a m i e t o m i m i c

p i i i i c v . N a r i s n u t i t i ' s i n t e r t l i s t i p i i n a r v a p p r t i a t i i t t i r t a t l i n g t h e s i t u a t i t m o i t h e

g e n t l c i ' c t i s u i i a i t e r n i n t i i e p o s t a p a r t l i e i t i a m i g i t i b a i i / e t i c x m t e x t l i i g i i i i g i i t s t i i e

t i i l t i t u i t v t h e s u b a l t e r n h a s a r t i t t i l a t i r i g I n r r e s p o n s e t t i t h e s o t i a l , c L i l t n r a l a n t i

e t i m o m i t p i ^ e s s u r e s s i i e e x p c r i e i i r e s t m a d a v t o t i a v b a s i s . S i i c p r o v i t i e s f x a n i p k s

t i f t h e c t i n t i n u e t i s i i e i i t i n g o l t i i e g c m l e r e < l s u b a l t e r n i n t h e t u r r i c u k i m t i i S t i u t h

A l r i c a n u n i v f r s i t i e s , i n t h e h e a r i n g s t i t t h e 1 r n t h a m i K e t i m c i l i a t i o n C o t i i m i s

s i o n , a m i i n t h e a t t i v i s m o f t b e s b a c k t l w c l l e r s <il t h e I n i p t i l w r n i s e t t l e m e n t

w h e i - e s b e h a s e t m t k i c t e t l t i e k l w o r k . N a i ' i s m u i u ' s p a p e r p o i n t s i t i t i l e i n s t i ' u

m e n t a l r o i e t h a t g r a s s r o o t s o r g a n i / a t i o n s t i i a t ( k ' v e i t i p ' n e t v \ t i c k s t i t g k i i i a i i z a t i o n

t r t m i i ) t i o w ' t a n p L i v i n t i t n n s t i l v i n g t i i e t i e i i i o t r a t i z i n g r b e t o r i c t i i a t i i a s

i n l t i r m e d p o s t - a p a i t h e i i l g o v e r n m e n t p o l i e v h u t t h a t h a s t a i l e t l t o t i e l i \ e f A \ \ \

s i g n i f i c a n t i m p r i n e n i e i i t i n t h e l i v e s o l t h e s u b a l t e r n t t m i m u n i t v .

. A i t e r i t v , e t i i i c s , s u i i a i t e r n i t v a m i t h e i r s p e t i a i r e i a t i < m s i i i p t t i l i t e r a t u r e t i i e

t h e m e s t h a t r u n t h r t i u g h t h i s sp^-c ia i i s s t i e ^ v c a l i r e v i s i t e d i n t h e t i n a i p a p e r i n

t i l e c t i i i e c t i t m . F i l e t i u e s t i i m o t l i t i w i m i i v i t i n a i n i e i i u i r v I i t s , o r m o r e a t t n r a t e l v ,

t i t l e s m i t l i t w i t h i i i s t o i - v i s a t t h e i i e a r t t i f C l a v a t r i S p i \ a k ' s ' I h e S t a g i n g o t I ' i m e

i l l l l c i - e n i u k h o n o i i , a . \ k i r v s e C o m l e n o v e l a b t i i i t V e r o n i c a . \ ' l e i" t i e r , a c h a r a c t e r

w i i i i v \ a s b t i r i i i n ( i u a d e k i n p e , m o v e s t o P a r i s a n t i t r a v e l s t o W f s t A l i i t a i n s e a r c h

<if a n a n t e s t r v t h a t v\ a s i n t e r i - i i p t e t l b y s l a v e r \ . S u g g e s t i n g t h a t i h e k i c i i s o n

M e r c i e r a s a t h a r a c t e r i s i i n i i t e t l i n i t s a p p r t i a c h , S p i v a k r e a d s t b e n i n e l a s a

s t a g i n g t i l k e t e i - t i g e i i e t i u s t i m e t h a t I t i r e g i ^ t m n t l s t h e i n e v i U i h l e s u p p r e s s i t m t i l t h e

s u b a l t e r n t b a t t n t u r s w h e n t h e n t i v f l is r e a d t m l v i n t t r m s o l t h e t e n t r a l

c l i a r a t t e r ' s p e r s o n a l t i u e s t t o i - h e r A h i e a n i ^ t i t i t s , l o r ' n i g g e r s w i t h a n t e s t t i r s , t o r

A t r i t a a s a ' s i n g u l a r k i s t n b j e t t ' t h a t n e c t ' s s a r i l v i i n o l v f s i g m i r i n g t h e s u b a l t e r n

i s n i i a i K f t i b v t h e n t i \ e l ' s t l e p k i \ m e n t t i l k e l e r o g e n e o n s t i m e , t h e s t a g e < l

a b s e n c e s a m i g a p s i n t h e n t n e l , b e t v \ e e i i t h o u g h t a m i s p e e t h , h e t w f e n n i e t i H i r v

a m i h i s t t i r \ , b e t w f e n C i i i a t l e l o u p e a n t i A t r i t a , b e t w e e n t h e g i l t o t t i m e a m i

( o n t e s s i t i n , b e t w e e n v v t i m e n ' s p e r s t i n a l s e x u a l p l e a s u r e a m i t b e i m p e r s o n a l

r e p r o t k i c t i \ f b < i t i \ p o i n t t o t h e w a x i b e n o x e l e x c e e t i s i t s c l i a r a t t e i ' t i i o g i t a l

t i u t i i n e . ' I h i s c p i t t p i a i i t v o t t i i e n o v f I t i i a t ac k n o v \ i e t i g e s t i i e i i n p e r s o n a i i i e t e r -

t i g e i i e i t y t i l i i i s t o r v a s i i v b r i t i t i m e p t i i n t s t o ' p r e t a p i t a i i s t w a \ s t i t i m a g i n i n g '

a n d t l iL i s r e s i s t s t h e p r o g r e . s s i \ e m t i t l e l o t l i t e r a t u r e , w h i t h s i t u a t e s t h e m i v e ! a t

t i l l ' h e i g h t t i f t l e n i o c r a t i c e x p i c s s i t m . It i s t h i s s t a g i n g o i t h e ' r u s e ' t i l i m i i v i t k i a l

m e n i t i r v t h a t | ) t i s i t s a t i t s t i r i g i n a ' t h e r e w a s ' i n i t s a t t e m p t s t o t o n i i e t t w i t i i a n

i m p e l s t i n a i i i i s t < i r v t i i a t u I t i m a t e iv a l i t i w s t i i e m i \ e l t o g e s t u r e t o w a r t i t h e i i e t e r

o g e n t t i n s i i i s t o r v t i i a t g c i s t o r t c f n i i v u n i i i e c l u n t i e r t i i e n a m e ' A t r i c a ' i n t i i e m a i n

c i i a r a t t e r ' s c i n e s t f o r a n c e s t o r s . W h i l e t i i e m a i n p i ' t i t a g t i n i s t , a n d r e a t i i n g s t i i a t

t iK t i s t in h e r , w a n t s t o j n i i i p t h e g a p b e t w e e n d i s t x m t i n t i o i t s l i is t<ir ies in t h e

a t t e m p t t t i a t t i r m an ' o r i g i n a r \ 1 l i s t o r \ ' , it is t h e e p i c g e s t u r e s in t h i s n o v e l t ba t

t t i r e g r o i H i t l t h e g a p s , t h w a r t i n g t h i s vei-v a t t e m p t .

Acknowledgements

W e t h a n k R a i l h i k a V i v a s M t m g i a i o r h e r i n v o b e n i e i U i n t h i s p r o j e c t a l t h e e a r l \

s t a g e s ; S l i a v v n a I e r r i s a m i K a i e v j o v f s t o r t i i e i r i x ' s e a r t i i a s s i s t a n t f ; a n d t i i e

e t i i t o r s t i t ( u l t i w a l S t u d i e s t t i r t i i e i r s u n i i o i i w i t h t h i s s n e t i a i i s s L i e .

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( | 9 9 9 e ) ' k u e i - v i e v \ : ( i a v a t r i S p i v a k o n t i i e p t i l i l i e s o t t i i e s u i i a l t e r i i ' . Soûih-<t

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( 2 0 ( ) ( ) ) ' r i i i n k i n g e u l t u r a l t | u e s t i n n s i n " p u r e " l i t e f a i - \ t e i - i i i s \ I n P . u i i G i l r o v .

l , a v \ - r e n c e ( i t > r s . s l i e r g a i u l A n g e l a M i R o i i b i e ( e i i s ) l l ' i i h o n i ( M / I / I ' I J / K C I ' S : hi I t m i o u r

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