Jihad

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Sequence Concepts Various Kinds of Jihad History and Issues Is Jihad Terrorism ? Epilogue

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Outline What is Islam about? Definition of Jihad Jihad in Islamic Terminology Aim/Objective of Jihad Elements of Jihad Levels of Jihad Significance of Jihad War in Islam Jihad and Terrorism Roots of Fundamentalism

What is Islam about?

Islam “salam” Peace, Submission, Salvation

Order, Harmony, and Integrity Within one’s soul and society

Concept The triliteral root jīm hā dāl د ه occurs 41 ج

times in the Quran, in five derived forms:

27 times as the form III verb jāhada (ََهد (َجٰ four times as the noun jihād (ِجَهاد)once as the noun juh'd (ُجْهد) five times as the verbal noun jahd (َجْهد) four times as the form III active

participle mujāhidīn (ِهِدين (ُمَجٰ

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Concept

Meaning from Arabic “Juhd”Dictionary: Struggle, strivingPractical : A determined struggle in the cause of

Allah in good “Jihad fi Sabilillah”

Can be termed as struggle of various types

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Concept Cont…

A person engaged in jihad is called a Mujahid, the plural is Mujahideen

In Modern Standard Arabic, term jihad is used for a struggle for any cause, violent or non-violent, religious or secular

5th/6th pillar of Islam.

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Concept cont….

As Military Warfare (Qittal) With certain conditions and practice it is

termed as Jihad bi-Saif

The term Jihad is generally used in fiqh manuals in reference to military combat

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Quranic View

Al-HujraatAl-NissaAl-InfaalAl-Tauba

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Obligatory

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Preaching Jihad

PickthallO Prophet! Exhort the believers to fight. If there be of you twentysteadfast they shall overcome two hundred, and if there be of you ahundred (steadfast) they shall overcome a thousand of those whodisbelieve, because they (the disbelievers) are a folk withoutintelligence. Surat Al-'Anfāl /65

! پر کافروں سو دو تو گے ہوں والے رہنے قدم ثابت آادمی بیس تم اگر اور دو۔ ترغیب کی جہاد کو مسلمانوں نبی اے ) بھی ) کچھ کہ ہیں لوگ ایسے کافر کہ لیے اس گے۔ رہیں غالب پر ہزار تو گے ہوں ایسے سو اگر اور گے۔ رہیں غالب

رکھتے نہیں سمجھ

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In Ahadiths, Reference 1:

Hazrat Abu Qatada (RA) Muslim,Kitabul Amara,Bab min Katal Fi Sabillillah

Reference 2 : Hazrat Abdullah bin Masud (RA) Bukhari, Kitab ul

Jihad, Bab Fazlul Jihad.

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Objectives as described in Quran

According to verses [Qur'an 8:39] The Qur'an implies two objectives:1. Uproot fitnah (فتنة) 2. Establish supremacy of Islam in the

world

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Objective of Jihad

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Aim/Objective of Jihad

To be Purified of sins To attain true humanity To achieve order peace and harmony

within the soul and society

Aim of Jihad

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Two Elements of Jihad

Spreading the Word of God Enjoining Good, Forbidding Evil

Significance of JihadFifth pillar of Islamic practice

War in Islam

War only when Inevitable,When preaching is prevented, When Muslims are oppressed

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Roots of Fundamentalism What is fundamentalism? Theological basis

- 9:36, Historical Roots

- Colonialism, Resistance and Revivalists movements, Occupied Land

Social situationLack of Education, Poverty, Fragmentation

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Various Types of Jihad, its level and Different views

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Jihad

Self

Social Economy

Finance

Distribution of Wealth

Pen

Education

Qittal

War Economy

Lisan

Media

Jihad is an Economy

Various Types of JihadJihad bil MaalJihad bil Qalum (pen)Jihad bil Saif (Qital)

Greatest is Jihad bil Nafs (Jihad-e-Akbar)While returning from Battle of Hunain The holy

Prophet said “ we came from Jihad-e-Asgher to Jihad-e-Akbar

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Jihad bil-ma’al Wealth is given by Allah and it should be

spent in His way

Necessary source for every Jihad

If everyone cant participate physically, they can participate financially

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Jihad bil-Qalum (Pen)

To fight with pen

Against ignorance, Illiteracy, Social evils

Mental persuasion for teachings of Islam

Superior to Jihad bil Maal

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Jihad bi-na’fs

Fighting with inner self against the evils Because ,Rightness of all actions depends

on precision of inner-self It means controlling evil desires of Nafs-e-

Ammara (Evil Self) Requires the greatest efforts Superior to all kinds of Jihads

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JIHAD AL-AKBAR The highest kind of jihad is to strive against

one's self and restrain oneself from evil desires Quran say's “And those who strive in Our cause. We will certainly guide

them in Our paths,For verily Allah is with those who do right.”

The Holy Prophet (PBUH) once said “the best jihad is that one does against one's self and desires

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Jihad bil Saif (Qital)

A distinctive feature of Islam

Jihad in the form of warfare

High honor for Shaheed and Ghazi

Option of last resort

Concept became debatable in these days

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Jihad as warfare (Qitaal)

In the Qur’an the term used for this form of Jihad is Qittaal

The only form of warfare permissible under in Islamic jurisprudence

May be declared against : Apostates, Rebels, Violent Groups, Non-Muslim combatants,

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Rules for Jihad

Classical manuals of Islamic jurisprudence, the rules regarding armed warfare are covered at great length.

Not killing women, children and non-combatants

Not to damage cultivated or residential areas

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Levels of JihadThree levels:

Personal: That of the soul

Verbal: Raising one's voice in the name of Allah on behalf of justice.

"The most excellent jihad is the speaking of truth in the face of a tyrant" (Hadith)

Physical: Combat waged in defense against oppression and transgression

Profoundly misunderstood in today's world

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Various Views about JihadJihad has been classified by sunni scholars as

Jihād al-akbar (the greater jihad), the struggle against one's soul

(nafs), Jihād al-asghar

(the lesser jihad), the external, physical effort, often implying fighting

Similar view of the shiite scholars about Jihad

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Another view

The Hanbali scholars believe that "internal Jihad" is important but they suggests those Hadith as weak which consider "Jihad of the heart/soul" to be more important than "Jihad by the sword".

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WHEN JIHAD IS OBLIGATORY

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When Deen is in Danger

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When Muslim are in Danger

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War against disbelievers

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Defense

PRINCIPLES

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Principles of Jihad

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No Retreat

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No Retreat

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Jihad as Ebadah

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No Mischief

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History of JihadDriving forces and Issues

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History Jihad by Holy Prophet-1st

Righteous Caliphate-2nd

Against Zakat refusers, Apostates Umayyad (661-750)-3rd -Expansionists

Samarqand,Bukhara,Spain,Sindh Abbasid (750-1258)-4th- Defensive

Crusades (1095-1270)

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Cont…. Ottoman (1299-1923)-5th Mixture

Constantinople(1452) Sub Continent-6th Individual

Tarain (1192), Mughals 1526 -1757 Mysore(1782-1799),Balakot (1831) War of Independence,Kashmir(1948 and 1987) Afghanistan(1980s)

Present Day Jihad – 7th Non State Actors

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Driving Forces Jihad should not be undertaken

To gratify one’s whims, nor to obtain wealth and riches To conquer territories and rule them ,to acquire fame to appease the emotions of communal support, and

hostility On the contrary, it should be undertaken only for

the cause of Allah as is evident from the words. As in Qur'an: Those who believe, fight in the cause of Allah, and those

who disbelieve, fight in the cause of Satan. So fight you against the friends of Satan

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Propaganda against Jihad Ad hoc definitions of jihad by West

Individuals involved in terrorist activities

'holy war‘ the use of violence, including paramilitary action against persons, governments deemed to be enemies of the fundamentalist version of Islam.”

'violent jihad' or 'jihad' include planning, preparing for, and engaging in, acts of physical violence, including murder, damaging, kidnapping, and hostage-taking.

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Cont…

In West ,specially in US the term Jihadist, technically is referred

A derogatory term of MujahidFrequently used to describe militant Islamic

groupsNot restricted to Islamic terrorism

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Issues

Qital: When does it become obligatory? permission of State required or not

Qital: Defensive (Difai) or Offensive (Iqdami)?

Qital: Obligatory on all or on few?

“Jihadist:” Western attempts at defaming Jihad

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Conclusion This is one of the fundamentals of Islam and it is

a great worship. Adversaries of Islam has restricted this word to

the narrow meaning of “war against the enemies of religion.

The word jihad contains in itself the broad significant activities striving without which no movement has either succeeded in the past or can succeed in the future.

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Conclusion

A unique worship

Ijtihad in essence of Johad is needed

Negative propaganda should be countered

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Objectives

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WAR AND PEACE IN QURAN

• The Arabic words for "war" is "harb" or "qital" which are found in the Qur'an and Hadith.

How war is mmentioned in Quran?

a.Explains the history of prophets (Jesus, Moses, David, Solomon etc.) 9 verses

b.Defines attributes of hypocrites and their betrayals (12 verses)

c.Related to spoil of war (3 verses)

d.Rules of war (11 verses)

e.Defend the country (4 verses)

Don’t make war with who offers peace

• O you who believe! when you go to war in Allah's way, make investigation, and do not say to any one who offers you peace (4:94)

• Allah does not forbid you respecting those who have not made war against you on account of (your) religion, and have not driven you forth from your homes, that you show them kindness and deal with them justly; surely Allah loves the doers of justice. (60.8)

Distorted verses

• But when the forbidden months are past, then fight and slay the Pagans wherever ye find them, an seize them, beleaguer them, and lie in wait for them in every stratagem (of war); but if they repent, and establish regular prayers and practice regular charity, then open the way for them: for Allah is Oft-forgiving, Most Merciful. (9:5)

Peace in Qur’an

Peace is repeated 67 times in various meanings

1.One of the name of God: Allah is He, the Source of Peace (and Perfection) (59:23)

2.Salutation from Angels in the heaven

3.Harmony for inner soul : Wherewith Allah guide all who seek His good ppleasure to ways of peace and safety (5:16)

4.Greeting each other as Muslims-Salam

5.An invitation of God- And Allah invites to the abode of peace and guides whom He pleases into the right path. (Yunas:25)

6. Greeting of Jesus, Abraham, John the Baptist etc.

7. Supplication of Abraham Remember Abraham said: "O my Lord! make this city one of peace and security (14:35)

8. An agreement between two sides: O you who believe! When you go to war in Allah's way, make investigation, and do not say to any one who offers you peace (4:94)

The word King James Bible American Standard Bible The Qur’an

War 1225 1111 36 Peace 356 400 67 Fighting 113 106 52 Destroy: 470 435 41 Slain: 168 114 23 Kill 512 361 29 Sword 404 407 2 Mercy 262 99 202 Merciful 37 11 126 Gracious 34 74 136

War Economy

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Defense or Economy

Rank Country Spending ($ b.) World Share % % of GDP, 20111 United States 711 41 4.72 China 143 8.2 23 Russia 71.9 4.1 3.94 United Kingdom 62.7 3.6 2.65 France 62.5 3.6 2.36 Japan 59.3 3.4 17 India 48.9 2.8 2.58 Saudi Arabia 48.5 2.8 8.79 Germany 46.7 2.7 1.3

10 Brazil 35.4 2 1.5  World Total 1735 74.3 2.5

Rank Country Spending ($ Bn.) % ofGDP World share (%)  World total 1747 2.4 100

1 USA 640 3.8 36.62  People's Republic of China 188 2 10.83  Russia 87.8 4.1 54  Saudi Arabia 67 9.3 3.85  France 61.2 2.2 3.56  United Kingdom 57.9 2.3 3.37  Germany 48.8 1.4 2.88  Japan 48.6 1 2.89  India 47.4 2.5 2.7

10  South Korea 33.9 2.8 1.911  Italy 32.7 1.6 1.912  Brazil 31.5 1.4 1.813  Australia 24 1.6 1.414  Turkey 19.1 2.3 1.115  United Arab Emirates 19 4.7 1.1

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Over 1.5 trillion dollars are spent on military expenditures

worldwide (2.7% of World GDP)

This represents a decline from 1990 when military

expenditures made up 4% of world GDP.

The combined arms sales of the top 100 largest arms

producing companies amounted to an estimated $315

billion in 2006

The arms trade has also been one of the sectors

impacted by the credit crunch, with total deal value in the

market halving from US$32.9bn to US$14.3bn in 2008

Halliburton’s KBR, Inc. division bilked government agencies to the tune of $17.2 billion in Iraq war-related revenue from 2003-2006

The massive payoff is said to have financed the construction and maintenance of military bases, oil field repairs, and various infrastructure rebuilding projects across the war-torn nation.

Veritas Capital Fund/DynCorp

Cleverly run fund has raked in $1.44 billion through its DynCorp subsidiary.

The primary service DynCorp has provided to the war efforts is the training of new Iraqi police forces.

The company is headed by Dwight M. Williams, former Chief Security Officer of the upstart U.S. Department of Homeland Security

the expertise the repair, restore, and maintenance of high-output oil fields into $931 million in Iraq-related revenue from 2003-2006

The publicly traded 25,000 employee company’s other specialties include the building and maintenance of schools, military bases, and municipal utilities, such as watering systems

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