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in homeroomHighlight important contribution eventsMultiple Choice Quiz on East Absolutism on Friday

JIGSAW FOR WEDNESDAY

FOUR PHASES OF THE 30 YRS WAR

Bohemian (1618-1625)

Danish ( 1625-1629

Swedish (1630-1635)

French/International (1635-1648)

The rise of the Habsburg Empire and the impact of its leaders…

Ferdinand IIICharles VILeopold I

IF YOU ARE A #2

The Rise of Prussia Absolutism

Frederick William, the “Great Elector” (r. 1640-1688)

Frederick III, “the Ostentatious” (r. 1688-1713)

Frederick William I, “the Soldiers’ King” (r. 1713-1740)

IF YOU ARE A #3

The Rise of Russian Absolutism

Ivan the GreatPeter the GreatIvan the Terrible

IF YOU ARE A #4

Bell Ringer: Define the term ABSOLUTISM and its characteristics

Agenda and Objective: Through notes and document analysis, students will identify the characteristics of Eastern Absolutism and the background causes of the 30 years War.

WELCOME BACK!

EASTERN ABSOLUTISM

WEST VS. EAST REVIEW

Diverged after 1300:

Western Europe Eastern Europeserfdom abolished serfdom reestablishedweak lords powerful lordsurban agrarian strong middle class weak middle classstrong states – strong central authority

weak empires – weak central authority

Three aging empires—Holy Roman Empire, Ottoman Empire and Polish Kingdom—gave way to new empires of Russia, Austria and Prussia

(“HOP RAP”) Holy Roman Empire

(HRE): religious divisions due to the Reformation and religious wars in 16 th and 17th centuries split Germany among Catholic, Lutheran and Calvinist princes

Ottoman Empire: could not maintain possessions in eastern Europe and the Balkans in the face of Austrian and Russian expansion

Poland: liberum veto – voting in Polish parliament had to be unanimous for changes to be made; thus, little could be done to systematically strengthen the kingdom

OVERVIEW OF EASTERN EUROPE

Eastern absolutism was based on a powerful nobility, weak middle class, and an oppressed peasantry composed of serfs.

Threat of war with European and Asian invaders were important motivations for eastern European monarchs’ drive to consolidate power.

Resulted in reduced political power of the nobility.

However, nobles gained much greater power over the peasantry.

Three important methods of gaining absolute power:

Kings imposed and collected permanent taxes without the consent of their subjects.

States maintained permanent standing armies.

States conducted relations with other states as they pleased.

Absolutism in eastern Europe reached its height with Peter the Great of Russia. Absolutism in Prussia was stronger than in Austria

How different was Eastern Europe compared to Western Europe?

QUICK REVIEW

After 1300, lords in eastern Europe revived serfdom to combat increasing economic challenges.

Lords demanded that their kings and princes issue laws restricting or eliminating peasants’ right of moving freely

Lords confiscated peasant lands and imposed heavier labor obligations.

Hereditary serfdom was re-established in Poland, Russia, and Prussia by the mid-17th century.

SERFDOM IN EASTERN EUROPE

Reasons were not necessarily economic.

Political reasons more plausible – supremacy of noble landlords.

Most kings, in fact, were essentially “first among equals” in the noble class and directly benefited from serfdom.

Eastern lords had more political power than in the west; monarchs needed the nobles.

WHY SERFDOM IN EASTERN EUROPE AND NOT WESTERN EUROPE?

MAP OF ABSOLUTISM IN EUROPE

BELL RINGER….ACTIVITY

Read the following two primary source documents and be prepared to address the discussion questions on the next slide.

Agenda and Objective: Through notes and document analysis, students will identify the characteristics of Eastern Absolutism and the background causes of the 30 years War.

Why did the Jesuits refuse to respect the Peace of Augsburg (1555)?

How did the Jesuits actions in Germany during the early 1600’s illustrated the confusion between secular and clerical authority in early modern Europe?

How might the Jesuits actions result in a general European war?

What were the reactions to the crowning of Emperor Ferdinand II? Why?

What initial grievance led to the outbreak of violence in Bohemia?

Predict reactions to the Bohemian Revolt from the Emperor, Spain, France, etc

THE THIRTY YEARS’ WAR

Failure of the Peace of Augsburg, 1555

agreement had given German princes the right to choose either Catholicism or Lutheranism as the official religion of their states.

The truce in Germany lasted for 60 years until factionalism in the Holy Roman Empire brought about war

THIRTY YEARS’ WAR (1618-1648) – MOST IMPORTANT WAR OF

THE 17TH CENTURY

FOR TUESDAYFOUR PHASES OF THE WAR

Bohemian (1618-1625)

Danish ( 1625-1629

Swedish (1630-1635)

French/International (1635-1648)

Bohemian Phase Defenestration of Prague

(1618): triggered war in Bohemia

The Holy Roman Emperor placed severe restrict ions on Protestantism

Two HRE officials were thrown out a window and fel l 70 feet below (did not die because they were saved by a large pile of manure)

The emperor then sought to annihi late the Calvinist nobi l i ty in Bohemia

Protestant forces were eventual ly defeated and Protestantism was el iminated in Bohemia

Danish Phase represented the height of

Catholic power during the war Albrecht von Wallenstein

(1583-1634): Mercenary general who was paid by the emperor to fight for the HRE

Won a number of important battles against Protestant armies

Edict of Restitution (1629): The HREmperor declared all church territories that had been secularized since 1552 to be automatically restored to Catholic Church

FOUR PHASES OF THE WAR:

Swedish Phase: Protestants liberated territory lost in previous (Danish) phase

Gustavus Adolphus (King of Sweden): led an army that pushed Catholic forces back to Bohemia. Dies.

In response, the Holy Roman Emperor reluctantly annulled the Edict of Restitution

The Swedish army was defeated in 1634; France now feared a resurgence of Catholicism in the HRE.

French Phase: “International Phase”

Cardinal Richelieu of France allied with the Protestant forces to defeat the HRE. (example of Politique)

Treaty of Westphalia (1648): ended the Catholic Reformation in Germany

Renewal of Peace of Augsburg

Guaranteed that Germany would remain divided politically and religiously for centuries

Dissolution of Holy Roman Empire confirmed

France, Sweden, and Brandenburg (future Prussia) received various territories and gained international stature.

The two Hapsburg branches were weakened:

Spanish Hapsburgs saw their empire decline dramatically thereafter

Austrian Hapsburgs lost much influence in Germany

Results of 30 Years’ War

Germany physically devastated

Germany was further divided by the decline of the Holy Roman Empire

Ended the wars of religionBeginning of the rise of

France as the dominant European power; also accelerated the continued rise of Britain & the Netherlands

THE TREATY…

E nd of Wars of ReligionF rance emerges as Europe’s most powerful

countryC alvinism added to the Peace of AugsburgH oly Roman Empire effectively destroyedI ndependence for the Netherlands and

SwitzerlandP russia emerges as a great power

MEMORY DEVICE FOR TREATY OF WESTPHALIA: EF-CHIP

RISE OF EASTERN ABSOLUTISM REVIEW

Monarchs vs. landlords successful monarchs gained power in 3 key areas:1)taxation2)army3)foreign policy

How did the Austrian Empire consolidate its power?

AUSTRIAN ABSOLUTISM

AUSTRIAHabsburgsmostly in

HRE, but also outside to SE

Austrian rulers = HRE emperors

CatholicHabsburg domains to 1795.

Ruler of Austria was traditionally selected as Holy Roman Emperor

Was NOT a national state – its multinational empire included:

Austria proper: Germans, Italians

Bohemia: Czechs Hungary: Hungarians,

Serbs, Croats, Romanians

No single constitutional system or administration existed in the empire as each region had a different legal relationship to the Emperor.

 

THE HABSBURG EMPIRE (AUSTRIAN EMPIRE)

Ineffective Habsburg rule in the HRE forced monarchs to turn their attention inward and eastward to consolidate their diverse holdings into a strong unified state.

Reorganization of Bohemia was a major step towards absolutism

30 Years’ War set stage

Old hereditary provinces of Austria proper were centralized by Ferdinand III (1637-1657).

Hungary was the third and largest part of its dominion.

Serfdom intensified in Habsburg lands

Robot - 3 days of unpaid labor a week became the norm, many serfs worked everyday except Sunday

STEPS TO ABSOLUTISM

AUSTRIA – TURKISH WARS & EXPANSION:

1529 & 1683 – unsuccessful Ottoman sieges on Vienna

Habsburgs acquire Hungary & Transylvania (Romania) from Ottomans (but not fully integrated)

new Habsburg state = Austria, Bohemia, + Hungary

Ferdinand II (1619-1637) took control of Bohemia during the 30 Years’ War

Ferdinand III (1637-1657): centralized gov’t in the old hereditary provinces of Austria proper.

Leopold I (1658-1705) Severely restricted

Protestant worship Siege of Vienna:

Successfully repelled Turks from gates of Vienna in 1683

Emperor Charles VI (1711-1740): Issued Pragmatic Sanction in 1713

Habsburg possessions were never to be divided and henceforth to be passed intact to a single heir (even if female.)

His daughter, Maria Theresa, inherited Charles’ empire in 1740 and ruled for 40 years

 

IMPORTANT HABSBURG RULERS

German became official language

Catholic identityVienna- center of

the empire.

OUTCOMES

PRUSSIA

PRUSSIA

Hohenzollerns = elector of Brandenburg & duke of Prussia elector of Brandenburg – helps choose Holy Roman emperor 1618 – Prussia became possession of elector of

Brandenburg when junior branch of Hohenzollern family died out

Ruler of Brandenburg was designated as one of 7 electors in the Holy Roman Empire in 1417.

Yet by the 17th century, Brandenburg was not significantly involved in HRE affairs

Marriages increasingly gave the Hohenzollerns control of German principalities in central and western Germany.

The prince had little power over the nobility

PRUSSIA: HOUSE OF HOHENZOLLERN

PRUSSIA

Hohenzollerns had little power until 30 Years’ War elector of Brandenburg = position bestowed no

real power Brandenburg: land-locked, no natural defenses,

poor land Prussia: separated from Brandenburg, basically

part of Poland

30 Years’ War weakened the Estates (rep. assemblies) allowed monarchs to take more power

– HOHENZOLLERN RULERS:

Frederick William, the “Great Elector” (r. 1640-1688)

Frederick III, “the Ostentatious” (r. 1688-1713)

Frederick William I, “the Soldiers’ King” (r. 1713-1740)

Strict Calvinist but granted religious toleration to Catholics and Jews

Admired the Swedish system of government and the economic power of the Netherlands

Ongoing struggle between Sweden and Poland for control of Baltic after 1648 and wars of Louis XIV created atmosphere of permanent crisis

Frederick William, the “Great Elector”

(r. 1640-88)

Most significant: Oversaw Prussian militarism and created the most efficient army in Europe.

Encouraged industry and trade

Employed military power and taxation to unify his Rhine holdings, Prussia, and Brandenburg into a strong state.

“Junkers” formed the backbone of the Prussian military officer corps; these nobles and landowners dominated the Estates of Brandenburg and Prussia.

STEPS TOWARDS POWER

FREDERICK WILLIAM, THE “GREAT ELECTOR

strengthened central authority:unified 3 provinces: Brandenburg, Prussia, lands along the Rhine

forced Estates to accept permanent taxation w/o their consent

created permanent standing army

factors enabling his success: foreign invasions (from Russia) Estates more

willing to issue funds for army In exchange for keeping privileges, the nobility

supported him

Frederick I (Elector Frederick III) “The Ostentatious” (1688-1713); 1st “King of Prussia”

Elector of Brandenburg/Prussia was now recognized internationally as the “King of Prussia” in return for aid to Habsburgs.

Thus, Frederick I was the first “King of Prussia

FREDERICK III, “THE OSTENTATIOUS” (R. 1688-1713)

focused on copying Louis XIV’s style

Frederick IIILouis XIV

FREDERICK WILLIAM I, “THE SOLDIERS’ KING” (1713-1740)

most influential in est. Prussian absolutism

military obsessed

strengthened royal authority: created best army in Europe created strong, centralized bureaucracy

honest and conscientious worked to develop economy (schools for peasants)

eliminated threat from nobility by enlisting Junkers in army (became officers)

almost always at peace civil society became militarized – very rigid &

disciplined

Most important Hohenzollern regarding the development of Prussian absolutism

Infused militarism into all of Prussian society

Prussia became known as “Sparta of the North”

Junkers became an officer caste

Best army in Europe Became Europe’s 4 t h

largest army (next to France, Russia & Austria)

Nearly doubled the size of the army

80% of gov’t revenues went towards the military

Prussian army was designed to avoid war through deterrence.

Frederick William I “Soldiers’ King”

“I must serve with life and limb, with house and wealth, with honour and conscience, everything must be committed except eternals salvation-that belongs to God, but all else is mine.”(571)

During the Middle Ages the Greek Orthodox Church was significant in assimilating Scandinavian ancestors of the Vikings with the Slavic peoples of eastern Europe.

In the 13th century, the Mongols from Asia invaded eastern Europe and ruled the eastern Slavs for over two centuries- ”Mongol Yolk”

Muscovy began to emerge as the most significant principality that formed the nucleus of what later became Russia.

RUSSIA

Row1- Get together and discuss the rise and impact of Ivan III

Row 2- Get together and discuss Ivan the Terrible, Times of Troubles and rise of Romanovs

Row 3- Get together and discuss the rise and impact of Peter the Great on Russia.

What made him so Great?

Have a recorder type information.

JIGSAW!- 10 MINUTES

1480, ended Mongol domination of Muscovy

Established himself as the hereditary ruler of Muscovy

This was in response to the fall of the Byzantine Empire and his desire to make Moscow the new center of the Orthodox Church: the “Third Rome

The tsar became the head of the church

The “2nd Rome” had been Constantinople before it was conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1453

Many Greek scholars, craftsmen, architects and artists were brought into Muscovy

Ivan III (“Ivan the Great”) (1442-1505)

Tsar claimed his absolute power was derived from divine right as ruler

Ivan struggled with the Russian boyars (nobels) for power.

Eventually, the boyars’ political influence decreased but they began exerting more control of their peasants.

Grandson of Ivan III

First to take the title of “tsar” (Caesar)

Married a Romanov

Ivan IV (“Ivan the Terrible”) (1533-1584)

Controlled the Black Sea region

Gained huge territories in the Far East

Gained territories in the Baltic region

Began westernizing Muscovy

Encouraged trade with England and the Netherlands

For 25 years, he fought unsuccessful wars against Poland-Lithuania

Cossacks: Many peasants fled the west to the newly-conquered Muscovite territories in the east and formed free groups and outlaw armies. Gov’t responded by increasing serfdom

POLICIES…

Reduced the power of the boyars All nobles had

to serve the tsar in order to keep their lands

Serfdom increased substantially to keep peasants tied to noble lands

Many nobles were executed

Ivan blamed the boyars for his wife’s death and thus became increasingly cruel and demented

Merchants and artisans were also bound to their towns so that the tsar could more efficiently tax them

This contrasts the emergence of capitalism in western Europe where merchants gained influence and more security over private property

Period of famine, power struggles and war

Cossack bands traveled north massacring nobles and officials

Sweden and Poland conquered Moscow

In response, nobles elected Ivan’s grand-nephew as new hereditary tsar and rallied around him to drive out the invaders

“Time of Troubles” followed Ivan IV’s death in 1584

Lasted from the ascent of Michael Romanov in 1613 to the Russian Revolution in 1917.

Michael Romanov (1613-1645) Romanov

favored the nobles in return for their support

Reduced military obligations significantly

Expanded Russian empire to the Pacific Ocean in the Far East.

Fought several unsuccessful wars against Sweden, Poland and the Ottoman Empire

Romanov Dynasty

Nobles gained more exemptions from military service.

Rights of peasants declined

Bloody Cossack revolts resulted in further restrictions on serf

With Religion-“Old Believers” of the Orthodox Church resisted influx of new religious sects from the west (e.g. Lutherans and Calvinists)

 

RUSSIAN SOCIETY CONTINUED TO TRANSFORM

IN THE 17 CENTURY

Western books translated into Russian

new skills and technology, clothing and customs (such as men trimming their beards)

First Russian translation of the Bible began in 1649

By 1700, 20,000 Europeans lived in Russia

By 1689, Russia was the world’s largest country (3 times the size of Europe)

 

WESTERN IDEAS GAINED GROUND

His sister, Sophia, ruled as his regent early on.

Her plot to kill him failed and Peter had her banished to a monastery; his mother Natalia took over as his regent

Peter began ruling in his own right at age 22

He was nearly 7 feet tall and so strong he could bend a horse shoe with his bare hands

Peter the Great (r. 1682-1725)

Revolt of the Strelski (noble-born Moscow garrison) was defeated by Peter in 1698

These Moscow guards had overthrown previous leaders

The security of Peter’s reign was now intact

Military power was Peter ’s greatest concern

Each Russian vi l lage was required to send recruits for the Russian army; 25-year enl istments

75% of the national budget was spent on the mil itary

Royal army of over 200,000 men plus additional 100,000 special forces of Cossacks and foreigners

Established royal, mil i tary and arti l lery academies

All young male nobles required to leave home and serve 5 years of compulsory education

Large navy bui lt on the Balt ic

GAINS POWER

Russia (with Poland, Denmark and Saxony as allies) vs. Sweden (under Charles XII)

Battle of Poltava (1709) was the most decisive battle in Russia defeating Sweden.

Treaty of Nystad (1721): Russia gained Latvia and Estonia and thus gained its “Window on the West” in the Baltic Sea.

GREAT NORTHERN WAR (1700-1721)

He imported to Russia substantial numbers of western technicians and craftsmen to aid in the building of large factories

By the end of his reign, Russia out-produced England in iron production (though Sweden and Germany produced more)

Industrial form of serfdom existed in factories where workers could be bought and sold

State-regulated monopolies created (echoed mercantilist policies of western Europe)

Actually stifled economic growth

Industrial serfs created inferior products

MODERNIZATION AND WESTERNIZATION WAS ONE OF PETER’S MAJOR FOCUSES

ruled by decree (example of absolute power)

Tsar theoretically owned all land in the state; nobles and peasants served the state

No representative political bodies

All landowners owed lifetime service to the state (either in the military, civil service, or court); in return they gained greater control over their serfs

Table of Ranks -Set educational standards for civil servants (most of whom were nobles) •

Peter sought to replace old Boyar nobility with new service-based nobility loyal to the tsar

Russian secret police ruthlessly and efficiently crushed opponents

Taxation-Heavy on trade sales and rent, head tax on every male

GOVERNMENT REFORMS?

Sought to create a city similar to Amsterdam and the Winter Palace with the grandeur of Versailles

By his death, the city was the largest in northern Europe (75,000 inhabitants)

became the capital of Russia

Cosmopolitan in characterConstruction began in

1703; labor was conscripted

ordered many noble families to move to the city and build their homes according to Peter’s plans

Merchants and artisans also ordered to live in the city and help build it

Peasants conscripted heavy labor in the city’s construction (heavy death toll—perhaps 100,000)

ST. PETERSBURG

Peter’s reforms modernized Russia and brought it closer to the European mainstream

More modern military and state bureaucracy.

Emerging concept of interest in the state, as separate from the tsar’s interest

LEGACY

http://www.hermitagemuseum.org/html_En/05/hm5_2_1.html

Most powerful and famous of the Prussian kings

Considered to be an “Enlightened Despot” for his incorporation of Enlightenment ideas into his reign.

Instituted a number of important reforms

Increased Prussia’s territory at the expense of the Austrian Hapsburgs

FREDERICK II (“FREDERICK THE GREAT”) – (R. 1740-

1786)