PowerPoint Presentation

Cancer DetectionNanotechnology and MedicineUpdated September 20111The word cancer comes from Hippocrates, who is known as the father of medicine. History of Cancer

Engraving by Peter Paul RubensUpdated September 20112The Greek words carcinos and carcinoma were used by Hippocrates to describe tumors. Carcino and carcinoma are the Greek words for crab, which Hippocrates thought looked similar to cancerous tumors.

Photo by Stemonitis Updated September 20113However, the oldest documented case of cancer is in ancient Egypt around 1500 B.C.Recorded on papyrus, it documents eight cases of tumors located on the breast.

Ancient Eqyptian Painting: The GraveChamber of RamsesThe Edwin Smith Papyrus, oldest surviving surgical documentUpdated September 20114

There are clues that even ancient Egyptians could recognize the difference in malignant and benign tumors. Malignant(Melanoma)cc by Klaus D. Peter Benign(Lipoma)

Image by Ed Uthman, MDUpdated September 20115Causes of CancerHippocrates thought the human body was made up of four fluids: blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile. He believed an excess of black bile caused cancer. This was the general thought for the next 1400 years.Diagram by HighPoint LearningUpdated September 20116Ancient Egyptians believed cancer was caused by the Gods.

cc by Jeff DahlUpdated September 20117The first autopsy was performed by Giovanni Morgagni of Padua. This new procedure allowed medical personnel to discover blood circulation, which opened doors for more research on diseases.

1761 Portrait of Giovanni MorgagniUpdated September 20118In the 17th century, the lymph theory was developed and replaced the black bile theory of Hippocrates. Discovery of the lymph system gave new insight into what may be the cause of cancer.Abnormalities in the lymphatic system were thought to be the cause.

cc by The EmirrUpdated September 20119Late in the 1800s, Rudolph Virchow identified that cells, cancerous cells included, derived from other cells.

Portrait of Rudolph Virchow, (National Institutes of Health archive)Updated September 201110Other theories began to surface, linking trauma and parasites to the cause of cancer. Some thought it spread like a liquid.

CT of Brain Trauma by Rehman T, Ali R, Tawil I, Yonas HToxoplasma (blood parasite) Image provided by Ke Hu and John Murray

Updated September 201111Karl Thiersch, a German surgeon, later concluded that cancer spread through malignant cells.

Photograph of Karl Thiersch, circa 1850sUpdated September 201112Today we know that cancer is abnormal, often rapid cell growth.

Cancer can be caused by a multitude of things. Some habits we form can cause cancer.

Positive habits such as exercise, healthy eating, andstress reduction may help prevent cancer from forming.

cc by Biswarup GangulyUpdated September 201113Smoking causes 30 percent of all cancer deaths in the U.S. and is the cause of 87 percent of lung cancer cases. Smoking not only affects the lungs, but it can cause cancer in the kidney, pancreas, cervix, and stomach aw well as leukemia.

Smokers lungCancerImage from the National Cancer InstitiuteUpdated September 201114Genetics plays a major role in the development of cancer. Individuals with a family history of cancer should take extra care to monitor their health with timely checkups.

Updated September 201115Genetic tests are available for many hereditary cancers. However, having a family history of cancer does not mean a person will develop cancer. It just means the chances are higher.

Updated September 201116Environmental factors are also causes of cancer. Exposure to asbestos, benzene, and the sun are all known to be a cause of cancer. Asbestos has a group of minerals found in housing and is known to cause a rare cancer that involves the lungs. Benzene is a chemical found in gasoline, smoking and pollution.

Updated September 201117Treatment of CancerIn ancient Egypt cancer was treated by cauterization which is a method to destroy tissue with a hot instrument called the fire drill.

cc by David MonniauxCauterization ToolUpdated September 201118According to inscriptions, surface tumors were surgically removed in a manner similar to their removal today.

Malignant skin cancerImage from National Cancer InstituteUpdated September 201119In the 20th century, the medical field saw the greatest progression in cancer research. Research identified carcinogens, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. Better means of diagnosis were also discovered.

Photo by Linda BartlettUpdated September 201120Today cancer treatment can involve several different treatments. Surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy are standard methods of treatment.Radiation TherapyChemotherapySurgery

Photo by Rhoda Baer

Photo by Linda Bartlett

Photo by Rhoda BaerUpdated September 201121Today some cancers are curable, and research is ongoing. Clinical trials, which are research studies conducted with people who volunteer to take part, are great ways for scientific questions to be answered.

Photo by Rhoda BaerUpdated September 201122Clinical studies try to find better ways to prevent, screen for, diagnose, or treat a disease. People taking part in clinical studies have an opportunity to contribute to the knowledge of, and progress against, cancer. They also receive up to date care from experts.

Photo by Rhoda BaerUpdated September 201123Nanotechnology is being used in the medical field to identify and treat tumors. Intravenous injections of liposomes carrying a gene known to kill cancer cells and other molecules have been injected in mice and have effectively destroyed pancreatic tumors while leaving healthy tissues intact.

Image by Cradel

Liposome Rendering by Dennis BartenUpdated September 201124We are learning more and more about cancer treatments every day. Nanotechnology is the newest and perhaps the most promising treatment in modern civilization. Gold particles injected into cancer patients could be the answer for which weve been looking.Gold Nanoparticle

Graphic by Jaakko Akola and Michael Walter, University of Jyvskyl.Updated September 201125This module is one of a series designed to introduce faculty and high school students to the basic concepts of nanotechnology. Each module includes a PowerPoint presentation, discussion questions, and hands-on activities, when applicable.The series was funded in part by:The National Science FoundationGrant DUE-0702976and the Oklahoma Nanotechnology Education InitiativeAny opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in the material are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation or the Oklahoma Nanotechnology Education Initiative.

Updated September 2011Image CreditsAkola, Jaako and Walter, Michael (Designers) hakkinen_nanopartikkelit [Digital Image]. Finland.. CSC-IT Center for Science.

Artist Unknown. Portrait of Rudolf Virchow. [Painting]. United States. National Institutes of Health.

Baer, Rhoda (Photographer) Treatment: Drugs/Chemotherapy [Photograph]. United States. National Cancer Institute. (http://visualsonline.cancer.gov)

Baer, Rhoda. (Photographer) Treatment: Chemotherapy [Photograph]. United States. National Cancer Institute. (http://visualsonline.cancer.gov)

Baer, Rhoda. (Photographer) Treatment: Radiation [Photograph]. United States. National Cancer Institute. (http://visualsonline.cancer.gov)

Barten, Dennis (Designer). Liposoom [Digital Image]. The Netherlands. Wikimedia Commons (commons.wikimedia.org)

Bartlett, Linda. (Photographer) Diagnosis: Biopsy [Photograph]. Unites States. National Cancer Institute. (http://visualsonline.cancer.gov)

Bartlett, Linda. (Photographer) Technology: Lab [Photograph]. United States. National Cancer Institute. (http://visualsonline.cancer.gov)

Updated September 2011Image Credits

Cradel (Designer) Illu pancrease.svg [Digital Image]. United States. Wikimedia

Commons (commons.wikimedia.org)

Dahl, Jeff (Artist). Isis. [Digital Image]. Wikimedia Commons (commons.wikimedia.org)

Ganguly, Biswarup. (Photographer) Vegetables 0006.jpg [Digital Image]. India. Wikimedia Commons (commons.wikimedia.org

Hu, Ke and Murray, John. (Photographers) Toxoplasma_Gondii.jpg [Digital Image]. United States. The Public Library of Science (www.plos.org)

Monniaux, David. (Photographer). Cauter DXC09457.jpg [Digital Image]. United States. Wikimedia Commons (commons.wikimedia.org)

Peter, Klaus d. (Photographer). Lipoma of the skin. [Photograph]. Germany. Wikimedia Commons (commons.wikimedia.org)

Portrait of Giovanni Battista Morgagni [Painting] Wikimedia Commons (commons.wikimedia.org)

Rubens, Peter Paul (Artist) Hippocrates [Engraving]. Belgium. Wikimedia Commons (commons.wikimedia.org)

Updated September 2011Image Credits

Stemonitis (Photographer). Crab Icon.png [Digital Image]. United States. Wikimedia Commons (commons.wikimedia.org)

The Edwin Smith Papyrus. [Surgical Writings on Papyrus]. Egypt. Wikimedia Commons (commons.wikimedia.org)

The Emirr (Designer). The Lymphatic System [Digital Image]. United States. Wikimedia Commons (commons.wikimedia.org)

The Grave chamber of Ramses, Vizier and head of Thebes under Amenhotep III. And IV, Scene: Funeral procession, detail [Painting]. Egypt. Wikimedia Commons (commons.wikimedia.org)

Unknown artist. Carl Thiersch (1822-1895), German surgeon [Photograph]. Germany. Wikimedia Commons (commons.wikimedia.org)

Unknown Photographer. Melanoma: Pathology [Photograph]. United States. National Cancer Institute. (http://visualsonline.cancer.gov)

Unknown Photographer. Pathology: Organ: Lung (Cancer) [Photograph]. United States. National Cancer Institute. (http://visualsonline.cancer.gov)

Uthman, Ed, MD. (Photographer). Metastatic Melanoma in Lymph Node. [Photograph] Wikimedia Commons (commons.wikimedia.org)

Updated September 2011ReferencesGoing Small for Big Advances (2004). National Institutes of Health Publication Number 04-5489. [Kindle Edition] Retrieved from http://www.amazon.com

The History of Cancer (2010). The American Cancer Society. Retrieved from http://www.cancer.org/acs/groups/cid/documents/webcontent/002048-pdf.pdf

Updated September 2011