Jewish Resurgence

MaccabeanHasmonean

HerodHerodians

Maccabean

Jewish Resurgence: Hasmonean Period

Macc/Hasmonean PeriodJewish High PriestsJewish High Priests

Jason 174–171Menelaus 171–161Alchimus 161–159[vacant] 159–152Jonathan 152–143Simon 142–134John Hyrcanus I 134–104Aristobulus I 104–103Alexander Jannaeus 103–76John Hyrcanus II 76–67Aristobulus II 66–63John Hyrcanus II 63–40

Jewish Resurgence: Hasmonean Period

Macc/Hasmonean PeriodMaccabean/Hasmonean LeadersMaccabean/Hasmonean Leaders

Mattathias 168–166Judas 166–160Jonathan 160–143Simon 143–134John Hyrcanus I 134–104Aristobulus I 104–103Alexander Jannaeus 103–76Alexandra Salome 76–67John Hyrcanus II vs. Aristobulus II 67–63John Hyrcanus II 63–40Antigonus 40–37

Aristobulus I 104–103

Jewish Resurgence: Hasmonean Period

Macc/Hasmonean PeriodMattathias

Judas Jonathan Simon Eleazar John

John Hyrcanus IJudas Matththias

Alexander Janneus Salome AlexandraAristobulus I =John Hyrcanus II Aristobulus II

Alexandra Alexander Antigonus=Aristobulus III Mariamne Herod the Great=

Jewish Resurgence: Hasmonean Period

Macc/Hasmonean Period

Alexander Balas

Antiochus VI

Antiochus VII

(?)

Antiochus III

Antiochus IV

Antiochus V

Seleucus IV

Demetrius I

Demetrius II

Seleucids Antigonids

Syrian Throneversus

Jewish Resurgence: Maccabean Period

Maccabean PeriodSteps to Jewish Independence

162 B.C.religious freedom

152 B.C.priesthood freedom

142 B.C.political freedom

1. Mattathias (168–166 B.C.)A. Antiochus IV (forced Hellenization)B. Hasideans (faithful to Jewish customs)C. Village of Modein

2. Judas (166–160 B.C.)A. Successful Guerilla War Tactics

1. New Jewish heroes2. Messianic expectations3. Birth of apocalyptic literature

Jewish Resurgence: Maccabean Period

Maccabean Period

2. Judas (166–160 B.C.)B. Two Major Victories

1. Temple: 164 B.C. (25th Chislev; Hanukkah)2. Acra garrison: 162 B.C. = religious freedom

C. High Priesthood Struggles1. Jewish faction appeals to Syrians2. Syrians install Alchimus high priest (Zadokite)3. Judas resists, but killed in battle4. Jonathan takes over as commander5. John sent to Nabateans for help, but killed

Jewish Resurgence: Maccabean Period

Maccabean Period

3. Jonathan (160–143 B.C.)A. High Priesthood Struggle

1. Alchimus dies of paralysis unexpectedly2. Jonathan gains high priesthood in 152 B.C.3. Controversial: Hasmonean high priesthood

B. Trypho’s Treachery1. Jonathan exploits intrigue for Syrian throne2. Jonathan betrayed by Syrian General Trypho

banquet invitation becomes murder sceneJonathan and all his sons killed

Jewish Resurgence: Maccabean Period

Maccabean Period

4. Simon (143–134 B.C.)A. Last Maccabean Brother

1. Last surviving son of Mattathias2. Aligns with Demetrius II against Trypho3. Demetrius II grants tax exemption in 142 B.C.4. Total Jewish autonomy since 587 B.C.

B. Jewish Renaissance1. Revival of biblical Hebrew2. Evidenced in Qumran scrolls3. Cf. 1 Macc. 13:41–42

Jewish Resurgence: Maccabean Period

Maccabean Period

Jewish Resurgence: Maccabean Period

Maccabean Period

Contributions:1. Religious, political freedom2. Hasmonean high priesthood3. Messianic expectations4. New Jewish heroes5. Birth of apocalyptic literature

MaccabeanHasmonean

HerodHerodians

Jewish Resurgence

Hasmonean

1. Simon (143–134 B.C.)A. Expanding control

1. Gazara captured, judaized by forcefull circle from forced Hellenizationenthusiasm for Maccabean ideology erodes

2. Antiochus VII of Syria reactsretakes Gazara, beseiges Jerusalemcity almost capitulatesRome, however, intervenes

Jewish Resurgence: Hasmonean Period

Hasmonean Period

Hasmonean boundary inscription in Hebrew concerning Gezer

1. Simon (143–134 B.C.)B. Securing a dynasty

1. Rome declares Simon high priest, commander, ethnarch, forever in 140 B.C. (1 Macc. 14:41)

2. Makes Maccabean family a dynastyJudean rule moves from military command to family inheritanceofficial transition from Maccabean revolt to Hasmonean rule

Jewish Resurgence: Hasmonean Period

Hasmonean Period

2. John Hyrcanus I (134–104 B.C.)A. Samaritan Enmity

1. Samaritans attacked without provocationGerizim temple razed to the ground, and city of Samaria destroyed (128 B.C.)ruthlessness becomes Hasmonean policy

2. Pharisees withdraw Hasmonean supportB. Idumean Enmity

1. Idumea attacked without provocation2. Forceably judaized (following Simon’s lead)Jewish Resurgence: Hasmonean Period

Hasmonean Period

2. John Hyrcanus I (134–104 B.C.)B. Idumean Enmity

3. First stage of Herod the Great’s story3. Aristobulus I (104–103 B.C.)

A. Calls himself a “king”B. Galilee conquered, judaized

1. Judaism takes root (Pharisees, synagogues)2. Later seedbed of Zealot movement

C. Dies unexpectedly, childless, jeapordizing high priesthoodJewish Resurgence: Hasmonean Period

Hasmonean Period

4. Alexander Janneus (103–76 B.C.)A. Levirite marriage to Queen AlexandraB. Opposed by the PhariseesC. Hellenistic territories expanded

1. Idumea reorganized, securedAntipas granted governorship of IdumeaSecond stage of Herod the Great’s story

2. Largest expansion of Hasmonean ruleSuccessfully includes more territoriesAlmost as large as Solomon’s kingdom

Jewish Resurgence: Hasmonean Period

Hasmonean Period

5. Salome Alexandra (76–67 B.C.)A. Parlaying the priesthood

1. First son, John Hyrcanus II, made high priest2. Queen retains political power, control3. Second son, Aristobulus II, ambitious, envious

B. Pacifying the Pharisees1. More control on high court2. More influence on general population

Jewish Resurgence: Hasmonean Period

Hasmonean Period

6. Civil War (67–63 B.C.)A. Alexandra dies

1. John Hyrcanus II made king2. Recombines office of high priest and king

B. Aristobulus II revolts1. Seizes high priesthood, kingship2. Rules three years (66–63)

C. Antipater schemes1. Son of Antipas, now governor of Idumea2. Beseiges Jerusalem for Hyrcanus IIJewish Resurgence: Hasmonean Period

Hasmonean Period

6. Civil War (67–63 B.C.)D. Rome intervenes in Jewish affairs

1. General Pompey’s Near East CampaignPompey in Damascus puts Rome on sceneDelays decision, Aristobulus II revoltsAristobulus II captured, to Rome as hostage

2. Hyrcanus II yields Jerusalem to PompeyPompey enters Holy of Holies (63 B.C.)Rome now permanently on the sceneHyrcanus reinstalled as high priest, king

Jewish Resurgence: Hasmonean Period

Hasmonean Period

7. John Hyrcanus II (63–40 B.C.)A. Territories reduced to Judea, Perea, GalileeB. Aristobulus II never quits trying

1. Aristobulus II, son Alexander, three rebellions2. Gabinius, proconsul of Syria, puts down revolts

aided by Antipater of IdumeaAntipater rewarded with five districts, including procuratorship of Jerusalem itself

Idumean now front stage, Judean politicsthird step in Herod’s rise to power

Jewish Resurgence: Hasmonean Period

Hasmonean Period

Jewish Resurgence: Hasmonean Period

Hasmonean Period7. John Hyrcanus II (63–40 B.C.)

C. Rome’s political turmoil1. First Triumvirate collapses

leaves Pompey (east) vs. Caesar (west)Pompey murdered, leaving vacuum in east

2. Caesar moves on EgyptAlexandrians pin Caesar downAntipater successfully rescuesCaesar rewards Antipater generously

Jewish Resurgence: Hasmonean Period

Hasmonean Period7. John Hyrcanus II (63–40 B.C.)

C. Rome’s political turmoil3. Antipater’s rewards

Jewish privileges (sabbaths, military, etc.)ethnarch status for Hyrcanus II(1) Roman citizenship and (2) procuratorship of all Jewish territories for Antipater

appoints his two sons as governorsPhasael: Jerusalem; Herod: Galileefourth step in Herod’s rise to power

Jewish Resurgence: Hasmonean Period

Hasmonean Period7. John Hyrcanus II (63–40 B.C.)

C. Rome’s political turmoil4. Caesar is assassinated (44 B.C.)5. Antipater is poisoned (43 B.C.)6. Jews are opposed to Herod in Galilee

Jews appeal to Mark Antony against HerodAntony, on Hyrcanus II’s advice, instead promotes Herod to tetrarch statusfifth step in Herod’s rise to power

Jewish Resurgence: Hasmonean Period

Hasmonean Period7. John Hyrcanus II (63–40 B.C.)

D. The Parthian Challenge1. Parthians invade Syria, move on Jerusalem

Antigonus joins league with Parthians intending to overthrow Hyrcanus IIHerod, Phasael defend city, Hyrcanus II

2. Phasael, Hyrcanus II captured by trickeryHyrcanus II maimed against priesthoodPhasael commits suicide

3. Herod flees, appealing to Antony in Rome

8. Antigonus (40–37 B.C.)A. Parthian client-kingB. Herod declared king by Roman Senate (40 B.C.)

1. Roman client-king without a countryTakes three years to recapture JerusalemLast step in Herod’s rise to power

2. An Idumean now king of the Jewsalways meeting Jewish oppositionalways under suspicion as non-observant Jewalways insecure about throne

Jewish Resurgence: Hasmonean Period

Hasmonean Period

Jewish Resurgence: Hasmonean Period

Hasmonean Period

Date Event Authority134–104 Idumea conquered, judaized John Hyrcanus I

103–76 Antipas appointed governor of Idumea Alexander Janneaus

63–40 Antipater rewarded aiding Gabinius Gabinius of Syria

63–40 Antipater rewarded aiding Caesar Julius Caesar

43 Herod promoted to tetrarch Mark Antony

40 Herod appointed king of Judea Roman Senate

Herod’s Rise to Power

Jewish Resurgence: Hasmonean Period

Hasmonean PeriodContributions:

1. Political consolidation2. Territorial expansion3. Ruthless policies4. Religious disaffection5. Roman involvement6. Herod’s rise to power