Jesus the JewJesus the Jew

How a Jew, marginally How a Jew, marginally important in his own time important in his own time became the most famous became the most famous

person ever.person ever.

ירו כ� ז� ים לא ת� ר� ח� ים א� לה� ם א� ש� ירוו� כ� ז� ים לא ת� ר� ח� ים א� לה� ם א� ש� ו�

► Jesus is English for the Latin Jesus is English for the Latin IēsusIēsus from from the Greek the Greek ΙησουςΙησους from the Hebrew from the Hebrew ישועישוע which is short for which is short for יהושעיהושע. Later, Hebrew . Later, Hebrew transliterated back from the Latin to transliterated back from the Latin to form form ישוישו..

►Christ is English for the Greek Christ is English for the Greek χριστόςχριστός which means “anointed one.” This is which means “anointed one.” This is the translation of the translation of משיחמשיח..

תלמוד בבלי סנהדרין דף מג עמוד אתלמוד בבלי סנהדרין דף מג עמוד א

תלאוהו הפסח בערב תלאוהו והתניא: הפסח בערב הנוצריוהתניא: הנוצרילישו לפניו לישו יוצא והכרוז לפניו , יוצא והכרוז ,את והדיח והסית שכישף על ליסקל יוצא הנוצרי ישו יום: את ארבעים והדיח והסית שכישף על ליסקל יוצא הנוצרי ישו יום: ארבעים זכות לו מצאו ולא עליו. וילמד יבוא זכות לו שיודע מי כל זכות ישראל, לו מצאו ולא עליו. וילמד יבוא זכות לו שיודע מי כל ישראל, ותלאוהו בערב הפסח. - אמר עולא: ותסברא, ישו הנוצרי בר הפוכי ותלאוהו בערב הפסח. - אמר עולא: ותסברא, ישו הנוצרי בר הפוכי עליו! תכסה ולא תחמל לא אמר ורחמנא הוא, מסית הוא? עליו! זכות תכסה ולא תחמל לא אמר ורחמנא הוא, מסית הוא? זכות אלא שאני ישו דקרוב למלכות הוה. תנו רבנן: חמשה תלמידים היו אלא שאני ישו דקרוב למלכות הוה. תנו רבנן: חמשה תלמידים היו אמר למתי, אתיוה ותודה. ובוני נצר נקאי מתאי, הנוצרי, לישו אמר לו למתי, אתיוה ותודה. ובוני נצר נקאי מתאי, הנוצרי, לישו לו לו: אמרו - אלהים! פני ואראה אבוא מתי הכתיב יהרג? מתי לו: להו: אמרו - אלהים! פני ואראה אבוא מתי הכתיב יהרג? מתי להו: אין, מתי יהרג דכתיב מתי ימות ואבד שמו. אתיוה לנקאי, אמר להו: אין, מתי יהרג דכתיב מתי ימות ואבד שמו. אתיוה לנקאי, אמר להו: נקאי יהרג? הכתיב ונקי וצדיק אל תהרג! - אמרו לו: אין, נקאי יהרג, נקאי יהרג? הכתיב ונקי וצדיק אל תהרג! - אמרו לו: אין, נקאי יהרג, הכתיב יהרג? נצר אמר: לנצר, אתיוה נקי. יהרג במסתרים הכתיב דכתיב יהרג? נצר אמר: לנצר, אתיוה נקי. יהרג במסתרים דכתיב ונצר משרשיו יפרה! - אמרו לו: אין, נצר יהרג, דכתיב ואתה השלכת ונצר משרשיו יפרה! - אמרו לו: אין, נצר יהרג, דכתיב ואתה השלכת מקברך כנצר נתעב. אתיוה לבוני, אמר: בוני יהרג? הכתיב בני בכרי מקברך כנצר נתעב. אתיוה לבוני, אמר: בוני יהרג? הכתיב בני בכרי בנך את הורג אנכי הנה דכתיב יהרג, בוני אין, לו: אמרו - בנך ישראל! את הורג אנכי הנה דכתיב יהרג, בוני אין, לו: אמרו - ישראל! - לתודה! מזמור הכתיב יהרג? תודה אמר: לתודה, אתיוה - בכרך. לתודה! מזמור הכתיב יהרג? תודה אמר: לתודה, אתיוה בכרך.

אמרו לו: אין, תודה יהרג, דכתיב זבח תודה יכבדנני.אמרו לו: אין, תודה יהרג, דכתיב זבח תודה יכבדנני.

Life of JesusLife of Jesus► Born 4BCEBorn 4BCE► Childhood and early adult years in Childhood and early adult years in

Nazareth in the GalileeNazareth in the Galilee► Baptized by John the BaptistBaptized by John the Baptist► Calls disciplesCalls disciples► Teaches in towns of Galilee preaching the Teaches in towns of Galilee preaching the

“Kingdom of God”“Kingdom of God”► 30CE goes to Jerusalem for Pesah30CE goes to Jerusalem for Pesah► Creates a disturbance in the Temple areaCreates a disturbance in the Temple area► Has a final meal with his disciplesHas a final meal with his disciples► Was arrested and interrogated by Jewish Was arrested and interrogated by Jewish

authorities, specifically the high priestauthorities, specifically the high priest► Was executed on the orders of the Roman Was executed on the orders of the Roman

prefect, Pontius Pilateprefect, Pontius Pilate

Testimony of JosephusTestimony of Josephusthe standard textthe standard text

About this time there lived Jesus, a wise man, if About this time there lived Jesus, a wise man, if indeed one ought to call him a man. For he was one indeed one ought to call him a man. For he was one who wrought surprising feats and was a teacher of who wrought surprising feats and was a teacher of such people as accept the truth gladly. He won such people as accept the truth gladly. He won over many Jews and many of the Greeks. He was over many Jews and many of the Greeks. He was the Messiah. When Pilate, upon an accusation the Messiah. When Pilate, upon an accusation brought by the principal men among us, had brought by the principal men among us, had condemned him to be crucified, those who had in condemned him to be crucified, those who had in the first place come to love him did not cease. On the first place come to love him did not cease. On the third day he appeared to them restored to life. the third day he appeared to them restored to life. For the prophets of God had prophesied these and For the prophets of God had prophesied these and myriads of other marvelous things about him. And myriads of other marvelous things about him. And the tribe of the Christians, so called after him, has the tribe of the Christians, so called after him, has still up to now, not disappeared.still up to now, not disappeared.

Testimony of JosephusTestimony of JosephusArabic versionArabic version

At this time there was a wise man who was At this time there was a wise man who was called Jesus. His conduct was good, and he called Jesus. His conduct was good, and he was known to be virtuous. And many people was known to be virtuous. And many people from among the Jews and the other nations from among the Jews and the other nations became his disciples. Pilate condemned him became his disciples. Pilate condemned him to be crucified and to die. But those who had to be crucified and to die. But those who had become his disciples did not abandon his become his disciples did not abandon his discipleship. They reported that he had discipleship. They reported that he had appeared to them three days after his appeared to them three days after his crucifixion, and that he was alive; accordingly crucifixion, and that he was alive; accordingly he was perhaps the Messiah, concerning he was perhaps the Messiah, concerning whom the prophets have recounted wonders.whom the prophets have recounted wonders.

Two Versions of JosephusTwo Versions of JosephusGreek VersionGreek Version

► About this time there lived Jesus, About this time there lived Jesus, a wise man, a wise man, if indeed one if indeed one ought to call him a manought to call him a man. .

► For he was one who wrought For he was one who wrought surprising featssurprising feats and was a and was a teacher of such people as accept teacher of such people as accept the truth gladly. the truth gladly.

► He won over many Jews and He won over many Jews and many of the Greeks. many of the Greeks. He was He was the Messiah.the Messiah.

► When Pilate, When Pilate, upon an upon an accusation brought by the accusation brought by the principal men among us,principal men among us, had had condemned him to be crucified, condemned him to be crucified, those who had in the first place those who had in the first place come to love him did not cease. come to love him did not cease.

► On the third day he appeared to On the third day he appeared to them restored to life. For the them restored to life. For the prophets of God had prophesied prophets of God had prophesied these and myriads of other these and myriads of other marvelous things about him. And marvelous things about him. And the tribe of the Christians, so the tribe of the Christians, so called after him, has still up to called after him, has still up to now, not disappeared.now, not disappeared.

Arabic VersionArabic Version

► At this time there was a wise At this time there was a wise man who was called Jesus. man who was called Jesus.

► His conduct was good, and he His conduct was good, and he was known to be virtuous.was known to be virtuous.

3.3. And many people from among And many people from among the Jews and the other nations the Jews and the other nations became his disciples. became his disciples.

4.4. Pilate condemned him to be Pilate condemned him to be crucified and to die. But those crucified and to die. But those who had become his disciples who had become his disciples did not abandon his did not abandon his discipleship. discipleship.

5. They reported that he had 5. They reported that he had appeared to them three days appeared to them three days after his crucifixion, and that after his crucifixion, and that he was alive; accordingly he he was alive; accordingly he was perhaps the Messiah, was perhaps the Messiah, concerning whom the concerning whom the prophets have recounted prophets have recounted wonders.wonders.

The Egyptian Messiah The Egyptian Messiah (almost)(almost)

► Moreover, there came out of Egypt about this time to Moreover, there came out of Egypt about this time to Jerusalem one that said he was a prophet, and advised the Jerusalem one that said he was a prophet, and advised the multitude of the common people to go along with him to the multitude of the common people to go along with him to the Mount of Olives, as it was called, which lay over against the Mount of Olives, as it was called, which lay over against the city, and at the distance of five furlongs. He said further, city, and at the distance of five furlongs. He said further, that he would show them from hence how, at his command, that he would show them from hence how, at his command, the walls of Jerusalem would fall down; and he promised the walls of Jerusalem would fall down; and he promised them that he would procure them an entrance into the city them that he would procure them an entrance into the city through those walls, when they were fallen down. Now when through those walls, when they were fallen down. Now when Felix (procurator 52-60) was informed of these things, he Felix (procurator 52-60) was informed of these things, he ordered his soldiers to take their weapons, and came against ordered his soldiers to take their weapons, and came against them with a great number of horsemen and footmen from them with a great number of horsemen and footmen from Jerusalem, and attacked the Egyptian and the people that Jerusalem, and attacked the Egyptian and the people that were with him. He also slew four hundred of them, and took were with him. He also slew four hundred of them, and took two hundred alive. But the Egyptian himself escaped out of two hundred alive. But the Egyptian himself escaped out of the fight, but did not appear any more. And again the the fight, but did not appear any more. And again the robbers stirred up the people to make war with the Romans, robbers stirred up the people to make war with the Romans, and said they ought not to obey them at all; and when any and said they ought not to obey them at all; and when any persons would not comply with them, they set fire to their persons would not comply with them, they set fire to their villages, and plundered them. villages, and plundered them.

► Antiquities 20.8.6Antiquities 20.8.6

Theudas the Messiah Theudas the Messiah (almost)(almost)

► NOW it came to pass, while Fadus was procurator of NOW it came to pass, while Fadus was procurator of Judea, that a certain magician, whose name was Judea, that a certain magician, whose name was Theudas, persuaded a great part of the people to take Theudas, persuaded a great part of the people to take their effects with them, and follow him to the river their effects with them, and follow him to the river Jordan; for he told them he was a prophet, and that Jordan; for he told them he was a prophet, and that he would, by his own command, divide the river, and he would, by his own command, divide the river, and afford them an easy passage over it; and many were afford them an easy passage over it; and many were deluded by his words. However, Fadus did not permit deluded by his words. However, Fadus did not permit them to make any advantage of his wild attempt, but them to make any advantage of his wild attempt, but sent a troop of horsemen out against them; who, sent a troop of horsemen out against them; who, falling upon them unexpectedly, slew many of them, falling upon them unexpectedly, slew many of them, and took many of them alive. They also took Theudas and took many of them alive. They also took Theudas alive, and cut off his head, and carried it to Jerusalem. alive, and cut off his head, and carried it to Jerusalem. This was what befell the Jews in the time of Cuspius This was what befell the Jews in the time of Cuspius Fadus's government.Fadus's government.

► Antiquities 20.5.1Antiquities 20.5.1

This is how it was, sort ofThis is how it was, sort of

►““OK I am the Messiah”OK I am the Messiah”

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=krb2http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=krb2OdQksMc&feature=relatedOdQksMc&feature=related

►Pontius PilatePontius Pilate

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UrH-Fhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UrH-Fcz8Enocz8Eno

The Essene Roots of The Essene Roots of ChristianityChristianity

John the Baptist and Jesus and John the Baptist and Jesus and the Dead Sea Scrollsthe Dead Sea Scrolls

Luke 1:80Luke 1:80

►And the child (John) grew and became And the child (John) grew and became strong in spirit; and he lived in the strong in spirit; and he lived in the desert until he appeared publicly to desert until he appeared publicly to Israel. Israel.

Mark 1Mark 1The beginning of the good news of Jesus Christ, the Son of God. 2 The beginning of the good news of Jesus Christ, the Son of God. 2 As it is written in the prophet Isaiah, "See, I am sending my As it is written in the prophet Isaiah, "See, I am sending my messenger ahead of you, who will prepare your way; 3 the voice of messenger ahead of you, who will prepare your way; 3 the voice of one crying out in the wilderness: 'Prepare the way of the Lord, make one crying out in the wilderness: 'Prepare the way of the Lord, make his paths straight'" (Is 40:3).his paths straight'" (Is 40:3).4 John the baptizer appeared in the wilderness, proclaiming a 4 John the baptizer appeared in the wilderness, proclaiming a baptism of repentance for the forgiveness of sins. 5 And people baptism of repentance for the forgiveness of sins. 5 And people from the whole Judean countryside and all the people of Jerusalem from the whole Judean countryside and all the people of Jerusalem were going out to him, and were baptized by him in the river Jordan, were going out to him, and were baptized by him in the river Jordan, confessing their sins. 6 Now John was clothed with camel's hair, confessing their sins. 6 Now John was clothed with camel's hair, with a leather belt around his waist, and he ate locusts and wild with a leather belt around his waist, and he ate locusts and wild honey. honey. 7 He proclaimed, "The one who is more powerful than I is coming 7 He proclaimed, "The one who is more powerful than I is coming after me; I am not worthy to stoop down and untie the thong of his after me; I am not worthy to stoop down and untie the thong of his sandals. 8 I have baptized you with water; but he will baptize you sandals. 8 I have baptized you with water; but he will baptize you with the Holy Spirit." with the Holy Spirit."

Manual of Discipline 8:12-14Manual of Discipline 8:12-14

^בתכונים האלה^ יבדלו מתוך ^בתכונים האלה^ יבדלו מתוך ובהיות אלה ^ליחד^ בישראלובהיות אלה ^ליחד^ בישראלמושב הנשי העול ללכת למדבר לפנות שם את דרכ מושב הנשי העול ללכת למדבר לפנות שם את דרכ

הואהא כאשר כתוב במדבר פנו דרך יייי ישרו בערבה הואהא כאשר כתוב במדבר פנו דרך יייי ישרו בערבה מסלה לאלוהינומסלה לאלוהינו

When such men as these come to be in Israel, When such men as these come to be in Israel, conforming to these doctrines, they shall conforming to these doctrines, they shall separate from the session of perverse men to separate from the session of perverse men to go to the wilderness, there to prepare the go to the wilderness, there to prepare the way of truthway of truth,, as it is written, "In the as it is written, "In the wilderness prepare the way of the Lord, make wilderness prepare the way of the Lord, make straight in the desert a highway for our God" straight in the desert a highway for our God" (Isaiah 40:3).(Isaiah 40:3).

John the BaptistJohn the Baptist► Now some of the Jews thought that the destruction of Herod's Now some of the Jews thought that the destruction of Herod's

army came from God, and that very justly, as a punishment of army came from God, and that very justly, as a punishment of what he did against John, that was called the Baptist: for Herod what he did against John, that was called the Baptist: for Herod slew him, who was a good man, and commanded the Jews to slew him, who was a good man, and commanded the Jews to exercise virtue, both as to righteousness towards one another, exercise virtue, both as to righteousness towards one another, and piety towards God, and so to come to baptism; and piety towards God, and so to come to baptism; for that the for that the washing [with water] would be acceptable to him, if they made washing [with water] would be acceptable to him, if they made use of it, not in order to the putting away [or the remission] of use of it, not in order to the putting away [or the remission] of some sins [only], but for the purification of the body; supposing some sins [only], but for the purification of the body; supposing still that the soul was thoroughly purified beforehand by still that the soul was thoroughly purified beforehand by righteousness.righteousness.

► Now when [many] others came in crowds about him, for they Now when [many] others came in crowds about him, for they were very greatly moved [or pleased] by hearing his words, were very greatly moved [or pleased] by hearing his words, Herod, who feared lest the great influence John had over the Herod, who feared lest the great influence John had over the people might put it into his power and inclination to raise a people might put it into his power and inclination to raise a rebellion, (for they seemed ready to do anything he should rebellion, (for they seemed ready to do anything he should advise,) thought it best, by putting him to death, to prevent any advise,) thought it best, by putting him to death, to prevent any mischief he might cause, and not bring himself into difficulties, mischief he might cause, and not bring himself into difficulties, by sparing a man who might make him repent of it when it by sparing a man who might make him repent of it when it would be too late. Accordingly he was sent a prisoner, out of would be too late. Accordingly he was sent a prisoner, out of Herod's suspicious temper, to Macherus, the castle I before Herod's suspicious temper, to Macherus, the castle I before mentioned, and was there put to death. Now the Jews had an mentioned, and was there put to death. Now the Jews had an opinion that the destruction of this army was sent as a opinion that the destruction of this army was sent as a punishment upon Herod, and a mark of God's displeasure to punishment upon Herod, and a mark of God's displeasure to him.him.

Antiquities 18.5.2Antiquities 18.5.2

Manual of Discipline 3:4-9Manual of Discipline 3:4-9לוא יזכה בכפורים ולוא יטהר במי נדה ולוא יתקדש בימיםלוא יזכה בכפורים ולוא יטהר במי נדה ולוא יתקדש בימים4(4(ונהרות ולוא יטהר בכול מי רחץ. טמא טמא יהיה כול יומי מואסו במשפטיונהרות ולוא יטהר בכול מי רחץ. טמא טמא יהיה כול יומי מואסו במשפטי5(5(אל לבלתי התיסר ביחד עצתו. כיא ברוח עצת אמת אל דרכי איש יכופרו כולאל לבלתי התיסר ביחד עצתו. כיא ברוח עצת אמת אל דרכי איש יכופרו כול6(6(עוונותו להביט באור החיים. וברוח קדושה ליחד באמתו יטהר מכולעוונותו להביט באור החיים. וברוח קדושה ליחד באמתו יטהר מכול7(7(עוונותו וברוח יושר וענוה תכופר חטתו. ובענות נפשו לכול חוקי אל יטהרעוונותו וברוח יושר וענוה תכופר חטתו. ובענות נפשו לכול חוקי אל יטהר8(8( בשרו להזות במי נדה ולהתקדש במי דוכי.בשרו להזות במי נדה ולהתקדש במי דוכי.9(9(

4)4) Ceremonies of atonement cannot restore his innocence, neither Ceremonies of atonement cannot restore his innocence, neither cultic waters his purity. He cannot be sanctified by baptism in cultic waters his purity. He cannot be sanctified by baptism in oceansoceans

5)5) and rivers, nor purified by mere ritual bathing. Unclean, unclean and rivers, nor purified by mere ritual bathing. Unclean, unclean shall he be all the days that he rejects the lawsshall he be all the days that he rejects the laws

6)6) of God, refusing to be disciplined in the Yahad of His society. For of God, refusing to be disciplined in the Yahad of His society. For only through the spirit pervading God's true society can there be only through the spirit pervading God's true society can there be atonement for a man's ways, allatonement for a man's ways, all

7)7) of his iniquities; thus only can he gaze upon the light of life and so of his iniquities; thus only can he gaze upon the light of life and so be joined to His truth by His holy spirit, purified from allbe joined to His truth by His holy spirit, purified from all

8)8) iniquity. Through an upright and humble attitude his sin may be iniquity. Through an upright and humble attitude his sin may be covered, and by humbling himself before all God's laws his fleshcovered, and by humbling himself before all God's laws his flesh

9)9) can be made clean. Only thus can he really receive the purifying can be made clean. Only thus can he really receive the purifying waters and be purged by the cleansing flow.waters and be purged by the cleansing flow.

Herodian FamilyHerodian Family

Herodias’ first husband

Herodias’ second husband and the one who killed John the Baptist

Ruler in Judea until 6CE

Had a daughter Salome who danced…

Salome, Salome, daughter of daughter of Herodias and Herodias and stepdaughter stepdaughter of Herod of Herod Antipas Antipas holding head holding head of John the of John the BaptistBaptist

The Teacher of Righteousness The Teacher of Righteousness and John the Baptist both: and John the Baptist both:

►Are priestsAre priests►Practice ascetic lifestylePractice ascetic lifestyle►Teach the imminent coming of MessiahTeach the imminent coming of Messiah►Lived in wilderness near the Dead SeaLived in wilderness near the Dead Sea►Dunked a lotDunked a lot►Conflict with the Jerusalem hierarchyConflict with the Jerusalem hierarchy

On the other hand, John is never called an On the other hand, John is never called an Essene by Josephus, more politically Essene by Josephus, more politically involved than Essenes. Still, likely that John involved than Essenes. Still, likely that John grew up as an Essene and then began his grew up as an Essene and then began his own independent career.own independent career.

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רעא Zרעא א Zשון [[יי ] -- ] -- 88 א Zבדון וכלא ישמ Zשון ע Zבדון וכלא ישמ Zא יתקרא ובשמה [[רר ] -- . ] -- . 99 ע Zא יתקרא ובשמה ב Zב. . יתכנהיתכנה

1 [. a spirit from God] rested upon him, he fell before 1 [. a spirit from God] rested upon him, he fell before the throne. 2 [. O ki]ng, wrath is coming to the world, the throne. 2 [. O ki]ng, wrath is coming to the world, and your years 3 [shall be shortened . Such] is your and your years 3 [shall be shortened . Such] is your vision, and all of it is about to come unto the world. 4 vision, and all of it is about to come unto the world. 4 [. Amid] great [signs,] tribulation is coming upon the [. Amid] great [signs,] tribulation is coming upon the land. 5 [. After much killing] and slaughter, a prince land. 5 [. After much killing] and slaughter, a prince of nations 6 [will arise .] the king of Assyria and Egypt of nations 6 [will arise .] the king of Assyria and Egypt 7 [.] he will be ruler over the land 8 [.] will be subject 7 [.] he will be ruler over the land 8 [.] will be subject to him and all will obey 9 [him. Also his son] will be to him and all will obey 9 [him. Also his son] will be called The Great, and be designated by his name. called The Great, and be designated by his name.

4Q246 f1ii Aramaic 4Q246 f1ii Aramaic ApocalypseApocalypse

תא כן מלכותהן תהוה. 22 ברה די אל יתאמר ובר עליון יקרונה. כזיקיא ברה די אל יתאמר ובר עליון יקרונה. כזיקיא 11 תא כן מלכותהן תהוה. די חזו] די חזו]]נ[ה 33 שני]ן[ ימלכון על שני]ן[ ימלכון על Zנ[ה ארעא וכלא ידשון עם לעם ידוש ומדינה למדי[ Z44. . ארעא וכלא ידשון עם לעם ידוש ומדינה למדי ]] [[ ]] [[

ח מן חרב ם עם אל וכלא ינו] ח מן חרב עד יקו] ם עם אל וכלא ינו] מלכותה מלכות עלם וכל ארחתה מלכותה מלכות עלם וכל ארחתה 55. . עד יקו]]ן Zן בקשוט. ידי[ Zסף 66[ [ בקשוט. ידי ט וכלא יעבד שלם. חרב מן ארעא י] סף ארעא בקש] ט וכלא יעבד שלם. חרב מן ארעא י] וכל וכל 77 ארעא בקש]

עבד לה קרב עממין ינתן בידה 88 מדינתא לה יסגדון. אל רבא באילה מדינתא לה יסגדון. אל רבא באילה עבד לה קרב עממין ינתן בידה הוא ו] הוא ו]. . שלטנה שלטן עלם וכל תהומישלטנה שלטן עלם וכל תהומי. . ירמה קדמוהי ירמה קדמוהי99 וכלהןוכלהן

1 He will be called the Son of God, they will call him the son of 1 He will be called the Son of God, they will call him the son of the Most High. But like the meteors 2 that you saw in your the Most High. But like the meteors 2 that you saw in your vision, so will be their kingdom. They will reign only a few vision, so will be their kingdom. They will reign only a few years over 3 the land, while people tramples people and years over 3 the land, while people tramples people and nation tramples nation 4 until the people of God arise; then all nation tramples nation 4 until the people of God arise; then all will have rest from warfare. 5 Their kingdom will be an will have rest from warfare. 5 Their kingdom will be an eternal kingdom, and all their paths will be righteous. They will eternal kingdom, and all their paths will be righteous. They will judge 6 the land justly, and all nations will make peace. judge 6 the land justly, and all nations will make peace. Warfare will cease from the land, 7 and all the nations shall Warfare will cease from the land, 7 and all the nations shall do homage to them. The great God will be their help, 8 He do homage to them. The great God will be their help, 8 He Himself will fight for them, putting peoples into their power, 9 Himself will fight for them, putting peoples into their power, 9 overthrowing them all before them. God's rule will be an overthrowing them all before them. God's rule will be an eternal rule and all the depths of [the earth are His.] eternal rule and all the depths of [the earth are His.]

Luke 1:32–35Luke 1:32–35

►““He will be great, and will be He will be great, and will be called the Son of the Most High, called the Son of the Most High, and the Lord God will give to him and the Lord God will give to him the throne of his ancestor the throne of his ancestor David . . . he will be called Son of David . . . he will be called Son of God.”God.”

Who is the son of God?Who is the son of God?

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Pesher Technique in NTPesher Technique in NT

►   Mathew 2:13-15Mathew 2:13-15► When they had gone, an angel of the Lord When they had gone, an angel of the Lord

appeared to Joseph in a dream. "Get up," he appeared to Joseph in a dream. "Get up," he said, "take the child and his mother and said, "take the child and his mother and escape to Egypt. Stay there until I tell you, for escape to Egypt. Stay there until I tell you, for Herod is going to search for the child to kill Herod is going to search for the child to kill him." 14 So he got up, took the child and his him." 14 So he got up, took the child and his mother during the night and left for Egypt, 15 mother during the night and left for Egypt, 15 where he stayed until the death of Herod. And where he stayed until the death of Herod. And so was fulfilled what the Lord had said so was fulfilled what the Lord had said through the prophet: "Out of Egypt I called through the prophet: "Out of Egypt I called my son" (Hosea 11:1).my son" (Hosea 11:1).

Communal PropertyCommunal Property

► ““Now the whole group of those who believed Now the whole group of those who believed were of one heart and soul, and no one were of one heart and soul, and no one claimed private ownership of any claimed private ownership of any possessions, but everything they owned was possessions, but everything they owned was held in common”held in common”

► ““All who believed were together and had all All who believed were together and had all things in common; they would sell their things in common; they would sell their possessions and goods and distribute the possessions and goods and distribute the proceeds to all, as any had need.” proceeds to all, as any had need.”

(Acts 4:32, 2:44-45)(Acts 4:32, 2:44-45)

Light vs. DarknessLight vs. Darkness

►What fellowhip is there between light What fellowhip is there between light and darkenss? (2 Corinthians 6:14)and darkenss? (2 Corinthians 6:14)

► I am the light of the world. Whoever I am the light of the world. Whoever follows me will never walk in darkness follows me will never walk in darkness but will have the light of life. (John but will have the light of life. (John 8:12)8:12)

Divorce – Mathew 19Divorce – Mathew 191When Jesus had finished saying these things, he left Galilee and went into 1When Jesus had finished saying these things, he left Galilee and went into

the region of Judea to the other side of the Jordan. 2Large crowds the region of Judea to the other side of the Jordan. 2Large crowds followed him, and he healed them there.  3Some Pharisees came to him followed him, and he healed them there.  3Some Pharisees came to him to test him. They asked, "Is it lawful for a man to divorce his wife for any to test him. They asked, "Is it lawful for a man to divorce his wife for any and every reason?" and every reason?"

  4"Haven't you read," he replied, "that at the beginning the Creator 'made 4"Haven't you read," he replied, "that at the beginning the Creator 'made them male and female,' 5and said, 'For this reason a man will leave his them male and female,' 5and said, 'For this reason a man will leave his father and mother and be united to his wife, and the two will become one father and mother and be united to his wife, and the two will become one flesh'? 6So they are no longer two, but one. Therefore what God has flesh'? 6So they are no longer two, but one. Therefore what God has joined together, let man not separate." joined together, let man not separate."

  7"Why then," they asked, "did Moses command that a man give his wife a 7"Why then," they asked, "did Moses command that a man give his wife a certificate of divorce and send her away?" certificate of divorce and send her away?"

  8Jesus replied, "Moses permitted you to divorce your wives because your 8Jesus replied, "Moses permitted you to divorce your wives because your hearts were hard. But it was not this way from the beginning. 9I tell you hearts were hard. But it was not this way from the beginning. 9I tell you that anyone who divorces his wife, except for marital unfaithfulness, and that anyone who divorces his wife, except for marital unfaithfulness, and marries another woman commits adultery." marries another woman commits adultery."

  10The disciples said to him, "If this is the situation between a husband and 10The disciples said to him, "If this is the situation between a husband and wife, it is better not to marry." wife, it is better not to marry."

  11Jesus replied, "Not everyone can accept this word, but only those to 11Jesus replied, "Not everyone can accept this word, but only those to whom it has been given. 12For some are eunuchs because they were whom it has been given. 12For some are eunuchs because they were born that way; others were made that way by men; and others have born that way; others were made that way by men; and others have renounced marriage because of the kingdom of heaven. The one who can renounced marriage because of the kingdom of heaven. The one who can accept this should accept it."accept this should accept it."

Messianic MealMessianic MealRule of the CongregationRule of the Congregation

► When God engenders the Messiah…they When God engenders the Messiah…they shall gather for the common table to eat and shall gather for the common table to eat and to drink new wine…let no man extend his to drink new wine…let no man extend his hand over the firstfruits of bread and wine hand over the firstfruits of bread and wine before the Priest; for it is he who shall bless before the Priest; for it is he who shall bless the firstfruits of bread and wine…Thereafter the firstfruits of bread and wine…Thereafter the Messiah of Israel shall extend his hand the Messiah of Israel shall extend his hand over the bread and all the congregation of over the bread and all the congregation of the Community shall utter a blessing each the Community shall utter a blessing each man in the order of his dignity.man in the order of his dignity.

► It is according to this statute that they shall It is according to this statute that they shall proceed at every meat at which at least ten proceed at every meat at which at least ten men are gathered together.men are gathered together.

Dead Sea SectDead Sea SectChristiansChristians

DifferencesDifferences

►Messiah is coming or has comeMessiah is coming or has come►Love vs. HateLove vs. Hate►Authority of CommandmentsAuthority of Commandments► Isolationist or InclusiveIsolationist or Inclusive►One Messiah or Two MessiahsOne Messiah or Two Messiahs