Jerome J Connor Department of Civil and Environmental ...
Transcript of Jerome J Connor Department of Civil and Environmental ...
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Design for Sustainability
Jerome J ConnorDepartment of Civil and
Environmental EngineeringMIT
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Design for sustainability
• Sustainability - state• The needs of the present generation are
met without compromising the ability of the future generation to meet their own needs
• (1987 Brundtland report)Two Aspects:
Social – meet human needsEcological - preserve environment
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Design for sustainability
• Sustainable - the ability to maintain into perpetuity ; capable of being maintained
• Sustainable design - goal is to produce objects using only renewable resources and which , in operation , deplete only renewable resources
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California Study• California – Sustainable Building Task
Force , a group of 40 state agencies formed to integrate green building designprinciples into state projects LEEDReport – “The costs and financial benefitsof green buildings”
2% investment initially yields paybackof 20% (10 fold increase ) over building life – assumed to be about 20 years
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Design for sustainability• Sustainability objectives:
1. Eliminate contributions to systematic increases in concentrations of substances from the earth’s crust (carbon dioxide, nitrous oxides)
Dematerialization – reduction of material flows --increased resource productivity ( eg more efficient engines)-- less waste - recycling
Substitution – exchange of products and processes ( combustion engines vs fuel cells , biomass vs fossil fuels)
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Design for sustainability
2. Eliminate contribution to systematic increases in concentrations of substances produced by society-- efficent use of substances produced by
society-- substitute more abundant compounds
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Design for sustainability
3.Eliminate contribution to systematic physical degradation of nature through overharvesting,…-- efficent use of natural resources and land-- caution in modification of nature
4. Meet human needs in society worldwide-- health – ecological pollution--availability and distribution of resources
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Engineering for sustainability
• Use life cycle assessment• LCA – the process of evaluating the
effects that a product has on the environment over the entire period of it’s life cycle- covers all processes required: extraction , processing , manufacture , distribution , use , reuse , maintenance , disposal “Cradle to Grave” approach
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LCA
• Why use LCA?• Product orientated – industrial activity
evolves around products• Integrative – integrates all the problems ;
avoids problem shifting ( pass on problems)
• Quantitative tool – based on scientific data• Provides useful information for decision
making with environmental consequences
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LCA• Types of problem shifting
-one stage of the life cycle to another-one sort of problem to another-one location to another
examples:-electric car vs diesel or gas powered car-aluminuum vs plastic window frames-chemical waste exported from one country to another-contaminated materials are recycled into another product
(ash byproducts of coal fired plants recycled as additives for cement used for concrete products)
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LCA
• Goal definition and scope – product , functional basis , level of detail ( problem boundary )
• Inventory analysis –establish process flow chart , quantify environmental input and output
• Impact assessment – group and quantify into a limited number of impact categories
• Improvement assessment – evaluate opportunities for improvement
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Inventory analysis• Specify processes required in manufacture , use
, and eventual disposal of a product• Each process has inputs and outputs – called
flows• Economic flows – goods , services , products
that are used to produce something• Environmental flows – interventions extracted
from or placed into the environment – resources used and emissions , wastes
• Construct process flow table (matrix)
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LCA – Example 1• Illustrative Example-- process 1 produces electric energy
2 liters fuel generates 10 kwh energyemits 1.0 kg of CO2 and 0.1 kg of SO2
-- process 2 produces fuel100 liters crude oil produces 50 litersof fuel oilemits 10 kg of CO2 and 2 kg of SO2
Economic flows are fuel oil and electrical energy
Environmental flows are crude oil (extraction of natural resource) and emissions (CO2 and SO2 ) to the environment
2 processes and 2 economical flows unique solution
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Process flow matrix• 2 d representation – table or spreadsheet form
Rows relate to flow variableslist economic flows first – Nec variablesthen environmental flows–Nev variables
Columns relate to processes - one column per process – Np processes
Can interpret process as a vector with Nec + Nev entries = Nf entriesTotal process is defined by matrix of size Nf rows and Np columns
P = P1 + P2 + …..Pnp
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LCAProcess represented as a column vectorFirst rows – economic flowsNext rows – environmental flowsFor process i
⎭⎬⎫
⎩⎨⎧
=i
ii B
AP
ecN
evN
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LCA• Represent total process
vector as a set of column vectors
• Specify the desired final economic flows as a vector , f *
[ ]npPPPP ....21=
⎥⎦⎤
⎢⎣⎡=
⎥⎥⎦
⎤
⎢⎢⎣
⎡=
BAP
np
np
BBBAAA
....
....
21
21
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LCA
• = goal value for the i’th economic flow variable
• define f as the economic flow vector (size is )
if
1Nec ×
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LCA
• f* =goal=
⎪⎪⎪⎪
⎭
⎪⎪⎪⎪
⎬
⎫
⎪⎪⎪⎪
⎩
⎪⎪⎪⎪
⎨
⎧
)(....
)2()1(
ecNecf
ecfecf
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LCA
• Scale the processes• is the scale factor
for process i• Resultant economic
flow vector is
• Write as
is
fAs
fAsAsAs
PsPsPs
npnp
npnp
=
=+++
+++
....
....
2211
2211
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LCA
•Determine the corresponding environmental flows
• If ,there is a unique solution for
gBs =
fAs =
npec NN =
s
fggfBA
fAs1
1
∆==
=−
−
)(
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LCA – Example 1• Illustrative Example-- process 1 produces electric energy
2 liters fuel generates 10 kwh energyemits 1.0 kg of CO2 and 0.1 kg of SO2
-- process 2 produces fuel100 liters crude oil produces 50 litersof fuel oilemits 10 kg of CO2 and 2 kg of SO2
Economic flows are fuel oil and electrical energy
Environmental flows are crude oil (extraction of natural resource) and emissions (CO2 and SO2 ) to the environment
2 processes and 2 economical flows unique solution
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Matrix representation of Example 1
ProduceElectric energy
ProduceFuel oil
Economic goals andEnv. flows
Fuel(l) -2 +50 f1 (0)
Electric energy(kwh)
+10 0 f2 (1000)
C O2 +1 +10 g1
SO2+0.1 +2 g2
Crude oil (l) 0 -100 g3
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Results for example 1
• For 1000 kwh and zero fuel oil left
• f*={0 , 1000 }
• s={ 100 , 4 }• g = { 140 kg of , 18 kg of
and 400 liters of crude oil used }2CO 2SO
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Multi-functionality and allocation• Co-production- 2 or more economic flow
outputs such as co-generation• 2 or more waste outputs such as
combined waste treatment • 1 waste output used as an economic flow input
in recycling processexamples are paper, ground asphalt , fly
ash residue , grey water for toilet flushing • Single process with multiple functions ,ie ,
multiple economic flowstimber growing produces multiple wood
products
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Multifunctionality and allocation• Causally coupled functions
--Oil refining-refined oil products + bitumen-- Timber harvesting - timbers ,laminated
beams ,plywoods, chips, fuel• Deliberately coupled functions
-transport people and cargoIn general, more economic flows than processes.
Results in an over-determined system of algebraic equations
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Multifunctionality – example 2• Cogeneration for example 1• 2 liters of fuel produce 18 MJ of heat as
well as 10 kwh of electric energy. All other data the same.
• Have a new economic flow, heat• The problem now has 3 economic flows
and only 2 processes –over-determined• One strategy is to add another process
associated with heat
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Multifunctionality – example 2Elec + heat
Fuel oil Heat flows
Fuel oil (l) -2 50 -5 (0)
Elec (kwh) 10 0 0 (1000)
Heat (MJ) 18 0 90 (0)
CO2
(kg) 1.0 10 3 (60)SO
2(kg) .1 2 0 (14)
Crude oil (l) 0 -100 0 (-200)
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Comparison –with and withoutco-generation
• For 1000 kwh of electrical energy produced• No co-generation
140 kg of CO2
18 kg of SO2
400 liters of crude oil used• With co-generation
60 kg of CO2
14 kg of SO2
200 liters of crude oil used
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Closed loop recycling• Unit process transforms a negative valued
product (a waste) into a positive valued product ( an economic flow )
• Secondary material fed back into the unit process of the product system
• Example - crude oil produces fuel oil and waste- waste combined with fuel oil to produce electricity
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RecyclingProduce fuel oil
ProduceElec/oil
ProduceElec/waste
goal
Fuel (l) 50 -1 0 0
Elecenergy(kwh
0 5 a1000
Waste (kg) 50 0 -1 0
CO2 (kg) 10 .5 x
SO2 (kg) 2 .05 y
Crude oil(l) -100 0 0
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Waste water recycling
Effluent
Grey H2O
Stored grey H2O
Clean H2O
SourceGround H2O
Flush H2O
byproducts
Grey waterdischarge
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Waste water recyclingTreat
(1.0)
StoreGrey H2O(.95)
ExtractCleanH2O(.525)
Store clean H2O as flush
goal
Flush H2O(l) +.5 +1 +1Effluent (l) -1 -1Grey H2O (l) +.95 -1.0 0Clean H2O (l) +1 -1 0ResourceExtractions and env flows
x +.5 -1
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Impact AssessmentConcerned with environmental flowsDefine “Impact Categories” Reference ISO 14042 (2000)
climate change – global warmingacidificationhuman toxicityresource depletion
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Category Indicators• Each category has an indicator ( or
possibly indicators ) which is a measure ofthe state of the category
Examples• Global warming – infrared absorption
kg of CO2 equivalent• Acidification – release of H+
kg of SO2
• Resource depletion – measured by resource depletion units (RDU)
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RDU
• A unit for aggregating resourcesmeasure of reduced availability
hi = numerical value for the indicatorof category i
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Characterization Model
Category indicators are related to the environmental flow variables resulting from a particular process
hi=function of g1,g2 , …, gnev = hi( ) hi is generally a nonlinear function of the environmental flowswork with first order expansion about a steadystate background intervention ,
g
0g
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Incremental indicators
hibackground = hi ( g0)
g = incremental environmental interventionExpand hi in Taylor series about g0
hi = qi gqi is a row vector which characterizes the impact of the incremental environmental interventions on category i
∆
∆ ∆
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Category vectorsDefine category vector h as a column
vector
Define Q as a matrix of size Nc by Nev
⎪⎪⎭
⎪⎪⎬
⎫
⎪⎪⎩
⎪⎪⎨
⎧
∆
∆∆
=∆
nch
hh
.2
1
h
∆
⎥⎥⎥⎥
⎦
⎤
⎢⎢⎢⎢
⎣
⎡
=
ncq
Q 2
1
.
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Characterization vectors
Thenh= Q g
zero entries in Q represent no impactof the corresponding environmentalintervention
∆ ∆
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Example of the Matrix Qh1 – acidification kg SO2
h2 – global warming kg CO2
h3 – resource depletion –RDUg1 – CO2
g2 – SO2
g3 – lite crude oilReference ISO source
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Q matrix
⎥⎥⎥
⎦
⎤
⎢⎢⎢
⎣
⎡
−150001.1010
Q=
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Impact assessment
• No cogenerationh= { 18 , 141.8 ,600 }
• With cogenerationh = { 14 , 61.4 , 3000 }
• apply weighting factors – normalize h indices
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Normalization
Define a reference value for category ihri = equivalent quantity for areference time , eg , tons/year
Express category impact measure as adimensionless ratio of the actual value to the reference value
ri
ii h
hh ∆=∆
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Weighting factors and weighted impact assessment
• Define wi as the weighting factor for category i
• Form weighted sum
ii
i hwI ∆×=∑
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Strategies• Embodied energy – energy required to
extract and process the raw materials , manufacture the product , and transport the product from source to end use
High : concrete ,metals , asphalt , glass petroleum based thermoplasticsLow : wood , fibers , re-used , re-cycled, by-products of other processes
• Durability – materials with high embodied energy are generally more long lasting
concrete , stone
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Embodied energy and CO2materials embodied
energy (GJ/ton)
embodiedCO2 (kg/ton)
In – situ concrete
0.84 119
common bricks 5.8 490
timber 13 1644
structural steel 25.5 2030
plasterboard 27 180
aluminium 200 29200