Jenney’s First Year LatinLesson 39

1. Lesson 39 Vocabulary2. Indirect Statement3. Ablative of Cause

Lesson 39 Vocabulary

accēdō, accēdere, accessī, accessus (+ acc. ptw)

to approach, go to

cognōscō, cognōscere, cognōvī, cognōtus

to learn, find out

crēdō, crēdere, crēdidī, crēditus(+ dat. i.o.)to believe, trust

exīstimō, exīstimāre, exīstimāvī, exīstimātus

to think, suppose, consider

intellegō, intellegere, intellēxī, intellēctusto understand

iūdicō, iūdicāre, iūdicāvī, iūdicātus

to judge, consider

legō, legere, lēgī, lēctus

to choose; gather; read

negō, negāre, negāvī, negātus

to deny, say…not

nesciō, nescīre, nescīvī, nescītus

to not know

obtineō, obtinēre, obtinuī, obtentus

to hold (against opposition)

pertineō, pertinēre, pertinuī, ---

to pertain, extend

putō, putāre, putāvī, putātus

to think

sciō, scīre, scīvī, scītus

to know

sentiō, sentīre, sēnsī, sēnsus

to feel, realize

sperō, sperāre, sperāvī, sperātus

to hope

apud (+ acc.)

among, at the house of, in the presence of

circum (+ acc.)

around

praeter (+ acc.)

beyond, besides, except

prō (+ abl.)

in front of, on behalf of, in exchange for, instead of

Indirect Statement

Indirect Statement

• in Latin & English, statements can be reported directlyand indirectly:

• Direct Statements:

– You did your homework.

– Mr. Finnigan said, “You did your homework.”

• Indirect Statements:

– Mr. Finnigan said that you did your homework.

– She said that Mr. Finnigan said that he did his homework.

Introducing the Ind. Statement• ind. statements are introduced by a HEAD

VERB – a verb of saying, knowing, thinking, perceiving, etc.

• called a head verb because… – it’s an action done with some part of your head– it’s at the head of the sentence

• after the HV, we supply the word “THAT” in English to intro. the I.S.– Latin has no separate word for this “that;” it must

be understood and supplied.– snap your fingers after a HV to stand in for “that”

Ind. Statement Proper• ind. statements have their subjects in the accusative

case – this is the SUBJECT ACCUSATIVE

• the verb in the ind. statement is an INFINITIVE

– this MUST be translated like an indicative verb– there can be more than one infinitive in an I.S.– for future active and perfect passive infinitives

(i.e. futūrum esse; ductum esse), the form “esse” is often left out and must be understood.

Indirect Statement – Recap

HEAD VERBVerb of knowing,

thinking, perceiving, saying, etc.

“THAT”introductory word

after the HV; no separate word in

Lat. – snap!

SUBJ. ACC.subject of I.S. is in

the accusative case

INFINITIVEverb in I.S. is an

infin. – translate as indicative!

Ind. Statement – Exempla

• Dīcit Caesarem esse fortem.– He says that Caesar is brave.

• Putō puellās* librōs lēgisse.– I think that the girls have read the books.

• *the first acc. in the I.S. is generally the subj. acc., unless it doesn’t make sense

• Vīdit nāvēs vēnisse.– He saw that the ships had come.

Infinitives in Indirect Statement

• the tense of an infinitive in I.S. does not denote time absolutely – it denotes time relative to the main verb

• present infinitives – denote action happening at the same time as (contemporaneously with) the main verb

• perfect infinitives – denote action happening beforethe main verb

• future infinitives – denote action happening after the main verb

Infinitives in Indirect Statement

• present infinitives – denote action happening at the same time as (contemporaneously with) the main verb

– Present Tense HV: ”is _____ing,” “_____(s)” [like present]

– Past Tense HV: “was/were _____ing” [like imperfect]

• perfect infinitives – denote action happening before the main verb

– Present Tense HV: ” _____ed,” “ has/have _____ed” [like perf.]

– Past Tense HV: “had _____ed” [like pluperf.]

Infinitives in Indirect Statement

• future infinitives – denote action happening after the main verb

– Present Tense HV: ”will _____” [like future]

– Past Tense HV: “would _____”

• make sure you adjust your infin. translation if the infinitive is passive

Infinitives in Indirect Statement – Exempla

• Sciō eum hoc vidēre. – I know that he sees/is seeing this.

• Sciō eum hoc vīdisse. – I know that he has seen this.

• Sciō eum hoc vīsūrum esse. – I know that he will see this.

BUT

• Scīvī eum hoc vidēre. – I knew that he was seeing this.

• Scīvī eum hoc vīdisse. – I knew that he had seen this.

• Scīvī eum hoc vīsūrum esse. – I knew that he would see this.

Ablative of Cause

Ablative of Cause

• the abl. case is also used to express cause

• answers the question, “for what reason?” “why?”

• translate using “from, out of” (or “because of”)

• typically no preposition is used– BUT! with causā/causīs (esp. when modified by an adj.), dē is

often used

– e.g.: Quā dē causā – for which reason

• use context to help you determine if you are dealing with an abl. of cause

Ablative of Cause – Exempla• Hoc amōre vestrī fēcī.

– I did it from/out of love for you.

• Timōre animālium silvam relīquērunt.– They left the forest from/out of fear of the animals.

• Īnopiā cibī labōrābant.– They were suffering from lack of food.

• Quā rē hoc dīcitis?– For what reason do you say this?

• Nūllam praedam invēnit, quā dē causā urbem relīquit.– He found no loot, for which reason he left the city.