Comparison of Adjectives & Adverbs. 3 Forms Positive Comparative Superlative.
Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 36Comparison of Adverbs •like adjectives, there are three...
Transcript of Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 36Comparison of Adverbs •like adjectives, there are three...
Jenney’s First Year LatinLesson 36
1. Lesson 36 Vocabulary2. Comparison of Adverbs
3. Ablative of Degree of Difference4. Subordinate Clause Review: Causal & Temporal
Clauses
Lesson 36 Vocabulary
paulum, paulī, n.
a little
cotidiē (adv.)
daily, every day
deinde (adv.)
then, next
eō (adv.)
there, to that place
hūc (adv.)
here, to this place
illūc (adv.)
there, to that place there
nōndum (adv.)
not yet
numquam (adv.)
never
paene (adv.)
almost
quō (interrog. adv.)
where to?, to what place?
simul (adv.)
at the same time
statim (adv.)
immediately
atque/ac (conj. – after aequē, pariter, & simul)
as
postquam (conj.)
after
ut (conj.)
as, when, since, how
prīmō
at first
prīmā lūce (idiom)
at daybreak
prīmā nocte (idiom)
early in the night
prīmā aestāte (idiom)
at the beginning of summer
Comparison of Adverbs
Comparison of Adverbs
• like adjectives, there are three degrees of comparison for adverbs – positive, comparative, & superlative
• positive:– built from adj.: end in –ē (2-1-2) or –ter (3rd) – not built from adj.: no set ending, e.g. diū, paene– some adv. use the neut. sg. acc. of the adj. as their adv.
forms:• facile (easily)• multum (much)• prīmum (for the first time)
– translate: _____ly
Comparison of Adverbs• comparative:
– forming: same as neut. acc. sg. of the comparative adj. form from which the adv. is derived (–ius)
– translating: more _____ly, rather ______ly, too _____ly
• superlative:
– forming: change –us on the superl. adj. form to –ē
– translating: most _____ly, very ______ly
Comparison of Adverbs
Positive Comparative Superlative
Comparison of Adverbs
Positive Comparative Superlativeliberēfreely
Comparison of Adverbs
Positive Comparative Superlativeliberēfreely
liberiusmore freely
Comparison of Adverbs
Positive Comparative Superlativeliberēfreely
liberiusmore freely
liberrimēmost freely
Comparison of Adverbs
Positive Comparative Superlativeliberēfreely
liberiusmore freely
liberrimēmost freely
similitersimilarly
Comparison of Adverbs
Positive Comparative Superlativeliberēfreely
liberiusmore freely
liberrimēmost freely
similitersimilarly
similiusmore similarly
Comparison of Adverbs
Positive Comparative Superlativeliberēfreely
liberiusmore freely
liberrimēmost freely
similitersimilarly
similiusmore similarly
simillimēmost similarly
Comparison of Adverbs
Positive Comparative Superlativeliberēfreely
liberiusmore freely
liberrimēmost freely
similitersimilarly
similiusmore similarly
simillimēmost similarly
validēstrongly
Comparison of Adverbs
Positive Comparative Superlativeliberēfreely
liberiusmore freely
liberrimēmost freely
similitersimilarly
similiusmore similarly
simillimēmost similarly
validēstrongly
validiusmore strongly
Comparison of Adverbs
Positive Comparative Superlativeliberēfreely
liberiusmore freely
liberrimēmost freely
similitersimilarly
similiusmore similarly
simillimēmost similarly
validēstrongly
validiusmore strongly
validissimēmost strongly
Comparison of Adverbs
Positive Comparative Superlativeliberēfreely
liberiusmore freely
liberrimēmost freely
similitersimilarly
similiusmore similarly
simillimēmost similarly
validēstrongly
validiusmore strongly
validissimēmost strongly
audacterboldly
Comparison of Adverbs
Positive Comparative Superlativeliberēfreely
liberiusmore freely
liberrimēmost freely
similitersimilarly
similiusmore similarly
simillimēmost similarly
validēstrongly
validiusmore strongly
validissimēmost strongly
audacterboldly
audāciusmore boldly
Comparison of Adverbs
Positive Comparative Superlativeliberēfreely
liberiusmore freely
liberrimēmost freely
similitersimilarly
similiusmore similarly
simillimēmost similarly
validēstrongly
validiusmore strongly
validissimēmost strongly
audacterboldly
audāciusmore boldly
audacissimēmost boldly
Comparison of Adverbs
Positive Comparative Superlativeliberēfreely
liberiusmore freely
liberrimēmost freely
similitersimilarly
similiusmore similarly
simillimēmost similarly
validēstrongly
validiusmore strongly
validissimēmost strongly
audacterboldly
audāciusmore boldly
audacissimēmost boldly
laetēhappily
Comparison of Adverbs
Positive Comparative Superlativeliberēfreely
liberiusmore freely
liberrimēmost freely
similitersimilarly
similiusmore similarly
simillimēmost similarly
validēstrongly
validiusmore strongly
validissimēmost strongly
audacterboldly
audāciusmore boldly
audacissimēmost boldly
laetēhappily
laetiusmore happily
Comparison of Adverbs
Positive Comparative Superlativeliberēfreely
liberiusmore freely
liberrimēmost freely
similitersimilarly
similiusmore similarly
simillimēmost similarly
validēstrongly
validiusmore strongly
validissimēmost strongly
audacterboldly
audāciusmore boldly
audacissimēmost boldly
laetēhappily
laetiusmore happily
laetissimēmost happily
Comparison of Adverbs
Positive Comparative Superlative
Comparison of Adverbs
Positive Comparative Superlativebenewell
Comparison of Adverbs
Positive Comparative Superlativebenewell
meliusbetter
Comparison of Adverbs
Positive Comparative Superlativebenewell
meliusbetter
optimēbest
Comparison of Adverbs
Positive Comparative Superlativebenewell
meliusbetter
optimēbest
malebadly
Comparison of Adverbs
Positive Comparative Superlativebenewell
meliusbetter
optimēbest
malebadly
peiusworse
Comparison of Adverbs
Positive Comparative Superlativebenewell
meliusbetter
optimēbest
malebadly
peiusworse
pessimēworst
Comparison of Adverbs
Positive Comparative Superlativebenewell
meliusbetter
optimēbest
malebadly
peiusworse
pessimēworst
parum / nōn multumlittle
Comparison of Adverbs
Positive Comparative Superlativebenewell
meliusbetter
optimēbest
malebadly
peiusworse
pessimēworst
parum / nōn multumlittle
minusless
Comparison of Adverbs
Positive Comparative Superlativebenewell
meliusbetter
optimēbest
malebadly
peiusworse
pessimēworst
parum / nōn multumlittle
minusless
minimēleast
Comparison of Adverbs
Positive Comparative Superlativebenewell
meliusbetter
optimēbest
malebadly
peiusworse
pessimēworst
parum / nōn multumlittle
minusless
minimēleast
multummuch
Comparison of Adverbs
Positive Comparative Superlativebenewell
meliusbetter
optimēbest
malebadly
peiusworse
pessimēworst
parum / nōn multumlittle
minusless
minimēleast
multummuch
plūsmore
Comparison of Adverbs
Positive Comparative Superlativebenewell
meliusbetter
optimēbest
malebadly
peiusworse
pessimēworst
parum / nōn multumlittle
minusless
minimēleast
multummuch
plūsmore
plurimummost
Comparison of Adverbs
Positive Comparative Superlativebenewell
meliusbetter
optimēbest
malebadly
peiusworse
pessimēworst
parum / nōn multumlittle
minusless
minimēleast
multummuch
plūsmore
plurimummost
magnoperegreatly
Comparison of Adverbs
Positive Comparative Superlativebenewell
meliusbetter
optimēbest
malebadly
peiusworse
pessimēworst
parum / nōn multumlittle
minusless
minimēleast
multummuch
plūsmore
plurimummost
magnoperegreatly
magismore greatly
Comparison of AdverbsPositive Comparative Superlativebenewell
meliusbetter
optimēbest
malebadly
peiusworse
pessimēworst
parum / nōn multumlittle
minusless
minimēleast
multummuch
plūsmore
plurimummost
magnoperegreatly
magismore greatly
maximēmost greatly
Comparison of AdverbsPositive Comparative Superlativebenewell
meliusbetter
optimēbest
malebadly
peiusworse
pessimēworst
parum / nōn multumlittle
minusless
minimēleast
multummuch
plūsmore
plurimummost
magnoperegreatly
magismore greatly
maximēmost greatly
propenearly
Comparison of AdverbsPositive Comparative Superlativebenewell
meliusbetter
optimēbest
malebadly
peiusworse
pessimēworst
parum / nōn multumlittle
minusless
minimēleast
multummuch
plūsmore
plurimummost
magnoperegreatly
magismore greatly
maximēmost greatly
propenearly
propiusmore nearly
Comparison of AdverbsPositive Comparative Superlativebenewell
meliusbetter
optimēbest
malebadly
peiusworse
pessimēworst
parum / nōn multumlittle
minusless
minimēleast
multummuch
plūsmore
plurimummost
magnoperegreatly
magismore greatly
maximēmost greatly
propenearly
propiusmore nearly
proximēvery nearly
Comparison of Adverbs
Positive Comparative Superlative
the following adverbs have the three degrees of comparison, but are not derived from adjectives:
Comparison of Adverbs
Positive Comparative Superlativediū
for a long time
the following adverbs have the three degrees of comparison, but are not derived from adjectives:
Comparison of Adverbs
Positive Comparative Superlativediū
for a long timediūtius
for a longer time, any longer
the following adverbs have the three degrees of comparison, but are not derived from adjectives:
Comparison of Adverbs
Positive Comparative Superlativediū
for a long timediūtius
for a longer time, any longer
diūtissimēfor the longest time
the following adverbs have the three degrees of comparison, but are not derived from adjectives:
Comparison of Adverbs
Positive Comparative Superlativediū
for a long timediūtius
for a longer time, any longer
diūtissimēfor the longest time
saepeoften
the following adverbs have the three degrees of comparison, but are not derived from adjectives:
Comparison of Adverbs
Positive Comparative Superlativediū
for a long timediūtius
for a longer time, any longer
diūtissimēfor the longest time
saepeoften
saepiusmore often
the following adverbs have the three degrees of comparison, but are not derived from adjectives:
Comparison of Adverbs
Positive Comparative Superlativediū
for a long timediūtius
for a longer time, any longer
diūtissimēfor the longest time
saepeoften
saepiusmore often
saepissimēmost often
the following adverbs have the three degrees of comparison, but are not derived from adjectives:
Ablative of Degree of Difference
Ablative of Degree of Difference (DOD)
• the abl. is used adverbially to express degree of difference
• this use of the abl. is seen with comparatives or with ante or post
• translate using “by”
• the abl. used will commonly be a form of multum or paulum– when not modifying a noun, this word will be in the abl. sg.
neut. form (–ō)
Ablative of Degree of Difference (DOD)
e.g.:• Multō fortius pugnat.
– He fights more bravely by much. (much more bravely)
• Paulō ante pervēnit.– He arrived before by a little. (a little before, a little while ago)
• Multīs post annīs Germānī Rōmam oppugnāvērunt.– Afterward by many years, the Germans attacked Rome.
(many years later)
Quam + Superlative
Quam + Superlative
• as with adjectives, quam can be used with a superlative adverb to express the notion “as _____ly as possible”
• with this construction, some form of posse is to be understood, and sometimes it will be there, e.g.:
– Venī quam prīmum. à Come as soon as possible.
– Venī quam prīmum potes. à Come as soon as you can.
Subordinate Clause Review:Temporal and Causal Clauses
Subordinate Clauses Review
• recall that there are simple, compound, and complex sentences in Latin, just like English
• complex sentences consist of at least one main clause and at least one subordinate clause
• there are several types of subordinate clauses: causal, temporal, conditional, relative, concessive, circumstantial, etc.
• we are concerned with temporal and causal clauses for now (but you need to be able to identify conditional & relative too)
Temporal Clauses
• temporal (< tempus, temporis, n.: time) clauses tell you information about the time of the action in the main clause
• answer the question “when?”• introduced by: – ubi: when
– postquam: after
– ut: as, when
– simul atque/ac: as soon as, at the same time as
Causal Clauses
• causal (< causa, causae, f.: reason) clauses tell you information about the cause or reason behind the action in the main clause
• answer the question “why?”
• introduced by: – quod: because
– ut: as, since
– quia: because
– quoniam: because