jcme.iut.ac.ir · Energy Gain of Magnetized Cylindrical D-T Targets in Fast Ignition Fusion A....
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Transcript of jcme.iut.ac.ir · Energy Gain of Magnetized Cylindrical D-T Targets in Fast Ignition Fusion A....
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Energy Gain of Magnetized Cylindrical D-T Targets in Fast Ignition Fusion
A. Parvazian and S. R. Hoseini Dalasm
Department of Physics, Isfahan University of Technology
Abstract: In recent years, many different plans have been considered to use the nuclear energy gained from inertial confinement fusion (ICF) as attempts to obtain high energy efficiencies. In conventional ICF methods, a small amount (about mg) of the deuterium–tritium compound is confined in a small spherical chamber of a few millimeters in radius and compressed by laser or heavy ion beams with powers in the order of 1410 W. The consequent plasma froming at the center of the chamber is an essential issue for fusion. The hydrodynamical instabilities during the fuel compression process arising in the conventional ICF technique leads to a decline in energy efficiency. The new plans for reducing instabilities involve compression of the fuel chamber in two stages using laser or ion beams. In the first stage, fuel is preheated by laser or ion and in the second phase, relativistic electrons are constructed by 1510 -W laser phases in the fuel. This heating method has come to be known as a fast “ignition method”. More recently, cylindrical rather than spherical fuel chambers with magnetic control in the plasma domain have been also considered. In this work, fast ignition method in cylindrical fuel chambers will be investigated and transportation of the relativistic electrons will be calculated using MCNP code and the Fokker–Planck program. Furthermore, the transfer rate of relativistic electron energy to the fuel will be calculated. Our calculations show that the fast ignition method and cylindrical chambers guarantee a higher energy efficiency than the one-step ignition and that it can be considered an appropriate substitute for the current ICF techniques. Keywords: Fusion, Pellet , ICF, Fast ignition, D-T, Energy gain.
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' U4 3; 13@ :0 0 1 3O 3S
&' jQ c' h . ?; .n6 8 ^N; 3S 13E
Yw u 1R \DH @ :0 E V E∆ ∆Ω∆L:(6
& Y 8 .7\:E3(; ^ 8 &R g86 h W q
./A ; N) :H' .;V∆ 3 4 \:3/0 \:)36 hA0
; N L 8 h E \4C ..AEV∆13;
x(6 .n6 8 1)0 \:/0 ^A0 &R g86 j; 0 E
1; & JE0 n ./)E \: N E 4 .3;
3j6 6 ' 1C :ncX <.O D:' 3jX ]3;X 3:p 13E
& JK 3x(6 8 &WK; :); .n6 ^/ @ .; 3E
; \; 0 .&3 i3 1C 1^:/^6 8 Y G ; mNp B36
JE0 :ncX <.O L .
P<T<($31 'L
3; 3; bw4 '4^ ;6 8 b43G &3 3S
'6 4 '46' ;6 .143:' v3; '4^ ;6
4 ; ./N; &/0 E; 8 :); .n6 D:' h3A0 J/^
7 Y. 1K .1E01V' 23:7 13; 3a6 ];X
hV' N:NQ6 3/:8 3'W./A &W.3/07 &N:NQ6 :'4 &
Y. <D' ; bw ;6 .L 3V' 3E 13; &n3
6 .' ;6 1C bw 4 & 1nc c 8 Y G
33; &33H 133n86 8 1933' .33/' (233 b33:0 1
348 M3Q' 4 3 J:37 1 .3//0 &3/:; .L3 L3
V' EV' : W %B.' 348 M3Q' 1; 1
.'= 16 4+ &6 19' b'' 1; ]+u4+.[
:)3 30 3 <8= B43^ h3 B 0 j' V/ ;
\:)6 <W./A ; B4^ ._3(' 13S .; W L
3?; 3E 30 .' 3 ]3 3E )3V' &W.3/07
. ; jn 'W./A (h3A0 <WE &6 19' L:@': 4
. ; .48 MQ' 4 &6 19' <W E S B4^ 1
v; 0 &H 1n86 8V' 3'W./A &W./07 .3'
''& &; .
P<T<?<($31 = ) $ U=
&33 B433^ 133W33; B33633OD b33e 8 1
B43^ B^ 4 a B8 19' ]0 :) S 1E.
W V' .
( ) ( )0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 10,E , t , u , r , S , E , t , u , r , .....
;; :) S 4 19' 5 S ./S; \E ; 8 be
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0
l+
)u(n
n 1
S nn 1 n S n 1
EdEE E dS , kdS E−
−−
− = − =∫
0dEdS
−6 S .H4; 19' ]0 X6 B.:0 L
Y 4 19' ;&3 30H BC B4^ 0 1 &@)3; .3/0
.:)33 133S 33; B433^ 133Wn n 1S S S −= −330
t b= n 56 & (2 W &Ne 1W 13
& Y.:' 19' .&W.3/07 .3; <W E 1; 348 3; 1
3; 3a6 ; 4 V' X 3V' :3 W %B3.'
48 1Q' 1; jQ Y( 1 .3V/ L3 1;
; <W Em; <W 8 SS/m &3 \:)6 \:3/0 ..3m
Y 3 3; 5)&36 .3O ( &@)3; .Y 4.3Qm8 m=
1;sZ<6 km=1; yZ> ]+u.[
P<T<T<' VWL (L
.3H4 18 ; 19' M6 B4^ 1 ?; X6 B6
3; 3W; 536 30 :) S Y.3 B3:; 38 b3e
]+u.[
)(m
2
m2dE E ( 2)NZC ln f ( , )dS 2Iε
τ + − = + τ ε − δ
( )
m2 2
2 mm2
m mm
f ( , )
2 11 ln(1 )1 2 1
1ln(4 (1 ))1
τ ε =
ετ τ + − − β + + − ε τ + τ +
+ ε − ε +− ε
εB4^ &2j/a 19' 8 1)0 )E(& ]/ 0
4mε Y( /:2:; 19' .IJ' ]:)'7 v / cβ =
τB4^ B^ H <a .H4; B4^ &2j/a 19'
δ&@A i :QP6)3; 5j6 5:3Q B:3K7 (Z .3O
5:Q &6 N 4 5:Q &6 &@A4
22 eCmvπ
= .
P<T<X<6L YL
' : 1'4^ 0H B. ./0 D 3i g3:B.
64^:\6 )E &^ ) i &H 4:\6 1'4^ B. (
J;6 )W 1K6 1E:& ] . ; Yw 193' ; E3E
E; )E ; J/^ 193' 3; &'6 EW6 3:&3 .30 .3/0
; 1.:6 Ge LE . gc c)'G:o; &N%E:N
8 ]^ ; 1K6 J;6 1; ]+u4+.[
)+(2 2e 1 2
d 1 4r Z(Z ) (b) (1 ) (b)dW W 3σ = α + η ε ϕ + − ε ϕ
BC 3302ee
W Wm cE m c
ε = =γ+
33; 1K336 B336 1933'
33' .33H4 B433^ 19eRm c 1b2 1
ε=
η γ − εeRm c
ηzn33
Br0 ~ S m)H; &2 7η 1K36 J;36 \
: \6 1'4^ B. .bjO J 7 g;6 '8 .:
2 1 1e1
2e2
1 1 2 1 2
Rm c(b) 4 ln 2 ln(1 b ) 4b tan b
Rm c 7(b) 4 ln 2 ln(1 b )3
6b tan b b 4 4b tan b 3ln(1 b )
− −
− − −
ϕ = + − + −η
ϕ == + − +η
− − − − + )(
P<T<Z< $) 7
M33Q'3348 v33; B433^ 133V':33 W –
'' 8 g86 g;6 jS B.'& &; ]+u.[
)(( ) l ll 0
1F S, (l )exp( SG )P ( )2
∞
=µ = + − µ∑
0S<W 8 S Cosµ = θ3:4 3a 8 M3Q' 48
4 <W 8lP ( )µlNa L: Na ./A .' 1.
)(( )1l l1
dG 2 N 1 P ( )dd
+
−σ
= π − µ µΩ∫
ddσΩ
48 MQ' &N:)'G gc c 1.
[<$ M+ \
30 0 ' U4 8 Y G ; B4^ 0 L
.0 MCNP ; &3 jQ 0 3 .3; L:3/xE
; ; 0 0 .0 h 8 ;6 n B %B43^ 3 h'7
& jQ ? :H' .3; Y.3 <3D' bjQ
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مياي از ساچمه نمونه-1 شكل ايشمايي از ساچمه استوانه-2 شكل دهدهاي مورد مطالعه را نشان
0 .0% 13Q &)3:S/T B.3: 19' ' i h'7
\ 0 Q K:' .'3 A &; ; )X L 4 1
bw )B4^ (= & BC N( 1E\8 7.A
' & V' 0 1 be ; \:W]^ )( 0
BCD T,voidR −:?3 zn D T−4 183WD TR −:zn3
?33D T−4 .33a BeR:4 \:N33; 33= zn33 AuR:
4 S = zn h:' A zG6 1 .A3
' & W V' 1Q &):S/T B.: h 1 3 .
'8 B.3: h3 536 .3 D A B4 7 0 &
w 1X ; b)'4^ 4 ' (& .
[<I<&; 1$ *
' A 1]^ )I(3 Y.3 Y B2' .L3
BC 30 \:36 \364 183W ?3 3= h 8 A
14)333 j)333' 333; \:3336 \33364 333:4 &333@A 43 3
D T,void 3 10 g / cm−−ρ = × :4 &@A ; .a ? 4
3D T 0.225 g/cm−ρ = Y. .Y.3//0 _`3a =
)& X ? = 14 :W (q/a 8Be3:4 &@A ; 3
Be 1 / 9 g/cmρ = Y. Y G .Y.' @' = &@A
)3S (3Au 19 / 5 g/cmρ =33 .'33 A33 133; 1
\
)s(2
T 5 7 KeV
R 0 / 2 0 / 3 g/cm
= −
ρ ≥ −
7 0Rρ' A 1430 A 8 ^A0 1
)2R 0 / 3 0 / 6 g/cmρ ≥ − (]s.[
/:; 1; A &HS 38 b3e ; zn 1j)' 18
& <D' :W
)(D T,void AuD T
Be Be Be
R RR0 / 55 0 / 6 1 / 5
R R R− −= = =
WBeR 0 / 3 cm=38 b3e ; @ :4 . ;
; & .C
)(D T,void D-T AuR 0 / 165 R 0 / 18 R 0 / 45− = = =
&' m)H ; =; 3 .8 3 bj3Q L3
_`3a B/O ; \:N; 3; 193' Y.3//0_`3a b.3X S3?
\ 0 Y G =; &W.//0 ]s.[
[<A<='47 ]-. U)^ _ "
4.H &'6 WTW/g# ' A h ; 1
B8 b.30 nsO ; ? \:E.; 65 10 m/s×3;
& 4 ' Q MS K]y.[_3Nc &W 23 13;
D T,voidr
D T,void
R (0)C 20 30
R (t)−
−= ≈ −N) 0 ]H 0 1
\ 0rC 25 / 1=\:W V' .B38 8 .n; .; <4 q7
60ps 4.H 19' ; 161kJ\:E.; A ; c' h 8
3 z43 n 6 .1K30 ?3 &W 23 3H
4.H &@A 1 3D T,void 30 70 g/cm−ρ = −3V'
Y. W . .a ? &@A &W 2 L2:;
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$-`I<a ='47 ) -! $ &; MCB4
zn totR (cm)&@A3max (g / cm )ρ<atotm (g)
1K0 :H' #s/#$%#×#/s
.a ? :H' #$$/### %#×#s/s
\:N; = $#/## /#
S = k/#k/ys/s
$-`A< &; * '@ Rρa ='47 ) -! V>B
&@A3max (g / cm )ρ totR (cm)zn Rρ
#/
sk/$
##ys/#
##/#
##s$/#
/#
$/#
/#
1K0 :H'
s/ss
##
s/ks
/#
##/#
##/#
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$/#
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? :H '
#
#
$kk/#
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s$/#
/#
$/#
/#
\:N; =
k/y
k/y
k/y
$s/#
$k/#
s$/#
/#
$/#
/#
S =
4.H3100 g / cm\:N3; &@A 43180 g / cm&3@A 4
S319 / 5 g/cm ]k4k.[
[<F< $ $ &; @
' 4 140 A ) 1; &3@A 4 <a 1
W B)^ A 4 1; = E\: .A 8 <.0 E E
;= )?3 1.3n; 3= A 18W ? 4 =
S = 4 4 \:N; = Y .a ( Y. \:)6 .]0 zn
/:23:; 3H 3V' ]0 <a 4 &@A L2:; 4 =
\06.a4)(4)( Y.C
; ' 1W &; 1;= 3 ; Y4O A 1E
'4^ 1W 4DE 8 ]eH 1'46' \364 &
.3 W j3Q \:6 .]^3 )(3E B463' bw 3
& B2' N.E .= B46' 8 2:; ? 1E
= @ 1E .= 0 1S ;b.3 3; 3?C 13E
& 4 ./0 & Ge ; h K' . &3' 19' '
= N( 1E)1.3n; 3= 3A 183W ?3 4 =
3S = 4 4 \:N; = Y .a ? (A3 4 13;
Y. \ .; a6 ;]^ )$(&3' 193' L23:;
?3 3= 4 3 Y 3; 183W ? = ; B46'
a 3 3a6 ]3;X B46' &' 19' K:' . .3= 3
K:A' &' 19' S 4 \:N; .^/ ; a6 ;B 0=
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ab"F< ^ ' cd $ ($L " &; V>B $e $
ab"G< ^ ($L 1@ >B V&; $e $
3= 3; 1430 A3 &3' 193' 3 Y.
' M.E 8 2:; ? Y ; 1.
[<G<+ $31 "
= &:j)' 1'4^ A3 3N( 13E 13E
'3333 133339' 13333; 11 10MeV− 3333 3333;
g/cm² R / , / , /ρ =0 2 0 24 0 3 1N^333 )k(3336)(
Y. \ .' Y8.' Y G 1E4.a)(
Y.C \06 /:2:; ]0 zn 4 &@A L2:;.
= '4^ &3 3 &' be ; E .3/0 .
4 8 &N:? ? = .3a ? =
4.H 13
& ./0 .= Y.//0 _`a 4 Y.'.@' 1E
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ab"J< $b1 " 1 10 MeV− 2R 0 / 2 g/cmρ =^' &; V>B
ab"O< $b1 " 1 10 MeV− 2R 0 / 24 g/cmρ =^' &; V>B
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ll
ab"[< $b1 " 1 10 MeV− 2R 0 / 3 g/cmρ =^' &; V>B
a3"f< $b1 1@ 1 10 MeV− 2R 0 / 2 g/cmρ =^' &; V>B
& b. ; ./0 ._`3a 4 = 19' JK ;
& B2' JK Y.//0 = &4 .E K:A3' 3 1.3n; 13E
.; a6 ;N^ 1)(4)(3= 5 '4^ 13E
& 2' ? 8 ? 19' 4 ./;&./E .
[<J<+ $31 1@
= ; &:j)' B4 J/ E; 8 & ' &' 19' N( 1E
'333 A333 13339' 1333; 11 10MeV− 333 333;
g/cm²R / , / , /ρ =0 2 0 24 0 3;c]^ )(6)#(.
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a3"g<1@ $b1 1 10 MeV− 2R 0 / 24 g/cmρ =^' &; V>B
a3"Ih< $b1 1@ 1 10 MeV− 2R 0 / 3 g/cmρ =^' &; V>B
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ab"II< $b1 " 1 10 MeV−i ' _ ($' j (-)-eMCNP(
ab"IA< $b1 " 1 10 MeV− k. ' _ ($' (-)lm* e7 1'!(
.3 L23:; 4 ?3 3= ; B4^ &' 19'
; j)' = @ E .&3' 19' K:' .a ? =
A :N0 VH ];X E .= Y.3//0 _`3a 1E
v)Q' B4^ &' 19' Y.'.@' 4.B43^ q37
&3 8 ? = ? 19' <6 Y. .:6 4 .3E
& ? B. <W oO; .37 JK3 3;Rρ193'
3 JK K:' 18W ? = ; &' .&34 JK3
= &' 19' K:A' @ 1E.
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ab"IF<L19; M$ >:7 n.
ab"IG<L$ >:7 n. ' M
n3 4.3 U4 3; )3 g3 n U4
\:) ]3H 3 &^:/ 4.:E 1.7' ; YE 0
:Q6 :4 &:j)3' 13'4^ 3 ?/3 3; 4
U4 19' 1=; Y; ?ICF& V' 4.
[<O<$ !" N
330 A33 &^:/ 4.33:E 33 &33a 33nc
ga].[' A 1; D/ K:' Y. <D' 1 3 Y.
.B38 4 4 &@A b::T6ps1004ps300.3n;
n z4 8]^ )(4)$(& B2' 5 0 .E
<3D' 13; =3; 1 4 &@A 23/^E; &3 DE 1
& \E A .; hA3 Y; 1; Y 4 13E
33H 330 L33 33nc 333R . / 3 g / cmρ =33;
8 L? Y; jQ n; 8 & .C
)y(b
17i s 2s
DT
RfR
8m Cو C 4 10 T (KeV) cm / s
v
ρ=ρ + β
β = = ×< σ >
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67 19'
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ga][
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DTv< σ >O3 gc c _RNeH L:@': .
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4.a )( Y. Y B2' .; L ' ) 1;
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' A 1)MTF]($[_3(' ;23 3j6 5 ;
& ) dH 0 ' ; 4 Y. .BE 30 3'W
4.a 8)(& Y.E2 1430 A3 L?3 Y;
k/k' A .e \:)3 n ; 14 .3e
dH 0 1;k/# . DTv< σ >g3a 8 ][
; 0 .v3 3; &3 DE i Y. .:6 19'
]^ bw &@A )(jQ Y. .3; 3a6 ;
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; 16=; & .E .
f<% =
E ./A 8 J:; &3 DE 193' 8 Y G3 3; 3a6 8
)E &( U4 ; 1(ICF) & `W .\0 :4 1HS
0 A B 3^; ; 140 1E B3 4 K3: 193' 37 13E
3W X a6 L:@/ .1.37' &3 ^3 &34
183 \03 B38 S A B. 8; 4 &^:/ 4.:E
;A L Y; 0 &3 L:37 E 4C .193' 3?
4.33H 33^; 1=33;MJ s O33 33:'i'' .33/A b.33
\0 & =; B/A 18;1.37' 0 `37' _3/a
& 0 .1K30 n3 3:H' D a &GN( 1HS
.a ? :H' n ; h0 1; 36 3A W K:' B4 8
& JE0 .7' 1.H ; 'C &4 .E g3 ]30 3S
&'./0 .\0 8 Y G 67 ; \:) :p U4 ; 18 13E
X& JE0 1.7' K:' 3; \E A 19' Y; &4 .E
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c A :j 0 ../)3E 3= .3/A 1430 1E .g3j/
; K:' Y.//0 \0 19'B6 ; L:@/ B K: be BE
W#k %#$ &)3:S/T B.3: h3 8 Y G3 ; &4
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& 1W M6 8 1:WNa B^ '3 1K30 3:H'
8 ]33eH 33; bw 18P33Q 33i 33 &H33' 33;
& DE)GC 4 B4^ (& \E 3 . &n:34 b3nc
J3(7 3; >3; ]4 &):S/T B.: O &@'@A
30 3 Y. (2 4 W be &):S/T
O Y 4.Q \0 1E n 18 4 L:RρY 4.3Q L:7
/ / g / cm− 30 2 0 3A333 L333 ]333O &;333? 333; 333E
& .//0]$.['3 A3 &)3:S/T B.3: ;0 30 1
\0 O JE0 ; D/ 1430 A3 3; j)3' 183
33j6 8 ]X.33H33 &33N 1.337' %JE330 33N:6
& .E ]k.['3 A3 13; &)3:S/T 3/0 3; 1
3:4 13W 30 3 <8= 1K30 n3 3; B.: 1
4.H AeV k# \E ]$.[g3a N) L]$[
Y. &; ]:PG6 ; .A3 &3; 30 L3 13E
' a6 g n U4 1 .BE 30 S
)X \03 ]O g n . c 183
& <D' NH 4 \0 4 NH .E 01.3H 6 A B
13'4^ .3:6 13; <8= 13W A B4 \:'; 0
&:j)3' 1'4^ L h0 ; .n; NH 4 \:/0 \E &:j)'
33; 1933' 33'33D' ?33&33 < ]:^2336 337 4 33:W
& .'3 A3 13K 8 ` A3 3; )3 1
\03 O3 JE30 1.37' JE0 140 4 183Rρ
&3? 193' g3 n3 U4 4 ?
1; A\0& JE0 b. ; :4 188 &3/n .3;
j6KJ ##%#3@ .3/A ; ) 9n3 U4 4
A3 3; 1 44 193' JE30 3; D/ L 4 \:)
& ? A Y; L =; 4 ? .
$
1. inertial confinement fusion 2. ablator 3. direct drive 4. indirect drive
5. relativistic electron beam 6. high ion beam 7. Boltzmann Fokker planck equation 8. Deby length
9. Beth 10. particle track length 11. Godsmit Saunderson 12.
`
.v BW.)BQa < mNS ")E ?.W 3/0 1
Y. "' b2's .
.f :' . &3N 4)3E ?.3W1B83 193'
B &6$ .
3. Nishimura, H., et al., “Indirect – Direct Hybrid Target Experiments with the GEKKO XII laser,” Nuclear fusion, Vol. 40, No. 3, 2000.
4. Nakai, S., “Inertial Confinement,” Nuclear Fusion,Vol. 0, No. 7, 1990.
5. Basko, M., “Physics and Prospects of Inertial Confinement Fusion,” Plasma physics and Controlled Fusion, Vol. 35, 1993.
6. Lindl, J. D., “The US Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) Ignition Programme and the Inertial Fusion
Energy (IFE) Programme,” Plasma physics and Controlled Fusion, Vol. 45, pp. A215-A234, 2003.
7. Roth, M., “Fast Ignition by Intense Laser-Accelerated Proton Beams,” Physical Review Letters,Vol. 86, No. 3, 2001.
8. Ramis, R., and Ramirez, J., “Indirectly Driven Target Design for Fast Ignition with Proton Beam,” Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 44, pp. 720-730, 2004.
9. Nakao, Y., “Effect of Nuclear Elastic Scattering on Energetic ion Transport in Hot Dense Plasmas,” Nuclear fusion, Vol. 3, No. 1, 1990.
10. Haldy , P. A., and Ligou , J., “A Moment Method for Calculating The Transport of Energetic Charged Particles in Hot Plasma,” Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 17, No. 6, 1977.
11. Pomraning , G. C., “Higher Order Fokker-Planck Operator,” Nuclear Science and Engineering,
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Vol. 124, pp. 390-397, 1996. 12. Morel, J. E., “A Hybrid Multigroup / Continous
Energy Monte Ccarlo Method for Solving the Boltzmann-Fokker-Planck Equation,” Nuclear Science and Engineering Vol. 124, PP. 369-389, 1996.
.Y z 1./;."?.3W 3; bw ;6 bjQ
&33( U4 33;"33' B337 BG33e &n/33e Y@233'
. &/ 0s.
14. McCrory, R., “OMEGA ICF Experiments and Prepration for Direct Drive Ignition on NIF,” Nuclear fusion, Vol. 41, No. 10, 2001.
15. Nakai, S., “Inertial confinement,” Nuclear Fusion,Vol. 30, No. 7, 1990.
16. Andreas, J., “Magnetized Cylindrical Implosion Driven by Heavy Ion Beams,” Los Alamos National Laboratory, 2001.
17. Ren, C., et al., “Global Simulation for Laser-Driven MeV Electron in Fast Ignition Ion,” Physical Review Letters, Vol. 93, No. 18, 2004.
18. Meyer-Ter-Vehn, J.,”Fast Ignition of ICF Target: An Overview,” Plasma Phys. Contorol Fusion, Vol. 43, PP. A113-A125, 2001.
19. Lewis, E. E., and Miller, W.F., Computational Methods of Neutron Transport, American Nuclear
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. B847.~ 1Gna 4 ."193' Y; A3 &3E 3;
3Xa n &3( U4 3; &3 DE 1"JE437
<4 Y <4 .Na hK: .
23. Perkins. S. T. et al., “Experimental and evaluated nuclear pulse interference cross section for light charged particles,” Report UCRL-50400 15, Pt.F Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, CA, 1980.
24. kemp. A. J., et al., “Implotion and Ignition of Magnetized Cylindrical Targets Driven by Heavy-Ion Beam,” Nuclear. Fusion, Vol. 43, PP. 16-24, 2003.
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26. kemp. A. J., et al., “Magnetized Cylindrical Targets for Heavy Ion Fusion,” Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Reaserch A 464, PP. 192-195, 2001.
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