Jazz Handbook Part 1
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Transcript of Jazz Handbook Part 1
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Scales, Chords, Patterns and Rhythms
Jeff Ellwood: director of
Instrumental Jazz Studies
Mt. San Antonio College
Jazz ensemble Handbook
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Circle of 4th
’s
What is the Circle of Keys?
The circle of keys is a diagram used in music theory that
helps students memorize and understand the 12 major
and 12 minor keys used in music, key relationships, andmany chord relationships.
Learn to recite the notes on the circle from memory. Be
able to start on any note (not just C) and go all the way
around the circle in both directions.
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& c œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œCMaj7
œ œ œ œ œ œ œ
&3
œ œ œ œ œ œ œb *
œC 7
œb *
œ œ œ œ œ œ
&5
œ œ œb*
œ œ œ œb * œ
Cmin7
œb *
œ œ œ œb*
œ œ
&7
œ œ œb
* œ œ œ œ œCm(maj7 ) Aº B 7 # 9
œ œ œ œ œb *
œ œ
Scales for ImprovisationMt. San Antonio College
Basic Major Scale: To be used on Major chords
Mixolydian Scale: To construct a Mixolydian scale-take a major scale and
lower the 7th degree of the scale by a 1/2 step.
Or can be thought of as the 5th degree of a Major scale (i.e. C7 mixolydian
shares the same key signature as a F Major scale
Dorian Scale: To construct a Dorian scale-take a major scale and lower the3rd & 7th degree by a 1/2 step
Or can be thought of as the 2nd degree of a Major scale (i.e. cmi7 Dorian
shares the same key signature as a Bflat Major scale
Jazz Melodic Minor scale: To construct a Melodic Minor scale-take a Major
scale and lower the 3rd degree a 1/2 step
The Melodic Minor scale is one of the most useful scales in jazz
improvisation
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? c œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ
CMaj7
œ œ œ œ œ œ œ
?3 œ œ œ œ œ œ œ b * œ
C 7
œ b * œ œ œ œ œ œ
?5 œ œ œ b * œ œ œ œ b
* œCmin7
œ b * œ œ œ œ b* œ œ
?7 œ œ œ b * œ œ œ œ œC
m(maj7 ) Aº B 7 # 9 œ œ œ œ œ b * œ œ
Scales for ImprovisationMt. San Antonio College
Basic Major Scale: To be used on Major chords
Mixolydian Scale: To construct a Mixolydian scale-take a major scale and
lower the 7th degree of the scale by a 1/2 step.
Or can be thought of as the 5th degree of a Major scale (i.e. C7 mixolydian
shares the same key signature as a F Major scale
Dorian Scale: To construct a Dorian scale-take a major scale and lower the3rd & 7th degree by a 1/2 step
Or can be thought of as the 2nd degree of a Major scale (i.e. cmi7 Dorian
shares the same key signature as a Bflat Major scale
Jazz Melodic Minor scale: To construct a Melodic Minor scale-take a Major
scale and lower the 3rd degree a 1/2 step
The Melodic Minor scale is one of the most useful scales in jazz
improvisation
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& c œ œ œ œCMaj7
œ œ œ œbC
7
&3 œ œb œ œbCmin7
œ œb œb œbCÌ
&5 œ œ œ œCMaj7
œb œ œ œC 7
&7
œb œ œb œCmin7
œb œb œb œCÌ
Basic ChordsChords are constructed by taking the root, 3rd, 5th & 7th of a scale
1-3-5-7 1-3-5-b7
1-b3-5-b7 1-b3-b5-b7
Asending
Descending
7-5-3-1 b7-5-3-1
b7-5-b3-1 b7-b5-b3-1
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? c œ œ œ œC
Maj7
œ œ œ œ bC
7
?3 œ œ b œ œ bCmin7
œ œ b œ b œ bCÌ
?5 œ œ œ œCMaj7
œ b œ œ œC 7
?7 œ b œ œ b œCmin7
œ b œ b œ b œCÌ
Basic ChordsChords are constructed by taking the root, 3rd, 5th & 7th of a scale
1-3-5-7 1-3-5-b7
1-b3-5-b7 1-b3-b5-b7
Asending
Descending
7-5-3-1 b7-5-3-1
b7-5-b3-1 b7-b5-b3-1
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Ins t ruments
Root Progress ions
A guide to studying scales
Half-steps #1) Bb B C C# D Eb E F F# G Ab A
Whole-Steps #2) Bb C D E F# Ab / B C# Eb F G ACircle of 4ths #3) Bb Eb Ab Db F# B E A D G C FMajor 3rds #4) Bb D F# / B Eb G / C E Ab / C# F A
Minor 3rds #5) Bb Db E G / B D F Ab / C Eb F# A
Four Shapes: #1) ! #2) " #3) !" #4) "!
Things to Practice using Root Progressions:
1#) Scales
• Major
• Mixolydian
• Dorian
•
Melodic Minor
• Natural Minor
• Harmonic
Minor
2#) Chords:
•
Major 7• Dominant 7
• Minor 7
• Minor 7b5
#3) Number Patterns
• In 24 combinations
(1235, 5132, 3521, etc..)
Scale, chord, & pattern practice needs
to be done daily and with a metronome.
Pick one scale type, one chord type & one number pattern
and spend a week working on them.
Practice what you have chosen through all root
progressions and shapes at various tempos
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B f lat Instruments
Root Progress ions
A guide to studying scales
Half-steps #1) C C# D Eb E F F# G Ab A Bb B
Whole-Steps #2) C D E F# Ab Bb / C# Eb F G A BCircle of 4ths #3) C F Bb Eb Ab C# F# B E A D G
Major 3rds #4) C E Ab / C# F A / D F# Bb / Eb G B
Minor 3rds #5) C Eb F# A / C# E G Bb / D F Ab B
Four Shapes: #1) ! #2) " #3) !" #4) "!
Things to Practice using Root Progressions:
1#) Scales
• Major
• Mixolydian
• Dorian
•
Melodic Minor• Natural Minor
• Harmonic
Minor
2#) Chords:
• Major 7
•
Dominant 7
• Minor 7
• Minor 7b5
#3) Number Patterns
• In 24 combinations
(1235, 5132, 3521, etc..)
Scale, chord, & pattern practice needs
to be done daily and with a metronome.
Pick one scale type, one chord type & one number pattern
and spend a week working on them.
Practice what you have chosen through all root
progressions and shapes at various tempos
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b Ins t ruments
Root Progress ions
A guide to studying scales
Half-steps #1) G Ab A Bb B C C# D Eb E F F#
Whole-Steps #2) G A B C# Eb F / Ab Bb C D E F#Circle of 4ths #3) G C F Bb Eb Ab Db F# B E A DMajor 3rds #4) G B Eb / Ab C E / A C# F / Bb D F#Minor 3rds #5) G Bb C# E / Ab B D F / A C Eb F#
Four Shapes: #1) ! #2) " #3) !" #4) "!
Things to Practice using Root Progressions:
1#) Scales
• Major
• Mixolydian
• Dorian
•
Melodic Minor• Natural Minor
• Harmonic
Minor
2#) Chords:
•
Major 7• Dominant 7
• Minor 7
• Minor 7b5
#3) Number Patterns
• In 24 combinations
(1235, 5132, 3521, etc..)
Scale, chord, & pattern practice needs
to be done daily and with a metronome.
Pick one scale type, one chord type & one number patternand spend a week working on them.
Practice what you have chosen through all root
progressions and shapes at various tempos
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& c œb œ œ œb œ œ œ œb œ œ# œ# œ œ# œ# œ# œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œb œb œ œb œb œb œ œb
&5 œb œ œ œ œb œ
œ œb
œ œ# œ# œ# œ œ# œ# œ
œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ
œ# œ# œ# œ# œ# œ# œ# œ#
&9
œb œ œ œb œ œ œ œb œ œ# œ# œ# œ œ# œ# œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ# œ# œ# œ# œ# œ# œ# œ#
&13
œb œ œ œb œ œ œ œb œ œ# œ œ œ œ# œ œ œ# œ# œ# œ œ# œ# œ# œ# œ œ# œ#
œ# œ œ# œ# œ
&17 œb œ œ œ œb œ œ œb œb œ œ œb œb œ œb œb œ# œ# œ# œ# œ œ# œ# œ# œ œ# œ# œ œ œ# œ# œ
&21 œb œ œ œ œb œ œ œb œ œ œ œ œ œ œ# œ œ œ# œ# œ œ œ# œ# œ œb œb œ œb œb œb œ œb
Root Progressions
Examples Jeff Ellwood
Example using Major scale, Major chord & 1-2-3-5 Number pattern
Major scale through root progression #1 using ascending shape (#1)
Major scale through root progression #1 using descending shape (#2)
Major Scale through root progression #1 using ascending & descending
shape (#3)
Major scale through root progression #4 using ascending & descending
shape (#3)
Major scale descending in whole steps (progression #2) using descending
shape (#2)
Major scale through root progression #5 using descending and ascending
shape (#4)
******Practice all scale types: Major, Mixolydian, Dorian, Melodic Minor,
Harmonic Minor, Natural Minor
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&
25
œb œ œ œ œ n œ# œ# œ# œ œ œ œ œ# œ# œ# œ# œ œ# œ œ# œb œ œb œ œ œ# œ œ# œ œ œ œ&29 œ œ œ œb œ# œ# œ# œ n œ œ œ œ œ# œ# œ# œ# œ# œ œ# œ
œ œb œ œb œ# œ œ# œ œ œ œ œ
&33
œb œ œ œ œ# œ# œ œ n œ œ œ œ œ# œ# œ# œ# œ œ# œ œ# œ œb œ œb œ œ# œ œ# œ œ œ œ
&37
œb œ œ œ œ œb œ œb œ œ# œ œ# œ# œ œ œ œ œ# œ œ# œ# œ n œ# œ n œ œ œ
œ œ œb œ œb
&41
œ œ œ œb œb œ œb œ œ œb œ œb œb œ œ œ
œ œ# œ# œ œ œ# œ# œ# œ# œ œ# œ œ œ# œ
œ#
2 Root Progressions
Major chords through root progression #1 using ascending shape (#1)
Major chords through root progression #1 using desending shape (#2)
Major chords through root progression #1 using ascending & descending
shape (#3)
major chords through root progression #5 using ascending & descending
shape (#3)
Major chords through root progression #3 using decending & ascending
shape (#4)
******Practice all chord types: Major 7, Dominant 7, Minor 7, Minor 7 flat5,
Diminished
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&45
œb œ œ œ œ n œ# œ# œ# œ œ œ œ œb œb œ œb œ œ œ# œ œb œ n œ œb œ œ# œ# œ œ n œ n œ œ
&49 œb œ œ œ œ œ n œ# œ œb œb œ œb œ œ n œ n œ œ# œ# œ# œ# œ n œ n œ n œ n œ œ# œ# œ œb œ n œ n œb
&53
œ œ œ œb œ# œ# œ# œ œ œ œ œ œ# œ# œ# œ# œ œ# œ œ œb œ œ œb œ œ# œ# œ œ œ œ n œ n
&57
œb œ œ œ œ# œ# œ# œ n œ œ œ œ œ# œ# œ# œ# œ œ œ# œ œb œ œ n œb œ œ# œ# œ œ œ œ n œ n
&61
œb œ œ œ œb œb œ
œb œ œ# œ# œ œ œ œ œ n
œ œ# œ# œ# œ œ œ
œ n œ œ œ œ œb œb œ œb
3Root Progressions
1-2-3-5 number pattern through root progression #1 using ascending
shape (#1)
1-2-3-5 (descending) number pattern through root progression #1 using
descending shape (#2) 1-2-3-5 in descending shape becomes 5-3-2-1
1-2-3-5 number pattern through root progression #1 using ascending &
descending shape (#3)
1-3-2-5 number pattern through root progression #5 using ascending &
descending shape (#3)
*****Practice all 24 combinations of number patterns in Major, Minor, &
Minor 7flat5
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& c œ œ œ œ
Cÿ C 7
œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ
&5
œ œ œb œCÈ
œ œ œb œ œb œ œ œ œ œ œb œ
&9
œ œ œb œbCÌ
œ œb œb œ œb œ œ œb œb œ œb œ
Number PatternsMt. San Antonio college
Jeff Ellwood
Number Patterns are essential for developing improvisational skills
Number Patterns are a set of number arranged in various combinations
We will start with the number 1-2-3-5 of a given scale
1-2-3-5 can be arranged into 24 different combinations
Example: 1-3-2-5, 5-2-1-3, 3-1-2-5, 2-5-3-1, 1-5-2-3, 5-3-2-1, 3-5-2-1, 2-1-3-5, etc.
Below are examples of number patterns in Major, Mixolydian, minor, & minor flat-
1-2-3-5 2-5-3-1 3-1-2-5 5-2-3-1
1-2-b3-5 2-5-b3-1 b3-1-2-5 5-2-b3-1
1-2-b3-b5 2-b5-b3-1 b3-1-2-b5 b5-2-b3-1
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Autumn leaves (1) Alone Together (2) All the Things You Are (3) All of Me (1) All Blues (1)Beautiful Love (1)
Bessie’s Blues (Eb blues) (2) Blue Bossa (1) Blue Monk (Bb blues) (1)Body & Soul (3)Blues for Alice (2) Confirmation (3) Cherokee (3) Days of Wine & Roses (2) Dexterity (3) Donna Lee (3) Equinox (c minor blues) (1) Footprints (1) Four (2) Freddie the Freeloader (1)
Groovin’ High (2) Have You Met Miss Jones (3) How High the Moon/Ornithology (2)Impressions/So What (1)In a Sentimental Mood (3) Inner Urge (3)
Invitation (3)
Just Friends (2)Lady Bird (2)My Funny Valentine (2) Nardis (3) Night & Day (2) Out of Nowhere (2)Oleo/Anthropology (Ryhthm Changes) (2) Recordame (2)Round Midnight (3) Satin Doll (1)Song For My Father (1)Solar (2) Stella by Starlight (3) Take the A Train (2) There is No Greater Love (2) There Will Never Be Another You (2)
Well you Needn’t (2)
Download play-alongs athttps://app.box.com/playalongs
Mt. SAC Jazz 1Tune List
• Jazz band students are required to learn 1 jazz standard tune per semester.
• Upper division students and people holding solo chairs must learn 3 tunes.o The melody, scales and chord arpeggios must be memorized.
• This will be your final exam.
Easy (1)
Intermediate (2)Advanced (3)
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4
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Bebop Lines
Developing lines
Jeff Ellwood
COPYRIGHT
Bebop passing link
7th degree = Major 7 5th degree = Minor 7 3rd degree = Half Diminished
Break the bebop scale up into 4 parts that connect chord tones using scale motion
1-5 3-7 5-1 7-3
5-1 7-3 1-5 3-7
same chords as above, but with the 2nd note displaced down an octave (this allows us the use the same concept
as above, but in a descending fashion)
After learning the scales motion, we must now learn arpeggio's built form primary chord tones (7-5-3)
Notice that a chord was not built from the root of the chord. Here we will just insert the bebop passing link
G7
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19
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2
Bebop Lines
Here are sample lines using the arpeggio's built from chord tones with the bebop passing link. These line will
consist of the ascending and decending versions mixed together.
The formula will always move this way 7-5-3-bebop passing. (wash rinse, repeat) even if we start on another chord
tones, it still follows the same cycle (3-bebop passing-7-5, 5-3-bebop passing-7)
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46
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3
ebop Lines
Now all the material must be worked out if there are alterations on the Dominant chord
We will now focus on applying the same concept to a chord
take the same scale shapes and alter the 9 13 (2 6).
Now the arpeggio's and their chord qualities need to be figured out
7th degree = Minor 7 5th degree = half diminished 3rd degree = diminished
displaced octave
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72
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C
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7
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mi
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mi
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mi
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91
Dmi
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(
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5)
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Cmi
7
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95
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7
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4
Bebop Lines
These ideas work great over dominant 7 chords, but what do we do over minor 7 chords?
I use the same ideas on minor, although I don't use a minor bebop scale. When I see a minor 7 chord, i use the
dominant 7 chord that is a 4th away.
(example Dmi7 = G7, Cmi7 = F7, Emi7b5 = A7b9b13, Dmi7b5 = G7b9b13 etc....)
Let s apply this concept to a tune. We are going to use the changes to
lue ossa
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103
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7
b
9
b
13
119
œ
œ
œ
œ
œ
œ
œ
œ
F
7
œ
œ œ
œ
œ
œ
œ
œ
œ
‰
œ
œ
œ
œ
B
b
7
œ
œ
œ
œ
œ
‰
5
ebop Lines
Notice how I simplified the chord chages to mostly all dominant 7 chords in the previous example
Here is a solo using our bebop concept with the simplified changes
The solo above sounds a bit boring, WHY? Every phrase starts on a downbeat, and jazz is a syncopated music.
The best way to solve this issue is starting a phrase on the & of the beat, but our bebop lines will sound odd if they
are displaced by an 1/8 note. We can solve this problem by using one of our no primary chord tones (scale degrees
2-4-6) as approach notes. We can also use chromatic approach notes.
We can also anticipate the note on the & of the beat
Another important tool is editing. can we remove some note of the phrase to make it sound better? Yes
Let's take the same solo and do some editing and apply some approach notes
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123
œ œ
œ
œ
œ
œ
œ
œ
G
7
b
9
b
13
œ
œ
œ
œ
œ
œ
œ œ
‰
œ
œ
œ
œ
7
œ
œ
œ
œ
‰
œ ‰
œ
127
œ ‰ œ œ œ œ
b
7
œ
œ
œ œ œ œ œ
œ
˙
Ó
D
b
ma
7
Ó Œ ‰ j
131
œ
œ
œ
œ
œ œ
œ
œ
G
7
b
9
b
13
œ
œ
œ
œ
œ
œ
œ
œ
œ
Œ Ó
Cmi
7
Ó
œ
œ
œ
œ
7
b
9
b
13
6
Bebop Lines
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& 44 œo œ œo œ œo œ œo œ œ Œ Ó
&3
œo œb œo œ œo œ œo œ œ Œ Ó
&5
œ œ œ œ ˙ œ œ œ œ ˙ œ œ œ œ# ˙ œ œ# œ œ ˙
&9
œ œb œ œ ˙ œ œ œ œ ˙ œ œ œ œ ˙ œ œ œ œb ˙
Bebop Ideas
G7 Chord
Jeff Ellwood
Mt San Antonio college
The Bebop scale is one of the most important sounds in jazz improvisation. The bebop scale is a mixolydian scalewith a major 7 passing. The passing tone helps to ensure that primary chord tones (1 3 5 7) fall on strong beats
(1 2 3 4) see expample below
the notes with the (o) above are the strong beats of the measure, but are not primary chord tones (1 3 5 7). Thosenotes are actually (1 6 4 2). Here is the same scale with the major 7 passing tone. See example below
Notice how the notes with (o) above are primary chord tones and falling on strong beats. This extra passinghelps to keep better resolution between chords
G7
G7
Cmaj7
CMaj7
Below are some simple exercises to practice. They are small scale sequences using the bebop scale. Eachexercise starts on a primary chord tone ( 1 3 5 7)
Root
3rd
5th
7th
Root
7th
5th
3rd
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&13 œ œ œ œ# ˙ œ œ œ œ ˙ œ œœ œœ
œ
œ ˙˙ œ œœ œœ œœ ˙̇
& œ œ œ# œ ˙ œ œ œ œ ˙ œ œ œ# œ ˙ œ œ œ# œ ˙
& œ œ œ œ œ# œ œb œ ˙ Ó œ œ œb œ ˙ œ œ# œ œb ˙& œ œ œb œ# ˙ œ œb œ œ# ˙ œ œœ
œœ œœ ˙̇ œ œ œ œ ˙
&29
œ œ# œ œ# ˙ œ œb œ œ œ# œ œb œ ˙ Ó œ œ œ œ œ œ# œ
&33
œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ# ˙ Ó œ œ# œ œ œ œ œ n œb ˙ Ó
&37
œ œ œ œ œ œ œ# œ ˙ Ó œ œb œ œb ˙ œ œ œ œb ˙
Bebop Ideas
using are simple bebop excersises, we can now start adding link ideas. Below are some link ideas that start onprimary chords. These ideas are common language used in improvisation. Play each link idea to get the sound ofit in your ear. All these links will be used on a G7 chord
1
2
3 4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
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&41 œ œ œ œ# œ œ n œ œb œ œ# œ œb ˙
&43
œ œ œ œ œ œ œ# œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ
&45 œ œb œ œ# œ œ n œ œ œ œb œ œ œ œ œ œ ˙ Ó
&48
œ œ# œ œ œ œ œ n œb œ œ œ œ œ œ œb œ# ˙ Ó
&51
œ œb œ œb œ œb œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ ˙ Ó
&54
œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œb œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ ˙ Ó
&57
œ œ# œ œ œ œ œ n œb œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ# ˙ Ó
Bebop Ideas
3
Using the simple scale exercises (page 1) and combining that with the link ideas (page 2), one can develop endlesimprovisational vocabulary. See the examples below.......(Note: These G7 ideas can also work on a ii-7 V7 progress
(D-7 G7 Cmaj7)
G7
Link 1 scale sequence link 11
scale Sequence Link 5 Link 2 scale sequence
Link 13 Link 14 Scale sequence Link 2
link 20 Scale sequence link 12
Link 22 scale sequence Link 3 Link 14
Link 6 Scale sequence Link 4 Link 3
Link 20 Link 4 Link 1
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&60 Ó œ œ œ œ w Ó œ œ
œ œ w&
64
Ó œ œ œ œ w Ó œ œ œ œ w
&68
Ó œ œ œ œ w Ó œ œ œ œ w
&72 Ó œ œ œ œ w
Ó œ œ œ œ w
Bebop Ideas
Having studied the bebop scale sequence combined with links, one could come up with a variety of misical ideas.These ideas allow us to create lines on a specific chord type, but now the must be further study in resolvingthese musical ideas to their home base, the tonic chord (V7-I, G7 to Cmaj7).We will now shift our foucs to the resolutions to the major chord.
Below is a series on resolution exercises to help create proper resolution to the tonic. This is where manystudents lack strength. resolving a weak chord (G7) to a point of strength (Cmaj7)
These fisrt resolution studies will deal with descending scale motion exercises from the primarychord tones of G7. We will call these
ownward resolutions
G7
G7
G7
G7
Cmaj7
CMaj7
CMaj7
Cmaj7
The next resolution studies will deal with ascending scale motion with a leap of a third between thelast two notes. We will call these Upward R esolutions
Root 3rd
5th
7th
G7
G7
G7
G7
CMaj7
CMaj7
CMaj7
CMaj7
Root
3rd
5th
7th
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&76
Ó œ œ œ œ w
&78
Ó œ œ œ œ w
&80
Ó œ œ œ œ w
&82
Ó œ œ œ œ w
&84
! !
Bebop Ideas
5
These next resolutions are based on arpeggio's. These arrpegio's will be built from primary chord tones (1 3 5 7)
G7
CMaj7
G7
CMaj7
G7 CMaj7
G7
CMaj7
Root
3rd !"#$%&'(
5th !)#$%(
7th !*+,-%(
Notice the various other chord types one can use from building arpeggio's from othe chord tones
Root=.%
3rd="#$%&'
5th=)#$%
7th=*+,-%
Let's construct some lines using bebop scale sequences, links and resolution exercises to create lines
resolving G7 to Cmaj7
G7
CMaj7
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&86
œ œ œ œ# œ œ n œ œ w œ œ# œ œb œ œ n œ œ w
&90 œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ w œ œb œ œb œ œ œ œ w
&94
œ œ œ œb œ œ œ œ w œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ w
&98
œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ# œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ w
&101
œ œ œ œ œ œ# œ œb œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ w
&104
œ œ œ# œ œ œ œ n œ œ œ œ# œ œ œ œ œ w
&107
œ œ œ œ œ# œ œb œ œ œb œ œ# œ œ n œ œ w
&110
œ œ œ œb œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ œ w
Bebop Ideas
G7
CMaj7
G7 (dmi7)
G7
CMaj7