Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 4e Chapter 9 Arrays.
Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 4e Chapter 7 User-Defined Methods.
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Transcript of Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 4e Chapter 7 User-Defined Methods.
2Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 4e
Chapter Objectives
• Understand how methods are used in Java programming
• Learn about standard (predefined) methods and discover how to use them in a program
• Learn about user-defined methods
• Examine value-returning methods, including actual and formal parameters
3Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 4e
Chapter Objectives (continued)
• Explore how to construct and use a value-returning, user-defined method in a program
• Learn how to construct and use user-defined void methods in a program
• Explore variables as parameters
• Learn about the scope of an identifier
• Become aware of method overloading
4Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 4e
Predefined Classes
• Methods already written and provided by Java
• Organized as a collection of classes (class libraries)
• To use: import package
• Method type: data type of value returned by method
10Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 4e
class Character (Package: java.lang) (continued)
11Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 4e
class Character (Package: java.lang) (continued)
13Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 4e
User-Defined Methods
• Value-returning methods– Used in expressions– Calculate and return a value– Can save value for later calculation or print value
• modifiers: public, private, protected, static, abstract, final
• returnType: type of the value that the method calculates and returns (using return statement)
• methodName: Java identifier; name of method
14Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 4e
Syntax
• Syntax: formal parameter list-The syntax of the formal parameter list is:
• Method call-The syntax to call a value-returning method is:
15Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 4e
Syntax (continued)
• Syntax: return statement -The return statement has the following syntax:
return expr;
• Syntax: actual parameter list-The syntax of the actual parameter list is:
16Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 4e
Equivalent Method Definitions
public static double larger(double x, double y){ double max;
if (x >= y) max = x; else max = y;
return max;}
19Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 4e
Equivalent Method Definitions (continued)
public static double larger(double x, double y){ if (x >= y) return x; else return y;}
20Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 4e
Equivalent Method Definitions (continued)
public static double larger(double x, double y){ if (x >= y) return x; return y;}
21Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 4e
The int variable num contains the desired sum to be rolled
22Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 4e
Palindrome Number
• Palindrome: integer or string that reads the same forwards and backwards
• The method isPalindrome takes a string as a parameter and returns true if the string is a palindrome, false otherwise
23Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 4e
Solution: isPalindrome Method
public static boolean isPalindrome(String str){ int len = str.length(); int i, j; j = len - 1;
for (i = 0; i <= (len - 1) / 2; i++) { if (str.charAt(i) != str.charAt(j)) return false; j--; } return true; }
24Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 4e
Flow of Execution• Execution always begins with the first statement
in the method main• User-defined methods execute only when called
• Call to method transfers control from caller to called method
• In method call statement, specify only actual parameters, not data type or method type
• Control goes back to caller when method exits
25Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 4e
Programming Example: Largest Number
• Input: set of 10 numbers
• Output: largest of 10 numbers
• Solution– Get numbers one at a time– Method largest number: returns the larger of two
numbers– For loop: calls method largest number on each number
received and compares to current largest number
26Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 4e
Solution: Largest Numberstatic Scanner console = new Scanner(System.in);
public static void main(String[] args){ double num; double max; int count; System.out.println("Enter 10 numbers."); num = console.nextDouble(); max = num; for (count = 1; count < 10; count++) { num = console.nextDouble(); max = larger(max, num); } System.out.println("The largest number is " + max); }
27Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 4e
Sample Run: Largest Number
• Sample Run
Enter 10 numbers:10.5 56.34 73.3 42 22 67 88.55 26 62 11The largest number is 88.55
28Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 4e
Void Methods
• Similar in structure to value-returning methods
• Call to method is always stand-alone statement
• Can use return statement to exit method early
29Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 4e
Void Methods with Parameters: Syntax
30Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 4e
Void Methods with Parameters: Syntax (continued)
31Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 4e
Primitive Data Type Variables as Parameters
• A formal parameter receives a copy of its corresponding actual parameter
• If a formal parameter is a variable of a primitive data type:– Value of actual parameter is directly stored– Cannot pass information outside the method– Provides only a one-way link between actual
parameters and formal parameters
32Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 4e
Reference Variables as Parameters
• If a formal parameter is a reference variable:– Copies value of corresponding actual parameter– Value of actual parameter is address of the object
where actual data is stored– Both formal and actual parameter refer to same
object
33Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 4e
Uses of Reference Variables as Parameters
• Can return more than one value from a method
• Can change the value of the actual object
• When passing address, would save memory space and time, relative to copying large amount of data
34Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 4e
Reference Variables as Parameters: type String
35Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 4e
Reference Variables as Parameters: type String (continued)
36Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 4e
Reference Variables as Parameters: type String (continued)
37Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 4e
Reference Variables as Parameters: type String (continued)
38Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 4e
Reference Variables as Parameters: type String (continued)
String str = "Hello"; //Line 5
39Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 4e
Reference Variables as Parameters: type String (continued)
stringParameter(str); //Line 7
40Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 4e
Reference Variables as Parameters: type String (continued)
pStr = "Sunny Day"; //Line 14
41Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 4e
Reference Variables as Parameters: type String (continued)
Variables before the statement in Line 8 executes
42Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 4e
• The class StringBuffer contains the method append, which allows you to append a string to an existing string, and the method delete, which allows you to delete all the characters of the string
• The assignment operator cannot be used with StringBuffer variables; you must use the operator new (initially) to allocate memory space for a string
48Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 4e
Primitive Type Wrapper Classes as Parameters
• If a formal parameter is of the primitive data type and the corresponding actual parameter is a variable, then the formal parameter cannot change the value of the actual parameter
• Only reference variables can pass values outside the method (except, of course, for the return value)
• Corresponding to each primitive data type, Java provides a class so that the values of primitive data types can be wrapped in objects
• The class Integer does not provide a method to change the value of an existing Integer object
• The same is true of other wrapper classes
49Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 4e
Primitive Type Wrapper Classes as Parameters (continued)
• If we want to pass a String object as a parameter and also change that object, we can use the class StringBuffer
• Java does not provide any class that wraps primitive type values in objects and when passed as parameters changes their values
• If a method returns only one value of a primitive type, then you can write a value-returning method
• If you encounter a situation that requires you to write a method that needs to pass more than one value of a primitive type, then you should design your own classes
• Appendix D provides the definitions of such classes and shows how to use them in a program
50Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 4e
Scope of an Identifier within a Class
• Local identifier: identifier declared within a method or block, which is visible only within that method or block
• Java does not allow the nesting of methods; you cannot include the definition of one method in the body of another method
• Within a method or a block, an identifier must be declared before it can be used; a block is a set of statements enclosed within braces
Scope of an Identifier within a Class (continued)
• A method’s definition can contain several blocks – The body of a loop or an if statement also
form a block• Within a class, outside of every method
definition (and every block), an identifier can be declared anywhere
Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 4e 51
Scope of an Identifier within a Class (continued)
• Within a method, an identifier used to name a variable in the outer block of the method cannot be used to name any other variable in an inner block of the method
• For example, in the method definition on the next slide, the second declaration of the variable x is illegal
Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 4e 52
53Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 4e
Scope of an Identifier within a Class (continued)
public static void illegalIdentifierDeclaration(){ int x; //block { double x; //illegal declaration, //x is already declared ... }}
54Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 4e
Scope Rules
• Scope rules of an identifier declared within a class and accessed within a method (block) of the class
• An identifier, say X, declared within a method (block) is accessible:– Only within the block from the point at which it is
declared until the end of the block– By those blocks that are nested within that block
Scope Rules (continued)
• Suppose X is an identifier declared within a class and outside of every method’s definition (block) – If X is declared without the reserved word static (such
as a named constant or a method name), then it cannot be accessed in a static method
– If X is declared with the reserved word static (such as a named constant or a method name), then it can be accessed within a method (block), provided the method (block) does not have any other identifier named X
Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 4e 55
56Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 4e
Example 7-11public class ScopeRules
{ static final double rate = 10.50; static int z; static double t; public static void main(String[] args) { int num; double x, z; char ch; //... } public static void one(int x, char y) { //... }
Scope Rules (continued)
57Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 4e
public static int w; public static void two(int one, int z) { char ch; int a; //block three { int x = 12; //... } //end block three //... }}
Scope Rules (continued)
59Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 4e
Scope Rules: Demonstrated (continued)
60Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 4e
Method Overloading: An Introduction
• Method overloading: more than one method can have the same name
• Two methods are said to have different formal parameter lists if both methods have:– A different number of formal parameters, or– If the number of formal parameters is the same,
then the data type of the formal parameters, in the order you list, must differ in at least one position
61Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 4e
Method Overloading
public void methodOne(int x)
public void methodTwo(int x, double y)
public void methodThree(double y, int x)
public int methodFour(char ch, int x,
double y)
public int methodFive(char ch, int x,
String name)
• These methods all have different formal parameter lists
62Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 4e
Method Overloading (continued)
public void methodSix(int x, double y,
char ch)
public void methodSeven(int one, double u,
char firstCh)
• The methods methodSix and methodSeven both have three formal parameters and the data type of the corresponding parameters is the same
• These methods all have the same formal parameter lists
63Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 4e
Method Overloading (continued)
• Method overloading: creating several methods, within a class, with the same name
• The signature of a method consists of the method name and its formal parameter list
• Two methods have different signatures if they have either different names or different formal parameter lists– Note that the signature of a method does not include
the return type of the method
64Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 4e
Method Overloading (continued)
• The following method headings correctly overload the method methodXYZ:
public void methodXYZ()
public void methodXYZ(int x, double y)
public void methodXYZ(double one, int y)
public void methodXYZ(int x, double y,
char ch)
65Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 4e
Method Overloading (continued)
public void methodABC(int x, double y)
public int methodABC(int x, double y)
• Both these method headings have the same name and same formal parameter list
• These method headings to overload the method methodABC are incorrect
• In this case, the compiler will generate a syntax error– Notice that the return types of these method headings are different
66Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 4e
Programming Example: Data Comparison
• Input: data from two different files• Data format: course number followed by scores• Output: course number, group number, course
average• Solution
– Read from more than one file, write output to file– Generate bar graphs– User-defined methods and re-use (calculateAverage and printResult)
– Parameter passing
67Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 4e
Sample Output
Course No Group No Course Average CSC 1 83.71 2 80.82
ENG 1 82.00 2 78.20
HIS 1 77.69 2 84.15
MTH 1 83.57 2 84.29
PHY 1 83.22 2 82.60
Avg for group 1: 82.04Avg for group 2: 82.01
Programming Example: Data Comparison (continued)
68Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 4e
Programming Example: Data Comparison (continued)
69Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 4e
Chapter Summary
• Predefined methods
• User-defined methods– Value-returning methods– Void methods– Formal parameters– Actual parameters
• Flow of Execution
70Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 4e
Chapter Summary (continued)
• Primitive data type variables as parameters– One-way link between actual parameters and
formal parameters (limitations caused)
• Reference variables as parameters – Can pass one or more variables from a method– Can change value of actual parameter
• Scope of an identifier within a class• Method overloading