Jatropha Biomass: Jatropha Biomass: Energy for the FutureEnergy for the Future

Deven LeighDeven Leigh

6/2/20076/2/2007

Jatropha HistoryJatropha History11

► ““Jatropha originated in South America, where from Jatropha originated in South America, where from ancient times extracts from its leaves and seeds were ancient times extracts from its leaves and seeds were used as medicines. Jatropha’s medical qualities derive used as medicines. Jatropha’s medical qualities derive from curcin, a chemical present in the plant's shoots from curcin, a chemical present in the plant's shoots and leaves, which is effective as an antiseptic but can and leaves, which is effective as an antiseptic but can be poisonous if ingested in large quantities.” be poisonous if ingested in large quantities.”

► ““Learning of its medicinal qualities when they came to Learning of its medicinal qualities when they came to South America in the 16th century, Portuguese sailors South America in the 16th century, Portuguese sailors took jatropha to Africa and India. It now grows from the took jatropha to Africa and India. It now grows from the forests of Brazil to the tropical islands of Fiji. In Africa it forests of Brazil to the tropical islands of Fiji. In Africa it is widely used as a hedge to protect crops from is widely used as a hedge to protect crops from foraging livestock, who avoid the leaves. Jatropha is foraging livestock, who avoid the leaves. Jatropha is still used as a traditional medicine in India, Africa, and still used as a traditional medicine in India, Africa, and the Philippines.”the Philippines.”

Jatropha BenefitsJatropha Benefits22 ► Oil provides energy for light, Oil provides energy for light,

transportation, and cooking.transportation, and cooking.► Jatropha is a natural fence Jatropha is a natural fence

(leaves are poisonous to (leaves are poisonous to animals).animals).

► The Jatropha plant improves The Jatropha plant improves the soil and prevents the soil and prevents erosion.erosion.

► Jatropha biomass starts a Jatropha biomass starts a year after first planting, and year after first planting, and is at a maximum after 5 is at a maximum after 5 years.years.

► Glycerin, a by product of Glycerin, a by product of Jatropha oil, can be used to Jatropha oil, can be used to produce soap.produce soap.

Jatropha BenefitsJatropha Benefits11

► Under optimum Under optimum conditions jatropha conditions jatropha seeds can yield up to seeds can yield up to 40% oil content. 40% oil content.

► Trees have a lifespan of Trees have a lifespan of up to 30 years. up to 30 years.

► Jatropha does not need Jatropha does not need irrigation and can grow irrigation and can grow in sand.in sand.

► After Crushing the seeds After Crushing the seeds for oil, the leftover seed for oil, the leftover seed mass is used as mass is used as excellent fertilizer.excellent fertilizer.

Jatropha BenefitsJatropha Benefits33

► Small farms can easily Small farms can easily introduce the oil into introduce the oil into their local communities.their local communities.

► Creation of a sustainable Creation of a sustainable biofuel economy that biofuel economy that would relieve poverty.would relieve poverty.

► The biomass market will The biomass market will provide job opportunities provide job opportunities for the local community.for the local community.

Jatropha BenefitsJatropha Benefits55

►The carbon dioxide absorption is 8 Kg. per tree per Year and can be converted into Carbon Credit Certificates.

►Side note: The Side note: The New York Mercantile New York Mercantile ExchangeExchange plans to offer contracts for plans to offer contracts for trading carbon dioxide, the main trading carbon dioxide, the main greenhouse gas blamed for global greenhouse gas blamed for global warming, and other heat-trapping warming, and other heat-trapping emissions. emissions. ((http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/18591849/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/18591849/ May 10, 2007)May 10, 2007)

Jatropha DisadvantagesJatropha Disadvantages

►The Jatropha Curcas nut and oil are The Jatropha Curcas nut and oil are inedible, but its price is not distorted inedible, but its price is not distorted by competing food uses.by competing food uses.

►Potential gender conflicts.Potential gender conflicts. Second income to make soap.Second income to make soap.

► If there is too little water, the plant will If there is too little water, the plant will not produce the nut.not produce the nut.

Jatropha Curcas to OilJatropha Curcas to Oil

► Kick Start Oil PressKick Start Oil Press

Jatropha Curcas to BiodieselJatropha Curcas to Biodiesel11

► ““D1 20” Modular Biodiesel D1 20” Modular Biodiesel Refinery.Refinery.

► The D1 20 can produce The D1 20 can produce 8,000 tons of biodiesel 8,000 tons of biodiesel per year from rapeseed, per year from rapeseed, soy, palm or jatropha soy, palm or jatropha biomass.biomass.

Jatropha Curcas SpecsJatropha Curcas Specs

Jatropha Biodiesel properties compared with petro-diesel and EU standards

Property UnitsJatrophabiodiesel

Petroleumdiesel

E.U. standardsfor biodiesel

Density @ 30C g/ml 0.88 0.85 > 0.8

Combustion point C 192 55 > 55

Kinetic viscosity cSt 4.84 08-Feb 5

Calorific potential MJ/kg 41 45 Undefined

Cetane number - 52 47.5 > 48

Ester content % > 99 0 > 99

Sulfur content % 0 < 0.5 < 0.55

Carbon residue % 0.024 < 0.35 < 0.1

Carbon residue % 0.024 < 0.35 < 0.1

► Source: The Biomass Project, 2000. Curcas Oil Methyl Ester. Nicaragua. Source: The Biomass Project, 2000. Curcas Oil Methyl Ester. Nicaragua.

Jatropha Curcas SpecsJatropha Curcas Specs

Cultivation and Yield

Plantation of 2,500 trees per hectare.

Yield after Year

Kg seed equal to

per hectare Kg. Oil

1     250   115

2   1000   460

4   5000 2300

6 12000 5520

Biodiesel AdvantagesBiodiesel Advantages66

► Higher cetane numbersHigher cetane numbers of biodiesel of biodiesel compared to the petroleum diesel indicates compared to the petroleum diesel indicates potential for higher engine performance.potential for higher engine performance.

► Superior lubricating propertiesSuperior lubricating properties of biodiesel of biodiesel increases functional engine efficiency. increases functional engine efficiency.

► Higher flash pointHigher flash point makes them safer to makes them safer to store.store.

► Biodiesel is oxygenated so its use dramatically reduces toxic air emissions compared to petroleum diesel.

Biodiesel DisadvantagesBiodiesel Disadvantages

►Modifications are required for the vehicles. Modifications are required for the vehicles. ►High CFPP (cold filter plugging point) High CFPP (cold filter plugging point)

valuesvalues Solidification and clogging of the fuel system at Solidification and clogging of the fuel system at

low temperatures (around 0°C).low temperatures (around 0°C). Can introduce additives to curb CFPP.Can introduce additives to curb CFPP.

►Rubber seals, gaskets, and hoses made before 1994 should be replaced when using B100.

Jatropha Biodiesel Jatropha Biodiesel EconomicsEconomics44

► 375 kilograms per hectare for soybeans in the 375 kilograms per hectare for soybeans in the United States (280 gallons per acre). United States (280 gallons per acre).

► 1,000 kilograms per hectare of rapeseed in Europe 1,000 kilograms per hectare of rapeseed in Europe (740 gallons per acre). (740 gallons per acre).

► 3,000 kilograms per hectare of Jatropha (2,226 3,000 kilograms per hectare of Jatropha (2,226 gallons per acre) in India. gallons per acre) in India.

Jatropha Biodiesel Jatropha Biodiesel EconomicsEconomics44

Biodiesel and the Biodiesel and the EnvironmentEnvironment

►Biodiesel is considered "climate Biodiesel is considered "climate neutral" because all of the carbon neutral" because all of the carbon dioxide released during consumption dioxide released during consumption had been sequestered out of the had been sequestered out of the atmosphere during crop growth.atmosphere during crop growth.

►Combustion of one liter of diesel fuel Combustion of one liter of diesel fuel results in the emission of about 2.6 results in the emission of about 2.6 kilograms of CO2. kilograms of CO2.

Jatropha in HaitiJatropha in Haiti22

► 70% of Haiti’s population still lives in the rural areas of the country.

► 78% of the Haitian population live on less than $2 a day.

► Insecurity in Haiti is primarily due to the lack of job opportunities.

► President Rene Preval and his government are working to ensure Haiti’s economic sustainability (Jatropha pilot programs).

► Jatropha is indigenous to Haiti.

Jatropha Energy Policy for Jatropha Energy Policy for HaitiHaiti

►Government to create energy market Government to create energy market for Jatropha.for Jatropha.

►Local communities unite to grow small Local communities unite to grow small farms of Jatropha to produce biodiesel farms of Jatropha to produce biodiesel (most of the poor are farmers).(most of the poor are farmers).

►Build peace with the Dominican Build peace with the Dominican Republic through biofuel market.Republic through biofuel market.

►Pilot Program: Government gives 5 to Pilot Program: Government gives 5 to 10 Ha of land to farmers to grow 10 Ha of land to farmers to grow Jatropha.Jatropha.

Jatropha in IndiaJatropha in India99

►Most comprehensive National Program Most comprehensive National Program on promoting Jatropha.on promoting Jatropha.

► Jatropha projects started in 1991.Jatropha projects started in 1991.►The rail line between Mumbai and Delhi The rail line between Mumbai and Delhi

is planted with Jatropha and the train is planted with Jatropha and the train itself runs on 15-20% biodiesel. itself runs on 15-20% biodiesel.

► India is experimenting with more than India is experimenting with more than 20 different types of trees to produce 20 different types of trees to produce biodiesel.biodiesel.

Jatropha Over Other Biomass in Jatropha Over Other Biomass in IndiaIndia77

►low cost of seeds►high oil content►small gestation period►growth on good and degraded lands►growth in low and high rainfall areas►seeds can be harvested in non-rainy

season►plant size is making collection of seeds

more convenient.

Biodiesel in the USABiodiesel in the USA88

► Half of U.S. biodiesel production capacity is designed for soybean oil.

► The other half is from recycled restaurant cooking oil, earning biodiesel a reputation for having a french-fry smell.

Make Your Own Jatropha OilMake Your Own Jatropha Oil

► Procedure:Procedure:1.1. Obtain the jatropha seeds.Obtain the jatropha seeds.2.2. Sun dry the seeds or roast them for 10 Sun dry the seeds or roast them for 10

minutes.minutes.3.3. Press the seeds to get the oil.Press the seeds to get the oil.4.4. Purify the oil by using filters – very slow.Purify the oil by using filters – very slow.5.5. The purification process can be accelerated The purification process can be accelerated

tremendously by boiling the oil with 20% tremendously by boiling the oil with 20% water.water.

6.6. Use the oil in a diesel generator.Use the oil in a diesel generator.

ResourcesResources

1.1. www.d1plc.com/agronomy.phpwww.d1plc.com/agronomy.php2.2. www.haitiinnovation.org/node/1386www.haitiinnovation.org/node/13863.3. www.csis.org/media/csis/congress/www.csis.org/media/csis/congress/

ts070319mendelson_forman.pdfts070319mendelson_forman.pdf4.4. www.jatrophaworld.org/15.htmlwww.jatrophaworld.org/15.html5.5. www.svlele.comwww.svlele.com6.6. www.treeoilsindia.com/products.htmwww.treeoilsindia.com/products.htm7.7. http://edition.cnn.com/2007/TECH/http://edition.cnn.com/2007/TECH/

science/04/02/biofuel.debate/science/04/02/biofuel.debate/8.8. DOE/GO-102001-1434 September 2001DOE/GO-102001-1434 September 2001

Resource PapersResource Papers

9.9. Case Study “Jatropha Curcas” Case Study “Jatropha Curcas” Hartlieb Euler & David Gorriz, 60314 Hartlieb Euler & David Gorriz, 60314 Frankfurt, Germany, April 04, Page Frankfurt, Germany, April 04, Page 24 to 3224 to 32

10.10.Reducing Rural Poverty through Reducing Rural Poverty through Increased Access to Energy Increased Access to Energy ServiceService, United Nations , United Nations Development Programme, UNDP Mali Development Programme, UNDP Mali office, BP 120, Bamako, Mali, 2004office, BP 120, Bamako, Mali, 2004