430 FLORIDA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, 1962

Causal Organism

The fungus has been classified as a member

of the Eustemphylium group in accordance with

the most recent concept of the genus Stemphy-

lium (5). The conidia appear to conform gen

erally in size with those of Stemphylium solani

Weber (3, 4) and Stemphylium callistephi K.

Baker and L. H. Davis, measuring 30.3 - 52.5 X

13.8 - 20.7 p. However, differences in patho-

genicity, physiology and morphological charac

teristics indicate that a more critical study of

the organism is needed. This information will

be presented elsewhere.

The organism has been recovered on 4 differ

ent occasions from leaf lesions on K. fedtschenkoi,

5 times from leaves of K. fedtschenkoi ('Margi-

nata'), and on one occasion from K. laciniata. Re

sults of average conidial measurements of these

isolations are found in Table 1. Additional species

from which the Stemphylium sp. has been iso

lated, but whose susceptibility has not been sub

stantiated include: Kalanchoe blossfeldiana v.

Poellnitz, Kalanchoe davii (possibly a hybrid),

Kalanchoe flammea Stapf., Kalanchoe gastonis-

bonnieri Hamet and Perrier, Kalanchoe globosa

(possibly a hybrid), Kalanchoe laxiflora Baker,

Kalanchoe marmorata Baker, Kalanchoe orgyalis

Baker, Kalanchoe somaliensis Hook, Kalanchoe

tomentosa Baker, and Kalanchoe velutina Wehn.

ex Oliver. The organism has been associated with

lesions on leaves of 8 unidentified Kalanchoe

hybrids as well as a hybrid in the genus Sedum.

Summary

A Stemphylium sp. has been found associated

with a leaf spotting condition of various Kalan-

Table 1.—Average conidial measurements of various

i sp. isolates occurring on Kalanchoe spp.

golate

No.

882* 953

1113 1120

1156

1157

1159 1162

1269

1270

Av,

Species

fedtschenkoi »Marginata'

fedtschenkoi »Marginata'

fedtschenkoi

fedtschenkoi

fedtschenkoi

fedtschenkoi

fedtschenkoi »Marginataf

fedtschenkoi fMarginataf

laciniata

fedtschenkoi ♦Marginata*

^n-iriia measured! 100 conidia me

g. Conidia

Length

Microns

43.0

42.6

44.2

41.3

42.5

43.9

41.4

43.1 45.1 42.2

lasured of i

Avg. Conidia

Width

Microns

17.5

17.2

17.6

17.0

17.4

17.2

17.1 17.6

17.4

17.4

ill other

isolates.

cho'e spp. which has previously been attributed

to physiological causes.

All Kalanchoe spp. used in these pathogeni-

city studies were found to be susceptible to this

fungus and include: K. blossfeldiana ('Tom

Thumb'), K. daigremontiana, K, fedtschenkoi,

K. laciniata, K. pinnata, K. verticillata, and a

hybrid, K. daigremontiana X verticillata.

Although the organism appears to be mor

phologically similar to Stemphylium solani Web

er, cross inoculation pathogenicity studies do not

substantiate this similarity.

LITERATURE CITED

1 Baker, K. F., and Lily H. Davis. 1950. Stemphylium leafspot of China-aster. Mycologia 42: 477-486.

2 Bolick, J. H. Accession File of the Plant Path. Sec, Div.'of Plant Industry, State of Florida, Gainesville. No. O-10186, 1960. ^ x ...

3 Weber, G. F. 1930. Gray leafspot of tomato caused by Stemphylium solani sp. nov. Phytopathology 20: 513-518.

4. Weber, G. F., S. Hawkins, and D. G. A. Kelbert. 1932. Gray leaf spot, a new disease of tomatoes. Fla. Agr. Exp.

Sta. Bui. 249: 1-35. 5 Wiltshire, S. P. 1938. The original and modern con

ception of Stemphylium. British Mycol. Soc. Trans. 21:

211-239.

JASMINUM SPECIES IN CULTIVATION IN FLORIDA AND

THEIR CORRECT NAMES

Robert W. Read

Botanist

The Fairchild Tropical Garden

Miami

Ten species of Jasminum are found in culti

vation in Florida. Only six of these are really

common the others being limited by culture or

climate. Of the six very common species only two

are known by their correct botanical names, the

remaining four are either listed under synonyms

or are simply misidentified. Recent research at

the Fairchild Tropical Garden in cooperation

with the Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium at Cor

nell University and the Arnold Arboretum of

Harvard University, has uncovered a great deal

of information concerning the cultivated Jas

mines. It is no fault of the growers that the

names of misidentified species are not correct.

The real difficulty lies in the fact that there has

been little interest among taxonomists to study

tropical cultivated plants. Only by comparing

specimens of cultivated plants with collections of

READ: JASMINUM SPECIES 431

wild material can their true identities be de

termined, fhis kind of research can only be ac

complished by studying large collections of speci

mens or by the use of complete monographic

studies, of which there are very few. Not until

Dr. Peter Green of Harvard University spent

several years gathering together information on

the genus Jasminum, did the true identity of

some of our commonly cultivated species become

known.

In 1959 the F.N.G.A.* planted a very nice

display of "Basic Landscape Plants" in a demon

stration area at the Fairchild Tropical Garden.

Among the plants, selected for their availability,

hardiness and low maintenance value, are three

species of Jasminum. It is unfortunate, because

of the long history of confusion in this genus,

that the correct names of these most common

species are not widely known. Each plant in the

display was clearly labeled with the name under

which it is found in the trade. I hope that it

will be possible to eventually correct the names

in the trade through this paper and thorough

the demonstration at the Fairchild Tropical Gar

den.

Let us consider for a moment the consequences

of continuing to use incorrect names in horticul

ture. We find in the trade a small compact jas

mine known as J. simplicifolium, it has recently

been determined that the correct name for this

plant is J. volubile. The literature records this

same species as J. gracile. I realize as much as

anyone the confusion this presents however the

literature as far back as 1949 states that J. gra

cile is erroneously known as J. simplicifolium.

Little attempt has been made on the part of

nurserymen to correct this and so we find the

erroneous name still prevalent. Jasminum gra

cile is simply a later synonym of J. volubile but

they are entirely distinct from J. simplicifolium.

It is possible that the true J. simplicifolium could

be a desirable ornamental with economic possi

bilities, however if we continue to use this name

incorrectly on our presently cultivated plants it

will discourage the trial in this area of the true

species. Similarly it will be wasteful for some

one to import seed or plants of J. volubile from

Africa only to find that it is nothing more than

the common border shrub we now cultivate.

Jasminum is a genus of vines, shrubs and

sprawling shrubs in the olive family (Oleaceae)

and is closely related to such northern ornamen

tals as the lilac, Forsythia and privet. Several

ornamentals in this family are noted for their

^Florida Nurserymen & Growers Association.

fragrance; the lilac, fragrant-olive and jasmine,

although some species of Jasminum lack the

characteristic scent. Many unrelated plants are

also known as jasmin, jasmine or jessamine but

are distinguished by having truly simple leaves

without a point of articulation on the petiole.

The true Jasminum species have either com

pound leaves with 3 to 7 leaflets or if the leaves

are "simple" the petiole has a conspicuous joint

or point of articulation halfway between the base

of the blade and the plant stem.

With the exception of J. humile, which is

hardy as far north as New Jersey, most of the

species in cultivation are restricted to areas

free of prolonged freezes. All of the yellow-

flowered species J. floridum, J. mesnyi and J.

humile, and a white-flowered species J. officinale,

are perfectly hardy throughout the state of Flor

ida. In fact they bloom best in cooler northern

sections of the state. Jasminum multiflorum and

J. sambac spread by means of underground stems

which enable them to recover rapidly following

a hard frost or freeze as long the the freeze does

not penetrate the soil too deeply. The range of

the last two species extends north to central

Florida except along the coast where it extends

farther north, possibly to Jacksonville. The re

maining white-flowered species are restricted to

the southern half of the Florida peninsula except

where adequate protection is provided. The white-

flowered species, with the exception of J. offici

nale, are evergreen and bloom throughout the

year with the greatest profusion during the

winter months in the extreme southern parts of

the state. All species withstand severe pruning,

when necessary, and exhibit rapid recovery.

Species 1 through 7 all have white flowers.

Species 1 through 5 have "simple" leaves.

1. JASMINUM VOLUBILE Jacq., synonym

J. gracile (erroneously as J. simplicifolium in

the trade); the Wax-jasmine, is native to Africa.

Figures 1 & 3.

This species although referred to as the Wax-

jasmine is frequently called the "simple-leafed

jasmine" or "simp" referring to the misnomer

J. simplicifolium. It is also found in the litera

ture as the "Australian jasmine" assuming that

the species is native to Australia. The latter

name is in effect correct because the name J.

gracile, a synonym, was apparently applied to

a plant from Australia, however J. volubile is an

earlier name for the same species but applies

to plants native to Africa. The plants described

as J. gracile from Australia were most likely

introduced from Africa at some earlier time.

432 FLORIDA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, 1962

J. volubile

J. dichotomum

J. nitidum

J. multiflorum J. sambac Figure 1.—Li

degree of vernati on the right, the upper surface.

READ: JASMINUM SPECIES 433

m According to the records of the USDA Plant

Introduction Station in Miami, plants recorded as

Jasminum simplicifolium and accessioned as P.I.

43806 were received from La Mortola Gardens in

Italy in 1916. It is not known if the existing

plants were derived from this early introduction.

Jasminum volubile, naturally of compact habit,

is usually grown as a low shrub. It is easily main

tained, by judicious pruning, either as a low bor

der plant about 1 foot in height or as a larger

rounded shrub to 4 or 5 feet tall with an equal

spread. The paired, oval, shining slightly pointed

light green leaves are smooth on both surfaces

without conspicuous veins. The principal veins

on the undersurface are seen only as dark green

lines extending out from the base. It has fre

quently been observed that the older leaves are

attacked by a mottling disease but this is only

detected by close observation and seems to do no

serious harm to the value of the plant as an

ornamental.

The white flowers of this species are very

fragrant but are seldom produced in any quan

tity unless the plant is grown in full sun. The

calyx is extremely short with nearly obsolete

lobes. The relatively inconspicuous flowers ap

pear throughout the year in small terminal clus

ters and infrequently product tiny black fruits.

A variegated form is also locally available

but not common. It has attractive leaves with

lighter green and cream colored areas in blotches.

There is no design only irregular blotching of

light cream in part overlaid with green present

ing lighter green areas in contrast with the

cream center and dark green margin. The habit

of growth and other characters of the plant are

identical with the true species Jasminum volu bile.

2. JASMINUM NITIDUM Skan, (erroneous

ly J. amplexicaule, J. undulatum, J. illicifolium

and J. robustum in the trade), is native to the

Admiralty Islands. Figures 1 & 2.

The records at the USDA Pit. Introd. Sta.,

Miami, record plants of this species under the

correct name, as having been received from Le-

moine & Son of Nancy, France in 1930 under

P.I. 90315. The confusion of the names appeared

at a later date.

Available in the trade as a low growing dense

evergreen shrub this species quite frequently

produces long vine-like branches which can either

be trimmed off or pruned to produce a larger

bush 5 or 6 feet tall and wide. The smooth, dark

green semi-glossy leaves are variable in size

and are in pairs along the slender green stems.

The undersurface of the leaves is a much lighter

green in contrast with the darker upper surface

and has prominently raised veins.

Flowers of J. nitidum are rather large, wider

than most of the more common species, and are

very fragrant. They are produced in great abun

dance several times a year with scattered bloom

throughout the year. The buds are bright pink

where they are exposed to the sun. The wide

spreading calyx lobes are long and slender.

3. JASMINUM MULTIFLORUM (Burm. f.)

Andr., synonym J. pubescens; the Furry jasmine

or Downy jasmine, is native to India and south

east Asia. Figures 1, 2 & 3.

An introduction of J. multiflorum under the

name J. pubescens is recorded at the USDA Pit.

Introd. Sta. for 1930 under P.I. §0314 and was

received from Lemoine & Son of Nancy, France.

The downy jasmine, so-called because of the

velvety appearance of the leaves, is a sprawling

shrub by nature and can be easily shaped to al

most any size from one foot to a screen or

hedge of 5 or 6 feet, or even as a vine on a trel

lis or other support. Because of the habit of the

species of producing sprouts from underground

stems, the downy jasmine recovers quickly after

the top has been damaged by hard frosts or a freeze.

The almost scentless pure white flowers are

produced throughout the year in compact term

inal and axillary clusters. The greatest profu

sion of bloom being during the cooler and drier

months of the year. Pruning no matter how se

vere does not seem to have any diverse effects on

the bloom, it in fact seems to stimulate bloom.

The calyx lobes of this species are long and

adpressed against the floral tube.

A plant very closely resembling J. multiflorum

is in cultivation under the name of Jasminum

gracillimum Hook. (Figure 3). The pinwheel

or star jasmine as it is commonly called has

flowers which differ from J. multiflorum in being

larger and having a distinct fragrance. The pin-

wheel jasmine is a shy bloomer, the small clusters

of flowers occurring at the tip of long arching

branches and only infrequently on side shoots.

Except for a more robust habit the leaf and

stem characters of the two kinds are identical.

This is not thought to be a distinct species but

is certainly at least a distinct variety.

4. JASMINUM SAMBAC Solander in Ait.;

the Arabian jasmine, is native to tropical Asia.

Figures 1 & 2.

The Arabian jasmine seldom becomes more

than a compact shrub with stiff branches and

434 FLORIDA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, 1962

Figure 2.—Upper left, Jasmium sambac; upper right, J. dichotomum ;lower left, J. multiflorum; lower right, J. nitidum.

READ: JASMINUM SPECIES 435

Figure 3.—Upper left, Jasminum volubile; upper right, J. fluminense; lower left, J. gracillimum ; lower right J. multi-florum.

436 FLORIDA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, 1962

rounded, paired light* green veiny leaves. Al

though the species is a slow growing more or less

climbing shrub it is usually at its best when

grown in light shade either severely trimmed as

a dense shrub or with the older wood cleaned out

to permit the younger more floriferous stems

to develop. The leaves are particularly distinct

from all the other "simple" leafed species in

cultivation in that there are tufts of light col

ored hairs in the axils of the more prominent

veins on the underside. Jasminum fluminense

may also have similar tufts of hairs but its

leaves are compound with three leaflets.

This species also produces underground stems

and like J. multiflorum quickly recovers even if

the above ground parts are killed by frost or

freeze.

The flowers of the Arabian jasmine are

strongly fragrant making it a universal favorite.

With the possible exception of J. offlcinale it is

possibly the most widely cultivated species of

Jasminum. The fragrant flowers are used for

leis in Hawaii and are highly regarded through

out the Orient. The large white flowers turn

pink with age and retain their perfume even when

dried. There are two recognized forms of this

species in cultivation; a semi-double form is

known as "Maid of Orleans" and a strongly

double form, resembling small white roses, is

known as "Grand Duke."

5. JASMINUM DICHOTOMUM Vahl.; the

Gold Coast jasmine is native to Ghana and the

west coast of Africa. Figures 1 & 2.

The Gold Coast jasmine was originally col

lected by Drs. David Fairchild and J. M. Dalziel

while they were traveling the road into Aburi

in the country known then as the Gold Coast.

As a collection of the Allison V. Armour Expe

dition the plant was accessioned with P.I. 73067

and seeds were sent to Florida for trial. It grew

luxuriantly in Florida and gave Dr. Fairchild

some concern over its becoming a serious pest.

In his book "The World Grows Round My Door"

Dr. Fairchild mentions several times that because

of the prolific fruit production and their attrac

tiveness to birds, he feared the species may be

come a serious pest. Although the species does

produce an abundance of fruit it is not a serious

weed. Only a few wild plants may be found in

vacant lots and along the roadside in south

Florida. Another jasmine (J. fluminense) quite

distinct from the Gold Coast jasmine and also

introduced by Dr. Fairchild has however become

a serious pest but it is distinguished by having

truly compound leaves.

The Gold Coast jasmine when well grown on

a trellis produces an abundance of extremely

fragrant white flowers which are pink in bud.

The flowers are followed by a great number of

pea-sized black fruits. Flowers are produced

sporatically throughout the year but with the

greatest numbers during the winter months. The

calyx lobes are very short and rigid.

The leaves of this species are rounded in out

line, variable in size and are usually arranged in

pairs, however they may also be found singly or

in groups of three in a whorl.

Species 6 through 10 have compound leaves.

6. JASMINUM FLUMINENSE Veil, (erron

eously as J. azoricum), is native to Brazil. Fig

ure 3.

This species is generally referred to as the

Azores jasmine on the assumption that it was

native to the Canary Islands.

In December of 1916 cuttings of a plant

labeled J. azoricum were received by the USDA

Pit. Introd. Sta., Miami, from La Mortola Gar

dens in Italy. Because plants of this introduc

tion (P.I. 43802) are no longer known to be

living it is not known if the original introduction

of this species was actually J. azoricum. In 1931

seeds of a Jasminum were collected by Dr. David

Fairchild and P. H. Dorsett, of the Allison V.

Armour Expedition, in Orange Town, St. Eusta-

tius in the Windward Islands.. The seeds were

given P.I. 97771 and labeled as J. azoricum prob

ably because of the resemblance to the earlier

introduction, and were sent to Florida to be grown

on for distribution. Seed of the same species was

again collected in Nassau the following year

under P.I. 97888 and given the same name. The

plants we know under the name J. azoricum are

probably descended from these early introduc

tions and until lately no one had bothered to

check on the correct identification.

Jasminum fluminense is an everblooming

weedy vine that seeds itself in great profusion

wherever it grows. When left alone it will grow

over the top of any tree or shrub as rapidly

as any vine. This species has been a particular

ly troublesome pest at the USDA Pit. Introd.

Sta. but has been brought under control by the

use of herbicidal applications to the stems. It

has been noted that species is sometimes con

fused with J. dichotomum because of the repeated

references to the weedy habit of the latter species

by Dr. Fairchild in his books. Jasminum dich-

tomum however has not become the weed he

thought it would and is distinguished from J.

fluminense by its "simple" leaves.

CAMPBELL: CORDIA SPECIES TRIALS 437

The very fragrant flowers of J. fluminense

have a conspicuously long floral tube which us

ually curves, and are borne in open clusters. The

profusion of fruits which are produced are black

and about the size of peas. The calyx lobes are

very short. The leaves are truly compound com

posed of three rounded to gradually pointed

leaflets which frequently have tufts of light

colored hairs on the undersurface.

Species 7 through 10 are hardy throughout

the state.

7. JASMINUM OFFICINALE Linn, syno

nym J. poeticum; the Poet's jasmine or common

jessamine, is native to India and China.

This the hardiest of the white flowered jas

mines may be found throughout the state of

Florida as it is perfectly hardy in all areas. It

is a weak stemmed shrub with compound leaves

that have 5-7 leaflets. The leaves are deciduous

throughout most of the state but may be per

sistent in the extreme southern portion. A va

riety with very large flowers is in the trade under

the name J. officinale variety grandiflorum.

The large very fragrant pure white flowers

are borne in open clusters throughout the year

but cooler winter weather inhibits blooming in

the northern sections of the state. The calyx

lobes are long and slender but are not wide

spreading.

Species 8 through 10 have yellow flowers.

8. JASMINUM FLORIDUM Bunge, synonym

J. subulatum; the Showy jasmine, is native to

China.

The showy jasmine is a small open shrub with

slender angular, flexuous green branches. The

compound leaves are very small composed of

from 3-5 dark shining nearly evergreen leaflets

arranged alternately. Golden yellow flowers in

terminal and axillary clusters are produced

throughout the year in southern parts of the

state but appear early in the spring in the north

ern areas. They open one or two at a time in each

cluster over a long period. The flowers may have

either 4 or 5 corolla lobes.

9. JASMINUM MESNYI Hance, synonym

J. primulinum; the Primrose jasmine, is native

to western China.

The primrose jasmine is a large evergreen

rambling shrub with drooping branches that bend

to the ground. The angled branches bear op

posite compound leaves composed of three oblong

almost sessile leaflets.

The large bright yellow flowers have a darker

yellow center and are borne singly in the axils of

the leaves along the length of the stems. They

appear in great profusion in late winter and

early spring in the northern areas but the species

does not bloom well in the southern half of the

state.

10. JASMINUM HUMILE Linn., synonym J.

revolutum; the Italian jasmine, is native to tropi

cal Asia.

The Italian jasmine, probably having been

introduced originally from Italy, is a large di-

fuse shrub with lax angled branches and alter

nate compound leaves composed of 3-7 oval to

oblong leaflets, the terminal one having a long

stalk. This is perhaps the hardiest of our culti

vated Jasmines.

The clusters of fragrant yellow flowers ap

pear in late winter. The very short calyx lobes

are triangular in shape.

REFERENCES

Bailey, L. H. et al. 1949. Manual of Cultivated Plants. MacMillan Company, N.Y.

Bailey, L. H. and E. Z. Bailey, 1959. Hortus Second. MacMillan Company, N.Y.

Dickey, R. D. 1949. The Genus Jasminum in Florida. Fla. State Hort. Soc. Proc. Vol. 62: 201-204.

Dickey, R. D. et al. 1956. Ornamental Vines for Florida. Florida Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull. 571.

Fairchild, D. G. 1947. The World Grows Round My Door. Charles Scribner's Sons. N.Y.

Neal, M.C. 1948. In Gardens of Hawaii. Berriice P. Bishop Museum, Special Pub. 40. Honolulu, Hawaii.

ADAPTATION TRIALS OF CORDIA SPECIES AT

HOMESTEAD, FLORIDA

C. W. Campbell1

The genus Cordia, of the Boraginaceae, con

tains many species which are known for their

beautiful flowers. One of these is the Geiger tree,

a native of the Florida Keys. Over the years,

^Florida Sub-Tropical Experiment Station, Homestead. Florida Agricultural Experiment Stations Journal Series

No. 1571

there has been a continuing interest in introduc

tion of exotic Cordia species to Florida for use as

ornamentals.

Menninger (2) published observations on 13

Cordia species under cultivation at Stuart, Flor

ida, including Cordia abyssinica, C. alliodora, C.

angiocarpa, C. boissieri, C. dentata, C. dodecan-

dra, C. holsti, C. leucosebestena, C. lutea, C. ni-