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Japan’s Warrior Society• By the 1100s, central government was losing control of the empire • Local clans fighting for power and land, no law and order • Bandits (ronin)roamed countryside, landowners hired armies of samurai, trained professional warriors
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Feudalism and Samurai
• Use of samurai, trained professional warriors, developed into feudal warrior society in Japan
• Similar to feudal system in Europe
• In exchange for allegiance, military service, noble landowners gave property, payment to samurai
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Payment for Samurai
• Unlike in Europe, where knights were usually paid with land grants, only most powerful samurai received land
• Most paid with food, usually rice
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Payment for Samurai
• Those samurai who were given land did not work or live on the land.
• The samurai’s lands were worked by peasants, who gave the samurai food for payment each year.
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Warrior Role
• Main role of samurai, that of a highly skilled warrior
• Wore armor, were skilled with many weapons, often fought on horseback
• Expected to be in fighting form all the time, ready to do battle should need arise
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Societal Privileges
• As time passed, samurai rose in status in society, enjoyed many privileges
• Crowds parted to let them pass when samurai walked down street
• People dropped eyes out of respect—and fear!
• Samurai had right to kill anyone who showed disrespect
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Samurai Code of Ethics
• Samurai followed strict code of ethics, known as Bushido, “the way of the warrior”
• Bushido required samurai to be courageous, honorable, obedient and loyal.
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Samurai Code of Ethics
• Word samurai means “those who serve;” each had to serve, obey his lord without hesitation, even if samurai, family suffered as result.
• Samurai who failed to obey, protect his lord was expected to commit seppuku—suicide by ritual disembowelment
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Discipline
• Strove to live disciplined lives
• Pursued activities requiring great focus, like writing poetry, arranging flowers, performing tea ceremonies
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Zen Buddhism
• Many samurai accepted Zen Buddhism
• Spread from China to Japan in 1100s
• Zen stressed discipline, meditation as ways to focus mind, gain wisdom
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Role of Women
Both men, women of samurai families learned to fight
• Usually only men went to war.
• Female samurai had to follow Bushido.
• Were prepared to die to protect home, family honor.
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Role of Women
Both men, women of samurai families learned to fight
• Samurai women honored in Japanese society
– Could inherit property
– Allowed to participate in business
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Rise of the Shoguns
• For most of the 1100s, Japan had no strong central government.
• Local nobles, the heads of powerful clans, fought for power.
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Yorimoto
• Minamoto family defeated rival clan to become Japan’s most powerful clan
• 1192, clan leader Minamoto Yoritomo forced emperor to name him shogun, “general,” Japan’s supreme military leader
• Shogun ruled in emperor’s name
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Shogun Rule
• Emperor remained at top of society, but became mere figurehead
• For nearly 700 years shoguns ruled Japan
• Yoritomo allowed emperor to hold court at Heian, later known as Kyoto
• Shogun formed military government at Kamakura
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Kamakura Shogunate
• Kamakura Shogunate, military dynasty, ruled Japan until 1333.
• 1200s, Kamakura Shogunate faced major threat—Mongols.
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Kamakura Shogunate
• 1274, again in 1281, large Mongol fleets attacked Japan.
• Each time Japanese defeated them, with help of powerful storm that wiped out enemy fleet.
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Weakened Shogunate
• Japanese referred to storms as kamikaze, “divine wind”; believed they showed that the gods favored Japan.
• Mongol invasions weakened Kamakura Shogunate.
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Weakened Shogunate
• Many lords thought shogun had not rewarded them enough; loyalties broke down.
• 1338, Shogunate overthrown.
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Rebellion and Order
• A new shogunate took power but was too weak to gain control of Japan.
• With the loss of centralized rule, Japan splintered into many competing factions.
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Daimyo
• Numerous local daimyo, powerful warlords with large estates, gained control of territories, battled for power.
• Daimyo built large fortified castles to defend lands.
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Fortifications
• Castles often on hills, protected by walls, surrounded by water.
• Towns often grew up around them.
• Daimyo began to use peasants as foot soldiers, samurai on horseback.
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Firepower
• 1543, Portuguese introduced firearms.
• Daimyo began to arm soldiers with guns.
• Some samurai refused to use them.
• Died wielding swords against superior firepower.
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Ambitious MenGenerals Take Control
• 1500s, three strong daimyo worked to take control of Japan.
• Oda Nobunaga, first to arm soldiers with guns, defeated opponents easily.
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Ambitious MenGenerals Take Control
By death in 1582, controlled half of Japan.
• Toyotomi Hideyoshi, Oda’s greatest general, continued efforts.
• By 1590, he controlled most of Japan
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Ambitious Men
Tokugawa Ieyasu
• 1600, Tokugawa won decisive battle.
• Gained complete control of all Japan.
• 1603, emperor made Tokugawa shogun.
• Event began the Tokugawa Shogunate.
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The Tokugawa Shogunate
• Strong Central Government• Tokugawa established capital at quiet
fishing village, Edo, now Tokyo.• Established strong central government.• Tokugawa shoguns brought about period
of relative unity, peace, stability.
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The Tokugawa Shogunate
• Tokugawa shoguns closely controlled daimyo, who still held local level power.
• To keep loyal, shoguns required daimyo to live in Edo periodically.
• Leave families there year-round as “hostages.”
• Forced daimyo to maintain two residences.
• Attempt to prevent rebellion.
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The Tokugawa Shogunate
• Prosperity • Stability, peace of Tokugawa rule brought
prosperity to Japan.• Agricultural production rose, population
and cities grew.• Economic activity increased.• New roads linked main cities, castle
towns, improving trade.
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Rigid Feudal System• Top of Society:1. Under Tokugawa rule, Japan’s strict
feudal system became more rigid. 2. At top of society, emperor - only a
figurehead.3. Next was shogun, held real power as
military ruler.4. Below shogun, daimyo—owed shogun
loyalty.
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Rigid Feudal System
• Ruling Warrior Class:
• Under daimyo, samurai who served them.
• Emperor, shogun, daimyo, samurai made up ruling warrior class.
• Three Lower Classes:
• Below ruling warrior class were three classes.
• Peasants, artisans, merchants.
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Lower Classes
• Rules
• Members of lower classes could not rise in social status.
• Could not serve in military or government.
• Could not hold government positions that might challenge power of warrior class.
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Lower Classes
• Peasants
• Peasants made up vast majority—about 80 percent—of Japan’s population.
• Forbidden to do anything but farming.
• Supported selves by growing rice, other crops on daimyo, samurai estates.
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Lower Classes
• Honor and Some Status
• In Japan, farming considered honorable trade.
• Peasants enjoyed relatively high status, just below samurai.
• However, peasants paid most of taxes, led hard lives.
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Artisans and Merchants
• Below peasants were artisans.
• Artisans often lived in castle towns; made goods like armor, swords.
• Merchants at bottom of society.
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Artisans and Merchants
• Not honored because did not produce anything.
• Merchants often grew wealthy.
• Could use wealth to improve social position.
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Women
• During Tokugawa period, women’s status gradually declined
• Many led restricted lives
• Had to obey male head of household absolutely
• Even samurai class women lost many rights, freedoms
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Male Samurai
• Role of male samurai changed
• Peace put many out of work
• Not allowed to engage in trade.
• Many ronin — masterless samurai — fell on hard times.
• Some became farmers, others warriors for hire, still others bandits.
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Relations with the West
• The prosperity of the Tokugawa Period went hand in hand with Japan’s increasing contact with Europeans.
• Initially the Japanese welcomed European traders and missionaries and the new ideas, products and technologies that they brought.
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Changes
• Trade with Europe boosted Japan’s economy
• Christian missionaries changed Japanese society
• Many Japanese became Christian; soon samurai could be heard chanting Christian prayers in battle
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Period of Isolation
• Over time Tokugawa shoguns grew concerned with spread of Christianity.
• Began to persecute Christians, kill missionaries
• Also began to restrict foreign trade, travel.
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Period of Isolation
• Banned building large ships.
• By 1650, Japan had shut its doors to all Europeans except the Dutch.
• Japan continued this policy for more than 200 years.
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Feudal Culture
• Japan’s growing cities became centers of culture during the feudal period.
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Art and Literature
• In art, colorful woodblock prints called Ukiyo-e, “pictures of the floating world,” became popular
• In literature, realistic stories became popular, as well as form of poetry called haiku
• Three lines with 17 syllables; many haiku deal with themes of nature, harmony
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Theater
• In theater, Noh drama developed, 1300s
• Slow-moving Noh plays told stories through use of masks, stylized dance, music
• 1600s, new type of theatre with more action, plot, humor—kabuki
• Women initially performed kabuki, but later banned and replaced by men
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