Japanese knotweed biocontrol Progress to date Lindsey Norgrove, Dick Shaw, René Eschen, Ghislaine...
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Transcript of Japanese knotweed biocontrol Progress to date Lindsey Norgrove, Dick Shaw, René Eschen, Ghislaine...
Japanese knotweed biocontrolProgress to date
Lindsey Norgrove, Dick Shaw, René Eschen, Ghislaine Cortat, Alex Brook
CBC activity in Europe
Country Recipient Source
Austria 0 48
Finland 0 5
France 0 111
Germany 0 46
Greece 0 29
Italy 0 71
Portugal 0 18
Spain 0 9
Sweden 0 3
UK 1 41
Total 1 381
Weed BCA history
In Europe for Insects there have been more than 300 releases of more than 150 predators and parasitoids with very little regulation
Insect BCA history
Weed CBC - Long and extensive historyOver the past 100 years, more than 400
different biocontrol agents have been used against around 150 target plants,
totalling over 1,300 introductions around the globe.
Cost of Japanese knotweed to GB
92% of the £166 million annual costs are experienced by the construction and development industry.
A consortium of Sponsors came together in 2003 to sponsor the
programme
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Nu
mb
er o
f sp
ecie
s
Dip
tera
Col
eopt
era
Hem
ipte
ra
Hym
enop
tera
Lepi
dopt
era
Ort
hopt
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Pat
hoge
nsTaxon
UK
Japan
Leaf feeders (123)
Sap suckers (39)
Stem borers (12)
Leaf rollers (7)
Other (5) 186 species of phytophagous arthropod recorded from Japanese knotweed in Japan.
Many insects feeding on most parts
Collaboration was essential
literature review
field observations
succeptibilitystudies
host range tests
suitable
A process of elimination
Aphalara itadori
Test Plant List
• 90 species and varieties
• representatives from 19 families.
• 37 plants natives including all native Polygonaceae
• 23 species introduced to the UK,
• 3 species native to Europe,
• 13 ornamental
• 10 economically important UK species
No means of agreeing the test plant list in advance!
Aphalara adult survival
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Day
No
. Aliv
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F. japonica
F. bladshuanica
F. dumetorum
F. convolvulus
F. esculentum
Plastic plant
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lant
Bar chart showing mean egg count on those plants that did receive eggs in multiple
choice oviposition tests. (+/- 1SE). Development only successful to the left of red line
The 78 spp. that did not receive eggs are excluded
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3 7 14 28
Fallopia japonica
Rheum Glaskin's
Fallopia dumetorum
Fagopyrum esculentum
Fallopia convolvulus
Oxyria digyna
Polygonum arenastium
Rumex hydrolapatholum
Reum palmatum
Fallopia baldschuanica
Fagopyrum dibotrys
Persicaria polystachya
Fallopia conolliana
M. complexa
Nymph %survival over time
Fallopia japonica
0.001.002.003.004.005.006.007.008.009.00
10.00
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35
days
Adult
N5
N4
N3
N2
N1
Fallopia dumetorum
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35
days
Rumex hydrolapatholum
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
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1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35
ad
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R2= 0.9328 Dev Rate per day = 0.01921+0.002162 Temp
DD 462.5 from egg to adult
Licensing: The two processes (England)
•Licence to release into the wild under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981•Licence to free it from a Plant Health Quarantine license as “an organism likely to be injurious to plants in the UK” - EU Standing Committee on Plant Health were kept informed
See also: Hunt et al (2010) An international comparison of invertebrate biological control agent regulation: what can Europe learn? REBECA.
Pest Risk Analysis W&C Act application for release
Based on Eppo template Brand new version for Wales & England
Internal Govt iterative review Internal Govt iterative review
ACRE Committee review
External Peer review External Peer review
Public consultation (3 months) Public consultation (3 months)
Chief Scientist advice Chief Scientist advice
Ministerial decision for Sec. of State Ministerial decision for Sec. of State
Release from PH quarantine licence W&C license to release
2o & 3o and community level effects?
Choice tests with commercially available generalists showed no feeding preference
Native coccinellids fed exclusively on psyllids fared worse than when fed on aphids
Caged no-choice & Choice experiment
•Oviposition and development of A. itadori and non-target impact on F. dumetorum
Caged no-choice experiment
Many eggs, some nymphs, limited development
Grey bars eggs, black bars nymphs
F. dumetorum
Comparison with pre-release quarantine multiple-choice testsPatterns in oviposition similar
No complete development on any non-target species
Very similar to published studies
1.9% 0.2% 1.6% 0.4% 0 (2)% 0 (1)%
Quarantine Caged Open field
Redrawn from Shaw (2009)Eggs two (four) weeks after start
Host-specificity testing
Artificial Natural
Realised host rangeFundamental host range
Caged Open field
No-choice Multiple choice
Quarantine
Host-range tests reliably predict non-target attack (Pemberton 2000; Fowler et al. 2000; Barton 2004; Briese 2005)
Non-target attack either “predicted” or ephemeral
Summary● Caged and open-field studies confirm the
host-specificity of Aphalara itadori
● No impact of the psyllid on non-target plant species
● No impact of A. itadori on native vegetation or invertebrate community
● Risk of non-target impact on native vegetation and invertebrates very low
No A. itadori found in winter sampling
Typical sample from evergreens contained 100s native psyllids, but no A. itadori
Species sampled included: yew, Pinus spp., Leyland cypress, etc.
Low abundance of A. itadori at release sites larger releases required for establishment
Successful overwintering!!
Two production cycles:
First in cages inside Controlled environment
Mass-producing psyllids
Data loggers allow checks on development
Insects to be ready for releases in last two weeks in May
Mass-producing psyllids
What can we expect?
If successful:• Establishment of the agent• Spread to JK• Reduced plant vigour• Reduced control costs• Recovery of native species
• Control not eradication!
EU opportunitiesSheppard, Shaw & Sforza - Weed Research 2006
Species Form Origin EU distribution Genus native? Conflict BC history
Buddleja davidii Ph China Temperate Nob O Yes
Fallopia japonica Ge Japan Temperate Yes No Yes
Acacia dealbata Ph Australia Mediterranean Nob O Yesd
Azolla filiculoides Hy N America Temp/Med Nob No Yesd
Ailanthus altissima Ph China Temp/Med Nob No Yes
Impatiens glandulifera He India Temperate Yes O No
Rhododendron ponticum Ph S Europe Temp/Med Yes O Yes
Robinia pseudoacacia Ph N America Temperate No F No
Senecio inaequidens He S Africa Temp/Med Yes No Yes
Ambrosia artemisiifolia Th C America Temp/Med Yes No Yesd
Carpobrotus edulis Ch S Africa Temp/Med Nob No No
Heracleum mantegazzianum He W Asia Temperate Yes No Yes
Solanum elaeagnifolium He S America Tem/Med Yes No Yesd
Baccharis halimifolia Ph N America Mediterranean No No Yesd
Hydrocotyle ranunculoides Hy N America Temp/Med Yes No Yes
Ludwigia peploides He S America Temp/Med Yes No Yes
Crassula helmsii Hy Australasia Temperate Yes No No
Elodea canadensis Hy N America Temperate No No No
Myriophyllum aquaticum Hy S America Temp/Med Yes No Yes
Solidago canadensis Ge N America Temperate Yes No No
Photo – T. Renals
Hydrocotyle ranunculoides
Impatiens glandulifera
Puccinia rust
Thank you to all involved•Dr Harry Evans (CABI),• Dr Marion Seier & Dr Rob Reeder•Rob Tanner (CABI)•Djamila Djeddour (CABI)•Dr Carol Ellison•Drs Murphy, Cock and Holderness (CABI)•Ghislaine Cortat (CABI)•Dr Rene Eschen•Anna Harris•Sonal Varia•Corin Pratt•Alex Brook•Dr Esther Gerber•Valérie Coudrain & Sarah Bryner (CABI tudents)•Sasha White•Dr Paul Cannon and Dr Alan Buddie (CABI)
•Linda Birken (Imperial College student)•Gareth Martin (Imperial College student)•James Broom (Imperial College student)
•Dr John Bailey and Kat Pashley (Leicester University)•Dr Lois Child (Loughborough University)•Dr Andy Polaszek & others (NHM)•Professor Masami Takagi (Kyushu University)•Dr Daisuke Kurose (Kyushu University)•Dr Narutu Furuya (Kyushu University)•Dr Naoki Takahashi (Kyushu University)•Yuko Inoue (Kyushu University)
•Dr Fritzi Grevstad (University of Washington)•Dr Bernd Blossey (Cornell University)•Dr Rob Bouchier (AAFC Canada)•Dr Brian Van Hezelwink (AAFC Canada)•Victoria Nuzzo (Independent Consultant)•Mic Julien (CSIRO)•Dr Andy Sheppard (CSIRO)•Dr Simon Fowler (Landcare Research NZ)•Drs Ted Centre & Gary Buckingham (Florida Uni)•Profs Mick Crawley &Tim Coulson (Imperial College)•Dr Willie Cabrera Walsh (SABCL)•Dr Jonathan Newman (CEH)•Dr Usha Dev (NBPGR)•Dr Ravi Kheterpal (NBPGR)•Dr Robin Adair (DPI Queensland)•Drs John Ireson & Richard Holloway (Utas)•Lindsay Smith (Landcare Research)
•ACRE•FERA – many especially Dr Claire Sansford•Pesticide Safety Directorate•The Non Native Species Secretariat
The Project Board and sponsors for funding and guidance
Thank You
Any Questions?