Japanese government policy on Stockholm...
Transcript of Japanese government policy on Stockholm...
Shuji Tamura, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) 14 Nov, 2008 UNU International Conference 1
Japanese government policy Japanese government policy on Stockholm Conventionon Stockholm Convention
14 November, 2008
Shuji TamuraChemical Management Policy Division
Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
- UNU International Conference -
Environmental Monitoring and Governance in the Asian Coastal Hydrosphere: Roles of Academia and Private Sectors for the Stockholm Convention
Shuji Tamura, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) 14 Nov, 2008 UNU International Conference 2
CONTENTSCONTENTS
1. Outline of the Stockholm Convention
2. National implementation in Japan
3. Japan’s contribution to the discussion
4. Summary
(1) Roles of academia
(2) Roles of private sectors
Shuji Tamura, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) 14 Nov, 2008 UNU International Conference
History and BackgroundHistory and Background
1. Outline of the Stockholm Convention
• “Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)”
http://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/gaiko/treaty/treaty_020408.html
• Objective: to protect human health and the environment from persistent organic pollutants
• History to the agreement– 1992 The Earth Summit (Agenda 21)
– 1995 Intergovernmental meeting of UNEP
– 1997 19th UNEP Governing Council
(started intergovernmental discussion forum)
– 2001 Agreement at a diplomatic meeting in Stockholm
– 2004 Ratified countries reached 50, entered into force
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Shuji Tamura, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) 14 Nov, 2008 UNU International Conference
Participating CountriesParticipating Countries
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Ratification, Acceptance, Approval, Accession Signature only
Albania, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina*, Armenia, Australia*, Austria,
Azerbaijan, Bahamas, Bahrain*, Bangladesh*, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Benin, Bolivia,
Botswana*, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada*,
Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China*, Comoros, Congo, Cook
Islands, Costa Rica, Cote d’Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Eritrea, Ethiopia,
European Community, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana,
Greece, Guatemala, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India*, Iran,
Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, Korea DPR, Korea, Kuwait,
Kyrgyzstan, Lao PDR, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Maldives, Mali, Marshall Islands,
Mauritania, Mauritius*, Mexico, Micronesia*, Moldova*, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco,
Mozambique, Myanmar, Namibia, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua,
Niger, Nigeria, Niue, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay,
Peru, Philippines, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles,
Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia*, Slovenia*, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Spain, Sri
Lanka, Sudan, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syrian Arab Republic, Tajikistan,
Tanzania, Thailand, Macedonia, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Tuvalu, Uganda, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, Uruguay, Vanuatu*, Venezuela*, Viet
Nam, Yemen, Zambia
Belize, Bosnia and Herzegovina,
Brunei Darussalam, Colombia,
Guinea, Haiti, Indonesia, Ireland,
Israel, Italy, Malawi, Malaysia,
Malta, Montenegro, Palau, Poland, Russian Federation,
Saudi Arabia, Serbia, Suriname,
Tonga, Turkey, United States of
America, Zimbabwe
* Based on Article 25 (4), Parties declared that any amendment to Annexes shall
enter into force only upon the deposit of its instrument of ratification
1. Outline of the Stockholm Convention
Shuji Tamura, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) 14 Nov, 2008 UNU International Conference
Chemicals subject to ConventionChemicals subject to Convention• Chemicals with characteristics hereunder:
– (a) persistence, (b) bio-accumulation, (c) potential for long-range
environmental transport, (d) adverse effects on human health
and/or the environment
• Twelve chemicals currently on the list
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Annex A((((elimination))))
Annex B((((restriction))))
Annex C((((unintentional production))))
Aldrin, Chlordane, Dieldrin,
Endrin, Heptachlor,
Hexachlorobenzene,
Mirex, Toxaphene,
Polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCB)
DDT PCDD, PCDF,
Hexachlorobenzene,
Polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCB)
Hexachlorobenzene and PCB are listed on both A and B
1. Outline of the Stockholm Convention
Shuji Tamura, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) 14 Nov, 2008 UNU International Conference
Actions required by the ConventionActions required by the Convention• Elimination of production, use, exports and imports
(Annex A)
• Restriction of production, use, exports and imports
(Annex B)
• Reduction/elimination of unintentional release
(Annex C) etc. etc. etc. …
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Annex A Annex B
Specific exemption Specific exemption Acceptable purpose
Production
Use
• Registered by each party (open to public)
• Expire 5 years (COP may decide to
extend the expire date up to 5 years)
• No expire date
unlike “Specific
exemption”
1. Outline of the Stockholm Convention
Shuji Tamura, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) 14 Nov, 2008 UNU International Conference
Annex A (Elimination)Annex A (Elimination)
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ChemicalSpecific exemption
Production Use
Aldrin None Local ectoparasiticide, Insecticide
Chlordane As allowed for the Parties listed in the Register
Local ectoparasiticide, Insecticide, Termiticide, Termiticide in buildings and dams, Termiticide in roads, Additive in plywood adhesives
Dieldrin None In agricultural operations
Endrin None None
Heptachlor None Termiticide, Termiticide in structures of houses, Termiticide (subterranean), Wood treatment, In use in underground cable boxes
Hexachlorobenzene As allowed for the Parties listed in the Register
Intermediate, Solvent in pesticide, Closed system site limited intermediate
Mirex As allowed for the Parties listed in the Register
Termiticide
Toxaphene None None
Polychlorinated
Biphenyls (PCB)
None Articles in use in accordance with the provisions of Part II of this Annex
1. Outline of the Stockholm Convention
Shuji Tamura, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) 14 Nov, 2008 UNU International Conference
Part II of PCB (examples)Part II of PCB (examples)Each Party shall:
a. With regard to the elimination of the use of PCB in equipment by 2025, take action in accordance with the following priorities:i. Make determined efforts to identify, label and remove from use
equipment containing greater than 10% PCB and volumes greater than 5 litters
ii. Make determined … greater than 0.05% PCB and volumes greater than 5 litters
iii. Endeavour to identify and remove from use … greater than 0.05% PCB and volumes greater than 0.05 litters
b. Consistent with the priorities in a., promote the following measures to reduce exposure and risk to control the use of PCBi. etc. etc. etc. ……
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1. Outline of the Stockholm Convention
Shuji Tamura, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) 14 Nov, 2008 UNU International Conference
Annex B (Restriction)Annex B (Restriction)
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ChemicalSpecific exemption
Production Use
DDT Intermediate in production of dicofolIntermediate
Production of dicofolIntermediate
Acceptable purpose
Disease vector control use in accordance with Part II of this Annex
Disease vector control use in accordance with Part II of this Annex
Part II of DDT (examples)1. The production and use of DDT shall be eliminated except for Parties that have
notified the Secretariat of their intention to produce and/or use it……
4. Every 3 years, each Party that use DDT shall provide to the Secretariat and WHO
information on the amount used, the conditions of such use and its relevance to that
Party’s disease management strategy……
6. At least every three years, COP shall, in consultation with WHO, evaluate the
continued need for DDT for disease vector control on the basis of available scientific,
technical, environmental and economic information……
etc. etc. etc. ……
1. Outline of the Stockholm Convention
Shuji Tamura, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) 14 Nov, 2008 UNU International Conference
The National Implementation The National Implementation
Plan of JapanPlan of Japan• History and procedures
– May 2001 Adoption of the Stockholm Convention
– Aug 2002 Japan acceded to the Convention
– May 2004 The Convention entered into force (50 countries ratified)
– Jun 2005 Japan developed its national implementation plan
• The National Implementation Plan of Japan under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants– Jan 2003 Inter-Ministerial General Directors’ Meeting and its
Steering Group were established
– May 2005 Draft National Implementation Plan was published for public comments for 2 weeks
– Jun 2005 Council of Ministers for Global Environment Conversation endorsed the Plan
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2. National implementation in Japan
Shuji Tamura, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) 14 Nov, 2008 UNU International Conference
Regulatory measures to prevent Regulatory measures to prevent manufacture, use, import & exportmanufacture, use, import & export• Chemical Substances Control Law
– All chemicals on Annex A and B are designated as Class 1
– Manufacture, import and use are virtually prohibited
• Agricultural Chemicals Regulation Law
– Nine chemicals for agricultural use on Annex A and B are listed for
prohibiting distribution and use
• Pharmaceutical Affairs Law
– No drugs containing chemicals under the Convention have been
approved
• Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Law
– Export Trade control Ordinance and Import Trade Control
Ordinance virtually prohibit export and import of POPs, respectively
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2. National implementation in Japan
Shuji Tamura, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) 14 Nov, 2008 UNU International Conference
Reduction of unintentionally Reduction of unintentionally produced chemicalsproduced chemicals
• Chemicals on Annex C (PCDD,
PCDF, HCB, PCB) are
unintentionally formed in the
combustion processes
• Regulatory measures were
started under the Air Pollution
Control Law and the Waste
Management Law, which have
been subsequently expanded
under the Dioxins Law
– PCDDs, PCDFs and coplanar
PCBs are categorised as
“dioxins” under the Dioxins Law
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2. National implementation in Japan
Shuji Tamura, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) 14 Nov, 2008 UNU International Conference
Process to assess candidate POPsProcess to assess candidate POPs3. Japan’s contribution to the discussion
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New proposal by a party(providing information in Annex D)
Screening(by criteria specified in Annex D)
Development of a risk profile(based on information in Annex E)
A risk management evaluation(based on information in Annex F)
COP to consider listing a
chemical to Annex A/B/C
Annex D: Information requirements and screening criteria•Chemical identity•Persistence•Bio-accumulation•Potential for long-range transport•Adverse effects (toxicity)
PO
Ps R
evie
w C
om
mitte
e
(P
OP
RC)
Conference of the Parties
(COP)
Annex E: Information requirements for the risk profile•Hazard assess, environmental fate, monitoring data, risk evaluation, ......
Annex F: Information on socio-economic considerations•Control measures, alternatives, impacts on society, ......
Shuji Tamura, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) 14 Nov, 2008 UNU International Conference
• A subsidiary body to the Stockholm Convention
established for reviewing chemicals proposed
for listing in the Convention.
• Consists of 31 government-designated experts
in areas of chemical assessment or
management from all UN regions.
• Held once a year usually in autumn (Oct or Nov)
at Geneva
• Experts discuss based on scientific evidence
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POPs Review Committee (POPRC)POPs Review Committee (POPRC)
3. Japan’s contribution to the discussion
Shuji Tamura, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) 14 Nov, 2008 UNU International Conference
Discussion in POPRC (example)Discussion in POPRC (example)
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2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
▲
COP1
△
POPRC1
▲
COP2▲
COP3▲
COP4
△
POPRC2
△
POPRC3
△
POPRC4
POPRC decided
screening criteria
have been fulfilled
Sweden submitted
a proposal for
listing PFOS
POPRC developed a
risk profile, and
decided the proposal
shall proceed
POPRC developed a risk management
evaluation to analyse possible control
measures and essential uses
POPRC discussed
another information
on essential uses
Adoption by
consensus or by
¾ majority vote
Enter into force
(one year after)
3. Japan’s participation in the discussion
(△) (△)
Shuji Tamura, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) 14 Nov, 2008 UNU International Conference 16
POPRC members (as of Nov 2008)POPRC members (as of Nov 2008)
3. Japan’s contribution to the discussion
AfricaAfrica Asia & PacificAsia & PacificCentral & Central &
Eastern EuropeEastern EuropeLatin America & Latin America &
CaribouCaribouWestern Europe Western Europe
& others& others
Burkina Faso China Armenia Brazil Australia
Chad Cambodia Bulgaria Chile Canada
Ghana India Czech Ecuador France
Mauritius Japan Honduras Germany
Morocco Jordan Mexico Portugal
Sierra Leone Korea Sweden
South Africa Syrian Arab Switzerland
Togo ThailandChair: Dr. Arndt
Prof. Kitano
Shuji Tamura, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) 14 Nov, 2008 UNU International Conference
• Requested to provide information specified in Annex E and Annex F.
• Invited to provided technical comments and information on the draft risk profile and the draft risk management evaluation.
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Roles of parties and observersRoles of parties and observers3. Japan’s contribution to the discussion
Shuji Tamura, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) 14 Nov, 2008 UNU International Conference
The purpose of the review is to evaluate whether the chemical is likely, as a result of its long-range environmental transport, to lead to significant adverse human health and/or environmental effects, such that global action is warranted.
a.Sources, including as appropriate: production data, uses, and releasesb.Hazard assessment for the endpoint or endpoints of concernc.Environmental fate (bio-concentration, bio-accumulation)d.Monitoring datae.Exposure in local areas (bio-availability)f.National and international risk evaluationsg.Status of the chemical under international conventions
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Annex E: Information Annex E: Information requirements for the risk profilerequirements for the risk profile
3. Japan’s contribution to the discussion
Shuji Tamura, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) 14 Nov, 2008 UNU International Conference
Persistence
Extremely persistent
•Hydrolysis in water: half-life is greater than 41 years
•Photolysis in water: half-life is greater than 3.7 years
Bioaccumulation
Found in highly elevated concentrations in top predators
•Calculated hypothetical BMFs = 22 -160
•BCF in fish = 2796 - 3100 (lower than criterion: 5000)
Potential for long-
range transport
Atmospheric half-life > 2 days
(estimated value based on photolytic half-life > 3.7 years)
Toxicity
• Sub-chronic exposure: mortality in monkeys at 4.5
mg/kg bw/day
• Reproductive toxicity: mortality in rat pups at 1.6 mg/kg
bw/day
• Acute toxicity to Mysid shrimp: LC50 (96h) = 3.6 mg/L
• Acute toxicity to fish, Fathead minnow: LC50 = 4.7 mg/L
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Example of risk profileExample of risk profile(PFOS: (PFOS: PerfluorooctanePerfluorooctane sulfonatesulfonate))
3. Japan’s contribution to the discussion
Shuji Tamura, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) 14 Nov, 2008 UNU International Conference
Relevant information should be provided relating to socio-economic considerations associated with possible control measures to enable a decision to be taken by the Conference of the Parties.a.Efficacy and efficiency of possible control measuresb.Alternatives (products and processes) including its technical feasibility and availabilityc.Positive and/or negative impacts on society including economic aspectsd.Waste and disposal implicationse.Assess to information and public educationf.Status of control and monitoring capacityg.Any national or regional control actions
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Annex F: Information on socioAnnex F: Information on socio--economic considerationseconomic considerations
3. Japan’s contribution to the discussion
Shuji Tamura, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) 14 Nov, 2008 UNU International Conference
PFOSPFOSPFOSPFOS
PFOSPFOSPFOSPFOSPFOSPFOSPFOSPFOS
photo maskssemiconductor
metal
plating
metal
plating
fix-unitfix-unit
HDD
PWBPWB
parts, modulesparts, modules
soldersolder
dispersiondispersion
surface treatmentsurface treatment
surface treatmentsurface treatment
desmeardesmearetchingetching
adhesiveadhesive
paintpaintphotoresistphotoresist
anti-reflective
coating
anti-reflective
coating
PFOS use in electronics industryPFOS use in electronics industry
other useother use
Effect on other industries
Effect on other industries
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3. Japan’s contribution to the discussion
Shuji Tamura, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) 14 Nov, 2008 UNU International Conference 22
METIMETI’’ss survey of PFOS usessurvey of PFOS uses
Primary Users Secondary users Tertiary Users
Company A
ProductsConsum
ption
PFOS Producer
and Importer
Re
qu
est
Products
METI ( Chemical Management Policy Division)
Company B
Consum
ption
Company C
ProductsConsum
ption
Company D
Products
Company E
Consum
ption
Company F
Consum
ption
Company G
Products
Company H
ProductsConsum
ption
Distribution of reporting format
to down-streams for identifying
PFOS uses
Direct response to METI by
users including critical uses
proposal
3. Japan’s contribution to the discussion
Shuji Tamura, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) 14 Nov, 2008 UNU International Conference
Metal plating
Electric and electronic parts
(e.g. for copies and printers)
Medical catheters
Medical examination use
Ink additions
Film
IC-card, Mg-cardSeparator
Semi-conductor,
Photo masks
Photo imaging
Leveling use
Fire fighting foam
FilmPrinting use
Film
Chemical producers
Battery probe cleaner
Sealing material
Paint, adhesives, unti-electrostatic
Pesticides
Moisture proofing
PFOS suppliers
Uses (newly) recognised in
which PFOS is essential (no
alternative, difficult to substitute)
METI’s survey revealed some
PFOS uses which are not so essential; or which have
available alternatives
Results of Results of METIMETI’’ss surveysurvey
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3. Japan’s contribution to the discussion
Shuji Tamura, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) 14 Nov, 2008 UNU International Conference 24
Annex F information form JapanAnnex F information form JapanAnnex F from Japan
(essential use)
1. Semi-conductor usage
(Anti-reflective coating, photoresist)
2. Photo masks
(Semi-conductor and LCD usage)
3. Photographic coating
4. Metal plating
5. Fire fighting foam
6. Medical devices
(Catheter and indwelling needle)
7. Electric and electronic parts
(Transfer belt in colour printers ……)
A. No technically feasible alternative available
1. Photo imaging
2. Photoresist and semi-conductor
3. Photo masks in the semiconductor and LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) industries
4. Aviation hydraulic fluides
5. Certain medical devices
B. Alternatives available but need to be phased in
6. Metal plating
7. Fire fighting foam
8. Electric and electronic parts
9. Production of ant baits for control of leaf-cutting ants
3. Japan’s contribution to the discussion
Shuji Tamura, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) 14 Nov, 2008 UNU International Conference
Efficacy and efficiency of control measuresEfficacy and efficiency of control measures(example in semiconductor production)(example in semiconductor production)
• More than 99% is recovered and appropriately treated for minimising emissions
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Photo ResistARC
Water: <1111%%%%
Waste Water TreatmentScrubber
Air: ~~~~0000%%%%
PFOS Usage:1.7 t / yr
(CY2007: JEITA)Wafer CoatingWafer CoatingWafer CoatingWafer Coating
IncinerationTemp: > 900℃℃℃℃
Emission ≒≒≒≒ 0%
Exposure↓↓↓↓
Development↓↓↓↓
Etching↓↓↓↓
RemovalExhaust Effluent
Total Emission:
< 17 kg / yr
Pro
cess
Recovery: >99% (@Coating)
3. Japan’s contribution to the discussion
Shuji Tamura, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) 14 Nov, 2008 UNU International Conference
4. Summary4. Summary• Roles of academia
– Annex E information for the risk profile• Persistence
• Bioaccumulation
• Potential for long-range transport
• Toxicity (human health / environmental effects)
• Roles of private sectors– Annex F information for the risk management
evaluation• Socio-economic considerations (i.e. technical
feasibility and availability of alternatives
• Possible control measures
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Shuji Tamura, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) 14 Nov, 2008 UNU International Conference
Useful webpageUseful webpage
• The Stockholm Convention (Japanese)– http://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/gaiko/treaty/treaty_020408.html
• The Stockholm Convention secretariat (English)– http://chm.pops.int/
• POPs Review Committee (POPRC) (English)– http://www.pops.int/documents/meetings/poprc/poprc.htm
• National Implementation Plan of Japan (Japanese)– http://www.env.go.jp/chemi/pops/
• METI’s Chemical Management Policy (Japanese)– http://www.meti.go.jp/policy/chemical_management/index.html
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Shuji Tamura, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) 14 Nov, 2008 UNU International Conference 28
Shuji TAMURAShuji TAMURAShuji TAMURAShuji TAMURA
Presented byPresented by
Thank youThank youThank youThank youThank youThank youThank youThank you
Chemical Management Policy Division
Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry of Japan