Japanese art after 1392 (full)
Transcript of Japanese art after 1392 (full)
Japanese Art After 1392
By Christina Andrzejewski, Ashley Kosa,Xurong Liu
Muromachi Period (1392- 1573)
Momoyama Period (1573–1615)
Edo Period (1615-1868)
The Meji and Modern Period (1868-present)
Japanese Periods
The Ashikaga family established a new military regime in Kyoto
Daimyo strongly influenced political events and cultural trends
Rivalry caused tension, creating instability and leading to the Onin War (1467-77)
War ended in a stalemate and with Hosowaka gaining control of the government
Country plummeted into a century of warfare and social chaos
Sengoku, the Age of the Country at War, lasted from the last quarter of the fifteenth to the end of the sixteenth century
Overall, economically and artistically innovative
Contact with China transformed Japanese thought and aesthetics
Muromachi Period
Period impacted by Zen Buddhism It became the dominant cultural force in
JapanInk monochrome painting became
extremely popularThe intensity of the masters created a
subtle and more refined approach to painting.
Chinese style landscapes were the most important theme.
Shubun (c. 1418-63) was Japans first great monk-artist who mastered ink landscapes.
Muromachi Period
• The foreground reveals rocky land that overlaps with spiky pine trees, a weathered rock, a poet seated, and a fence made of brushwood holding back a small garden of trees and bamboo.
• The gray ink suggests distant fisherman
• The top and bottom half echo off of each other.
• In the middle is empty space, which is supposed to represent water.
Landscape
By the sixteenth century, temples staffed monks who specialized in art rather than religious or ritual teaching
Sesshu devoted himself to paintingWas inspired by Chinese scenery and
Zen monasteriesPeaceful art was no longer possible
and the violent energy of the time impacted landscape painting
This new spit was especially evident in his Winter Landscape
Sesshu (1420-1506)
Uses a forceful styleShort, jagged brushstrokes create the rocky hills
A cliff coming from the mist seems to break the piece into two
Flat overlapping planes break the piece into clear facets
The white of the paper in the bottom left is supposed to indicate snow, while the sky uses tones of gray.
Winter Landscape
One of the most famous Zen masters in Japanese history
Now, Zen monks acted as government advisers, teachers, and leaders of merchant missions to China.
Ikkyu mocked this “fake Zen” and displayed the intensity of Zen through his calligraphy
Ikkyu (1394-1481)
Comparison
Calligraphy Couplet c. mid-15th century
Andy Warhol, Marilyn Diptych c. 1962
Both were not attached by a hinge and meant to be hung next to one another
Both made for a purpose The couplet “Abjure, evil, practice only the
good,” was written out on single line scrolls. The calligraphy is meant to be read starting with
the right scroll and then the left Each stroke is separate and distinct The diptych 50 images is exactly the same and
repeated The 25 images on the left hand side of the piece
are all in black and white, providing a stark contrast to the bright colors of the other side.
Comparision
Zen monks saw their gardens as objects of constant vigilance and work
This philosophy influenced Japanese art
Karesansui are dry landscape gardens
The main elements of karesansui are rocks and sand, with the sea symbolized by sand raked in patterns that suggest rippling water.
The dry garden in the Zen temple of Ryoan-ji is one of the most renowned Zen creations n Japan
The Zen Dry Garden
Rock Garden, Ryoan-ji, Kyoto
Dates back to the mid-seventeenth century
The stones are set in asymmetrical groups of two, three, and five
The “borrowed scenery” is beyond the perimeter wall, and is made up of maple, pine, and cherry trees
Is celebrated for its severity and emptiness
The austere beauty of the naked gravel allows people to meditate.
Ryoan-ji
The Ashikaga’s power began to decline
The daimyos began to fight for control over Japan
Unity was gradually resorted by three warlords
The first as Oda Nobunaga (1534-82)He invaded Kyoto in 1568, ending the Ashikaga’s authority.
Was a patron of the arts and was assassinated on a military campaign
Momoyama Period (1573–1615)
Toyotomi Hideyoshi (1537-98) succeeded him
Was an overly ambitious military commander
Believed he could conquer both Korea and China
Tokugawa Ieyasu (1543-1616) emerged and established the shogunate in 1603.
Was one of the most creative eras in Japanese history.
Momoyama Period
Europeans made an impact on JapanPortuguese explorers arrived in 1543and
allowed to extend trade beyond the ports of Kyushu
European muskets and cannons changed Japanese warfare and architecture
Monumental castles were built in the late sixteenth century
Himeji Castle is one of the most beautiful surviving castles today
The castle had steep walls, stone ramparts, narrow fortified gates, and narrow ladders
Meant to confuse invaders and make them feel as though lost in a maze with little sense of direction or progress
Provided artists opportunities to work on a grand scale
Architecture
Himeji Castle
Fusuma, paper-covered sliding doors, large murals, and folding screens with gold-leaf backgrounds were features of the period
After the civil wars, temples commissioned large-scale paintings for rebuilding projects
The Kano school trained artists in the ink-painting tradition with new skills in decorative subjects and styles
Kano Masanobu (1434–1530) is credited with establishing the Kano school
Masanobu's son Kano Motonobu (1476–1559) widened the school's appeal and devised the style studied above
Motonobu's grandson, Kano Eitoku (1543–1590), introduced a new strength and dynamism to his large compositions that appealed to the warlords and suited the grand interiors of their castles.
Kano Sanraku (1559–1635), one of Eitoku's adopted sons, added a greater sense of elegance and decorativeness to Eitoku's style, capturing current interest in sophistication and sumptuousness.
Kano School of Decorative Painting
Birds and Flowers of the Four Seasons
Birds and Flowers of the Four Seasons
c. early seventeenth centuryPair of six-fold screens; color on gold-leafed
paper Twelve panels of folding screens depict the
progression of the seasons The right side depicts springtime, with
wildflowers and blossoming trees In the left-hand screen, a clump of summer
lilies announces the transition from summer to fall and winter.
Pink and white rose mallow indicate late summer and early autumn
The final scene depicts snow-covered pine, framing a pair of cranes, which symbolize long life
Birds and Flowers of the Four Seasons
The quiet, restrained, and the natural world was expressed through tea ceremonies
Zen monks used tea as a mild stimulant to aid meditation, and as a form of medicine
Sen no Rikyu (1522-91) is the most famous tea master in Japanese history.
He established the aesthetic of modesty, refinement, and rusticity
The tearoom allowed people to get a way from the chaotic and violent world outside.
Tea Ceremony
Edo Period (1615-1868)
• 1615 marks the rise of a new Shogun from the Tokugawa family.
• The capital is moved from Kyoto to Edo.• Culture flourishes
• Reading and writing become widespread among all classes.
• Increased patronage of the arts• New hierarchy; samurai officials, farmers, artisans,
and merchants. • Neo-Confucianism gains importance because of
emphasis on loyalty to the state. • Peaceful, though the government was rigid and
oftentimes repressive.• By the mid 1630s Japan is isolated
• Except for Nagasaki’s Dutch and Chinese trading communities.
Edo Period
• 1657 The Great Meireki Fire burns down most of Edo. • 100,000 people are killed.• Rebuilt the city in a more intelligent manner, with
special attention to the market district boosting the economy.
• Revival of Edo brings cultural growth and a distinctive character.
• 1853 Isolationism of Japan ends, influx of trade.• Ends in 1868 with the Meiji Restoration
Tea Ceremony in the Edo Period
• All utensils for tea ceremony were praised for their aesthetic qualities.
• Judged by how well bowls fit into hands, and the shape and texture appeared, and the previous user.
• If a tea master named a bowl, it was especially treasured.
• Mount Fuji Tea Bowl (early 17th century)
• Hon’ami Koetsu • Rough texture gives the
sense of earth and fire used to create pottery.
• Because of Neo-Confucianism, there is a decline in Zen painting.
• Revived by Hakuin Ekaku• Painted common objects that
farmers and merchants could understand.
• Merchants preferred golden screens and other decorative art.
• Bodhidharma Meditating (18th century)
• Intensity and concentration are shown in the bold brushwork.
• Shows Daruma, a buddhist monk said to bring Zen to China
Zen Painting in the Edo Period
Maruyama-Shijo School Painting• Emerged because of the demand for golden screens• Formed in Kyoto by Maruyama Okyo.
• Studied Western paintings in his youth• Innovative because volume was created
• Used value and perspective• Portrayed, instead of Chinese themes, common sights of
Japan. • Nagasawa Rosetsu – student of Okyo, known for odd juxtapositions, and unusual compositions.
• Bull and Puppy (18th century)
• Juxtaposes large bull with a small white puppy
Nanga School
Incorporated Chinese literati style, Japanese aesthetics, and individual techniques.
Geese Aslant in the High Wind (1817)
Uragami Gyokudo Shows sweeping movement of
winds in tree branches, moving the geese to flight
The island echoes this movement
Tawaraya Sotatsu
• 1st great painter of the Rimpa School - known for their strong expressive force.
• Matsushima Screens (17th century)• Depict the islands of Matsushima • Asymmetrical
• Islands echo the movement of the waves• Clouds continue to the left screen becoming land for the
trees• Almost abstract in the pattern of waves, trees and islands
Kabuki Theater
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=67-bgSFJiKc
Ukiyo-e• Also called “portraits of a floating world.”• Buddhist term used to describe the fleeting
pleasures of life, originally had a negative context. • Now sought to live life to the fullest giving it a
positive connotation.• Landscapes diverged from idyllic Chinese landscapes to
real scenes of Japan. • Actors and courtesans became widely
admired because of this, portrayed in paintings.
• Woodblock printing became available for the common people.
• So popular those woodblocks were used until they were worn out and re-cut multiple times.
Suzuki Harunobu
First artist to design nishiki-e (brocade prints)
Famous for depictions of feminine beauty
Shows chonin class(rising merchant class)
Created idealized figures So popular the nishiki-e style
became widespread
Heron and the Crow (1769)
Katsushika Hokusai
The Great Wave from the series; Thirty Six Views of Mount Fuji (1831)
• Innovative in that Mt. Fuji is not the focal point • Depicts fishermen among the waves, showing daily life• Strong graphic composition and use of color
• Cresting waves echo appearance of Mt. Fuji
Hiroshige
Kinryusan Temple at Asakusa: From the series One Hundred Famous Views of Edo (1856)• Utagawa Hiroshige (Ichiyūsai
Hiroshige/Andō Hiroshige)• Considered one of two great
ukiyo-e landscape artist (the other being Katsushika Hokusai.)
• Evocative color combinations• Framing• Linear perspective
Ukiyo-e and the Western World
• Drawn to flat planes of color and asymmetrical compositions
• Influences post-impressionists such as Van Gogh, and Paul Gaugin, as well as influential artists of the Art Nouveau movement, such as Alphonse Mucha.
• Especially popular in France, where the term Japonisme originates (Japonism)
Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec (1892)Suzuki Harunobu (1768)
Dawn of the Meiji Period With Tokugawa Clan
overthrown, imperial restoration occurred
Emperor Mutsuhito ascends to the throne in 1868, Meiji Restoration Meiji - “enlightened rule”
Court moved from Kyoto to Edo, renamed Tokyo, meaning “Eastern Capital”
Leaders promised move towards more democratic participation in government (Five Charter Oath)
Japan rapidly adopted the influences of the west in politics, philosophy and art experts were brought in to teach specialized subjects
students sponsored by government to study abroad
Meiji Art
Modernization and industrialization heavily influenced Japanese art
Confusion caused by influences and belief that Japan was losing its identity led to opposition of western style
Two distinct schools: Western Traditional
Western Meiji Art (Yōga) Artists who were important to the expansion of
Western Meiji style include Kawakami Togai, Takahashi Yuichi and Koyama Shotaro
Western Art became a major school of art in Japan
Characteristics: Oil paintings on canvas Dramatic lighting Subject matter adorned in western attire Using the third dimension Conveying perspective
▪ using vanishing points and linear perspective▪ varying the textural gradient of distant objects
Western Meiji Art (Cont.)
“Landscape” by Koyama Shotaro, 1878• Oil on Canvas• Expanse of nature and air• Defined brush strokes
“Morning Giclee” by Antonio Fontanesi, 1861• Oil on Canvas• Nature and landscape
dominates• Small strokes to simulate
reflected light• Peaceful, Not Dramatized
Traditional Meiji Art (Nihonga) Draws mainly from traditional Japanese painting
techniques
An attempt at preserving identity during the influx of western influences
Despite returning to traditional Japanese characteristics, Nihonga artists adopted Western techniques in perspective and shading
The main supporters and advocates of Nihonga art were Ernest Fenollosa and Okakura Kakuzo
Well known artists of the style includes Yokoyama Taikan
Traditional Meiji Art (cont.)
by Tokoyama Taikan, Meiji artist• Ink and color on paper• Vibrant colors and highly
decorative• Presence of nature• Use of shading and
sharpness
by Kano Chikanobu, Edo artist• Ink and color on paper• Vivid colors and
defined outlines• References to nature
Modern Japan
1912 – The Meiji Period ends with the death of Emperor Mutsuhito
1912 – Start of Taisho Era and “Taisho Democracy” Movement
1926 – Start of Showa Period with reign of Emperor Hirohito
1945 – Occupation by western powers
1989 – Start of Heisei, Japan’s current era, with ascension of Akihito
Anime and Manga Manga refers to Japanese comics or cartoons
Emerged as a popular art form after World War II As a result of inspiration from Western comics, films and
cartoons As a result of natural evolution of Japanese aesthetic
traditions with strong influences from ukiyo-e traditions
Anime refers to Japanese animation First appeared in early 20th century, influenced by U.S.
successes such as Disney’s Snow White
Both anime and manga became major exports for Japan in the 1980s and 1990s Significant impact on Western Culture and made many
interested in the culture of Japan
Well Known Anime
Well Known Anime (Cont.)
Modern Japanese Painting The most recent
forms of Japanese art are all mixtures of Western and traditional Japanese style
A prominent artist is Takashi Murakami utilize manga and anime
art forms for inspiration for painting and sculpture.
Style is known as “superflat” because it features flat planes and forms of color
“Gleefully Smiling Flowers”
Modern Japanese Ceramics Ceramics is one of the
most appreciated forms of modern Japanese art Needed for tea
ceremony and flower arranging
Well known contemporary ceramicists include Miyashita Zenji Works utilize non
traditional shapes but references traditional ceramics by evoking nature
“Wind”
Modern Japanese Sculpture An innovative sculptor in
contemporary Japanese art is Chuichu Fujii
At first inspired by plastic, steel and glass, Fujii decided to begin sculpting with wood during his thirties
Fujii allowed wood to express its own uniqueness while taking on a new form Fujii inserts hooks into a
log and runs wires between them
Wires are tightened over a period of months until the wood is pulled into a desirable shape
The piece must be cut so that it stands
Works Cited Department of Asian Art. "Momoyama Period (15731615) | Thematic Essay | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History | The �
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Department of Asian Art. "Muromachi Period (13921573) | Thematic Essay | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History | The �Metropolitan Museum of Art." The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York: Metmuseum.org. 2000. Web. 13 Jan. 2011. <http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/muro/hd_muro.htm>.
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