Japan

Japan

What I know about Japan

What I want to learn about Japan

What I learned about Japan

Refer to your Notes Packet

Geography

Despite its size, Japan currently ranks 10th in population with an estimated 127M. Conversely, Montana ranks 38th with just under one million

TTYN: What kind of land formation is Japan located on?

Montana – about the same size as Japan

Archipelago

Geography

TTYN

Considering what we have already learned about Japan,

describe how geography and location affected AND

currently impacts Japans growth. Think about possible

advantages and disadvantages.

About the island of Japan

The affect of little farmland Access to waterMost people settle in valleys and the coastal plains Very little natural resources Cultural Diffusion opportunities The affects of the Ring of Fire

Protection and Isolation

Geography

Very mountainous and offers very little farmland

Mount Fuji; 3776

meters Japan lacks key natural resources such as metals and minerals

Before Japan was a Superpower: Early TraditionsClan Systems

Own chief or special god of goddess who viewed as the clan's original ancestor.Ahead of their time: Even women were clan leaders.

Yamato Clan

• About 500 A.D., the Yamato clan establishes sufficient ascendancy for its chieftain to be seen as emperor

Emperor Nintoku Tomb

• The Yamato claim as ancestor the Sun empress, who shines above all others in the heavens.

Before Japan was a Superpower: Early TraditionsTTYN: What is Shinto?

Shinto – • Indigenous religious beliefs and practices of Japan• Shinto has no founder• Has no official sacred scriptures• Has preserved its main beliefs and rituals throughout the ages.

Shinto – “way of the gods” or “way of kami”

One or more torii gates mark the approach and entrance to a shrine. They come in various colors and are made of various materials. 

Shinto creation stories tell of the history and lives of the "Kami" (deities). Among them was a divine couple, Izanagi-no-mikoto and Izanami-no-mikoto, who gave birth to the Japanese islands. Their children became the deities of the various Japanese clans. The Sun Goddess was one of their daughters. She is the ancestress of the Imperial Family and is regarded as the chief deity. Her descendants unified the country. Her brother, Susano came down from heaven and roamed throughout the earth. He is famous for killing a great evil serpent.

The Kami are the Shinto deities. The word "Kami" is generally translated "god" or "gods." However, the Kami bear little resemblance to the gods of monotheistic religions. 

Before Japan was a Superpower: Early Traditions

Shrine of the Sun Goddess

Shinto Your Choice

Small Group Activity: Shinto

Refer to your Notes Packet

Shinto Christianity

Refer to your Notes Packet

Believes in the Trinity (Father Son Spirit)... is ONE

Attempts to spread its religion all around the world

Uses a holy book, the Bible

Christians should only believe in Christianity

Believes in many natural spirits... and somewhat deify them

Since it isn't really a religion, and it is a native belief in Japan, it is somewhat locked inside Japan.

No apparent Holy Book

Shintoists are usually Zen Buddhists as well

Afterlife

Evil

Loving

Small Group Activity: Shinto

Nara and Heian Japan710-1185

China Moves East (but with a twist)

710, modeled after China, Nara

established as new capital of Japan

784, capital moved to

Nagaoka

794, finally moved

to Heian (Kyoto)

Nara and Heian Japan

Chinese Influence

Adoption of the higher civilization of China

Three stages

Japanese studied China – 7th century

Japanese implanted Chinese institutions – 8th

century

Adapted institutions to meet Japanese needs – by

11th century - Japanized

Official embassies to Tang court began in 607

Emperor Temmu began institutional changes

Used Chinese systems to consolidate power

“Heavenly emperor” replaces “great king”

Heian Period

The Heian period centered on the emperor and nobility,

in particular the powerful Fujiwara family, It ended with

the establishment of a military dictatorship.

9th Century, the decline of the Tang dynasty in China

Japan greatly reduced contacts with China

Native culture began to grow

The kana phonetic writing systems were created.

Heian Period

Heian Buddhism

Religion - changed in important ways during the Heian

period.

Earlier Nara Buddhism drew directly upon Chinese

traditions and catered to elites.

New Texts from China brings new Buddhist sects

Tendai and Shingon

Available to the common man

Shinto continues to be valued

Shinto and Buddhist Temples often built in close

proximity

Heian Period

Mid -tenth century local officials began to seize lands

for themselves

Reduced central government income and control.

Imperial authority was diminished by powerful

retired emperors and by regents of the Fujiwara

family ruling on behalf of child emperors.

Warrior leaders with their samurai followers began

to challenge for dominance.

Finally, in the Heike wars of 1180-85, the Minamoto

family defeated the Taira. Minamoto no Yoritomo (1147-

99) established the Shogunate with its distinctive

warrior culture.

During mid-Heian period

Nonofficial private bands of local warriors

System for next five centuries

Samurai – expensive

Horses, armor, weapons, training

Initial job – local order and tax collection

Confrontations between regional military coalitions

Conflict reaches Heian court in 1156

Rise of the Samurai

Heian Period

Heian Period

Heian Period

Small Group Activity

When

Why

What

Misc.

Heian Period

The Heike Wars, 1180-85

Minamoto family defeated the Taira. Minamoto no

Yoritomo

Established the Shogunate with its distinctive

warrior culture.

The end of Golden Age and beginning of Feudalism

Decline of the Heian Period

Heian Period

CAUSES

EFFECTS

FeudalismDo Now and

TTYN:

Describe Feudalism

Feudalism – A government system

(political, economical, and social), which

originated in Europe in the Middle Ages

with kings, nobles, knights, and peasants

with no social mobility. Additionally, a

system based on loyalty, the holding of

land, and military service.

FeudalismJapan developed a feudal system which had similarities to the European system. 

The shogun (like the king) ruled the country through the

daimyo (like the nobles), who were the heads of the samurai

(like the knights). 

Peasants farmed the land in exchange for protection by the

samurai, who operated under a code of conduct known

as Bushido (like chivalry). 

Again, society was organized under a rigid class system with

no social mobility. 

The Tokugawa Shoguns maintained an ethnocentric policy

toward the outside world.  However, cultural influences from

China did migrate to Japan down the Korean Peninsula.

Feudalism

Fidelity

Politeness

Virility

Simplicity

Fidelity

Politeness

Virility

Simplicity

Code of BushidoSeppuku, (Sape-puu-kuu) the Japanese formal language term for ritual suicide (Hara-kiri (Har-rah-kee-ree) is the common language term.), was an integral aspect of feudal Japan (1192-1868). It developed as an integral part of the code of bushido and the discipline of the samurai warrior class.

Remembering ChinaTTYN: Do you recall something similar to the Code of Bushido during our China Unit?

Filial Piety

Feudal Period

The samurai were the warriors of pre-

modern Japan. They later made up the

ruling military class that eventually

became the highest ranking social caste

of the Edo Period (1603-1867).

Samurai employed a range of

weapons such as bows and arrows,

spears and guns, but their main weapon

and symbol was the sword.

The samurai

Feudal PeriodWomen

During the age

of the samurai,

the position of

women declined

steadily

From warriors

to child bearer

No Chivalry

here

TTYN: What is Chivalry?

The structure of feudal Japan

Feudalism

Zen Buddhism

Feudal Period

Zen Buddhism is a mixture of

Indian Mahayana Buddhism

and Taoism. It began in China,

spread to Korea and Japan, and

became very popular in the

West from the mid 20th

century. Reinforces the

Bushido values of mental and

self-discipline

Zen is something a person does. It's

not a concept that can be described in

words

Zen Buddhism

Feudal Period

The essence of Zen Buddhism is

that all human beings are Buddha,

and that all they have to do is to

discover that truth for themselves.

Zen sends us looking inside us for

enlightenment. There's no need to search

outside ourselves for the answers; we can

find the answers in the same place that

we found the questions.

Small Group Activity Clan

System

Heian Period

Feudalism

Attack from OutsidersThe Mongol Invasions of Japan

1274 & 1281

1274 Invasion

500-900 Ships

40,000 men

Driving wind and Heavy wind

Man to Man idea of fighting vs. a “mob” of Mongols

Mongols anchor ships further out into sea – 1/3 of

fleet destroyed when facing a Typhoon

Mongols retreat

Japan spared..at least for a while

Attack from OutsidersThe Mongol Invasions of Japan

1274 & 1281

1281 Invasion

140K men

Samurai's better prepared; knew what to expect

No more Man vs. Man tactics; mass attack met with mass

defense

Another Typhoon on the way

Kamikaze or “Devine Wind” once again saves Japan

The Mongols would not return; If it were not for two

"miraculous" appearances of a mighty typhoon, a

"Kamikaze" or "Divine Wind,"

during those two massive Mongol invasions by Kublai

Khan, Japan today might be part of China!

Era of Peace: Kamakura & Tokugawa GovernmentTokugawa Period (Edo Period 1603-1867)

Hello Tokyo

More land distribution…see a trend?

TTYN: Think of another area of study where land

distribution was a result of change in leadership.

Foreign Trade

Christianity Suppressed

Neo-Confucianism

Meiji Restoration

Open Door Policy – Japan’s version

Tokugawa Period

Welcomed Western Traders

Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, and English

Acquired western firearms

Built castles modeled after Europe

TTYN: What advantage might new weapons afford the

Tokugawa Shoguns?

Allowed them to centralize power and impose order

The Global Age

Do Now & TTYN

Identify new technologies that made it possible for Europeans to make contact with Asian communities

Improvement in Cartography

Astrolabe

Caravel

Sextant

Ships

The Global Age

Early 17thCentury - Unlike the Chinese, the

Japanese welcomed their new friends.

New technologies

New weapons

The spread of Christianity and Closed Door Policy

Reaction to Spain and the Philippines

Push-Pull Factor: Christianity or Buddhism

Japanese Christians and allegiance to a foreign

power, the pope

By 1638, Japan closes the door and ports to Japan

and for next 200 years Japan maintains a policy of strict

isolation.

End of IsolationDo Now:Describe the tone and tenor of the following excerpt of letter written by President Fillmore. (refer to notes packet)

“GREAT and Good Friend: I send you this public letter by Commodore Matthew C. Perry, an officer of the highest rank in the navy of the United States, and commander of the squadron now visiting your imperial majesty's dominions.

I have directed Commodore Perry to assure your imperial majesty that I entertain the kindest feelings towards your majesty's person and government, and that I have no other object in sending him to Japan but to propose to your imperial majesty that the United States and Japan should live in friendship and have commercial intercourse with each other.”

End of Isolation

TTYN: Prediction – what will happen next?

In 1853, Perry sent on a mission by President Millard

Fillmore to establish trade with Japan

Perry leads a squadron of four ships into Tokyo Bay

and presented representatives of the Japanese Emperor

with the text of a proposed commercial and friendship

treaty.

The Japanese rejected Perry’s demands and Perry

withdrew.

1854, Perry returned to Japan This time he appears

with seven ships - four sailing ships, three steamers –

and one thousand, six hundred men.

End of Isolation After a standoff, Perry landed for peace and trade

talks on March 8, 1854, and began to negotiate with

the Japanese to establish a trade agreement.

On March 31, 1854, Perry signs the Treaty of

Kanagawa on behalf of the United States, which

established "permanent" friendship between the two

countries. The treaty guaranteed that the Japanese

would save shipwrecked Americans and provide fuel for

American ships, but also opened the opportunity for

trade between Japan and the United States. The signing

of this treaty signaled the end of Japanese isolation.

End of Isolation and the reason(s) behind discoveryDo Now & TTYN

Why Asia? Describe why trading with Asia was so important

The reasons behind Europe’s overseas expansion

during the Age of Discovery into four symptoms:

The acquisition of fame through discovery

The expansion of Christendom

The urgency for basic resources brought on by

population pressure

The desire for wealth and economic power. 

Japan

What I know about Japan

What I want to learn about Japan

What I learned So far about Japan

Refer to your Notes Packet

ModernizationThe Cotton Gin – 1793The Steam Engine - 1775The Spinning Jenny- 1769The 1st Railway – 1825

Do Now & TTYN – what do the above listed inventions of the Industrial Revolution have in common with Japan in 1854?

The United States wins:

Extraterritoriality Rights

and a

“Most Favored Nation”

clause

Modernization 1853, Japan ends its centuries of isolation

TTYN: What advantages did Japan see for opening the

door to Westerners?

A defense mechanism – the best way to defend

against imperialism is to learn from the West. Result

– transforms Japan into a modern industrial power.

Modernization 1853, Japan ends its centuries of isolation

Tokugawa Shoguns control weakens

Isolation causes weakness

Shoguns control weakens

Corruption becomes commonplace

Societal discontent

Merchants – lost that taste of the good life when

trading was going good = discontent

Old is New – Gov’t attempt to revert back to the “old”

ways (farming over commerce)…doesn’t work....

Enter the……..

Meiji RestorationLooking Back

For 2 centuries Japan was in lockdown mode

Experienced a century of Civil Wars

By 1615 Feudalism hits its mark in Japan

200 years of peace leads to a pressure cooker

Social Hierarchy turned upside down

New Economy provides the lower order (merchants)

more power

Add this all up and Japan is about to explode

The Spark – U.S. and Commodore Perry

British, Russians, French, and Dutch quickly followed

Perry into Japan

Meiji Restoration

More than trouble at home

News of the Opium War…Are we Next???

Meiji Restoration

1867, The Discontented (Daimyo and Samurai) led a

revolt that unseated the shogun

Restored the emperor to power; a young emperor (15)

1868-1912

The Meiji Restoration – a turning point in Japanese

history

TTYN: What does Meiji mean?

Meiji Restoration

Big Picture Goal

Strengthen Japan against the West

TTYN: Interpret the following quote and images

“A rich country, a strong military”

Meiji Restoration

Western ____________ was adopted which allowed the

Japanese to fully ______________ in less than 50 years. By

the end of the Meiji Restoration, the Japanese no longer

feared that they would be _____________. Rather, they

set out to practice imperialism themselves to obtain

power and ________ __________. Japan was quickly

emerging as a world-class power using western

technology and methods while still maintaining its

___________ _________ values.

technology

industrialize

imperialized

Natural resources

Traditional cultural

This period was known as the??

Big Group Activity

Meiji Restoration

Reforms

Government

Strong central gov’t; German Model

Meiji Constitution

All citizens equal before the law, but…

Emperor help Autocratic power

One elected house and one appointed house…

powers were limited; Suffrage was limited

All men required to serve in the military (same as

Europe)

Meiji Restoration

Reforms

Economy

Encouraged Western Ideas and Methods

Banking System

Railroads

Improved Ports

Telegraph and postal system

Built factories and sold them to the rich and

developed further

Captains of Industry created (Zaibatsu)

Meiji Restoration

Social

End of legal distinctions between classes

Schools and Universities established

Class distinctions existed (just like the West)

Literacy

Women still second-class citizens

Meiji Restoration

Pushing Back & Looking Forward Xenophobic and anti-Western thought “Sonno-Joei” (Revere the Emperor, Expel the Barbarians Tension Rise and foreigners die Westerners respond with devastating force 1860, Japan plunges into its own Civil War Shogun defeated and return of Imperial Rule The Meiji or Enlightened Rule begins…almost Building a new nation from scratch. Remember Feudalism? What to do with the Samurai class? Conflict with the Samurai; the same Samurai that brought the Shogun to its knees Samurai relent – Ritual suicide With the Samurai gone, let the restoration move forward The Meiji Restoration Begins…Civilization Through Enlightenment

Problem – Isolation

Result

Solution or Response

Meiji Restoration

The Big Test

Feeding the new imperialist beast

Island Nation has needs

Nationalism grows

Modernized Military

Korea!!!

The better equipped and better prepared stuns

the world

1894, Japan thumps China

Gains treaty ports in China and rights to rule

Taiwan

Meiji Restoration

The Big Test, Part 2

Russo-Japanese War

1904, Japan takes down Russia in a fight over

Manchuria

A first – An Asian country defeats a Western Nation

1905, Treaty of Portsmouth

Full control of Korea

Parts of Manchuria

Ambition for more

Japan astutely joined Britain and France for WW1 and

took over German Chinese possessions as soon as

she could.

In 1915 Japan presented China with the 21 Demands,

taking even more power from China, and indirectly

depriving China of her best leader Yuan Shikai.

After WW1 Japan was not asked to return any Chinese

land, despite China supporting the British and French

in the war. This caused the May 4 riots in China 1919.

Japan and WWI

Notice the flags-

Japan,Manchukuo and

China.

TTYN: What is the

purpose of this poster?

Pan-Asianism

The Interwar Years

The Rise of Japanese Militarism

andPan-Asianism

Carving out a sphere of influence - After World

War I, Japan saw itself as the dominant power in

the East

Ambition - pursued policies that would increase

their territory and their influence in Asia – Pan

Asianism

Result - Outbreak of war in the Pacific (WWII)

The Interwar Years

Ambition and Motives for Expansion

Economics

Island Nation - Japan was in desperate need of natural

resources to fuel its industry and military

Nationalism

Many Japanese citizens believed that Japan was the

most superior country in Asia and therefore had the

right to rule everyone else

Acts by Western Powers

Several actions by Western powers were motivated by

the belief that Japan was not equal; these insults fueled

imperialistic desires in Japan

The Interwar Years

Growing Pains

The Mukden Incident

In 1931 Japan invaded the northern area of

China, Manchuria, which had huge

deposits of natural resources

such as coal

The League of Nations

does nothing

The Interwar Years

Map of Imperial Japan

Manchuria Ain’t Enough

1937, Japanese forces moved

south and invaded China

TTYN: Identify and describe two

reasons why Japan would attack

China

Rape of Nanking

During this invasion they took

control of the Chinese capital,

Nanking

Pan Asianism

The Rape of Nanking

Small Group Activity

Complete the following DBQ –styled question(s)

Pan Asianism

The Rape of Nanking, 1937

• During the invasion, the people of Nanking were

treated horribly by the Japanese soldiers

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YoW2WYdOsvg

The Japanese Government

Though Japan had an

emperor, the military had

taken control of the

government by this time

Emperor Hirohito could not

stand up to the powerful

generals, but he was

worshipped by the people,

who often fought in his name

The military leader of Japan

was General Hideki Tojo

Japan

What I know about Japan

What I want to learn about Japan

What I learned about Japan

Refer to your Notes Packet

Concept Ladder

Topic: Pan-Asianism

Japanese Militarism

Small Group Activity

When

Why

Who

Where

WORLD WAR I GOVERNMENT ECONOMIC Misc.

The Rise of Japan

Western countries exploited Asia and demonstrated extreme prejudice against her peoples.

Sphere of Influence - Carving up of China had been a warning to Japan.

Japan realized that to retain her independence and national character she had to adopt some Western ideas, and quickly.

Japan copied Western military ideas, Western Government structure, and aggressively builds their economy…again, using the ideas adopted from the West

Pan-Asianism; China, Russia, and China again

Japan and WWII

The Emperor Hirohito 1926-1989 The Emperor Showa of Japan.

He had complete control over, and commanded complete loyalty from his subjects.

It was his responsibility for starting and ending the wars against China, USA, Britain etc.

He was protected from prosecution in 1945 by the US who needed him to keep Japan from collapsing.

Japan and WWII

General Hideki Tojo Prime Minister of Japan and

primary military leader. Rose to power in the Manchukuo

‘Kwantung’ army Nicknamed the ‘razor’ Keen on ultra nationalistic secret

societies. Responsible for 8m civilian deaths,

countless deaths and experiments on prisoners of war.

Commemorated at the Yasukuni Shrine.

Apologized for military atrocities on his death.

Executed for war crimes 1948

Japan and WWII

Japanese occupation of China.

By 1938 There were 1 million Japanese troops in China.

By 1941 2 million troops- but this was still not enough.

Japan could occupy only key areas and cities. Out of fear they adopted The ‘Three All Campaign’

(‘Kill all, burn all, destroy all’) She simply didn’t have enough soldiers however. By 1945 4 million Chinese people had died and 60

million had been displaced. Many Chinese cities lay in ruins.

TTYN: Can we consider the 1937 invasion of China and the subsequent sack of Nanking the ‘true’ start of WWII?

Japan and WWII

A baby caught up in the bombing of a Shanghai railway station

Japan and WWII

Imperial Japanese expansion up to

1941

Japan and WWII

The ‘zero’ fighter plane.

Japan and WWII

Japan and WWII

The two biggest battleships ever!

Japan and WWII

Soldiers

Soldiers, highly skilled

in attack, defense,

and jungle warfare…

Samurai Mindset

Highly motivated to

defend their Emperor

and their land to the

death….Nationalism!!!

Japan and WWII

Pearl Harbor

The major fleet base of the US navy in the Pacific. It was

home to all the major US warships in the Pacific.

Destruction of these ships would take out all the

resistance to Japanese expansion to the East and South.

Japan and WWII

December 7, 1941 ‘A date that will live in infamy’.

The Japanese launch a surprise attack.

The Japanese had been shown how to attack a harbour with planes by the British attack on the Italian fleet in

Taranto 11.11.1940. The US navy had chosen to regard the feat as a ‘fluke’.

Japan and WWII

Just a reminder

Extensive coverage of WWII will be examined during our WWII

Unit

Japan and WWII

Kamikaze

Kamikaze- ‘Divine Wind’.

It became obvious that the US possessed more and

better war technology

In desperation Japan ordered her young men to beat

the enemy by flying bombs into the enemy (and

dying in the process)

These suicide bombers flew planes, or manned suicide

torpedoes.

Japan and WWII

Japan and WWII

Japan and WWII

The US carrier St.Louis, attacked and sunk by Kamikaze.

Japan and WWII

US ships ablaze after kamikaze attacks

Japan and WWII

• The first Atomic bomb to be used in war… ‘little boy’.

• This bomb was shipped from the US a mere 4 hours after the ‘Trinity’ A-bomb test in the US.

• The actual radioactive material inside was the size of an orange.

The Atomic BombJapan and WWII

Japan and WWII

Hiroshima- Aug 6 1945

‘little boy’

Japan and WWII

Nagasaki Aug 10 1945.

Atomic Bomb – ‘Fat boy’

Japan and WWII

Nagasaki.

Japan and WWII

The Soviet Union invades 1945

More on this during our WWII Unit

Japan and WWII

The Japanese surrender party onboard a US battleship in Tokyo Bay 15.9.1945.They are ‘enduring the unendurable’ at the Emperor’s request. The Emperor finally concedes that Japan cannot face US technology and survive.

Japan and WWII

VJ Day

Times Square

August 14 1945.

News has just

been released that

Japan has formally

surrendered.

World War two has

ended.

Japan and WWII

The Cost of War

Japan lost 2.5 million people in the war. China lost 10 million people. The Yasukuni shrine is still contentious. Hirohito

refused to visit in his last years due to rumours that it housed Japan’s war criminals. The present day prime Minister still visits.

The USA rebuilt Japan to enable it to recover as a source of American influence in Asia.

The Atom bomb was seen as the crucial symbol of political power. The USA was shortly to consider using it again- this time on China.

Japan and WWII