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Explore the varying impact of both volcanic (extrusive and intrusive) and seismic processes on landscapes.

Research different locations to draw out the importance of tectonic activity in creating contrasting landscapes

January 2011 STEER

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1. Tectonic activity and causes

2. Tectonic hazards physical impacts

3. Tectonic hazards human impacts

4. Response to tectonic hazards

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Concepts Processes Theories Models

1.1 Range of hazards associated with Volcanoes and Earthquakes

VolcanismEarth Movement Plate tectonics The Dregg Disaster model

1.2 Event profile

1.3 The causes of tectonic hazards

1.4Tectonic activity associated with different types of plate margins and the impact of this on the spatialdistribution of tectonic hazards.

2.1The varying impact of extrusive igneous activity, including the formation of volcanic cones, fissures and lava plateaux.

2.2 The formation and morphology of different types of volcano

2.3 The varying impact of intrusive igneous activity, both major and minor.

2.4The effects that earthquakes can have onlandscapes, such as fault lines, rift valleys and ground displacement, and the stresses and forces the ground is subjected to during such activity.

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Concepts Processes Theories Models

3.1The reasons why people live in tectonically active areas and how this might relate to thellevel of economic development.

Occupancy Disaster risk equation

3.2 The range of hazards associated with different types of tectonic activity.

Plate BoundariesConstructive, destructive, conservative

3.3The specific impacts of a range of tectonic hazards at a range of scales and at locations in countries at different stages of development.

3.4Trends in frequency and impact over time. Park’s Hazard response model

4.1The varying approaches of individuals and governments to coping with tectonic hazards in countries at different stages of development.

4.2

Specific strategies involved in adjustment: modifying loss burden, modifying the event and modifying human vulnerability; and the range ofapproaches and strategies used in locations at different stages of development.

4.3The effectiveness of different approaches and methods of coping and the way in which approaches have changed over time, and possible future coping strategies.

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Research different locations to draw out the importance of tectonic activity in creating contrasting landscapes

Create a table to show what case studies you will need.

Go to Slide 21

Case studies needed

Tectonic Activity Landscape produced

Example Source

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1.3 The causes of tectonic hazards, including the pattern of tectonic plates, their movements and possible causes of these movements. (slide 10)

1.1 Tectonic hazards and disasters and what makes tectonic activity hazardous. There is a range of tectonic hazards associated with both volcanoes (lava, pyroclastics, ash, lahars, etc) and earthquakes (ground shaking, displacement, liquefaction, tsunamis, etc). (Slide 8)

1.2 Event profile of hazards, including frequency, magnitude, duration and areal extent. (Slide 9)

N.B. 1.1 is a hyperlink

1.4 Tectonic activity associated with different types of plate margins (convergent, divergent andtransform) and the impact of this on the spatial distribution of tectonic hazards. (slide 11)

2.1 The varying impact of extrusive igneous activity, including the formation of volcanic cones, fissures and lava plateaux. (slide 12)

2.2 The formation and morphology of different types of volcano and the characteristics of different types of eruption. How these variations link to the processes at different plate margins and at hot spots. (slide 13 and slide 14)

2.3 The varying impact of intrusive igneous activity, both major and minor. (slide 15)

2.4 The effects that earthquakes can have on landscapes, such as fault lines, rift valleys andground displacement, and the stresses and forces the ground is subjected to during such activity. (slide 16 and slide 17)

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3.1 The reasons why people live in tectonically active areas and how this might relate to the level of economic development. (slide 18)

3.2 The range of hazards associated with different types of tectonic activity. (slide 19 and slide 20)

3.3 The specific impacts of a range of tectonic hazards at a range of scales and at locations in countries at different stages of development. (Slide 21 Slide 22 and Slide 23)

3.4 Trends in frequency and impact over time. (slide 24)

4.1 The varying approaches of individuals and governments to coping with tectonic hazards in countries at different stages of development. (slide 25)

4.2 Specific strategies involved in adjustment: modifying loss burden, modifying the event and modifying human vulnerability; and the range of approaches and strategies used in locations at different stages of development. (slide 26 slide 27 slide 28)

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4.3 The effectiveness of different approaches and methods of coping and the way in which approaches have changed over time, and possible future coping strategies.

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1.1 Tectonic hazards and disasters and what makes tectonic activity hazardous. There is a range of tectonic hazards associated with both volcanoes (lava, pyroclastics, ash, lahars, etc) and earthquakes (ground shaking, displacement, liquefaction, tsunamis, etc).

• Tectonic activity can produce a very large range of hazard events

• Not all of these events are ‘disasters’• A natural hazard event becomes a disaster when

the event causes a significant impact on a vulnerable population.

Refer to the table in you have already made

Volcano Earthquake

Hazard Example Hazard Example

Lava Mauna Loa Tsunami Banda Aceh

Return to slide 6

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1.2 Event profile of hazards, including frequency, magnitude, duration and areal extent.

• Not all tectonic hazards are the same

• Event profiles are a common way of comparing different hazards

• In this example the 2004 Asian Tsunami and ongoing eruption of Kilauea on Hawaii are compared

• Hazard profiles can be drawn for any event. The nature of the hazard creates the level of challenge

Refer to the event profiles you have drawn for your 6 detailed case studies. Draw event profiles so you can compare and contrast your examples

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1.3 The causes of tectonic hazards, including the pattern of tectonic plates, their movements and possible causes of these movements.

Tectonic processes are driven by radioactive decay in the core This decay generates heat inside the earth, which drives vast convection currentsThis convection is largely responsible for plate movement

ConstructiveDestructiveConservativeTransform

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1.4 Tectonic activity associated with different types of plate margins (convergent, divergent andtransform) and the impact of this on the spatial distribution of tectonic hazards.

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Earthquakes are not predictable, and their consequences can be catastrophic in terms of both human and economic loss.Large, vulnerable populations live in high-risk locations. In the developing world, the capacity to cope is often low.

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Volcanoes occur in well-known, localised areas.Monitoring and prediction can often reduce risk.The most devastating volcanoes are located on destructive plate boundaries in densely populated developing countries. A single volcano can generate a range of hazards, including lava flows, ash fall, pyroclastic flows and lahars, often occurring simultaneously.

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• Tsunami are relatively rare events.

• They are generated by submarine earthquakes, volcanic collapse, and coastal landslides, which suddenly displace huge volumes of water

• The 1993 Okushiri tsunami (Japan), 2004 Asian Tsunami and 2009 Samoa events are all useful as case studies.

• Tsunami waves are radically different from normal wind generated ocean waves.

• When a tsunami hits a coastline, the effect is more like a devastating coastal flood than a single breaking waves

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2.1 The varying impact of extrusive igneous activity, including the formation of volcanic cones, fissures and lava plateaux.

Silica Content Temperature Viscosity Extrusive Feature

Basalt

Andesite

Dacite

Rhyolite

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2.2 The formation and morphology of different types of volcano and the characteristics of different types of eruption. How these variations link to the processes at different plate margins and at hot spots.

Go to slide 14

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2.2 The formation and morphology of different types of volcano and the characteristics of different types of eruption. How these variations link to the processes at different plate margins and at hot spots.

Magma type

Generation Tectonic setting Hazards

BasalticLow silica, low gas, low viscosity.

Dry partial melting of upper mantle

Oceanic Hot spot (Hawaii)Constructive (Iceland)

Lava flow

Andesitic

Intermediate

Wet partial melting of subducting plates

Destructive plate margin (Andes)Island arc margin (Montserrat)

Lava flow, ash and tephra, pyroclastic flow, lahar, gas emission

RhyoliticHigh silica, high gas, high

viscosity.

In situ melting of lower continental crust(very rare eruptions)

Continental Hot spot (Yellowstone)Continent collision zone (Himalayas)

Cataclysmic explosion, pyroclastic flow

• Magma, molten rock in the earth’s crust, has an important relationship with volcanic explosivity and hazard level

• Andesitic magmas, formed by wet partial melting at subduction zones produce highly explosive and destructive composite volcanoes

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2.3 The varying impact of intrusive igneous activity, both major and minor.

Extrusive

Major Landforms

Volcano Fissure Lava Plateau

Examples

Minor Landforms

Geyser

Examples

Intrusive

Major Landforms

Batholith Sill Dike

Examples

Minor Landforms

Lopolith Laccolith Stock

Examples

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2.4 The effects that earthquakes can have on landscapes, such as fault lines, rift valleys andground displacement, and the stresses and forces the ground is subjected to during such activity.

Go to slide 17

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2.4 The effects that earthquakes can have on landscapes, such as fault lines, rift valleys andground displacement, and the stresses and forces the ground is subjected to during such activity.