Janice H. Goodman, PhD.. “Perinatal depression is associated with potential negative consequences...
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Women’s Attitudes, Preferences, and Perceived Barriers to Treatment for
Perinatal DepressionJanice H. Goodman, PhD.
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“Perinatal depression is associated with potential negative consequences for the mother and infant, and therefore efforts to improve treatment access and efficacy are warranted” (1).
Background of the research study:
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Women are twice as likely as men to experience depression during their lifetime
Childbearing women are at particularly high risk
Perinatal depression affects between 10% - 20% of women (with even higher rates among women of low socioeconomic status)
Perinatal depression can lead to a chronic or recurring depressive course throughout the woman’s life
Facts about depression in females:
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Several obstetric complications and adverse birth outcomes have been associated with depression during pregnancy
Antenatal depression is the greatest risk factor for postpartum depression, which can adversely affect mother-infant interaction, infant attachment, and child development
Facts continue:
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Stigma Unacceptability of treatments Financial barrier Logistical barrier (lack of time,
transportation, child care issues)
The most common barriers to mental health treatment in pregnant women
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Couples counseling Relaxation techniques Exercise Peer or family support Self-care
The depression treatment preferences
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Data were collected from a convenience sample of 509 predominantly Well-educated High-income Married womanin the northeastern United States during the last trimester of pregnancy
Research study population:
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Age Parity Education Race/ethnicity Marital status Employment Income Immigrant status Primary language
Variables of the study:
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Data were collected by means of questionnaire from a convenience sample of women recruited from the waiting rooms of two obstetrics clinics affiliated with a large urban teaching hospital in Boston, MA, from July 2006 through March 2007.
Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), a 10-item self-rating scale developed to screen for depression in pregnant or postpartum women in community samples was used.
Methods of collection:
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Women were eligible for the study if: They were in the third trimester of
pregnancy Were ages 18 years or above Could read or speak English or Spanish
Eligibility for participation:
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The study questionnaire was used to collect the information about: Demographics History of depression Past and current mental health symptoms Past and current psychotropic use Potential risk factors for depression during
pregnancy (substance abuse, family history, social support)
Questionnaire:
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“Have you ever had a period of 2 weeks or more when nearly every day you felt particularly sad, blue, or depressed or in which you lost all interest in things like work or social relationships?
Questionnaire:“Depression specific” question
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Participants were supposed to indicate the time frame(s) of depression: Before ever being pregnant During a previous pregnancy Within 6 months after a previous pregnancy After a previous pregnancy but more than 6
months after delivery During this pregnancy but not now Currently
Questionnaire:“Depression specific” question continue:
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The scale focuses on cognitive and affective features of depression rather than somatic symptoms
It has been well validated for use in obstetric populations and has a validated Spanish language version
It has a satisfactory reliability and has adequate sensitivity and specificity when compared with a psychiatric diagnosis of major depression
Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS)
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The authors of the EPDS recommend a cutoff score of: 9/10 for minor depression 12/13 for major postpartum depression
Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS)
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Assessment of: Preference of depression treatment options Stigma-related barriers Attitudes towards psychotherapeutic and
pharmacological treatments
Other important parts of the questionnaire
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Individual psychotherapy Medication Family/couples therapy Group therapy Educational classes Telephone support Web- based internet support Self-help materials I’d rather wait to get over it on my own
Preference of depression treatment options
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Being embarrassed to talk about personal matters with others
Being afraid of what others might think Family members might not approve
Stigma-related barriers
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Attitudes were assessed by asking participants to respond to the following questions: How acceptable is it to you to seek one-on-
one counseling from a mental health professional for depression or anxiety?
How acceptable is it to you to seek group counseling for depression and anxiety?
How acceptable is it to you to take medication for depression or anxiety when pregnant?
Attitudes towards psychotherapeutic and pharmacological treatments
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How acceptable is it to you to take medication when breastfeeding?
How acceptable is it to you to take medication for depression or anxiety when neither pregnant or breastfeeding?
Attitudes toward psychotherapeutic and pharmacological treatments continue:
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A total of 525 women consented to take part in the study, with 509 completing the prenatal questionnaire
The mean age of participants was 31.6 years 22% of participants reported significant levels
of depressive symptoms 8.6% fell into the probable depression range 32.8% reported a previous history of
depression 14% of multiparas reported history of
postpartum depression
Results of the studySample description and mental health findings
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24% indicated that they thought that they needed help during sadness and depression
21% reported having taking medication for depression in the past and/or currently, with 4.3% reporting current medication use
34% reported past and/or current non-pharmacological help for depression, with 6.5% reporting current help
A total of 8.5% were receiving medication, non-pharmacological help, or both for depression at time of assessment
Results of the studySample description and mental health findings continue:
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92% endorsed individual therapy 62% indicated that group therapy was acceptable Taking medication when neither pregnant nor
breastfeeding was acceptable to 69%, compared to 33% when pregnant, and 35% when breastfeeding
69.4% indicated that they would prefer to receive treatment at the obstetrics clinic
22% reported preference to receive help from a mental health specialist at a mental health setting
Results of the studyDepression treatment preferences, acceptability, and perceived barriers to treatment
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The current treatment recommendation for women who are experiencing depression during pregnancy or lactation is to carefully weigh the risks and benefits of various treatment options, and base decision on an individual woman’s health history, severity of depression, fetal gestational age or infant age, and treatment preferences.
Clinical implications
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Relatively large sample size Diversity of participants Exploration of preferences Exploration of attitudes Exploration of barriers to treatment
Study strengths
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Results may not be generalizable to women in types of obstetrics practices other than large hospital-affiliated practices, or in geographically different locales
Because of demographic factors (well-educated, older, high socioeconomic status, and married), the results may not be generalizable to other populations.
Study limitations
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The high prevalence of depression among pregnant women, and women’s perceived need for help for emotional distress, highlights the need to develop acceptable, accessible depression interventions for diverse population of women
Conclusion
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Understanding what prevents women from seeking or obtaining depression help, and determining what they prefer in the way of treatment, may lead to improved depression treatment rates and hold promise for improving the overall health of childbearing women
Conclusion
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Goodman, J.H. (2009). Women’s attitudes, preferences, and perceived barriers to treatment for perinatal depression. Birth 36:1(March 2009).
References