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rand Name Generic Name Classification Indications Side Effects AvailableForms

Nursing Responsibili

egen Cefuroxime Cephalosporins Treatment of skin infection;Surgicalinfection;Sinusitis;Meningitis;UTI

Diarrhea;Nausea;Pseudomembranous colitis

Tab 250mg;500mg;Powd forinj (vial)750mg

Ask for history of allergy; Give the meafter meals; Check thIV site

oltaren Diclofenac Na Non-SteroidalAnti-inflammatoryDrugs (NSAIDs)

Treatmentandprevention of post-op pain

GI disorder;Headache;Dizziness;Vertigo rash;Elevation of serumtransaminases

Gastro-resistantTab 25mg;50mg; SRTab 100mg;Inj (amp)25mg

Monitor BP for HTNMonitor diabeticslowly; Monitor forsigns & symproms oirritations andulcerations

ramal Tramadol Analgesics;Supportivecare therapy

Moderate tosevere andacute pain;Diagnosticprocedure

and surgery

Sweating;Dizziness;Muzziness;Vomiting; Drymouth

Cap 50mg;Retard Tab100mg;DispersibleTab 50mg;

Inj(amp)50mg;100mg

Assess onset, type,location, duration of pain; Assess drughistory; Assess renalhepatic function;

Monitor pulse and BAssist ambulation if dizziness occur

ubain Nalbuphine HCL Analgesics(Opioid)

Relief of moderate tosevere pain

Sedation;Infrequentlysweating; GIupset; Vertigo;Dizziness

Inj (amp)10mg

Warn patient of gettiout of bed or walkingWarn out patient toavoid driving

iflosid Diclofenac Na NSAIDs Post-op pain Fluidretention;Edema

Inj (amp)25mg

Check IV site; Reporsigns of bleeding;Monitor BP for HTN

Monitor daibeticsclosely for diabeticcontrol

iogesic Paracetamol Analgesics(Non-Opioid);Antipyretic

Relief of fever,minor achesand pain

Allergic skinreaction; GIdisturbances

Tab 500mg;Oral susp120mg;Oral drops100mg

Ask for history of allegry; Advise patiethat drug is only forshort term; Warnpatient high doses cacause liver damage

isflatyl Simethicone Antiflatulents;Anti-inflammatories

Accumulationof gas in theGIT

Skin irritation;redness;difficulty inbreathing

ChewableTab 40mg

Monitor v/s; Determallergies; Should betaken after meals

ulcolax Bisacodyl Laxatives Constipation Diarrhea Tab 5mg;Supp 10mg;

Instruct pt to swallow1hr before or after

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Pharmacokinetics of cefuroxime in normal and impaired renal function: comparisonof high-pressure liquid chromatography and microbiological assays.The pharmacokinetics of cefuroxime were studied after a single dose of 750 mg was given intravenously

to each of 21 male volunteers grouped according to their creatinine clearances; these clearances were 60

to 120, 20 to 59, and less than 20 ml/min per 1.73 m,2 respectively, for groups 1 (12 subjects), 2 (4

subjects), and 3 (5 subjects). Cefuroxime obeyed two-compartment model kinetics in all three groups.

Initial serum levels of cefuroxime were approximately 130 microgram/ml in group 1 and 2 and 80

microgram/ml in group 3. the levels then declined rapidly for 0.5 to 1 h after injection. After that time,

cefuroxime levels declined more slowly, and the elimination rate became monoexponential. The mean

serum half-lives for cefuroxime in groups 2, 2, and 3 were 1.7, 2.4, and 17.6 h, respectively. Mean

cefuroxime levels in serum were greater than 8 microgram/ml for 3 h in group 1, for 6 h in group 2, andfor 30 h in group 3. Cumulative 24-h urinary excretion accounted for essentially 100% of the dose in

group 1 and 2, and for 40% in group 3. Urine levels exceeded the minimal inhibitory concentration for

susceptible organisms for more than 12 h in all groups. Cefuroxime distribution characteristics were

independent of renal function. In patients with creatinine clearances less than 20 ml/min per 1.73 m2,

doses of cefuroxime needs to be reduced. A microbiological disk diffusion assay and a high-pressure

liquid chromatography assay for cefuroxime yielded statistically identical results, except for serum levels

in uremic patients (group 3).

PHARMACOKINETICS OF DICLOFENAC SODIUM IN NORMAL MANDiclofenac sodium was administered as 50 mg tablets to four healthy male volunteers in a two-wayrandomized crossover study in which volunteers were either fasted or were given a standard breakfastimmediately prior to dosing. Blood samples were obtained upto 9 hours period and drug concentrationwere determined by HPLC method. Besides a significantly delayed (at p>0.1) peak in fed state; anincrease in absorption rate constant was observed as the only significant (at p>0.05) effect of food onbiopharmaceutic characteristic of diclofenac sodium. However, the intrinsic absorption of diclofenacsodium is also fast and it is not being the rate limiting factor in the bioavailability of diclofenac sodium,its decrease upto about 18 minutes (0.31 0.05 hr) from 11 minutes (0.19 0.02 hr) produces a nulldifference as the net effect on bioavailability, particularly when the drug is to be used in multiple dosageRegimen

(+)-O-Desmethyltramadol and (-)-O-Desmethyltramadol, in RatsThe pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the two main metabolites of tramadol, (+)-O-desmethyltramadol and (-)-O-desmethyltramadol, were studied in rats. Pharmacodynamic endpointsevaluated were respiratory depression, measured as the change in arterial blood pCO(2), pO(2), and pHlevels; and antinociception, measured by the tail-flick technique. The administration of 10 mg/kg (+)-O-desmethyltramadol in a 10-min i.v. infusion significantly altered pCO(2), pO(2), and pH values incomparison with baseline and lower-dose groups (P

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i.v. infusion was enough to achieve 100% antinociception without respiratory depression. Moreover, thebeta-funaltrexamine pretreatment completely eliminated the antinociception of the 2-mg/kg dose,suggesting that such an effect is due to mu-opioid receptor activation. To describe and adequatelycharacterize the in vivo antinociceptive effect of the drug, (+)-O-desmethyltramadol was given atdifferent infusion rates of varying lengths (10-300 min). Pharmacokinetics was best described by a two-compartmental model. The time course of response was described using an effect compartmentassociated with a linear pharmacodynamic model. The estimates of the slope of the effect versusconcentration relationship were significantly decreased (P

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pure compound bisacodyl cannot be transferred to distinctive bisacodyl formulations. The aim of the present investigation

is therefore to study the absorption and the plasma level profile and to correlate plasma level profile and laxative effect

after the administration of various dosage forms. 12 healthy volunteers were administered with 10 mg bisacodyl as an

experimental solution, with an acid resistant, commercially available Dulcolax Dragees (2 x 5 mg) and with a 10 mg

Dulcolax suppository. Following glucuronidase cleavage, mean maximum plasma levels of 236.5 +/- 59.2 ng/ml of bis-(p-

hydroxyphenyl)-pyridyl-2-methane (BHPM) were reached after the administration of the solution 1.7 h post administration

(p.a.), however, the laxative effect did not occur until 5.7 h +/- 0.7 h p.a. The dominant biological half-life of deconjugatedBHPM, the diphenol of bisacodyl which circulated as BHPM-glucuronide, was about 16.5 +/- 4.2 h. The dragee yielded the

desired low plasma levels which were between 7 and 47 ng/ml at 4-10 h p.a. In comparison to the solution only 16% were

absorbed after the administration of the dragee. The laxative effect started 7.7 h +/- 1.7 h p.a. with no apparent relationship

between effect and plasma level. The administration of the suppository resulted 20 +/- 10 min p.a. in a prompt laxative

effect, although in 6 out 12 subjects, the plasma levels were below the detection limit.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250

WORDS)