jan Work Available for Students that have an Extraordinary ......He+ is+ He´s+ He+is+not+...

Work Available for Students that have an Extraordinary Exam Pending.

EXTRAORDINARY EXAM WORTH _50_ POINTS. REVIEW WORTH _50 POINTS. Review Content:

• General Cover page with personal information such as your full name, school and subject. • Content. (Organized by Unit). Example: unit, theme and grammar point. • Specific cover page for each unit. • Download from 3 different sources each grammar point with examples. • In your own words explain each grammar point in English. • In your own words explain each grammar point in Spanish. • Create 10 examples for each grammar point. • Print online activities for extra practice and then answer them. At least 10 items for each

grammar point. • Make a vocabulary list with definitions for each unit. • Write a sentence with each vocabulary word. • Write an essay with each unit theme using and highlighting the target vocabulary and

grammatical structure. IMPORTANT: Your work must be complete to receive a grade. Your work must be handed in as a booklet. Your work must be in order. You must hand in your work on time. Due date: January 5th 2018, 10:00 am. In case of doubts, look for an English teacher to set a time and a date to clarify doubts.

LEVEL II

GRAMMAR CONTENTS PER UNIT

Alphabet: Be able to identify and pronounce each letter of the alphabet. Numbers: Be able to identify, pronounce and spell numbers from 0-‐100.

Colors: Be able to identify, pronounce and spell different colors. Blue, red, orange, green, yellow, gold, silver, …. Days of the week: Be able to identify, pronounce and spell the of days of the week. Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, .. Months: Be able to pronounce and spell the months of the year. January, February, March, April, May, …. Seasons of the year: Be able to pronounce and spell the 4 seasons. Spring, summer, winter, autumn/fall Family Members: Be able to identify, pronounce and spell family members. Mother, mom, father, dad, sister, brother, grandfather, grandmother, cousin, aunt, uncle, siblings… Occupations: Dancer, pilot, chef, musician, electrician, pharmacist, travel agent….. Countries and Nationalities: China-‐Chinese Australia-‐Australian Jordan-‐ Jordanian….

Food: Be able to identify, classify, pronounce and spell different types of food. Count nouns: plural form (apples, bananas, oranges, ...) Count nouns: singular form (an apple, a banana, an orange, …) Non-‐count nouns: soda, rice, sugar, pepper, … Fruit: banana, pear, apple, pineapple, watermelon…….

Vegetables: lettuce, carrots, potato, beat, squash… Drinks: soda, beer, water, … Protein: meat, shrimp, fish, eggs, beans, tofu, … Spices: cinnamon, salt, pepper, paprika …. Herbs: mint, peppermint, chamomile, Meat: pork, poultry, beef,… Dairy products: cheese, milk, butter, ……. Means of Transportation: Be able to identify, classify, pronounce and spell different types of means of transportation. Air transportation: helicopter, airplane, blimp, hot air balloon, jet, glider, ……. Land transportation: car, train, bus, subway, .… Water transportation: boat, ship, submarine, kayak, …. Clothing/ Accessories: Be able to identify, classify, pronounce and spell different types of clothing for each season and gender. Summer: shorts, t-‐shirt, bathing suit, ……. Spring: t-‐shirt, sandals, …. Winter: coat, boots, … Fall: sweater, pants, … Boy/man: shirt, trousers …. Girl/woman: blouse, dress, skirt, … Accessories: belt, cap, necklace, …

Adjectives: Be able to recognize, pronounce, spell, use and relate to their opposite. Subject + Be + Adjective = She is intelligent. Subject + Be + Adjective + a/an + Noun = She is an intelligent girl. Happy-‐Unhappy Rich-‐Poor… Daily Routines: Brush your teeth, get up, eat breakfast, go to bed, catch the bus, … Greetings: Hello, hi, good morning, good afternoon, good evening, good night, bye, good bye, see you, see you later…

Asking and Giving personal information: What is your name? My name is……. What is your last name? My last name is…. How do you spell your name/last name? e.g. Tom = T-‐O-‐M Where do you live? How old are you ?

WH question words: Where, When, What, Why, Who, How, How old, What time, How many ….

Pronouns: Be able to identify and use the correct pronoun in context.

Subject Pronoun Object Pronoun

I Me

You singular You

He Him

She Her

It It

We Us

You plural You

They Them

UNIT 1: Verb to be: Be able to use the Correct Subject with Verb to be

Subject Verb be Contracted form Negative Contracted form Question form

I am I´m I am not I´m not Are you../ Am I..?

You singular are You´re You are not You aren´t Are you..?

He is He´s He is not He isn´t Is he ..?

She is She´s She is not She isn´t Is she..?

It is It´s It is not It isn´t Is it..?

We are We´re We are not We aren´t Are we..?

You plural are You´re You are not You aren´t Are you..?

They are They´re They are not They aren´t Are they..?

Possessives: Be able to identify and use the correct possessive form in context.

Subject Possessive Adjectives

I My

You singular Your

He His

She Her

It Its

We Our

You plural Your

They Their

UNIT 2: Prepositions of time: in : the morning, in 2017 .. on : Monday, Sunday, .. at : 3 o’clock ..

Simple Present

Usage: • Habitual Activities / Routines • General Facts / Truths • States / Feelings / Perceptions • Descriptions • Likes / Dislikes • Things that happen all the time

Add s or es to verbs used with he, she or it in affirmative sentences.

Use Do/ Does to make questions.

Adverbs of frequency: O% ____________________._____________________.___________________100% Never Sometimes Often Always

e.g. I always brush my teeth before I go to bed. Do you have breakfast before you go to school? He often studies for exams. We are happy. What does she do on weekends?

UNIT 3: Possessives: Be able to identify and use the correct possessive form in context.

Subject Possessive Pronouns

I Mine

You singular Yours

He His

She Hers

It X

We Ours

You plural Yours

They Theirs

Be able to use the word WHOSE to ask for possessions and the expression BELONG(S) TO

e.g. (singular)Whose bag is this? It belongs to him. It is His. (plural)Whose Tickets are those on the table? They belong to her. They are hers.

Should: Use should or should not to give advice or recommendations. Be able to use should for affirmative and negative statements as well as in questions.

e.g. Should Juan go to the party or study for his test? He should stay home: He shouldn´t / should not go to the party ?

UNIT 4:

Use some and any with count and non-‐count nouns.

Use How much and How many with quantifiers: lots of, a few, a little.

Use THIS IS (ISN´T) / THAT IS (ISN´T) for SINGULAR and NON-‐COUNT nouns.

Use THESE ARE (AREN´T) / THOSE ARE (AREN´T) for PLURAL COUNTABLE nouns.

UNIT 5: Present Continuous

Present Continuous:

Subject Should BFV Complement

Affirmative You should drink 2 lts of water a day.

Negative Tom should not smoke.

Question Should Luis and Erika use cash ?

• Actions happening right now • Ongoing activities that started in the past and will continue in the future

Time expressions Related: Every day, Now, When, Right now, While, etc.

e.g. He is playing soccer at the moment. She is not watching TV now! Is Anna cleaning her room?

Adventure Sports : bungee jumping, kayaking, mountain biking, paragliding, skydiving, octopush, cheese-‐rolling race, sepak takraw..

Sports: archery, bowling, boxing, ping pong, tennis, wrestling, horse back riding, …

Activities: taking a break, reading, listening to music, lifting weights, ..

Sports Words: champion, score, coach, goal, league, match, team, uniform, scoreboard, injuries, winning, spectators, ..

UNIT 6: The Simple past

Simple Past:

• Actions that were completed in the past. • Simple past tense of the verb to be (was/were).

Regular & Irregular verbs Use DID + BFV to make questions Use DIDN´T + BFV for negative statements. e.g. Did he rent a car? She took a lot of pictures when she traveled to Australia last summer. They didn´t travel by train nor bus. They used a bike. Was he at school yesterday? Sara and Anna were very happy all day long. Mike wasn´t late to class!

UNIT 7: Verbs with direct and indirect object.

Direct Object = The object the action is done to. Indirect Object = The person for whom the action is done. (SUBJECT) + VERB INDIRECT OBJECT DIRECT OBJECT

I sent Tom an e-‐mail yesterday.

Lend me a pencil please.

SUBJECT + VERB DIRECT OBJECT TO / FOR INDIRECT OBJECT

I sent an e-‐mail to Tom yesterday.

My mother baked some cookies for my class reunion .

Sensory verbs (smell, feel, look, taste, sound)

• Sensory verbs are stative verbs and because of this they are not used in the simple progressive form.

• Sensory verbs are usually followed by an adjective.

UNIT 8: Future

Future with Will

• Predictions • Statements of fact • Promises • Decisions made at the time of speaking/ immediate decisions.

Future with Be going to

• Predictions (informally) • Plans • Intentions

Decisions made at the time of speaking/ immediate decisions.

LEVEL III


UNIT 1: Simple Present vs Present Continuous, The Simple Past

Simple Present:

• Habitual Activities / Routines • General Facts / Truths • States / Feelings / Perceptions • Descriptions • Likes / Dislikes • Things that happen all the time

Present Continuous:

• Actions happening right now • Ongoing activities that started in the past and will continue in the future

Time expressions Related: Every day, Now, When, While, etc.

Simple Past:

• Simple or repeated occurrences in the past • Actions during a time period that is finished

Regular & Irregular verbs

UNIT 2: The Present Perfect. Form, Meaning, Use

Affirmative, Negative, Questions, Short answers

Connection between present and past situations.

• Situations that began in the past and continue into the present. • Experience in general when specific time is not important / relevant

Since / For / All

Already / ever / yet

Questions, affirmative, negative,

UNIT 3: Future with Will, Time Clauses

• Predictions • Statements of fact • Promises • Decisions made at the time of speaking

Time Clauses: Present Simple, before and after

UNIT 4: Comparatives, Superlatives, Equatives

Comparatives: more than, -‐er than, irregular

Superlatives: the most, the … -‐est, irregular

Equatives; as … as, not as … as

Infinitives of Purpose: To express the desired result of an action

• At the beginning or end of the sentence

UNIT 5: Simple Past vs Past Continuous

Simple Past for completed actions in the past

Past Continuous for things in progress at a specific mention of time in the past

Simultaneous actions: Past simple + Past Continuous; Past Continuous+ Past Continuous

Enough, not enough, too + adjective, so+ adjective

(too and so as intensifiers in contrast: big enough, not big enough, too big, so big)

UNIT 6: Simple Past vs Present Perfect

Simple Past: Completed action with/without a specific mention of time

Present Perfect: To connect the past with the present (no specific mention of time)

For / Since / All Review

Questions with how + adjective / adverb

Asking for the clarification of the degree of the adverb or adjective

LEVEL III


UNIT 7: Present and past passive voice with by.

Present passive voice:

• It´s a construction that emphasizes the receiver of an action, it is used especially for sentences in which the agent of an action is not important of is unknown.

• Active voice: my country imports wine from Italy. / Passive voice: wine is imported from Italy (by my country).

Past passive voice (with by): This watch was made in the 1920s (by a German company)

UNIT 8: Real conditionals in the future, quantifiers (review).

• Real conditionals in the future (often called the 1st conditional): It describes what you think you will do in a specific situation in the future.

Example: If I study hard, I will get a good grade.

• Unreal conditional (often called the 2nd conditional): it is used to talk about imaginary situations in the future.

Example: If I studied hard, I would get good grades. (But I´m lazy)

• Unreal situations in the past (often called the third conditional): We use it to talk about a condition in the past that did not happen. That is why there is no possibility for this condition. The third conditional is also like a dream, but with no possibility of the dream coming true.

Example: If I had studied hard, I would have passed the exams. (But I didn´t study)

Quantifiers: (review) how much, how many.

• HOW MANY: With countable nouns: too few, a few, some, a lot of, many, too many. • HOW MUCH: With non-‐countable nouns: too Little, a Little, some, a lot of, too much.

Do not use ¨much¨ in affirmative sentences: He has much money / He has a lot of money.

UNIT 9: Used to, would, past passive voice (review).

• Used to/would: Both are used to talk about things that were true in the past, but are not true now. Both have the same meaning, but would is slightly more formal and is used more often in writing.

• Past passive voice: active and passive and with ¨by¨ (review)

UNIT 10: Modals of necessity, modals of prohibition.

• Modals of necessity: Affirmative and Negative, must (used in formal situations and in writing, for negative, I don’t have to, musn´t expresses prohibition), have to (is used for all tenses, for the past, I had to or didn´t have to), have got to (is informal).

• Modals of prohibition: mustn’t, can´t. we used when something is not allowed.

UNIT 11: Modals for giving advice, infinitive pronouns,

• Modals for giving advice: Ought to, should/n´t, had better, had better not. Had better not is stronger than should or ought to. It means something bad could happen if the advice isn´t followed. They also imply a relationship of authority (such as boss, teacher, doctor, etc.)

• Infinitive pronouns: Used to talk about unknown or indefinite people or things. -‐one: someone, anyone, everyone, no one, -‐ body: somebody, everybody, anybody, nobody,-‐ thing: something, anything, everything, nothing. (all indefinite pronouns except for no one are written as one word)

UNIT 12: As...as, would rather.

• As…as/ not as …as : (equatives) It can be used with adjectives, adverbs, nouns or verbs.

• Would rather/ would rather not: affirmative and negative sentences and questions. Used to express a preference among alternatives.

LEVEL IV


• UNIT 1 Present Perfect v’s Present Perfect continuous -‐have + past participle / have been + past participle

• UNIT 2 Gerunds as subjects:

Working and studying at the same time is difficult.

Gerunds after prepositions ( in, about, of, before, by, after, with, against,on)

We use the Gerund after the following phrases:

accuse of They were accused of breaking into a shop.

agree with I agree with playing darts.

apologize for They apologize for being late.

believe in She doesn't believe in getting lost in the wood.

blame for The reporter is blamed for writing bad stories.

complain about She complains about bullying.

concentrate on Do you concentrate on reading or writing?

congratulate sb. on I wanted to congratulate you on making such a good speech.

cope with He is not sure how to cope with getting older.

decide against They decided against stealing the car.

depend on Success may depend on becoming more patient.

dream about/of Sue dreams of being a pop star.

feel like They feel like going to bed.

get used to You must get used to working long hours.

insist on The girls insisted on going out with Mark.

look forward to I'm looking forward to seeing you soon.

prevent sb. from sth. How can I prevent Kate from working in this shop?

rely on sth. He doesn't rely on winning in the casino.

succeed in How then can I succeed in learning chemistry?

specialize in The firm specialized in designing websites.

stop sb. from I stopped Andrew from smoking.

talk about/of They often talk about travelling to New Zealand.

think of Frank thinks of playing chess.

warn sb. against We warned them against using this computer.

worry about The patient worries about having the check-up.

• UNIT 3

Passive Voice -‐Active voice: The children ate the cookies -‐Passive voice: The cookies were eaten. -‐Passive with by: The cookies were eaten by the children. Past Perfect -‐had + past participle

• UNIT 4

Gerunds v’s infinitives

Verbs Followed by an Infinitive She agreed to speak before the game.

agree aim appear arrange ask attempt be able beg begin care choose condescend

consent continue dare decide deserve detest dislike expect fail forget get happen

have hesitate hope hurry intend leap leave like long love mean neglect

offer ought plan prefer prepare proceed promise propose refuse remember say

shoot start stop strive swear threaten try use wait want wish

Verbs Followed by a Gerund They enjoyed working on the boat.

admit advise appreciate avoid can't help complete consider

delay deny detest dislike enjoy escape excuse

finish forbid get through have imagine mind miss

permit postpone practice quit recall report resent

resist resume risk spend (time) suggest tolerate waste (time)

VERBS FOLLOWED BY GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES WITH LITTLE OR NO CHANGE IN MEANING

• begin • can’t bear • can’t stand • continue • hate • like • love • prefer • propose • start

-‐Review Passive Voice ( subject + be + past participle (+ agent ) )

• UNIT 5 -‐Unreal conditionals in Present -‐Wish in the present

• UNIT 6 -‐Reported speech / Quoted speech (all tenses)

INDIRECT (REPORTED) SPEECH TENSE CHANGE LIST

DIRECT QUOTE INDIRECT (REPORTED) SPEECH

SIMPLE PRESENT changes to SIMPLE PAST

"I work at Toyota." "I don't work at Honda." "I am a manager." "I'm not a salesman."

He said he worked at Toyota. He said he didn't work at Honda. He said he was a manager. He said he wasn't a salesman.

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE changes to PAST PROGRESSIVE

"I'm cleaning my house today." "I'm not going to work today." "Mary is dancing in the show." "She isn't singing in the show."

He said he was cleaning his house today. He said he wasn't going to work today. Lee said that Mary was dancing in the show. He said she wasn't singing in the show.

PRESENT PERFECT changes to PAST PERFECT

"I've already seen that movie." "I haven't heard that song before." "Gary has called three times." "He hasn't left any messages though."

She said she had already seen that movie. She said she hadn't heard that song before. Jack said Gary had called three times. He said Gary hadn't left any messages though.

PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE changes to PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

"Jeff has been exercising." "He hasn't been studying." "Celine and Lee have been working." "They haven't been sleeping."

She said Jeff had been exercising. She said he hadn't been studying. Ling said they had been working. She said they hadn't been sleeping.

SIMPLE PAST changes to PAST PERFECT

"I saw my friend." "I didn't see Monika." "I was late." "I wasn't on time."

She said she had seen his friend. She said she hadn't seen Monika. He said he had been late. He said he hadn't been on time.

-MODALS- PRESENT MODALS change to PAST MODALS

"I will wash the dishes." "I won't go."

She said she would wash the dishes. He said he wouldn't go.

"I can dance." "I can't swim."

He said he could dance. He said he couldn't swim.

"There may be a problem." "There may not be any milk left." (No contraction)

She said there might be a problem. She said there might not be any milk left. (No contraction)

HAVE TO / HAS TO and MUST change to HAD TO

"I have to clean my room." "I don't have to clean the kitchen."

He said he had to clean his room. He said he didn't have to clean the kitchen.

"Sara has to work today." "She doesn't have to go to class."

Peter said Sara had to work today. He said she didn't have to go to class.

"I must go to the store." (No negative form possible)

She said she had to go to the store. (No negative form possible)

THESE MODALS DO NOT CHANGE: would, could, might, ought to, should

"I would like a sandwich." He said he would like a sandwich.

"I couldn't go to the party." She said she couldn't go to the party.

"It might rain today." The weatherman said it might rain today.

"You really ought to do your homework."

The teacher said I really ought to do my homework.

"You should be nicer to your sister." My mom said I should be nicer to my sister.

UNIT 7 • Passive Voice :

• SIMPLE PRESENT and SIMPLE PAST • am/is/are + past participle • was/were + past participle

• SIMPLE PRESENT • Jack is bored by the movie.

• SIMPLE PAST • They were surprisedby the movie.

• PRESENT CONTINUOUS (PROGRESSIVE) • am/is/are + being + past participle • was/were + being + past participle • Shannon is being helped by me.

• PRESENT PERFECT • have/has been + past participle • had been + past participle •

• Active: Present Perfect • I have mailed the gift. • Jack has mailed the gifts.

• Passive: Present Perfect

• The gift has been mailed by me. • The gifts have been mailed by Jack.

UNIT 7

• Review Reported Speech Statements ( Unit 6 )

o All tenses • Indirect Questions

Phrases for Indirect Questions

• Could you tell me…,Do you know…,I was wondering…,Do you have any idea…,I’d like to know…,Would it be possible…,Is there any chance…

• Using 'do' • Using 'if' or 'whether': If there is no question word (who,

what, when, why, how) in a direct question, we need to use if or whether in the indirect question.

UNIT 8 • Review Question Forms

• Using auxiliaries (All tenses) • Negative Questions

• Aren’t you coming? (Contracted – auxiliary verb + n’t + subject) • Doesn’t he understand? (Auxiliary verb + n’t + subject) • Are you not coming? (Uncontracted – auxiliary verb + subject + not) • Does he not understand? (Auxiliary verb + subject + not) • Didn’t you see Ann yesterday? How is she doing? (= I believe that you saw

Ann yesterday.) • You may also express your opinions in a more polite way by changing

them into negative questions. • Wouldn’t it be nice to paint that wall green? (More polite than

‘It would be nice to paint that wall green.’) • A negative question can also be used to ask for confirmation of a negative

belief. In this case the speaker is surprised that something has not happened or is not happening.

• Hasn’t the postman come yet? • Polite requests, offers, complaints etc

• Pressing offers and invitations often assume the form of negative questions. They usually begin Won’t you…? Wouldn’t you…? or Why don’t you…?

• Wouldn’t you like something to drink? • Why don’t you come and spend the evening with us?

• Can you help me with my homework? (Ordinary question used as a request.)

• Read more at http://www.englishgrammar.org/negative-‐questions/#FSPIu7C2HGl7WAKD.99

• Object Adjective Clauses • Nonrestrictive clauses require the use of commas. A nonrestrictive

clause doesn’t restrict or limit the noun it is modifying. • Mr. Jones, who is going through a midlife crisis, just bought a

shiny red Corvette. • This clause is nonrestrictive because it doesn’t restrict information

about Mr. Jones. There is much more to know about him. By placing the clause between commas, it becomes clear that the adjective clause is just giving it added, not essential, information about Mr. Jones.

• Restrictive clauses do not require the use of commas. A restrictive clause does limit the possible meaning of the subject. For example:

• The movies that I like best are filled with action and adventure.

• Now the clause is restricted because it is identifying which movies I like best. I don’t like all movies equally well. Because the clause helps identify it isn’t set off with commas.

UNIT 9 • Tag Questions

• Affirmative • Negative

• Adverbial Clauses of Time • after, as, as soon as ,before ,now that ,once ,since, till / until, when

whenever ,while

UNIT 10 Modals for Speculating about Past

• Review Modals Possibility Unit 2 • Negative and Positive Statements, Interrogative • Must • + He must really enjoy life because he always has a smile on his face. • willl • -‐ Many industrialized countries will not (won't) stop polluting the

environment! • may:

• + Sandy may study abroad next fall, but only if she gets good grades this spring.

• might: • -‐ Gasoline-‐powered transportation might not exist in 50 years. We'll use

electric cars. • could: • + I could vote for in the next election if one of the candidates interests

me.

First, modal verbs never take a third-‐person singular s, modal verbs are always followed by a verb in the plain or bare infinitive form, never to + verb.

• Future in the Past • FORM Would [would + VERB] • I knew you would help him.

• FORM Was/Were Going To. [was/were + going to + VERB] • I knew you were not going to go to the party.

• Future in the Past is used to express the idea that in the past you thought

something would happen in the future. It does not matter if you are correct or not. Future in the Past follows the same basic rules as the Simple Future. "Would" is used to volunteer or promise, and "was going to" is used to plan. Moreover, both forms can be used to make predictions about the future.

• I told you he was going to come to the party. plan • I knew Julie would make dinner. voluntary action • Jane said Sam was going to bring his sister with him, but he came alone.

plan • I had a feeling that the vacation was going to be a disaster. prediction • He promised he would send a postcard from Egypt. Promise

Unit 11

• Perfect Modals o Subject + modal + have + past participle o can, could, will, would, may, might, must, shall & should

• Noun Clauses • As a Subject, Compliment, Direct Object, after a preposition,

• Who Whom , Whose Which, That if , Whether What ,When Where, How Why, And various forms of "-‐ever": Whoever Whenever Whatever Wherever

• English teachers dispense wisdom to whoever will listen. • (This noun clause is the object of a preposition)

Unit 12 • Future Tenses

o will , going to , simple present tense, present continuous • Future Modals

o Will have to, have to and must convey the idea that an action is

going to be necessary in the near future. The negative forms are will not and do not have to.

§ There’s no hurry. The movie doesn’t start until 9:00, and it’s only 6:45. We do not have to leave for a while yet.

o Should and ought to convey the idea that something is expected in the future. For example:

§ As far as I know, the ferry is running on schedule. We should arrive in Vancouver in about an hour.

o Could, may or might convey the idea of future possibility. Of these, may expresses a stronger degree of certainty that an event will occur. For example:

o The temperature is dropping. It could snow during the night. o To convey the idea that a future event will possibly not take place,

use may not or might not. Do not use could not. o Correct: The temperature is rising. It may not snow tonight after all. o Incorrect: The temperature is rising. It could not snow tonight after

all.

LEVEL V


UNIT 1: Review of Past Tenses

Past Simple: Completed Actions

Past Continuous: *Ongoing past actions

*Description of Events

* Actions at a Specific Mention of Time

Present Perfect: Actions in the Past at No Specific Mention of Time

Actions in the Past that relate to the Present

Present Perfect Continuous: Emphasis in the length of an event

Time Expressions:

• (a year / week, etc.) ago • Earlier • Last (summer / week, etc) • The other … • Lately • Recently • Up to now • During • For the last … • This (Winter / week, etc)

For / Since / All

UNIT 2: Infinitives and Gerunds

Infinitives of Purpose

It + be + adjective + infinitive (adjectives with/without intensifiers)

Gerunds as subjects

Gerunds after adjective-‐preposition combinations:

accustomed to He is accustomed to having his own office.

addicted to She is addicted to watching TV.

afraid of She is afraid of speaking in public.

anxious about Norma is anxious about making the presentation.

bored of I am bored of doing the same old job.

capable of He is capable of winning a gold medal.

committed to She is committed to improving her English.

concerned about Nancy was concerned about being late.

content with Tim is content with winning second place.

dedicated to The organization is dedicated to ending poverty.

devoted to The money will be devoted to protecting the environment.

disappointed with Fiona was disappointed with coming in third place.

discouraged by He was discouraged by not getting the job.

excited about The researcher was excited about going to Africa.

famous for That actor is famous for being extremely weird.

fond of She is fond of having picnics.

frightened of She is frightened of being alone at night.

guilty of The banker was guilty of stealing money.

happy about He was happy about winning the lottery.

interested in She is interested in becoming a doctor.

involved in He was involved in making the movie.

known for She was known for causing problems.

opposed to They are opposed to building a new road in the park.

proud of He was proud of having completed the marathon.

remembered for She is remembered for protecting mountain gorillas.

responsible for He is responsible for causing the damage.

scared of Tina is scared of being alone at night.

terrified of The surfer is terrified of being attacked by a shark.

tired from She is tired from working all day.

tired of Margaret is tired of making dinner every night.

worried about The hikers were worried about not having enough water.

Gerunds after verb-‐preposition combinations:

accuse of They were accused of breaking into a shop.

agree with I agree with playing darts.

apologize for They apologize for being late.

believe in She doesn't believe in getting lost in the wood.

blame for The reporter is blamed for writing bad stories.

complain about She complains about bullying.

concentrate on Do you concentrate on reading or writing?

congratulate sb. on I wanted to congratulate you on making such a good speech.

cope with He is not sure how to cope with getting older.

decide against They decided against stealing the car.

depend on Success may depend on becoming more patient.

dream about/of Sue dreams of being a pop star.

feel like They feel like going to bed.

get used to You must get used to working long hours.

insist on The girls insisted on going out with Mark.

look forward to I'm looking forward to seeing you soon.

prevent sb. from sth. How can I prevent Kate from working in this shop?

rely on sth. He doesn't rely on winning in the casino.

succeed in How then can I succeed in learning chemistry?

specialize in The firm specialized in designing websites.

stop sb. from I stopped Andrew from smoking.

talk about/of They often talk about travelling to New Zealand.

think of Frank thinks of playing chess.

warn sb. against We warned them against using this computer.

worry about The patient worries about having the check-‐up.

Verbs Followed by Gerunds

* = verb followed by a gerund OR a noun + an infinitive ** = verb followed by a gerund OR an infinitive with a difference in meaning

*** = verb followed by a gerund OR an infinitive with little difference in meaning

admit He admitted cheating on the test.

advise * The doctor generally advised drinking low-‐fat milk.

allow * Ireland doesn't allow smoking in bars.

anticipate I anticipated arriving late.

appreciate I appreciated her helping me.

avoid He avoided talking to her.

begin *** I began learning Chinese.

can't bear *** He can't bear having so much responsibility.

can't help He can't help talking so loudly.

can't see I can't see paying so much money for a car.

can't stand *** He can't stand her smoking in the office.

cease *** The government ceased providing free healthcare.

complete He completed renovating the house.

consider She considered moving to New York.

continue *** He continued talking.

defend The lawyer defended her making such statements.

delay He delayed doing his taxes.

deny He denied committing the crime.

despise She despises waking up early.

discuss We discussed working at the company.

dislike She dislikes working after 5 PM.

don't mind I don't mind helping you.

dread ** She dreads getting up at 5 AM.

encourage * He encourages eating healthy foods.

enjoy We enjoy hiking.

finish ** He finished doing his homework.

forget ** I forgot giving you my book.

hate *** I hate cleaning the bathroom.

imagine He imagines working there one day.

involve The job involves traveling to Japan once a month.

keep She kept interrupting me.

like *** She likes listening to music.

love *** I love swimming.

mention He mentioned going to that college.

mind Do you mind waiting here for a few minutes.

miss She misses living near the beach.

need ** The aquarium needs cleaning.

neglect *** Sometimes she neglects doing her homework.

permit * California does not permit smoking in restaurants.

postpone He postponed returning to Paris.

practice She practiced singing the song.

prefer *** He prefers sitting at the back of the movie theater.

propose *** I proposed having lunch at the beach.

quit ** She quit worrying about the problem.

recall Tom recalled using his credit card at the store.

recollect She recollected living in Kenya.

recommend Tony recommended taking the train.

regret ** She regretted saying that.

remember ** I remember telling her the address yesterday.

report He reported her stealing the money.

require * The certificate requires completing two courses.

resent Nick resented Debbie's being there.

resist He resisted asking for help.

risk He risked being caught.

start *** He started studying harder.

stop ** She stopped working at 5 o'clock.

suggest They suggested staying at the hotel.

tolerate I tolerated her talking.

try ** Sam tried opening the lock with a paperclip.

understand I understand his quitting.

urge * They urge recycling bottles and paper.

Verbs Followed by Infinitives

*http://www.englishpage.com/gerunds/verb_noun_infinitive_list.htm -‐ op = verb followed by an infinitive OR an optional noun + an infinitive **http://www.englishpage.com/gerunds/gerund_or_infinitive_different_list.htm = verb followed by a gerund OR an infinitive with a difference in meaning ***http://www.englishpage.com/gerunds/gerund_or_infinitive_same_list.htm = verb followed by a gerund OR an infinitive with little difference in meaning

agree Tom agreed to help me.

appear His health appeared to be better.

arrange Naomi arranged to stay with her cousin in Miami.

ask * She asked to leave.

begin ** He began to talk.

can't bear *** He can't bear to be alone.

can't stand *** Nancy can't stand to work the late shift.

care He doesn't care to participate in the activity.

cease *** The government ceased to provide free healthcare.

choose * I chose to help.

claim She claimed to be a princess.

continue *** She continued to talk.

decide We decided to go to Hawaii.

demand He demanded to speak to Mr. Harris.

deserve He deserves to go to jail.

dread ** I dread to think what might happen.

expect * They expect to arrive early.

fail He failed to get enough money to pay for the new project.

forget ** I forgot to lock the door when I left.

get (be allowed to) Debbie gets to go to the concert next week! Why can't I?

happen She happened to be at the bank when it was robbed.

hate *** He hates to clean dishes.

hesitate She hesitated to tell me the problem.

hope I hope to begin college this year.

intend We intend to visit you next spring.

learn I learned to speak Japanese when I was a kid.

like *** Samantha likes to read.

love *** We love to scuba dive.

manage He managed to open the door without the key.

need *, ** I need to study.

neglect *** She neglected to tell me the date of the meeting.

offer Frank offered to drive us to the supermarket.

plan We plan to go to Europe this summer.

prefer *** He prefers to eat at 7 PM.

prepare * They prepared to take the test.

pretend The child pretended to be a monster.

promise * She promised to stop smoking.

propose *** Drew proposed to pay for the trip.

refuse The guard refused to let them enter the building.

regret ** I regret to inform you that your application was rejected.

remember ** Did you remember to lock the door when you left?

seem Nancy seemed to be disappointed.

start ** Marge started to talk really fast.

swear She swore to tell the truth.

tend He tends to be a little shy.

threaten * He threatened to leave forever.

try ** Mary tried to lift the table, but it was too heavy.

vow He vowed to get revenge.

wait She waited to buy a movie ticket.

want * I want to study Spanish.

wish * I wish to stay.

would like * (meaning "wish" or "want")

We would like to start now.

yearn Melanie yearns to travel somewhere exotic.

UNIT 3: Future Forms

Present Continuous as in Future (definite plans / arrangements)

Be going to: Definite Plans / Intentions

Will: Definite plans / Predictions / Spontaneous Reactions / Promises

Future Continuous: Ongoing Future Actions

UNIT 4: Infinitive Complements

• Verb-‐Infinitive: She needs to study for the test. • Verb-‐Object-‐Infinitive: He wanted me to stay longer. • Verb-‐ for / object+ Infinitive: They arranged for me to have an interview.

Causatives: make / have / let / help / get

Make / have / let + Simple form

Help+ simple form / infinitive

Get + infinitive

UNIT 5: Adverbial Clauses

Time: after since, whenever, as son as, until, while, before, when

Reason: because, since

Contrast: although, (even) though

Purpose: so (that)

Before, after, during, since, and until followed by a noun phrase

Types

Type of Clause

Common Conjunctions Function Example

clauses of time

when, before, after, since, while, as, as long as, until,till, etc. (conjunctions that answer the question "when?"); thepaired (correlative) conjunctions hardly ... when, scarcely ... when, barely ... when, no sooner ... than[1]

These clauses are used to say when something happens by referring to a period of time or to another event.

Her goldfish died when she was young.

clause of condition

if, unless, lest

These clauses are used to talk about a possible or counterfactual situation and its consequences.

If they lose weight during an illness, they soon regain it afterwards.

clauses of purpose

in order to, so that, in order that These clauses are used to indicate the purpose of an action.

They had to take some of his land so that they could extend the chuchyard.

clauses of reason

because, since, as, given These clauses are used to indicate the reason for something.

I couldn't feel anger against him because I liked him too much.

clause of concession

although, though, while

These clauses are used to make two statements, one of which contrasts with the other or makes it seem surprising.

I used to read a lotalthough I don't get much time for books now.

clauses of place

where, wherever, anywhere, everywhere, etc. (conjunctions that answer the question "where?")

These clauses are used to talk about the location or position of something.

He said he was happywhere he was.

clause of comparison

as Adverb as is a clause which states comparison.

Johan can speak English as fluently as his teacher.

clauses of manner

as, like, the way These clauses are used to talk about someone's behavior or the way something is done,

I was never allowed to do things as I wanted to do them.

answering the question, "How?".

result clauses

so...that, such...that These clauses are used to indicate the result of something.

My suitcase had become so damaged on the journey home that the lid would not stay closed.

UNIT 6: Adjective Clauses with Subject Relative Pronouns

An adjective clause—also called an adjectival or relative clause—will meet three requirements:

First, it will contain a subject and verb.

Next, it will begin with a relative pronoun [who, whom, whose, that, or which] or a relative adverb [when, where, or why].

Finally, it will function as an adjective, answering the questions What kind? How many? or Which one?

• The adjective clause will follow one of these two patterns: relative pronoun or adverb + subject + verb relative pronoun as subject + verb

• Here are some examples: Whose big, brown eyes pleaded for another cookie Whose = relative pronoun; eyes = subject; pleaded = verb. Why Fred cannot stand sitting across from his sister Melanie Why = relative adverb; Fred = subject; can stand = verb [not, an adverb, is not officially part of the verb]. That bounced across the kitchen floor That = relative pronoun functioning as subject; bounced = verb. Who hiccupped for seven hours afterward Who = relative pronoun functioning as subject; hiccupped = verb. UNIT 7: Comparative Forms (more than / less than / equal to / as…as / not as … as) Adjectives, Adverbs, Quantity Expressions, Irregular Forms

UNIT 8: Past Modals Disbelief , Impossibility, Possibility, Logical Conclusion, Regret Past modals I can drive. I could drive when I was 16. I have to go to California. I had to go to California. Lenny will pay tomorrow. Lenny said he would pay tomorrow.

(present ability) (past ability) (present obligation) (past obligation) (future intention) (future reported from the past)

Past modals with have Formed by using have + the past participle of the main verb immediately after the modal. (should have, could have, would have, etc.) However, since modals express possibility, intention, obligation, etc., they do not always indicate a definite tense. Therefore, when using past modals with have, special meanings need to be considered. I should go to the funeral. I should have gone to the funeral. Lex might take Karen to the airport. Lex might have taken Karen to the airport. Lex could have taken Karen to the airport. Lex would have taken Karen to the airport. Otis didn't come to work yesterday. He had to take care of his children. His children must have been sick.

(I feel an obligation to go-‐-‐later.) (I didn't go. Now I regret it.) (It's a future possibility.) (He may be on his way there now.) (Most likely he didn't.) (He didn't. He had an excuse.) (past fact) (past obligation) (conjecture about the past)

UNIT 9: Passive Voice All Tenses: Simple Present, Simple Past, Present Perfect, Present Continuous, Past Continuous, Simple Future With Modals Examples of Passive Tense Subject Verb Object

Simple Present Active: Rita writes a letter.

Passive: A letter is written by Rita.

Simple Past Active: Rita wrote a letter.

Passive: A letter was written by Rita.

Present Perfect Active: Rita has written a letter.

Passive: A letter has been written by Rita.

Future I Active: Rita will write a letter.

Passive: A letter will be written by Rita.

Modals Active: Rita can write a letter.

Passive: A letter can be written by Rita. Examples of Passive Tense Subject Verb Object

Present Progressive

Active: Rita is writing a letter.

Passive: A letter is being written by Rita.

Past Progressive Active: Rita was writing a letter.

Passive: A letter was being written by Rita.

Past Perfect Active: Rita had written a letter.

Passive: A letter had been written by Rita.

Future II Active: Rita will have written a letter.

Passive: A letter will have been written by Rita.

Conditional I Active: Rita would write a letter.

Passive: A letter would be written by Rita.

Conditional II Active: Rita would have written a letter.

Passive: A letter would have been written by Rita. Passive Sentences with Two Objects Rewriting an active sentence with two objects in passive voice means that one of the two objects becomes the subject, the other one remains an object. Which object to transform into a subject depends on what you want to put the focus on. Subject Verb Object 1 Object 2

Active: Rita wrote a letter to me.

Passive: A letter was written to me by Rita.

Passive: I was written a letter by Rita.

UNIT 10: The Conditionals Possible (Real) / Imaginary (Unreal)

type condition

I condition possible to fulfill (true in the rpesent/future)

II condition in theory possible to fulfill (Untrue in the present)

III condition not possible to fulfill (too late) (untrue in the past)

Form

type if clause main clause

I Simple Present will-‐future (or Modal + infinitive)

II Simple Past would + infinitive *

III Past Perfect would + have + past participle * Examples (if-‐clause at the beginning)

type if clause main clause

I If I study, I will pass the exam.

II If I studied, I would pass the exam.

III If I had studied, I would have passed the exam. Examples (if-‐clause at the end)

type main clause if-‐clause

I I will pass the exam if I study.

II I would pass the exam if I studied.

III I would have passed the exam if I had studied. Examples (affirmative and negative sentences)

type Examples

long forms short/contracted forms

I + If I study, I will pass the exam. If I study, I'll pass the exam.

-‐ If I study, I will not fail the exam. If I do not study, I will fail the exam.

If I study, I won't fail the exam. If I don't study, I'll fail the exam.

II + If I studied, I would pass the exam. If I studied, I'd pass the exam.

-‐ If I studied, I would not fail the exam. If I did not study, I would fail the exam.

If I studied, I wouldn't fail the exam. If I didn't study, I'd fail the exam.

III

+ If I had studied, I would have passed the exam. If I'd studied, I'd have passed the exam.

-‐

If I had studied, I would not have failedthe exam. If I had not studied, I would have failedthe exam.

If I'd studied, I wouldn't have failed the exam. If I hadn't studied, I'd have failed the exam.

* We can substitute could or might for would (should, may or must are sometimes possible, too). I would pass the exam.

I could pass the exam.

I might pass the exam.

I may pass the exam.

I should pass the exam.

I must pass the exam. UNIT 11: Phrasal Verbs Separable / Non Separable Transitive / Intransitive

Common Separable Phrasal Verbs

write down, add up, turn down, check out, write out, point out, try on, call off, leave out, switch off

Common Inseparable Phrasal Verbs

disagree with, tell on, get on, get off, settle on, talk over, look after, care for, hear from, run against

Transitive Phrasal Verbs Transitive phrasal verbs have a direct object.

Intransitive phrasal verbs with example sentences:

Phrasal Verb

Meaning Example Sentence

break down

stop working My car broke down and I had to take it to the mechanic.

catch on become popular Lady Gaga’s music has caught on very fast.

come over

go to someone’s house If you come over after school, we can do the homework together.

dress up wear very nice or formal clothes

We all dressed up for the Christmas party.

drop by visit without an appointment Sarah dropped by to return the book I had lent her.

eat out eat at a restaurant or café (not at home)

I’m tired and I don’t feel like cooking – let’s eat out tonight.

fall through

when something that was planned fails

We were going to spend the holiday at the beach, but our plans fell throughbecause we couldn’t find a place to stay.

get by survive with little money My job doesn’t have a high salary, but it’s enough to get by.

get up arise or get out of bed My alarm clock goes off at 6:00, but I don’t get up until 6:30.

go back return to a place I really enjoyed my visit to Germany; I’m planning to go back next spring.

grow up get older, become an adult, become more mature

My son wants to be an astronaut when he grows up.

pass out lose consciousness The football player passed out after training for 5 hours in the hot sun.

show up arrive I agreed to meet Peter at the basketball game, but he never showed up.

shut up stop talking (can be considered a rude way to say this)

My co-‐worker talks all day about stupid TV shows. I wish she would just shut up!

throw up vomit Billy threw up after drinking 20 beers.

UNIT 12: Reported Speech

Statements

1) If the introductory sentence starts in the present (Susan says), there is no backshift of tensesin Reported speech. Example: Direct speech: Susan: "I work in an office." Reported speech: Susan says (that) she works in an office.

2) If the introductory sentence starts in the past (Susan said), there is often backshift of tensesin Reported speech. (see: Note) Example: Susan: "I work in an office." Susan said (that) she worked in an office.

Backshift of tenses

from to

Simple Present Simple Past

Simple Past

Past Perfect Present Perfect

Past Perfect

will would

Progressive forms

am/are/is was/were

was/were

had been has been

had been

Backshift of tenses

from to

Peter: "I work in the garden." Peter said (that) he worked in the garden.

Peter: "I worked in the garden."

Peter said (that) he had worked in the garden. Peter: "I have worked in the garden."

Peter: "I had worked in the garden."

Peter: "I will work in the garden." Peter said (that) he would work in the garden.

Peter: "I can work in the garden." Peter said (that) he could work in the garden.

Peter: "I may work in the garden." Peter said (that) he might work in the garden.

Peter: "I would work in the garden." (could, might, should, ought to)

Peter said (that) he would work in the garden. (could, might, should, ought to)

Progressive forms

Peter: "I'm working in the garden." Peter said (that) he was working in the garden.

Peter: "I was working in the garden."

Peter said (that) he had been working in the garden. Peter: "I have been working in the garden."

Peter: "I had been working in the garden."

If the sentence contains an expression of time, you must change it as well.

Peter: "I worked in the garden yesterday." Peter said that he had worked in the garden the day before.

Shifting/Conversion of expressions of time

this (evening) that (evening)

today/this day that day

these (days) those (days)

now then

(a week) ago (a week) before

last weekend the weekend before / the previous weekend

here there

next (week) the following (week)

tomorrow the next/following day

Note:

In some cases the backshift of tenses is not necessary, e.g. when statements are still true.

John: "My brother is at Leipzig university." John said (that) his brother was at Leipzig university. or John said (that) his brother is at Leipzig university.

or

Mandy: "The sun rises in the East." Mandy said (that) the sun rose in the East. or Mandy said (that) the sun rises in the East.

If you put a command into Reported speech there are some steps which are the same like in statements: (changing of the person, backshift of tenses, changing of expressions of time).

The form is mostly: form of to tell + to + infinitive.

Affirmative commands Negative commands

Father: "Do your homework." Teacher. "Don't talk to your neighbour."

Father told me to do my homework. The teacher told me not to talk to my neighbour.

Reported Questions:

If you put a question into Reported speech there are some steps which are the same like in statements: (changing of the person, backshift of tenses, changing of expressions of time).

In Reported speech there is no question anymore, the sentence becomes a statement. That's why the word order is: subject -‐ verb

Questions without question words (yes/no questions): Peter: "Do you play football?" -‐ Peter asked me whether (if) I played football.

Questions with question words: Peter: "When do you play football?" -‐ Peter asked me when I played football.

LEVEL 6


UNIT 1: Quantifiers and Quantity expressions

• All • A lot • Much / much of • Many • Quite a few • Some • None • Any • A great deal • A Little • A majority of • Enough • Plenty • Several of • Each / every • Each of • Both • Either • Neither

UNIT 2: Noun Clauses

• with “that”

She insisted that she was inocent

• with “wh-‐word” Same Tense

I truly don´t understand how she survives

• with a question word + infinitive

We didn´t know what to say

• Using subjunctive in noun clauses

1. stressing importance or urgency.

I suggest (that) he see a doctor.

2. Negative form: not + simple form of the verb

I recommend that she not go to that movie.

3. Passive form: simple form of BE + past participle

It is essential that children be told the truth.

• Common verbs and expressions followed by the subjunctive in a noun clause:

advise, ask, demand, insist, propose, recommend, request, suggest + that + noun clause

It is + essential, imperative, important, critical, necessary, vital + that + noun clause

UNIT 3: Passive Voice (All Tenses)

• Dynamic: (expressing action) • Stative: (describing state or condition) • Reported Passive: Its is believed that sugar consumption is the main cause of

diabetes.

UNIT 4: Wishes and Regrets

• I wish / If only (Untrue in the present / past)

If only I were not so busy.

I wish I had helped you more.

• Complaints:

I wish the neighbors were not so noisy!

• Wanting change:

If only you didn’t speak to your mother like that!

UNIT 5: Modals

• Possibility: Present / Future / Past

I must be cold outside. Everyone is wearing a jacket.

• Deduction: Present / Past

She could be in the restroom, her things are still here.

She couldn’t have left, her car keys are still on her desk.

UNIT 6: Future Forms

• Arrangements: present progressive as in future • Intentions: “be going to” • Plans / Predictions / Spontaneous Reactions: Will • Future Progressive • Future Perfect • Future Perfect Progressive

UNIT 7: Noun Clauses

• with “whether” or “if”

It hasn´t been confirmed whether she will stay

It is still a mystery if she will say yes

I wonder weather / if he passed the test

• “wh question + statement” Combined tenses

She ran a 25km marathon after having trained for only one month. How does she do that?

I don’t know how she runs a 25 km marathon after having trained for only 1 month.

UNIT 8: Reported Questions, Reported Speech Review

• Yes / No Questions

Are you going to stay for the Holidays?

He asked her if/wether she was going to stay for the Holidays.

• Information Questions

Where are you staying?

He wanted to know where she was staying.

• Review All Tenses, Statements, Orders, Dirtections.

UNIT 9: Stating Conditions; Alternatives to “If”, Form, Meaning and Use

• Only (if / before / after, etc)

I’ll go only if I finish my work on time.

• Provided / Assuming / Suppose / Supposing

He won’t get there on time for the wedding provided that the plane is delayed.

• Otherwise

You should buy your tickets ahead of time, otherwise they will be very expensive.

• Even (if / when, etc)

The party will be postponed even if the weather is nicer tomorrow.

• As long as

We are leaving at 10:00 as long as the car is ready by then.

• Unless

The exams start at 8:00, unless the classrooms are still busy by then.

UNIT 10: Articles: A / An, The and No Article

Definite Article (the):

• Used to indicate a noun that is definite or has been previously specified in the context:

Please close the door. I like the clothes you gave me.

• Used to indicate a noun that is unique: Praise the Lord! The Columbia River is near here.

• Used to designate a natural phenomenon: The nights get shorter in the summer. The wind is blowing so hard.

• Used to refer to a time period: I was very naïve in the past. This song was very popular in the 1980s.

• Used to indicate all the members of a family: I invited the Bakers for dinner. This medicine was invented by the Smiths. Indefinite Article (a, an)

• Used before singular nouns that are unspecified: a pencil an orange

• Used before number collectives and some numbers: a dozen a gallon

• Used before a singular noun followed by a restrictive modifier: a girl who was wearing a yellow hat

• Used with nouns to form adverbial phrases of quantity, amount, or degree: I felt a bit depressed. UNIT 11: Adjective Clauses with Object Relative Pronouns The main relative pronouns:

Pronoun Use Example Who used for humans in subject position Hans, who is an architect, lives in Berlin. Whom used for humans in object position Marike, whom Hans knows well, is an interior decorator. Which used for things and animals in Marike has a dog which follows subject or object position her everywhere. That used for humans, animals and things, Marike is decorating a house in subject or object position that Hans designed. Defining / Restrictive clauses Defining clauses give essential information about the noun: The package that arrived this morning is on the desk. Explanation: We need this information in order to understand the sentence. Without the

relative clause, we don't know which package is being referred to. Note that “that” is often used in defining relative clauses, and they are not separated by commas.

Non-‐defining / Nonrestrictive clauses Non-‐defining clauses give extra information about the noun, but they are not essential: The desk in the corner, which is covered in books, is mine. Explanation: We don't need this information in order to understand the sentence. “The desk

in the corner is mine” is a good sentence on its own — we still know which desk is referred to. Note that non-‐defining clauses are usually separated by commas, and “that” is not usually used in this kind of context.

UNIT 12: Tag Questions. Review of Auxiliaries

• All Tenses • Modals • Requests. (Pass the salt, will you?)

jan Work Available for Students that have an Extraordinary ......He+ is+ He´s+ He+is+not+...

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