Jammu and Kashmir by naseem nazir

7/29/2019 Jammu and Kashmir by naseem nazir

1/23

Jammu and KashmirFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about a state of Republic of India. For other uses, seeKashmir (disambiguation).

Jammu and Kashmir

State of India

Flag

Seal

Location of Jammu and Kashmir inIndia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir_(disambiguation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir_(disambiguation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir_(disambiguation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Jammu_and_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Jammu_and_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kashmir_map.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:India_Jammu_and_Kashmir_locator_map.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seal_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir_color.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Jammu_and_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jammu-Kashmir-flag.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir_(disambiguation)


2/23

Map of Jammu and Kashmir

Coordinates (Srinagar): 33.45N 76.24ECoordinates: 33.45N 76.24E

Country India

Established 1947-10-26

Capital

Jammu (winter)

Srinagar(summer)

Largest city Srinagar

Districts 22

Government[*]

Governor Narinder Nath Vohra

Chief Minister Omar Abdullah (NC)

Legislature Bicameral (89 + 36 seats)

Area

Total 222,236 km2(85,806 sq mi)

Area rank 6th

Elevation 327 m (1,073 ft)

Population (2011)

Total 12,548,926

Rank 18th

Time zone IST (UTC+05:30)

ISO 3166 code IN-JK

HDI 0.601 (medium)

HDI rank 17th (2005)

Literacy 66.7% (21st)

Official languages Urdu, Kashmiri, Dogri

Website jammukashmir.nic.in

Jammu and Kashmir i/dmu/ & /kmr/is the northernmoststate of India. It is situated mostly in

theHimalayanmountains. Jammu and Kashmir shares a border with the states ofHimachal

PradeshandPunjabto the south and internationally with thePeople's Republic of Chinato the north and east

and thePakistan-administered territories ofAzad KashmirandGilgitBaltistan, to the west and northwest

respectively.
http://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Jammu_and_Kashmir&params=33.45_N_76.24_E_region:IN-JK_type:adm1sthttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Jammu_and_Kashmir&params=33.45_N_76.24_E_region:IN-JK_type:adm1sthttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Jammu_and_Kashmir&params=33.45_N_76.24_E_region:IN-JK_type:adm1sthttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Jammu_and_Kashmir&params=33.45_N_76.24_E_region:IN-JK_type:adm1sthttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Jammu_and_Kashmir&params=33.45_N_76.24_E_region:IN-JK_type:adm1sthttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Jammu_and_Kashmir&params=33.45_N_76.24_E_region:IN-JK_type:adm1sthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_(city)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_(city)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srinagarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srinagarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_districtshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#endnote_leghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#endnote_leghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#endnote_leghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governors_of_Jammu_and_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governors_of_Jammu_and_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governors_of_Jammu_and_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governors_of_Jammu_and_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narinder_Nath_Vohrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Prime_and_Chief_Ministers_of_Jammu_and_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Prime_and_Chief_Ministers_of_Jammu_and_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Prime_and_Chief_Ministers_of_Jammu_and_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Prime_and_Chief_Ministers_of_Jammu_and_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Abdullahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_%26_Kashmir_National_Conferencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_%26_Kashmir_National_Conferencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_%26_Kashmir_National_Conferencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_Legislaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_Legislaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_Legislaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_Legislaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicameralismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicameralismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_zonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_zonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Standard_Timehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B05:30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B05:30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B05:30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166-2:INhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166-2:INhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Development_Indexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literacy_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmiri_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmiri_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogri_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogri_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogri_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogri_languagehttp://jammukashmir.nic.in/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JammuKashmir.ogghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JammuKashmir.ogghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himachal_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himachal_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himachal_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himachal_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azad_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azad_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azad_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilgit%E2%80%93Baltistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilgit%E2%80%93Baltistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilgit%E2%80%93Baltistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilgit%E2%80%93Baltistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilgit%E2%80%93Baltistanhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/JammuKashmir.ogghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/JammuKashmir.ogghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/JammuKashmir.ogghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilgit%E2%80%93Baltistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azad_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himachal_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himachal_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JammuKashmir.ogghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JammuKashmir.ogghttp://jammukashmir.nic.in/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogri_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmiri_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literacy_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Development_Indexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166-2:INhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B05:30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Standard_Timehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_zonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicameralismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_Legislaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_%26_Kashmir_National_Conferencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Abdullahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Prime_and_Chief_Ministers_of_Jammu_and_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narinder_Nath_Vohrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governors_of_Jammu_and_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#endnote_leghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_districtshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srinagarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_(city)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Jammu_and_Kashmir&params=33.45_N_76.24_E_region:IN-JK_type:adm1sthttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Jammu_and_Kashmir&params=33.45_N_76.24_E_region:IN-JK_type:adm1sthttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Jammu_and_Kashmir&params=33.45_N_76.24_E_region:IN-JK_type:adm1st


3/23

Formerly a part of the erstwhilePrincely State of Kashmir and Jammu, which governed the larger

historicregion of Kashmir, thisterritory is disputedamong China, India andPakistan. Pakistan, whichclaims

the territory as disputed,[1]refers to it alternatively as Indian-occupied Kashmir or Indian-held Kashmir, while

some international agencies such as theUnited Nations[2]call it Indian-administered Kashmir. The regions

under the control of Pakistan are referred to as Pakistan-occupied Kashmir or PoK within India and Pakistan-

administered Kashmir generally.

Jammu and Kashmir consists of three regions:Jammu, theKashmir valleyandLadakh.Srinagaris the summer

capital, andJammuis the winter capital. While the Kashmir valley is famous for its beautiful mountainous

landscape, Jammu's numerousshrinesattract tens of thousands ofHindupilgrims every year. Ladakh, also

known as "LittleTibet", is renowned for its remote mountain beauty andBuddhistculture.

Contents

[hide]

1 History

2 Geography and climate

3 Administrative divisions

o 3.1 Major cities

4 Population of major cities

5 Demographics

6 Statehood

7 Politics and government

8 Economy

9 Tourism

10 Culture

11 Education

12 See also

13 Notes

14 References

15 External links

History

Main articles:History of Kashmir,Kashmir and Jammu, andKashmir conflict

Hari Singhhad ascended the throne of Kashmir in 1925 and was the reigning monarch at the conclusion of

British rule in the subcontinent in 1947. One of the conditions of thepartition of Indiaimposed by Britain was

that the rulers of princely states would have the right to opt for either Pakistan or India or remain independent.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir_and_Jammu_(princely_state)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir_and_Jammu_(princely_state)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir_and_Jammu_(princely_state)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir_conflicthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir_conflicthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir_conflicthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir_conflicthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir_conflicthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir_conflicthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir_valleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir_valleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir_valleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladakhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladakhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladakhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srinagarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srinagarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srinagarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_(city)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_(city)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_(city)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#Geography_and_climatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#Geography_and_climatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#Administrative_divisionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#Administrative_divisionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#Major_citieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#Major_citieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#Population_of_major_citieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#Population_of_major_citieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#Demographicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#Demographicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#Statehoodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#Statehoodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#Politics_and_governmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#Politics_and_governmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#Economyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#Economyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#Tourismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#Tourismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#Culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#Culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#Educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#Educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#Noteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#Noteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir_and_Jammuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir_and_Jammuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir_and_Jammuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir_conflicthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir_conflicthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir_conflicthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hari_Singhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hari_Singhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hari_Singhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir_conflicthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir_and_Jammuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#Noteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#Educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#Culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#Tourismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#Economyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#Politics_and_governmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#Statehoodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#Demographicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#Population_of_major_citieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#Major_citieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#Administrative_divisionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#Geography_and_climatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_(city)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srinagarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladakhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir_valleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir_conflicthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir_conflicthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir_conflicthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir_and_Jammu_(princely_state)


4/23

In 1947, Kashmir's population was 77% Muslim and it shared a boundary with bothDominion of

PakistanandUnion of India. On 20 October 1947, tribesmen backed by Pakistan invaded Kashmir.[3]

The Maharaja initially fought back but appealed for assistance to theGovernor-GeneralLouis Mountbatten,

who agreed on the condition that the ruler accede to India.[4]On 25 October 1947Maharaja Hari Singhsigned

theInstrument of Accession[5]on 26 October 1947 and it was accepted on 27 October 1947 by the Governor

General of India.[6]Once the Instrument of Accession was signed, Indian soldiers entered Kashmir with orders

to evict the raiders, but they were not able to expel everyone from the state by the time the harsh winter

started. India took the matter to the United Nations. The UN resolution asked both India and Pakistan to vacate

the areas they had occupied and hold a referendum under UN observation. The holding of this plebiscite, which

India initially supported, was dismissed by India because the 1952 electedConstituent Assembly of Jammu

and Kashmirvoted in favour of confirming the Kashmir region's accession to India.[7]Another reason for the

abandonment of the referendum is because demographic changes after 1947 have been effected inPakistan-

administered Kashmir, as generations of Pakistani individuals non-native to the region have been allowed to

take residence in Pakistan-administered Kashmir.[7][8]Furthermore, in Jammu & Kashmir state of India, the

demographics of the Kashmir Valley have also been altered after separatist militants coerced 250,000Kashmiri

Hindusto leave the region.[9][10]Moreover, Pakistan failed to withdraw its troops from the Kashmir region as was

required under the same U.N. resolution of 13 August 1948 which discussed the plebiscite.[7]

Diplomatic relations between India and Pakistan soured for many other reasons,[4]and eventually resulted in

three further wars in Kashmir theIndo-Pakistani War of 1965, theIndo-Pakistan War of 1971and theKargil

War in 1999. India has control of 60% of the area of the former Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir

(Jammu,Kashmir Valley, andLadakh); Pakistan controls 30% of the region (GilgitBaltistanandAzad

Kashmir). China occupied 10% (Aksai Chin) of the state in 1962.

The eastern region of the erstwhile princely state of Kashmir has also been beset with a boundary dispute. In

the late 19th- and early 20th centuries, although some boundary agreements were signed between Great

Britain, Tibet, Afghanistan and Russia over the northern borders of Kashmir, China never accepted these

agreements, and the official Chinese position did not change with thecommunist revolution in 1949. By the

mid-1950s the Chinese army had entered the northeast portion of Ladakh:[11]

By 195657 they had completed a military road through theAksai Chinarea to provide better communication

betweenXinjiangand westernTibet. India's belated discovery of this road led to border clashes between the

two countries that culminated in the Sino-Indian war of October 1962.[11]China has occupied Aksai Chin since

1962 and, in addition, an adjoining region, theTrans-Karakoram Tractwas ceded by Pakistan to China in 1963.

For intermittent periods between 1957, when the state approved its own Constitution,[12]and the death

ofSheikh Abdullahin 1982, the state had alternating spells of stability and discontent. In the late 1980s,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor-General_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor-General_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Mountbattenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Mountbattenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Mountbattenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-stein-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-stein-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-stein-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharaja_Hari_Singhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharaja_Hari_Singhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharaja_Hari_Singhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrument_of_Accession_(Jammu_and_Kashmir)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrument_of_Accession_(Jammu_and_Kashmir)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrument_of_Accession_(Jammu_and_Kashmir)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrument_of_Accession_(Jammu_and_Kashmir)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituent_assembly_of_Jammu_and_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituent_assembly_of_Jammu_and_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituent_assembly_of_Jammu_and_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituent_assembly_of_Jammu_and_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-UNHCR-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-UNHCR-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-UNHCR-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan-administered_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan-administered_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan-administered_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan-administered_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-UNHCR-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-UNHCR-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-UNHCR-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmiri_Panditshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmiri_Panditshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmiri_Panditshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmiri_Panditshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-Shyam_Kaul.2C_Onkar_KachruTake_1-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-Shyam_Kaul.2C_Onkar_KachruTake_1-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-UNHCR-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-UNHCR-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-UNHCR-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-stein-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-stein-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-stein-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1965http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1965http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1965http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistan_War_of_1971http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistan_War_of_1971http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistan_War_of_1971http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kargil_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kargil_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kargil_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kargil_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir_Valleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir_Valleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir_Valleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladakhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladakhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladakhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilgit%E2%80%93Baltistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilgit%E2%80%93Baltistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilgit%E2%80%93Baltistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilgit%E2%80%93Baltistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilgit%E2%80%93Baltistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azad_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azad_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azad_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azad_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksai_Chinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksai_Chinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksai_Chinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Revolution_(1949)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Revolution_(1949)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Revolution_(1949)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-britannica-kashmir-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-britannica-kashmir-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-britannica-kashmir-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksai_Chinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksai_Chinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksai_Chinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjianghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjianghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjianghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-britannica-kashmir-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-britannica-kashmir-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Karakoram_Tracthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Karakoram_Tracthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Karakoram_Tracthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-Schofield-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-Schofield-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-Schofield-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_Abdullahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_Abdullahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_Abdullahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_Abdullahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-Schofield-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Karakoram_Tracthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-britannica-kashmir-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjianghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksai_Chinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-britannica-kashmir-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Revolution_(1949)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksai_Chinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azad_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azad_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilgit%E2%80%93Baltistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladakhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir_Valleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kargil_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kargil_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistan_War_of_1971http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1965http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-stein-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-UNHCR-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-Shyam_Kaul.2C_Onkar_KachruTake_1-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-Shyam_Kaul.2C_Onkar_KachruTake_1-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmiri_Panditshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmiri_Panditshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-UNHCR-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-UNHCR-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan-administered_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan-administered_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-UNHCR-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituent_assembly_of_Jammu_and_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituent_assembly_of_Jammu_and_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrument_of_Accession_(Jammu_and_Kashmir)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrument_of_Accession_(Jammu_and_Kashmir)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharaja_Hari_Singhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-stein-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Mountbattenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor-General_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan


5/23

however, simmering discontent over the high-handed policies of the Union Government[13]and allegations of

the rigging of the 1987 assembly elections[13]triggered a violent uprising which was backed by Pakistan.[14]

Since then, the region has seen a prolonged, bloody conflict between militants and theIndian Army, both of

whom have been accused of widespread human rights abuses, including abductions, massacres, rapes and

lootings.[15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24]The army has officially denied these allegations.[25]However, militancy in the

state has been on the decline since 1996, also again in 2004 with the peace process with India and

Pakistan.[26]Furthermore the situation has become increasingly peaceful in recent years.[27]

Geography and climate

Main article:Geography of Jammu and Kashmir

Karakoram-West Tibetan Plateau alpine steppe nearLadakh, India

Jammu and Kashmir is home to several valleys such as theKashmir Valley, Tawi Valley, Chenab Valley,

Poonch Valley,Sind ValleyandLidder Valley. The main Kashmir valley is 100 km (62 mi) wide and

15,520.3 km2 (5,992.4 sq mi) in area. The Himalayas divide the Kashmir valley from Ladakh while thePir

Panjalrange, which encloses the valley from the west and the south, separates it from the Great Plains of

northern India. Along the northeastern flank of the Valley runs the main range of the Himalayas. This densely

settled and beautiful valley has an average height of 1,850 metres (6,070 ft) above sea-level but the

surrounding Pir Panjal range has an average elevation of 5,000 metres (16,000 ft).

Because of Jammu and Kashmir's wide range of elevations, itsbiogeographyis diverse.Northwestern thorn

scrub forestsandHimalayan subtropical pine forestsare found in the low elevations of the far southwest. These

give way to a broad band ofwestern Himalayan broadleaf forestsrunning from northwest-southeast across the

Kashmir Valley. Rising into the mountains, the broadleaf forests grade intowestern Himalayan subalpine

conifer forests. Above the tree line are foundnorthwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows. Much of the
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-Schofield_1-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-Schofield_1-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-Schofield_1-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-Schofield_1-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-Schofield_1-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-Schofield_1-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-Schofield_3-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-Schofield_3-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-Schofield_3-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Armyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Armyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Armyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-HRW_militants-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-Shujaat_Bukhari-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-Tahir_Nadeem_Khan-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-Tahir_Nadeem_Khan-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-zeenews.com-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-zeenews.com-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-zeenews.com-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Jammu_and_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Jammu_and_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Jammu_and_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladakhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladakhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir_Valleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir_Valleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir_Valleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sind_Valleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sind_Valleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sind_Valleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidder_Valleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidder_Valleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidder_Valleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pir_Panjalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pir_Panjalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pir_Panjalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pir_Panjalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogeographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogeographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogeographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_thorn_scrub_forestshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_thorn_scrub_forestshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_thorn_scrub_forestshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_thorn_scrub_forestshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayan_subtropical_pine_forestshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayan_subtropical_pine_forestshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayan_subtropical_pine_forestshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Himalayan_broadleaf_forestshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Himalayan_broadleaf_forestshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Himalayan_broadleaf_forestshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Himalayan_subalpine_conifer_forestshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Himalayan_subalpine_conifer_forestshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Himalayan_subalpine_conifer_forestshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Himalayan_subalpine_conifer_forestshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_Himalayan_alpine_shrub_and_meadowshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_Himalayan_alpine_shrub_and_meadowshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_Himalayan_alpine_shrub_and_meadowshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:India_north.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_Himalayan_alpine_shrub_and_meadowshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Himalayan_subalpine_conifer_forestshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Himalayan_subalpine_conifer_forestshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Himalayan_broadleaf_forestshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayan_subtropical_pine_forestshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_thorn_scrub_forestshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_thorn_scrub_forestshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogeographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pir_Panjalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pir_Panjalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidder_Valleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sind_Valleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir_Valleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladakhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:India_north.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Jammu_and_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-zeenews.com-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-Tahir_Nadeem_Khan-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-Tahir_Nadeem_Khan-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-Shujaat_Bukhari-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-Shujaat_Bukhari-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-HRW_militants-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-HRW_militants-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Armyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-Schofield_3-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-Schofield_1-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-Schofield_1-13


6/23

northeast of the state is covered by theKarakoram-West Tibetan Plateau alpine steppe. Around the highest

elevations, there is no vegetation, simply rock and ice.

Srinagar- Yatra- Hindu holy cave

TheJhelum Riveris the only major Himalayan river which flows through the Kashmir valley.

TheIndus,Tawi,RaviandChenabare the major rivers flowing through the state. Jammu and Kashmir is home

to several Himalayan glaciers. With an average altitude of 5,753 metres (18,875 ft) above sea-level,

theSiachen Glacieris 70 km (43 mi) long making it the longest Himalayan glacier.

The climate of Jammu and Kashmir varies greatly owing to its rugged topography. In the south around Jammu,

the climate is typically monsoonal, though the region is sufficiently far west to average 40 to 50 mm (1.6 to

2 inches) of rain per month between January and March. In the hot season, Jammu city is very hot and can

reach up to 40 C (104 F) whilst in July and August, very heavy though erratic rainfall occurs with monthly

extremes of up to 650 millimetres (25.5 inches). In September, rainfall declines, and by October conditions are

hot but extremely dry, with minimal rainfall and temperatures of around 29 C (84 F).

Across from the Pir Panjal range, the South Asian monsoon is no longer a factor and most precipitation falls in

the spring from southwest cloudbands. Because of its closeness to theArabian Sea, Srinagar receives as

much as 635 millimetres (25 in) of rain from this source, with the wettest months being March to May with

around 85 millimetres (3.3 inches) per month. Across from the main Himalaya Range, even the southwest

cloudbands break up and the climate ofLadakhandZanskaris extremely dry and cold. Annual precipitation is

only around 100 mm (4 inches) per year and humidity is very low. In this region, almost all above 3,000 metres

(9,750 ft) above sea level, winters are extremely cold. In Zanskar, the average January temperature is 20 C

(4 F) with extremes as low as 40 C (40 F). All the rivers freeze over and locals make river crossings

during this period because their high levels from glacier melt in summer inhibits crossing. In summer in Ladakh

and Zanskar, days are typically a warm 20C (68 F), but with the low humidity and thin air nights can still be

cold.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakoram-West_Tibetan_Plateau_alpine_steppehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakoram-West_Tibetan_Plateau_alpine_steppehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakoram-West_Tibetan_Plateau_alpine_steppehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhelum_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhelum_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhelum_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawi_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawi_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawi_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravi_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravi_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravi_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chenab_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chenab_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chenab_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siachen_Glacierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siachen_Glacierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siachen_Glacierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladakhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladakhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladakhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanskarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanskarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanskarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanskarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladakhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siachen_Glacierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chenab_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravi_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawi_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhelum_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Srinagar-_Yatra-_Hindu_holy_cave.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Srinagar-_Yatra-_Hindu_holy_cave.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakoram-West_Tibetan_Plateau_alpine_steppe


7/23

Lake Tso Moriri

Topographic map of J&K (Kashmir valley, Jammu region and Ladakh region are visible by altitude)

Ladakh

Nageen Lake
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tso_Moririhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tso_Moririhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tso_Moririhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topographic_maphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topographic_maphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladakhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladakhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nageen_Lake_.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladakhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:India_north.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topographic_maphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kashmir_top.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tso_Moririhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tso_Kiagar_Lake_Ladakh.jpg


8/23

River rafting in the Zanskarsubdistrict ofKargil

View from the Gulmarg slopes. Cable car is used as ski lift

Mountains near Rohtang Pass

Natural Rock and Sand Formations along Sumkhel Lungpa River in More Plains

Administrative divisions

Main article:Districts of Jammu and Kashmir
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanskarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanskarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanskarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kargil_districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kargil_districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kargil_districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Jammu_and_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Jammu_and_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Jammu_and_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mountains_near_Rohtang_Pass,_Himachal_Pradesh.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gulmarg.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zanskar.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mountains_near_Rohtang_Pass,_Himachal_Pradesh.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gulmarg.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zanskar.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mountains_near_Rohtang_Pass,_Himachal_Pradesh.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gulmarg.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zanskar.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Jammu_and_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Moreplains6.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kargil_districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanskar


9/23

Jammu and Kashmir consists of three divisions: Jammu, Kashmir Valley and Ladakh, and is further divided into

22 districts:[28]TheSiachen Glacier, although under Indian military control, does not lie under the administration

of the state of Jammu and

Kashmir.Kishtwar,Ramban,Reasi,Samba,Bandipora,Ganderbal,KulgamandShopianare newly formed

districts, and their areas are included with those of the districts from which they were formed.[28]

Name Headquarters Area (km)Population

2001 CensusPopulation

2011 Census

Kathua District Kathua 2,651 550,084 615,711

Jammu District Jammu 3,097 1,343,756 1,526,406

Samba District Samba

245,016 318,611

Udhampur District Udhampur 4,550 475,068 555,357

Reasi District Reasi 268,441 314,714

Rajouri District Rajouri 2,630 483,284 619,266

Poonch District Poonch 1,674 372,613 476,820

Doda District Doda 11,691 320,256 409,576

Ramban District Ramban 180,830 283,313

Kishtwar District Kishtwar 190,843 231,037

JammuDivision Jammu 26,293 4,430,191 5,350,811

Anantnag District Anantnag 3,984 734,549 1,069,749

Kulgam District Kulgam

437,885 423,181

Pulwama District Pulwama 1,398 441,275 570,060

Shopian District Shopian 211,332 265,960

Budgam District Budgam 1,371 629,309 755,331

Srinagar District Srinagar 2,228 990,548 1,250,173

Ganderbal District Ganderbal

211,899 297,003

Bandipora District Bandipora

316,436 385,099

Baramulla District Baramulla 4,588 853,344 1,015,503

Kupwara District Kupwara 2,379 650,393 875,564

Kashmir ValleyDivision Srinagar 15,948 5,476,970 6,907,622
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-MHA-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-MHA-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-MHA-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siachen_Glacierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siachen_Glacierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siachen_Glacierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kishtwar_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kishtwar_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kishtwar_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramban_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramban_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramban_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reasi_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reasi_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reasi_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samba_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samba_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samba_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandipora_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandipora_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandipora_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganderbal_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganderbal_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganderbal_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulgam_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulgam_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulgam_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shopian_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shopian_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shopian_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-MHA-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-MHA-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-MHA-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathua_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathuahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_(city)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samba_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samba,_Jammuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udhampur_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udhampurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udhampurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reasi_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reasihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reasihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajouri_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajourihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poonch_district,_Jammu_and_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poonchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poonchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doda_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramban_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramban_(Jammu_and_Kashmir)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramban_(Jammu_and_Kashmir)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kishtwar_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kishtwarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kishtwarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_(city)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anantnag_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anantnaghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulgam_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulgamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulwama_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulwamahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shopian_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shopianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shopianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budgam_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budgamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srinagar_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srinagar_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srinagarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srinagarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganderbal_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganderbalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandipora_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandiporehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baramulla_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baramullahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kupwara_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kupwarahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir_valleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir_valleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srinagarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srinagarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir_valleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kupwarahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kupwara_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baramullahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baramulla_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandiporehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandipora_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganderbalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganderbal_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srinagarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srinagar_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budgamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budgam_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shopianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shopian_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulwamahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulwama_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulgamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulgam_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anantnaghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anantnag_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_(city)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kishtwarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kishtwar_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramban_(Jammu_and_Kashmir)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramban_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doda_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poonchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poonch_district,_Jammu_and_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajourihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajouri_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reasihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reasi_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udhampurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udhampur_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samba,_Jammuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samba_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_(city)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathuahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathua_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-MHA-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shopian_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulgam_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganderbal_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandipora_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samba_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reasi_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramban_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kishtwar_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siachen_Glacierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-MHA-28


10/23

Name Headquarters Area (km)Population

2001 CensusPopulation

2011 Census

Kargil District Kargil 14,036 119,307 143,388

Leh District Leh 45,110 117,232 147,104

LadakhDivision Leh 59,146 236,539 290,492

TOTAL 101,387 10,143,700 12,548,925

Major cities

Municipal Corporations: 2Srinagar,Jammu}

Municipal Councils: 9Udhampur,Kathua,Rajauri,Poonch,Leh,Anantnag,Bandipore,Sopore,Baramulla}

Municipal Boards:

21Samba,Ranbirsinghpora,Akhnoor,Reasi,Ramban,Doda,Bhaderwah,Kishtwar,Kargil,Duru-

Verinag,Bijbehara,Pulwama,Tral,Badgam,Kulgam,Shopian,Ganderbal,Pattan,Sumbal,Kupwara,Handwar

a}

Population of major cities

Name RankPopulation

2011 CensusState Region

Srinagar 1 1,192,792 Kashmir

Jammu 2 9,51,373 Jammu

Anantnag 3 2,08,505 Kashmir

Udhampur 4 1,82,778 Jammu

Baramulla 5 1,67,986 Kashmir

Kathua 6 1,62,988 Jammu

Sopore 7 66,963 Kashmir

Rajouri 8 41,552 Jammu

Poonch 9 40,987 Jammu

Leh 10 27,513 Ladakh

Bandipore 11 25,714 Kashmir

Demographics
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kargil_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kargil_townhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leh_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladakhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladakhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srinagarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srinagarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srinagarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_(city)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_(city)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_(city)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udhampurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udhampurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udhampurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathuahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathuahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathuahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajaurihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajaurihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajaurihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poonchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poonchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poonchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anantnaghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anantnaghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anantnaghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandiporehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandiporehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandiporehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soporehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soporehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soporehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baramullahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baramullahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baramullahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranbir_Singh_Porahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranbir_Singh_Porahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranbir_Singh_Porahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhnoorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhnoorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhnoorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reasihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reasihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reasihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rambanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rambanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rambanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhaderwahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhaderwahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhaderwahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kishtwarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kishtwarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kishtwarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kargil_townhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kargil_townhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kargil_townhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verinaghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verinaghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verinaghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verinaghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijbeharahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijbeharahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijbeharahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulwamahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulwamahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulwamahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badgamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badgamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badgamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulgamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulgamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulgamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shopianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shopianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shopianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganderbalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganderbalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumbalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumbalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumbalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kupwarahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kupwarahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kupwarahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handwarahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handwarahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handwarahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handwarahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srinagarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srinagarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_(city)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anantnaghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udhampurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udhampurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baramullahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathuahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soporehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajourihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poonchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poonchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandiporehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandiporehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poonchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajourihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soporehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathuahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baramullahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udhampurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anantnaghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_(city)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srinagarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handwarahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handwarahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kupwarahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumbalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganderbalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shopianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulgamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badgamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulwamahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijbeharahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verinaghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verinaghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kargil_townhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kishtwarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhaderwahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rambanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reasihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhnoorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranbir_Singh_Porahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baramullahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soporehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandiporehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anantnaghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poonchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajaurihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathuahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udhampurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_(city)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srinagarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladakhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leh_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kargil_townhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kargil_District


11/23

A mosque in Srinagar

[show]Population growth

Jammu and Kashmir has a Muslim majority population. ThoughIslamis practiced by about 67% of the

population of the state and by 97% of the population of the Kashmir valley,[31]the state has large communities

of Buddhists, Hindus (inclusive ofMegh Bhagats) andSikhs.[32]

In Jammu, Hindus constitute 65% of the population, Muslims 31% and Sikhs, 4%; In Ladakh, Buddhists

constitute about 46% of the population, the remaining being Muslims. The people of Ladakh are ofIndo-

Tibetanorigin, while the southern area of Jammu includes many communities tracing their ancestry to the

nearby Indian states ofHaryanaandPunjab, as well as the city ofDelhi. In totality, the Muslims constitute 67%

of the population, the Hindus about 30%, the Buddhists 1%, and the Sikhs 2% of the population.[32]

Vaishno Devi temple located in the state is one of the holies t Hindu temples dedicated to Shakti.

According to political scientistAlexander Evans, approximately 95% of the total population of 160,000170,000

of KashmiriBrahmins, also calledKashmiri Pandits, (i.e. approximately 150,000 to 160,000) left the Kashmir

Valley in 1990 as militancy engulfed the state.[33]According to an estimate by theCentral Intelligence Agency,

about 300,000 Kashmiri Pandits from the entire state of Jammu and Kashmir have beeninternally

displaceddue to the ongoing violence.[34]

Division Population % Muslim % Hindu % Sikh % Buddhist and other
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Islam_in_India.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srinagarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srinagarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srinagarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meghwalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meghwalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meghwalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-censusindia.gov.in-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-censusindia.gov.in-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-censusindia.gov.in-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Tibetanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Tibetanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Tibetanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Tibetanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haryanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haryanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haryanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab,_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab,_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab,_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-censusindia.gov.in-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-censusindia.gov.in-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-censusindia.gov.in-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaishno_Devihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaishno_Devihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaktihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaktihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaktihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Evanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Evanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Evanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahminshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahminshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahminshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmiri_Panditshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmiri_Panditshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmiri_Panditshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-33http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-33http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-33http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internally_displaced_personhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internally_displaced_personhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internally_displaced_personhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internally_displaced_personhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-ReferenceA-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-ReferenceA-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-ReferenceA-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vaishno_Devi_Bhavan.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Islam_in_India.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vaishno_Devi_Bhavan.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Islam_in_India.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-ReferenceA-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internally_displaced_personhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internally_displaced_personhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-33http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmiri_Panditshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahminshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Evanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaktihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaishno_Devihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vaishno_Devi_Bhavan.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-censusindia.gov.in-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab,_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haryanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Tibetanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Tibetanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-censusindia.gov.in-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meghwalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srinagarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Islam_in_India.jpg


12/23

Kashmir (53.9%) 5,476,970 97.16% 1.84% 0.88% 0.11%

Jammu (43.7%) 4,430,191 30.69% 65.23% 3.57% 0.51%

Ladakh (2.3%) 236,539 47.40% 6.22% 45.87%

Jammu and Kashmir 10,143,700 66.97% 29.63% 2.03% 1.36%

Statistics calculated from the 2001 Census India District Profiles

There are roughly 1.5 million refugees fro m Indian Administered Kashmirin Pakistan Administered Kashmir and other parts of Pakistan.[35]

An estimated 50100,000 Kashmiri Muslims[36][37]

and 150300,000 Kashmiri Pandits have been internally displaced due to militancy.[34][38]

In Jammu and Kashmir, the principal spoken languages

areKashmiri,Urdu,Dogri,Pahari,Balti,Ladakhi,Gojri,ShinaandPashto. However, Urdu written in the Persian

script is the official language of the state. Many speakers of these languages useHindior English as a second

language.[39]

Statehood

The Kashmir Valley is dominated by ethnic Kashmiris, who have largely driven the Azadi campaign. Non-

Kashmiri Muslim ethnic groups (Paharis, Sheenas, Gujjars and Bakarwalas), who dominate areas along the

Line of Control, have remained indifferent to the separatist campaign. Jammu province region has a 70:30

Hindu-Muslim ratio. Parts of the region were hit by militants, but violence has ebbed there, along with the

Valley, after India and Pakistan started a peace process in 2004.[40]

Dogras (67%) are the single largest group in the multi-ethnic region of Punjabis, Paharis, Bakerwals and

Gujjars. Statehood is demanded in Hindu-dominated districts. Ladakh is the largest region in the state with over

two hundred thousand people. Its two districts are Leh (77% Buddhist) and Kargil (80% Muslim population).

Union territory status has been the key demand of Leh Buddhists for many years.[40]

Politics and government

Main article:Politics of Jammu and Kashmir

A soldier guards the roads ide checkpoint outside S rinagar Internation al Airport. Jan 2009

Jammu and Kashmir is the only state in India which enjoys special autonomy underArticle 370of the

Constitution of India, according to which no law enacted by theParliament of India, except for those in the field
http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/Basic_Data_Sheet.aspxhttp://www.censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/Basic_Data_Sheet.aspxhttp://www.censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/Basic_Data_Sheet.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Administered_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Administered_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Administered_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-36http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-36http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-36http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internally_displaced_personhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internally_displaced_personhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internally_displaced_personhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-ReferenceA-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-ReferenceA-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-ReferenceA-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmiri_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmiri_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmiri_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogrihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogrihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogrihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahari_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahari_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahari_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balti_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balti_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balti_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladakhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladakhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladakhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gojrihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gojrihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gojrihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shina_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shina_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shina_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashtohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashtohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashtohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-Ethnologue-39http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-Ethnologue-39http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-Ethnologue-39http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-epaper.timesofindia.com-40http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-epaper.timesofindia.com-40http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-epaper.timesofindia.com-40http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-epaper.timesofindia.com-40http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-epaper.timesofindia.com-40http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-epaper.timesofindia.com-40http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Jammu_and_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Jammu_and_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Jammu_and_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_370http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_370http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_370http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Keeping_Watch.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_370http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Keeping_Watch.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Jammu_and_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-epaper.timesofindia.com-40http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-epaper.timesofindia.com-40http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-Ethnologue-39http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashtohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shina_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gojrihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladakhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balti_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahari_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogrihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmiri_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-ReferenceA-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-ReferenceA-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internally_displaced_personhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-36http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-36http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Administered_Kashmirhttp://www.censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/Basic_Data_Sheet.aspx


13/23

of defence, communication and foreign policy, will be extendable in Jammu and Kashmir unless it is ratified by

the state legislature of Jammu and Kashmir. Subsequently, jurisdiction of theSupreme Court of Indiaover

Jammu and Kashmir has been extended.[41]

Jammu and Kashmir is also the only Indian state that has its own official flag and constitution, and Indians from

other states cannot purchase land or property in the state.[42]Designed by the then ruling National Conference,

the flag of Jammu and Kashmir features aploughon a red background symbolizing labour; it replaced the

Maharaja's state flag. The three stripes represent the three distinct administrative divisions of the state, namely

Jammu, Valley of Kashmir, and Ladakh.[43]

Since 1990, theArmed Forces Act, which gives special powers to the Indian security forces, has been enforced

in Jammu and Kashmir.[44]The decision to invoke this act was criticized by theHuman Rights Watch.[45]

Like all the states of India, Jammu and Kashmir has a multi-party democratic system of governance with a

bicameral legislature. At the time of drafting the Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir, 100 seats wereearmarked for direct elections from territorial constituencies. Of these, 25 seats were reserved for the areas of

Jammu and Kashmir State that came under Pakistani occupation; this was reduced to 24 after the 12th

amendment of the Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir:

"The territory of the State shall comprise all the territories which on the fifteenth day of August 1947, were

under the sovereignty or suzerainty of the Ruler of the State" and Section 48 therein states that,

"Notwithstanding anything contained in section 47, until the area of the State under the occupations of Pakistan

ceases to so occupied and the people residing in that area elect their representatives (a) twenty-five seats in

the Legislative Assembly shall remain vacant and shall not be taken into account for reckoning the total

member-ship of the Assembly; and the said area shall be excluded in delimiting the territorial Constituencies

Under Section 47".

[46]

After adelimitationin 1988, the total number of seats increased to 111, of which 87 were within Indian-

administered territory.[47]The Jammu & Kashmir Assembly is the only state in India to have a 6-year term, in

contrast to the norm of a 5-year term followed in every other state's Assembly.[48]There was indication from the

previous INC Government to bring parity with the other states,[49]but this does not seem to have received the

required support to pass into law.

Influential political parties include theJammu & Kashmir National Conference(NC), theIndian National

Congress(INC), theJammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party(PDP), theBharatiya Janata Party(BJP)

and other smaller regional parties. After dominating Kashmir's politics for years, the National Conference's

influence waned in 2002, when INC and PDP formed a political alliance and rose to power.[50]Under the power-

sharing agreement, INC leaderGhulam Nabi Azadreplaced PDP'sMufti Mohammad Sayeedas theChief
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-41http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-41http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-41http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-42http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-42http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-42http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ploughhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ploughhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ploughhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-43http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-43http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-43http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_Forces_(Special_Powers)_Act,_1958http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_Forces_(Special_Powers)_Act,_1958http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_Forces_(Special_Powers)_Act,_1958http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-44http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-44http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-44http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Watchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Watchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-45http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-45http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-45http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-46http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-46http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delimitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delimitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delimitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-47http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-47http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-47http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-48http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-48http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-48http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-49http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-49http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_%26_Kashmir_National_Conferencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_%26_Kashmir_National_Conferencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_%26_Kashmir_National_Conferencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_People%27s_Democratic_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_People%27s_Democratic_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_People%27s_Democratic_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-50http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-50http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-50http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghulam_Nabi_Azadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghulam_Nabi_Azadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghulam_Nabi_Azadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mufti_Mohammad_Sayeedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mufti_Mohammad_Sayeedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mufti_Mohammad_Sayeedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Ministerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Ministerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Ministerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mufti_Mohammad_Sayeedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghulam_Nabi_Azadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-50http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_People%27s_Democratic_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_%26_Kashmir_National_Conferencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-49http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-48http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-47http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delimitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-46http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-45http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Watchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-44http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_Forces_(Special_Powers)_Act,_1958http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-43http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ploughhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-42http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-41http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India


14/23

Ministerof Jammu and Kashmir in late 2005. However, in 2008, PDP withdrew its support from the government

on the issue of temporary diversion of nearly 40 acres (16 ha) of land to the Sri Amarnath Shrine Board.[51]In

the2008 Kashmir Electionsthat were held from 17 November to 24 December, theNational Conferenceparty

and theCongressparty together won enough seats in the state assembly to form a ruling alliance.[52]

Some Kashmiris, especially those residing in the Kashmir Valley, demand greater autonomy, sovereignty and

even independence from India. Due to the economic integration of Jammu and Kashmir with the rest of India,

separatist movements across the Kashmir Valley declined.[53]However, following theunrest in 2008, which

included more than 500,000 protesters at a rally on 18 August, secessionist movements gained a boost.[54][55]A

survey conducted byChatham Housefound the majority of Kashmiri people were against independence, and

support for independence was concentrated solely in the Kashmir Valley, with very little support

inJammuorLadakh.[56]

The 2009 edition of theFreedom in the World (report)by theUnited Nations High Commissioner for

Refugeesrated Jammu and Kashmir as partly free,[57]while in comparisonPakistan-administered Kashmirwas

rated to be not free.[58]

Economy

Tourism forms an integral part of the state's economy. Shown here is the Shalimar Gardens. In a famous incident, a Persian Emperorclaimed it to be a paradise on Earth.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Ministerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Ministerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-51http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-51http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-51http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Kashmir_Electionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Kashmir_Electionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Kashmir_Electionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_%26_Kashmir_National_Conferencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_%26_Kashmir_National_Conferencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_%26_Kashmir_National_Conferencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-52http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-52http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-52http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-53http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-53http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-53http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Kashmir_unresthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Kashmir_unresthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Kashmir_unresthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-54http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-54http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-54http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatham_Househttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatham_Househttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatham_Househttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladakhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladakhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-56http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-56http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-56http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_in_the_World_(report)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_in_the_World_(report)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_in_the_World_(report)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugeeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugeeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugeeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugeeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-57http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-57http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-57http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan-administered_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan-administered_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan-administered_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-58http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-58http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-58http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalimar_Gardens_(Kashmir)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalimar_Gardens_(Kashmir)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalimar_Gardens_(Kashmir)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shalimar_gardens.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalimar_Gardens_(Kashmir)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shalimar_gardens.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-58http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan-administered_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-57http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugeeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugeeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_in_the_World_(report)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-56http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladakhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatham_Househttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-54http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-54http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Kashmir_unresthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-53http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-52http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_%26_Kashmir_National_Conferencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Kashmir_Electionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir#cite_note-51http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Minister


15/23

A map of the Kashmi r railway

Jammu and Kashmir's economy is predominantly dependent on agriculture and allied activities.[59]The Kashmir

valley is also known for itssericultureand cold-water fisheries. Wood from Kashmir is used to make high-quality

cricket bats, popularly known as Kashmir Willow. Kashmirisaffronis also very famous and brings the state a

handsome amount of foreign exchange. Agricultural exports from Jammu and Kashmir include apples, barley,

cherries, corn, millet, oranges, rice, peaches, pears, saffron, sorghum, vegetables, and wheat, while

manufactured exports include handicrafts, rugs, and shawls.

Horticulture plays a vital role in the economic development of the state. With an annual turnover of over Rs.

300 crore, apart fro

Jammu and Kashmir by naseem nazir

Documents

Transcript of Jammu and Kashmir by naseem nazir