American Society of Health-System Pharmacists®

James E. Tisdale, PharmDProfessor

School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical SciencesPurdue UniversityAdjunct Professor

School of MedicineIndiana University

Indianapolis, Indiana

Douglas A. Miller, PharmDProfessor

Department of Pharmacy PracticeCollege of Pharmacy and Health Sciences

Wayne State UniversityDetroit, Michigan

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Any correspondence regarding this publication should be sent to the publisher,American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, 7272 Wisconsin Avenue, Bethesda,MD 20814, attention: Special Publishing.

The information presented herein reflects the opinions of the contributors and advi-sors. It should not be interpreted as an official policy of ASHP or as an endorsement ofany product.

Because of ongoing research and improvements in technology, the information andits applications contained in this text are constantly evolving and are subject to theprofessional judgment and interpretation of the practitioner due to the uniqueness ofa clinical situation. The editors, contributors, and ASHP have made reasonable effortsto ensure the accuracy and appropriateness of the information presented in this doc-ument. However, any user of this information is advised that the editors, contributors,advisors, and ASHP are not responsible for the continued currency of the information,for any errors or omissions, and/or for any consequences arising from the use of theinformation in the document in any and all practice settings. Any reader of this doc-ument is cautioned that ASHP makes no representation, guarantee, or warranty,express or implied, as to the accuracy and appropriateness of the information con-tained in this document and specifically disclaims any liability to any party for theaccuracy and/or completeness of the material or for any damages arising out of the useor non-use of any of the information contained in this document.

Director, Special Publishing: Jack BruggemanAcquisitions Editor: Jack BruggemanSenior Editorial Project Manager: Dana BattagliaProduction Editor: Hearthside PublishingDesign: Candice M. Carta-Myers

© 2010, American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc. All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by anymeans, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and record-ing, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permissionfrom the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists.

ASHP is a service mark of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc.;registered in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.

ISBN 978-1-58528-205-0

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“The mediocre teacher tells. The good teacher explains. The superior teacher demonstrates. The great teacher inspires.”

—WILLIAM WARD

This book is dedicated to the great teachers who inspire us.

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CONTENTS

Dedication iiiForeword ixPreface xiLevels of Evidence xiiContributors xiiiReviewers xix

SECTION IMagnitude/Significance ofDrug-Induced Diseases: Impacton the Health Care System

CHAPTER 1Drug Safety and Drug-Induced Diseases: TheRegulatory, Legal, and Practice Environments 3Henri R. Manasse Jr. and Cynthia Reilly

CHAPTER 2Epidemiology and Public Health Impact ofDrug-Induced Diseases 14John R. Litaker and James P. Wilson

CHAPTER 3Factors Contributing to Drug-Induced Diseases 23Janis J. MacKichan and Mary W.L. Lee

CHAPTER 4Postmarketing Surveillance for Drug-InducedDiseases 31Hugh H. Tilson

CHAPTER 5Evaluating Patients for Drug-Induced Diseases 40Douglas A. Miller and James E. Tisdale

SECTION I IDrug-Induced Dermatologic Diseases

CHAPTER 6Drug Allergy, Pseudoallergy, and Cutaneous Diseases 51Lynne M. Sylvia

CHAPTER 7Systemic Lupus Erythematosus-like Syndrome 98Karen W. Lee and Marie M. Wenzel

CHAPTER 8Photosensitivity 110Julie M. Koehler

CHAPTER 9Alopecia, Hirsutism, and Hypertrichosis 135Kristine E. Keplar

SECTION I I IDrug-Induced Neurological Diseases

CHAPTER 10Seizures 179Timothy E. Welty

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CONTENTS

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CHAPTER 1 1Stroke 190Denise H. Rhoney

CHAPTER 12Movement Disorders 211Jack J. Chen and David M. Swope

CHAPTER 13Peripheral Neuropathy 236Dennis Parker, Jr.

CHAPTER 14Visual Disturbances 250Yaman Kaakeh and Steven R. Abel

CHAPTER 15Delirium 275Matthew A. Fuller and Mary C. Borovicka

CHAPTER 16Sleep Disorders 293Lisa L. Forsyth

CHAPTER 17Cognitive Disorders 301Michele Y. Splinter

SECTION IVDrug-Induced Psychiatric Diseases

CHAPTER 18Depression 317Sheila Botts and Melody Ryan

CHAPTER 19Anxiety 333Julie A. Dopheide

CHAPTER 20Psychosis 344Jessica L. Gören

SECTION VDrug-Induced Pulmonary Diseases

CHAPTER 21Interstitial Lung Disease/Pulmonary Fibrosis 359CoraLynn B. Trewet

CHAPTER 22Asthma and Bronchospasm 378W. Greg Leader and Brice Labruzzo Mohundro

SECTION VIDrug-Induced Cardiovascular Diseases

CHAPTER 23Myocardial Ischemia and Acute CoronarySyndromes 401Kevin M. Sowinski

CHAPTER 24Heart Failure 428Ross T. Tsuyuki and Mark J. Makowsky

CHAPTER 25Supraventricular Arrhythmias 445James E. Tisdale

CHAPTER 26Ventricular Arrhythmias 485James E. Tisdale

CHAPTER 27Hypertension 516Joseph J. Saseen

CHAPTER 28Hypotension 529Robert Lee Page II and Jean M. Nappi

CHAPTER 29Valvular and Pericardial Heart Disease 554Sarah A. Spinler and Frank E. Silvestry

SECTION VI IDrug-Induced Endocrine Diseases

CHAPTER 30Glucose and Insulin Dysregulation 571Devra K. Dang, Frank Pucino, Jr., Charles D. Ponte,and Karim Anton Calis

CHAPTER 31Thyroid Disorders 586Judy T. Chen, Betty J. Dong, Frank Pucino, Jr., andKarim Anton Calis

vi Contents

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CHAPTER 32Hypothalamic, Pituitary, and Adrenal Disorders 605John G. Gums and Shawn D. Anderson

CHAPTER 33Weight Gain 629Amy Heck Sheehan

CHAPTER 34Temperature Dysregulation 644Susan M. Wilson

CHAPTER 35Sexual Dysfunction in Males 686Mary Lee and Roohollah Sharifi

CHAPTER 36Gynecologic Diseases and Infertility in Women 702Judith A. Smith

SECTION VI I IDrug-Induced Gastrointestinal Diseases

CHAPTER 37Upper Gastrointestinal Ulceration 729Dianne B. Williams and J. Russell May

CHAPTER 38Diarrhea 738Jane M. Gervasio

CHAPTER 39Constipation 760Jane M. Gervasio

CHAPTER 40Hepatic and Cholestatic Diseases 771Robert MacLaren

CHAPTER 41Pancreatitis 800Pramodini B. Kale-Pradhan and Sheila M. Wilhelm

CHAPTER 42Nausea, Vomiting, and Anorexia 819Jon D. Herrington and Erika N. Brown

SECTION IXDrug-Induced Diseases of the Kidney &Fluid & Electrolyte Disorders

CHAPTER 43Acute Kidney Injury 853Amy Barton Pai and Darius L. Mason

CHAPTER 44Chronic Kidney Disease 872Mary K. Stamatakis

CHAPTER 45Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic HormoneSecretion and Diabetes Insipidus 885Edward F. Foote

CHAPTER 46Acid-Base Disorders 903Lori D. Wazny, Colette B. Raymond, and Christine J.Davis

SECTION XDrug-Induced Hematological Diseases

CHAPTER 47Thrombocytopenia 929Kellie L. Jones and Patrick J. Kiel

CHAPTER 48Thromboembolic Diseases 941Candice L. Garwood

CHAPTER 49Neutropenia and Agranulocytosis 962Christopher A. Fausel

CHAPTER 50Anemias 973Edward Li, Estela Ceja, and James M. Hoffman

SECTION XIDrug-Induced Bone, Joint and MuscleDiseases

CHAPTER 51Osteoporosis and Osteomalacia 991Laura M. Borgelt and Sheryl F. Vondracek

Contents vii

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CHAPTER 52Gout and Hyperuricemia 1005Jasmine D. Gonzalvo

CHAPTER 53Myopathy 1017Craig Williams

SECTION XI IMiscellaneous Drug-Induced Diseases

CHAPTER 54Neoplastic Diseases 1031Jessica Campaign and Mark T. Holdsworth

CHAPTER 55Ototoxicity 1049Monica L. Miller and Crystal S. Blankenship

Index 1065

viii Contents

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F O R E WO R D

Societal expectations regarding medicationsafety have changed dramatically over the

years. When I began my career in pharmacy, drug-induced diseases were rarely the subject of publicconcern. Patients typically had no knowledge ofthe potential dangers of their drug therapy, andhealth care practitioners did little to educate theirpatients regarding possible adverse effects anddrug-induced diseases. Today, however, patientsexpect to be fully informed about the risks of pre-scribed drugs. They expect that regulatory agen-cies, pharmaceutical manufacturers, and theirhealth care providers will protect them fromdrug-induced diseases. The standard of care forensuring medication safety has clearly changed.And, importantly, change will continue. In theyears ahead, society will insist on even better pro-tection and at some point in the future it seemslikely that we will look back to our practice todayand ask why we accepted such low standards fordrug safety.

But who will lead the next wave of progress inpreventing drug-induced diseases? Will improve-ment be driven by health care professionals andscientists, using the best models of practice andscience available? Or will it be necessary for socie-ty to use its political and economic power toachieve continuing improvement? The interest inthe first edition of Drug-Induced Diseases:Prevention, Detection and Management (DID-1), pub-lished in 2005, suggests that the health profes-sions are ready to lead. And the informationincluded in this second edition (DID-2), whenapplied properly, will help health practitioners intheir quest to continuously improve the standardof care as it relates to safe and effective medication

use. This text will be useful to current practition-ers and students alike.

Helping health care students develop theknowledge and skills needed to properly addressdrug-induced diseases will be critical to the mis-sion of improving drug safety, and DID-2 providesmuch of the foundation for this instruction.Prevention, detection, and management of drug-induced diseases challenges the full scope ofknowledge and skills for pharmacists, physicians,nurses, and other health care providers. Itrequires extensive knowledge of physiology,chemistry, genomics, and other biomedical sci-ences, as well as human behavior. To be mosteffective, health care practitioners must not onlyunderstand complex biomedical science but alsomust be skillful in patient consultation and edu-cation. Effectiveness in these roles requires life-long learning to keep pace with rapidly changinginformation about drugs and their effects. In fact,the issue of drug safety in general is an excellentfocus for interprofessional education in healthcare.

DID-2 will also serve as an essential resourcefor current health care practitioners. Prevention,detection, and management of drug-induced dis-eases requires a low-tech, personal approach inaddition to the latest in biomedical science find-ings from patient consultation and education topharmacogenomic assessment. It requires a care-ful, individualized approach to each patient, con-sidering their overall health status, age, literacy,as well as population investigative tools of epi-demiology. DID-2 helps organize this informationin an easily retrievable format. The disease-orient-ed approach is useful and logical. The text pro-

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F O R E WO R D

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vides needed structure to the identification andcategorization of drug-induced diseases and itdescribes well the interactions of the many com-ponents of the health care system that influencedrug-induced diseases. Tisdale and Miller, alongwith their many contributors, are to be com-mended for producing an extraordinary work that

is the standard for understanding drug-induceddiseases and the broader topic of drug safety.

Joseph T. DiPiro, PharmD, FCCPDeanSouth Carolina College of PharmacyAugust 2009

x Foreword

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P R E FAC E

Advances in pharmacotherapy have resulted insubstantial improvement in patients’ out-

comes and well-being. Specific examples can befound in virtually all therapeutic areas:angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, adren-ergic b-receptor blocking agents, aspirin, lipid-low-ering and antihypertensive drug therapies, amongothers, for cardiovascular disease; antimicrobialagents for a variety of infectious diseases, includingantiretroviral agents for management of acquiredimmunodeficiency syndrome; improved drug ther-apy for mental illness, cancer, neurologic disorders,diabetes, and many other diseases. These advanceshave prolonged and improved the quality of lifefor millions.

The effects of drugs, however, are not alwaysentirely beneficial. Although they may cure or pos-itively affect disease, drugs are also capable of caus-ing new diseases or exacerbating those that alreadyexist. Since the first edition of this book was pub-lished in 2005, numerous drugs have been with-drawn from the market in the United States as aresult of morbidity or mortality associated withdrug-induced diseases. Examples include pemoline(hepatotoxicity), pergolide (heart valve damage),tegasarod (stroke and myocardial infarction), apro-tinin (increased risk of death, likely due to kidneyand cardiovascular toxicity), and efalizumab (pro-gressive focal leukoencephalopathy). Despite bestefforts to ensure that all drugs are safe and effec-tive, drug-induced diseases develop in millions ofpatients each year.

Pharmacists, physicians, nurses, and otherhealth care professionals are on the front lines ofpatient care and pharmacotherapy and must beknowledgeable about the risk of drug-induced dis-eases and methods of detection, prevention, and

management. Students in the health professionsmust learn that pharmacotherapy has both bene-fits and risks. And both practitioners and studentsmust appreciate that simply knowing that a givendrug can cause a particular disease may not beenough because, as Heraclitus suggested, unlessone expects that a relatively unlikely event willoccur, its occurrence may be overlooked. Everytime a patient presents with a new disease or anexacerbation of an existing condition, someoneneeds to ask, “Could this be drug-induced?”

The purpose of this book is to provide a com-prehensive source of information regarding thedetection, prevention, and management of drug-induced diseases for current and future health carepractitioners. Our hope is that it will also encour-age practitioners to expect the unexpected.

As in the first edition of Drug-Induced Diseases:Prevention, Detection and Management (DID-1), weconsider drug-induced diseases to be a specific sub-set of adverse effects caused by drugs a subset char-acterized by the severity of symptoms andoutcomes. For the purposes of this book, we havedefined a drug-induced disease as an unintendedeffect of a drug that results in mortality or morbid-ity with symptoms sufficient to prompt a patientto seek medical attention, require hospitalization,or both.

As with DID-1, DID-2 has been structured tofacilitate readers’ ability to find specific informa-tion related to drug-induced diseases. The first sec-tion describes the changing regulatory, legal, andpractice landscapes as they relate to drug-induceddiseases, provides a general overview of the epi-demiology and public health impact of these con-ditions, discusses factors that may contribute tothe development of drug-induced diseases and

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P R E FAC E

If you do not expect the unexpected you will not find it.—Heraclitus (554-483 B.C.)

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describes the structure and strategy of postmarket-ing surveillance for their detection and characteri-zation, and provides a general approach to patientevaluation. The remainder is organized around spe-cific diseases for which drugs have been implicatedas causative agents or, in some cases, the organ sys-tem that is involved. Disease-related chapters fol-low a consistent structure: causative agents,epidemiology, mechanisms, clinical presentationand differential diagnosis, risk factors, morbidityand mortality, methods of prevention, manage-ment, and information for patients. Each chapterunderwent blinded external review by one or morecontent experts.

Numerous changes and, we believe, significantimprovements have been incorporated into DID-2.Two chapters have been added: “Drug Safety andDrug-Induced Disease: The Regulatory, Legal, andPractice Environments” and “Evaluating Patientsfor Drug-Induced Diseases.” Chapters from DID-1have been expanded and, as would be expected,information throughout has been carefully updat-ed by the contributors. “Diarrhea andConstipation” was a single chapter in DID-1, buthas now been divided into two chapters. Similarly,the information regarding drug-induced arrhyth-mias now comprises two chapters: “Supraventric-ular Arrhythmias” and “Ventricular Arrhythmias.”

Each chapter includes a series of standardtables that are in a consistent format throughout.New drugs implicated as the cause of specific dis-ease(s) have been added, as well as new informa-tion regarding epidemiology, mechanisms, riskfactors, prevention, and management. DID-2 is

more exhaustively referenced than DID-1 and theindex has been expanded and improved.

Each of the “agents implicated” tables in DID-2 includes an indication of the strength of the evi-dence that links a listed drug to the specificdrug-induced disease (thanks to Dr. Ross Tsuyukifor this suggestion). A “Level of Evidence” designa-tion of “A” has been assigned when there is evi-dence of causality from one or more randomized,controlled clinical trials. A designation of “B” indi-cates that there is evidence of causality from non-randomized clinical trials, prospectiveobservational studies, cohort studies, retrospectivestudies, case-control studies, meta-analyses, and/orpostmarketing surveillance studies. A designationof “C” has been assigned when evidence of causal-ity is from one or more published case reports orcase series.

Undertaking a book such as this is not an easytask, and we gratefully acknowledge the work ofthe chapter authors and expert external contentreviewers. Without their significant contributions,this book could not have been completed. We alsogratefully acknowledge the support, guidance, andassistance of the staff at the American Society ofHealth-System Pharmacists. We sincerely hope thatthis work assists practitioners in their efforts tocontinually improve patient outcomes related todrug therapy.

JAMES E. TISDALEDOUGLAS A. MILLERSeptember 2009

xii Preface

Definitions of the “Level of Evidence” Designations Used Throughout This Text

Level of Evidence Designation Description

A There is evidence of causality from one or more randomized, controlledclinical trials.

B There is evidence of causality from nonrandomized clinical trials, prospec-tive observational studies, cohort studies, retrospective studies, case-con-trol studies, meta-analyses, and/or postmarketing surveillance studies.

C There is evidence of causality from one or more published case reports orcase series.

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CO N T R I B U TO R S

Steven R. Abel, BS, PharmDAssistant Dean for Clinical ProgramsBucke Professor and Head, Department of

Pharmacy PracticeSchool of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical SciencesPurdue UniversityIndianapolis, Indiana

Shawn D. Anderson, PharmDClinical Pharmacy Specialist-Cardiology

SectionDepartment of Veterans AffairsClinical Assistant ProfessorDepartment of Pharmacotherapy and

Translational ResearchUniversity of FloridaGainesville, Florida

Crystal S. Blankenship, PharmDNational Clinical Therapy SpecialistHemophilia Health ServicesAccredo Health Group, Inc.Nashville, Tennessee

Laura M. Borgelt, PharmD, FCCP, BCPSAssociate ProfessorDepartments of Clinical Pharmacy and Family

MedicineUniversity of Colorado DenverAurora, Colorado

Mary C. Borovicka, PharmD, BCPS, BCPPAssociate Professor of Pharmacy PracticeUniversity of Toledo College of PharmacyPsychiatric Pharmacy SpecialistLouis Stokes VA Medical CenterBrecksville, Ohio

Sheila Botts, PharmD, BCPP, FCCPAssistant ProfessorPharmacy Practice and ScienceCollege of Pharmacy University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky

Erika N. Brown, BS, MS, PharmDClinical Pharmacy SpecialistUniversity of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, Texas

Karim Anton Calis, PharmD, MPH, FASHP, FCCPSenior Clinical InvestigatorEunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of

Child Health and Human Development andNational Institute of Diabetes and Digestiveand Kidney Diseases

National Institutes of HealthBethesda, MarylandClinical Professor, University of Maryland School

of PharmacyBaltimore, MarylandProfessor, Virginia Commonwealth University

School of PharmacyRichmond, Virginia

Jessica Campaign, PharmD Assistant Professor of Pharmacy College of Pharmacy University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico

Estela Ceja, PharmDClinical Pharmacy Specialist-PediatricsUniversity of TexasM.D. Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, Texas

xiii

CO N T R I B U TO R S

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Jack J. Chen, PharmD, FCCP, BCPS, CGPAssociate Professor, NeurologyMovement Disorders ClinicLoma Linda UniversitySchools of Medicine and PharmacyLoma Linda, California

Judy T. Chen, PharmD, BCPS, CDEClinical Assistant ProfessorSchool of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical SciencesPurdue University and Wishard Health ServicesIndianapolis, Indiana

Devra K. Dang, PharmD, BCPS, CDE Associate Clinical Professor University of Connecticut School of PharmacyAssistant Clinical ProfessorUniversity of Connecticut School of MedicineStorrs, Connecticut

Christine J. Davis, BSc (Gen), BScPharm, ACPR,PharmDAssistant ProfessorFaculty of Pharmacy, University of ManitobaWinnipeg, ManitobaCanada

Betty J. Dong, PharmD, FASHP, FCCPProfessor of Clinical Pharmacy and Family and

Community Medicine Departments of Clinical Pharmacy and MedicineClinical Pharmacist Specialist, Thyroid ClinicUniversity of California San FranciscoSan Francisco, California

Julie A. Dopheide, PharmD, BCPPAssociate Professor,Clinical Pharmacy, Psychiatry, and the Behavioral

SciencesUniversity of Southern CaliforniaSchools of Pharmacy and MedicineLos Angeles, California

Christopher A. Fausel, PharmD, BCPS, BCOPClinical Director, Oncology Pharmacy ServicesIndiana University Simon Cancer CenterIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolis, Indiana

Edward F. Foote, PharmD, BCPS, FCCPProfessor and Chair of Pharmacy PracticeNesbitt College of Pharmacy and NursingWilkes UniversityWilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania

Lisa L. Forsyth, PharmDClinical Specialist, Surgical Critical CareBeaumont HospitalRoyal Oak, Michigan

Matthew A. Fuller, PharmD, BCPS, BCPP, FASHPClinical Pharmacy Specialist, PsychiatryLouis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans

Affairs Medical CenterClinical Associate Professor of PsychiatryCase Western Reserve UniversityAdjunct Associate Professor of Clinical PharmacyUniversity of ToledoToledo, Ohio

Candice L. Garwood, PharmD, BCPSAssistant ProfessorDepartment of Pharmacy PracticeCollege of Pharmacy and Health SciencesWayne State University Clinical Specialist—Ambulatory CareHarper University HospitalDetroit, Michigan

Jane M. Gervasio, PharmD, BCNSP, FCCPAssociate Professor and Vice Chair of Pharmacy

PracticeButler University College of Pharmacy and Health

ScienceNutrition Support Pharmacist, Clarian Health

PartnersIndianapolis, Indiana

Jasmine D. Gonzalvo, PharmDClinical Assistant ProfessorSchool of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical SciencesPurdue UniversityIndianapolis, Indiana

Jessica L. Gören, PharmD, BCPPAssociate ProfessorUniversity of Rhode IslandKingston, Rhode Island

John G. Gums, PharmD, FCCPProfessor of Pharmacy and MedicineAssociate Chair, Department of Pharmacotherapy

and Translational ResearchDirector of Clinical Research in Family MedicineDepartments of Pharmacotherapy and

Translational Research and Community Healthand Family Medicine

University of FloridaGainesville, Florida

xiv Contributors

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Jon D. Herrington, PharmD, BCPS, BCOPHematology/Oncology Clinical SpecialistScott & White Memorial HospitalAssociate ProfessorDepartment of MedicineTexas A&M Health Science CenterAdjunct Associate ProfessorUniversity of Texas College of PharmacyAustin, Texas

James M. Hoffman, PharmD, MS, BCPSMedication Outcomes & Safety OfficerPharmaceutical DepartmentSt. Jude Children’s Research HospitalAssistant Professor of Clinical PharmacyUniversity of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphis, Tennessee

Mark T. Holdsworth, PharmD, BCOP Associate Professor of Pharmacy and Pediatrics College of Pharmacy University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico

Kellie L. Jones, PharmD, BCOPClinical Associate ProfessorSchool of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical SciencesPurdue UniversityIndianapolis, Indiana

Yaman Kaakeh, PharmD, BCPSClinical Assistant ProfessorSchool of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical SciencesPurdue University

Pramodini B. Kale-Pradhan, PharmDAssociate Professor Department of Pharmacy PracticeCollege of Pharmacy and Health SciencesWayne State University and St. John Hospital and

Medical CenterDetroit, Michigan

Kristine E. Keplar, PharmDClinical PharmacistSt Anthony’s Memorial HospitalEffingham, IllinoisAdjunct Associate Professor of Pharmacy PracticeButler University College of Pharmacy and Health

SciencesIndianapolis, Indiana

Patrick J. Kiel, PharmD, BCPSClinical Pharmacy Specialist, Hematology/Stem

Cell TransplantIndiana University Simon Cancer Center-Clarian

HealthIndianapolis, Indiana

Julie M. Koehler, PharmD Associate Professor and ChairDepartment of Pharmacy PracticeButler University College of Pharmacy and Health

SciencesFamily Medicine Clinical Pharmacist Departments of Pharmacy and Family MedicineMethodist Hospital of Clarian HealthIndianapolis, Indiana

W. Greg Leader, PharmDInterim DeanProfessor, Clinical Pharmacy PracticeUniversity of Louisiana MonroeCollege of PharmacyMonroe, Louisiana

Karen W. Lee, PharmD, BCPSAssociate Director for Professional DevelopmentUniversity of Massachusetts Medical School Clinical Pharmacy Services-Commonwealth

MedicineShrewsbury, Massachusetts

Mary Lee, PharmD, BCPS, FCCPVice President and Chief Academic OfficerPharmacy and Health Science EducationMidwestern UniversityProfessor of Pharmacy PracticeChicago College of PharmacyDowners Grove, Illinois

Edward Li, PharmD, BCOPOncology Scientist, Drugs & Biologics ProgramNational Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN)Adjunct Assistant ProfessorWilkes University Nesbitt School of PharmacyWilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania

John R. Litaker, MSc, MMedSc, PhDManaging DirectorThe Litaker Group, LLCAustin, Texas

Janis J. MacKichan, PharmD, FAPhAProfessor and Vice ChairDepartment of Pharmacy PracticeNortheastern Ohio Universities Colleges of

Medicine and PharmacyRootstown, Ohio

Robert MacLaren, BSc, PharmD, FCCM, FCCPAssociate ProfessorUniversity of Colorado DenverAurora, Colorado

Contributors xv

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Mark J. Makowsky, BSP, PharmDAssistant ProfessorFaculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of AlbertaEdmonton, AlbertaCanada

Henri R. Manasse, Jr., PhD, ScD, FFIPExecutive Vice President and Chief Executive

OfficerAmerican Society of Health-System PharmacistsBethesda, Maryland

Darius L. Mason, PharmD, BCPSAssistant ProfessorANephRx (Albany Nephrology Pharmacy Group)Department of Pharmacy PracticeAlbany College of Pharmacy and Health SciencesAlbany, New York

J. Russell May, PharmD, FASHPClinical ProfessorDepartment of Clinical and Administrative

PharmacyUniversity of Georgia College of PharmacyAugusta, Georgia

Douglas A. Miller, PharmDProfessorDepartment of Pharmacy PracticeCollege of Pharmacy and Health SciencesWayne State UniversityDetroit, Michigan

Monica L. Miller, PharmD, MScClinical Assistant ProfessorSchool of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical SciencesPurdue UniversityIndianapolis, Indiana

Brice Labruzzo Mohundro, PharmDAssistant ProfessorUniversity of Louisiana at Monroe College of

PharmacyBaton Rouge, Louisiana

Jean M. Nappi, PharmD, FCCP, BCPSProfessor of Clinical Pharmacy & Outcome

SciencesSouth Carolina College of Pharmacy-MUSC

CampusProfessor of MedicineMedical University of South CarolinaCharleston, South Carolina

Robert Lee Page II, PharmD, MSPH, FAHA, FCCP,FASHP, FASCP, BCPS, CGPAssociate Professor of Clinical Pharmacy and

Physical MedicineClinical Specialist, Division of CardiologyUniversity of Colorado Denver, Schools of

Pharmacy and MedicineAurora, Colorado

Amy Barton Pai, PharmD, BCPS, FASNAssociate ProfessorAlbany College of Pharmacy and Health SciencesAlbany, New York

Dennis Parker Jr., PharmDAssistant ProfessorDepartment of Pharmacy PracticeCollege of Pharmacy and Health SciencesWayne State UniversityClinical Specialist - NeuroscienceDetroit Receiving HospitalDetroit, Michigan

Charles D. Ponte, PharmD, BC-ADM, BCPS, CDE,CPE, FAPhA, FASHP, FCCPProfessor of Clinical Pharmacy and Family

MedicineWest Virginia University Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences CenterSchools of Pharmacy and MedicineMorgantown, West Virginia

Frank Pucino, Jr., PharmD, BCPS, FASHP, FDPGECSenior Clinical InvestigatorNational Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal

and Skin DiseasesNational Institutes of HealthBethesda, Maryland

Colette B. Raymond, PharmD, MSc, ACPRStaff Development/Practice Evaluation PharmacistWinnipeg Regional Health Authority Pharmacy

ProgramWinnipeg, Manitoba, Canada

Cynthia Reilly, BSPharmDirector, Practice Development DivisionAmerican Society of Health-System PharmacistsBethesda, Maryland

Denise H. Rhoney, PharmD, FCCP, FCCMAssociate ProfessorDepartment of Pharmacy PracticeCollege of Pharmacy and Health SciencesWayne State UniversityDetroit, Michigan

xvi Contributors

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Melody Ryan, PharmD, MPHAssociate ProfessorDepartment of Pharmacy Practice and ScienceUniversity of Kentucky College of PharmacyDepartment of NeurologyUniversity of Kentucky College of MedicineLexington, Kentucky

Joseph J. Saseen, PharmD, FCCP, BCPSProfessorUniversity of Colorado DenverAnschutz Medical CampusSchools of Pharmacy and MedicineAurora, Colorado

Roohollah Sharifi, MD, FACSProfessor of Urology and SurgeryCollege of MedicineUniversity of Illinois at ChicagoSection Chief of UrologyJesse Brown Veterans Administration HospitalChicago, Illinois

Amy Heck Sheehan, PharmDAssociate ProfessorSchool of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical SciencesPurdue UniversityIndianapolis, Indiana

Frank E. Silvestry, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineCardiovascular DivisionUniversity of Pennsylvania School of MedicineDirector, Penn Cardiac Care at RadnorRadnor Pennsylvania

Judith A. Smith, PharmD, BCOP, FCCP, FISOPPAssociate Professor & Director Pharmacology

ResearchDepartment of Gynecology Oncology, Division of

SurgeryUniversity of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, Texas

Kevin M. Sowinski, PharmD, FCCPProfessorSchool of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical SciencesPurdue UniversityAdjunct ProfessorSchool of MedicineIndiana UniversityIndianapolis, Indiana

Sarah A. Spinler, PharmD, FCCP, FAHA, BCPS (AQCardiology)Professor of Clinical PharmacyDepartment of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacy

AdministrationPhiladelphia College of PharmacyUniversity of the Sciences in PhiladelphiaPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania

Michele Y. Splinter, PharmD, MS, BCPSClinical Associate ProfessorUniversity of Oklahoma HSC, College of

PharmacyOklahoma City, Oklahoma

Mary K. Stamatakis, BS Pharmacy, PharmDAssociate Dean for Academic Affairs and

Educational InnovationAssociate ProfessorWest Virginia University School of PharmacyMorgantown, West Virginia

David M. Swope MDAssociate Professor of NeurologyLoma Linda UniversityLoma Linda, California

Lynne M. Sylvia, PharmD Clinical Pharmacy Specialist Tufts Medical Center Adjunct Clinical ProfessorNortheastern University School of Pharmacy Boston Massachusetts

Hugh H. Tilson, MD, DrPHAdjunct Professor, Public Health LeadershipUniversity of North Carolina School of Public

HealthChapel Hill, North Carolina

James E. Tisdale, PharmDProfessorSchool of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical SciencesPurdue UniversityAdjunct ProfessorSchool of MedicineIndiana UniversityIndianapolis, Indiana

CoraLynn B. Trewet, MS, PharmD, BCPSAssistant Clinical Professor University of IowaBroadlawns Family Health CenterDes Moines, Iowa

Contributors xvii

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Ross T. Tsuyuki, BSc (Pharm), PharmD, MSc (Clin Epi), FCSHP, FACCProfessor of Medicine (Cardiology)Director, EPICORE Centrre/COMPRISFaculty of Medicine and DentistryUniversity of AlbertaEdmonton, Alberta, Canada

Sheryl F. Vondracek, PharmD, FCCPAssociate ProfessorUniversity of Colorado Denver Department of Clinical PharmacyAurora, Colorado

Lori D. Wazny, BSc (Pharm), PharmDPharmaceutical Care Coordinator-Manitoba Renal

ProgramWinnipeg, Manitoba, Canada

Timothy E. Welty, MA PharmD, FCCP, BCPSProfessor and ChairDepartment of Pharmacy PracticeUniversity of KansasLawrence, Kansas

Marie M. Wenzel, PharmD, BCPSAssociate Director of Clinical ServicesUniversity of Massachusetts Medical School Clinical Pharmacy Services-Commonwealth

MedicineShrewsbury, Massachusetts

Sheila M. Wilhelm, PharmD, BCPSAssistant ProfessorDepartment of Pharmacy PracticeCollege of Pharmacy and Health SciencesWayne State UniversityClinical Specialist—Internal MedicineHarper University HospitalDetroit, Michigan

Craig Williams, PharmD, FNLAClinical Associate Professor of PharmacyOHSU College of PharmacyClinical Associate Professor of MedicineOregon Health and Science University School of

MedicinePortland, Oregon

Dianne B. Williams, PharmD, BCPSClinical Associate ProfessorCampus Director for Pharmacy Practice

ExperiencesUniversity of Georgia College of PharmacyAugusta, Georgia

James P. Wilson, PharmD, PhD, FASHPCenter for Pharmacoeconomic StudiesCollege of PharmacyUniversity of TexasAustin, Texas

Susan M. Wilson, PharmD, BCPSClinical Pharmacy ManagerCrittenton Hospital Medical CenterPharmacy Systems, Inc.Rochester, Michigan

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R E V I E W E R S

Jennifer M. Anthone, PharmDCreighton University Medical CenterOmaha, Nebraska

Jacquelyn L. Bainbridge, PharmD, FCCPProfessor, Department of Clinical Pharmacy and

Department of NeurologyUniversity of Colorado DenverAurora, Colorado

Gretchen M. Brophy, PharmD, BCPS, FCCP,FCCMProfessor of Pharmacy and NeurosurgeryVirginia Commonwealth UniversityMedical College of VirginiaRichmond, Virginia

Susan P. Bruce, PharmD, BCPSAssociate Professor & Chair, Pharmacy PracticeNortheastern Ohio UniversitiesColleges of Medicine & PharmacyRootstown, Ohio

Charles F. Caley, PharmD, BCPPAssociate Clinical ProfessorUniversity of Connecticut School of PharmacyStorrs, Connecticut

Kimberly A. Cappuzzo, PharmD, MS, CGPSenior Regional Medical LiaisonMetabolic Bone TeamAmgen Scientific Affairs Richmond, Virginia

Sheryl L. Chow, BS. Pharm, PharmD, BCPS (AQCardiology)Assistant ProfessorDepartment of Pharmacy Practice and

Administration Western University of Health SciencesPomona, California

Catherine Christen, PharmDClinical PharmacistUniversity of Michigan Health System and

College of PharmacyClinical Assistant ProfessorUniversity of Michigan College of PharmacyAnn Arbor, Michigan

Susan E. Conway, PharmDAssociate ProfessorUniversity of Oklahoma College of PharmacyOklahoma City, Oklahoma

Tanna Cooper, PharmD, BCPSClinical Pharmacy Specialist, Digestive Diseases

Intensive Care UnitMedical University of South CarolinaCharleston, South Carolina

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R E V I E W E R S

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William E. Dager PharmD, BCPS, FCSHP, FCCP,FCCMPharmacist Specialist, UC Davis Medical CenterSacramento, California Clinical Professor of Pharmacy, UC San FranciscoSan Francisco, California Clinical Professor of Medicine, UC Davis School

of MedicineSacramento, California Clinical Professor of Pharmacy, Touro School of

PharmacyVallejo, California

John W. Devlin, PharmD, BCPS, FCCM, FCCPAssociate ProfessorNortheastern University School of PharmacyAdjunct Associate ProfessorTufts University School of MedicineBoston, Massachusetts

Sarah E. Donegan, PharmD, BCOPSenior Drug Information Analyst, Oncology

SpecialistAmerican Society Health-System PharmacistsBethesda, Maryland

Thomas C. Dowling, PharmD, PhD, FCPAssociate Professor and Vice ChairUniversity of Maryland Baltimore School of

PharmacyBaltimore, Maryland

Kaelen C. Dunican, BSPharm, PharmDAssistant Professor of Pharmacy PracticeMassachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health

SciencesSchool of Pharmacy- Worcester/ManchesterWorcester, Massachusetts

Krystal L Edwards, PharmD, BCPSAssociate Professor of Pharmacy PracticeTexas Tech University Health Sciences Center -

School of PharmacyDallas, Texas

Jennifer D. Faulkner, PharmD, BCPPDirector of Education, Pharmacy ServiceCentral Texas Veterans Health Care SystemTemple, Texas

Marcus Ferrone, PharmD, BCNSPDirector, Drug Product Services LaboratoryAssociate Professor of Clinical PharmacyUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan Fransisco, California

Richard G. Fiscella, PharmD, MPHClinical Professor Department of Pharmacy PracticeAdjunct Assistant ProfessorDepartment of OphthalmologyChicago, Illinois

Dustin D. French, PhDResearch ScientistVA Center of Excellence on Implementing

Evidence Based Practice Regenstrief Institute IncIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolis, Indiana

Jeffrey A. Johnson, BSP, PhDCanada Research Chair in Diabetes Health

OutcomesProfessor, School of Public HealthUniversity of AlbertaEdmonton, Alberta Canada

Melissa C. Jones, PharmD, BCPSAssistant Dean for AdmissionsAssociate Professor of Pharmacy PracticeSouth University School of PharmacySavannah, Georgia

Melanie S. Joy, PharmD, FCCPAssociate ProfessorUNC Schools of Medicine and PharmacyDivision of Nephrology and HypertensionUNC Kidney CenterChapel Hill, North Carolina

Michael P. Kane, PharmD, FCCP, BCPSProfessor, Department of Pharmacy PracticeAlbany College of Pharmacy and Health SciencesClinical Pharmacy SpecialistThe Endocrine Group, LLPAlbany, New York

Joseph Kishel, PharmD, BCPS, AQ-ID Clinical Scientific Director Cubist Pharmaceuticals Palmyra, Pennsylvania

Michael Kotlyar, PharmDAssociate ProfessorUniversity of MinnesotaDepartment of Experimental and Clinical

PharmacologyCollege of PharmacyMinneapolis, Minnesota

xx Reviewers

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Robert J. Kuhn, PharmDProfessor of Pharmacy Practice and ScienceUniversity of Kentucky College of PharmacyLexington, Kentucky

Gary M. Levin, PharmD, BCPP, FCCPDean & ProfessorLECOM School of Pharmacy - Bradenton Bradenton, Florida

Mark A. Malesker, PharmD, FCCP, BCPSProfessor of Pharmacy Practice and MedicineCreighton University Omaha, Nebraska

J. Russell May, PharmD, FASHPClinical ProfessorDepartment of Clinical and Administrative PharmacyUniversity of Georgia College of PharmacyAugusta, Georgia

Joseph E. Mazur, PharmD, BCPS, BCNSPClinical Pharmacy Manager, Medical University of

South CarolinaCritical Care Clinical Specialist, Medical Intensive

Care UnitClinical Associate Professor, South Carolina

College of PharmacyCharleston, South Carolina

Patrick L. McKercher, RPh, PhDKalamazoo, Michigan

Douglas A. Miller, PharmDProfessorDepartment of Pharmacy PracticeCollege of Pharmacy and Health SciencesWayne State UniversityDetroit, Michigan

Candis M. Morello, PharmD, CDE, FCSHPAssociate Professor of Clinical PharmacyUniversity of California, San DiegoLa Jolla, CaliforniaSkaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical

SciencesAmbulatory Care Pharmacist Specialist Veteran’s Affairs San Diego Healthcare SystemSan Diego, California

Anna K. Morin, PharmD, RPhAssociate ProfessorDepartment of Pharmacy Practice Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health

SciencesWorcester, Massachusetts

Lynette Moser, PharmDAssistant ProfessorDepartment of Pharmacy PracticeCollege of Pharmacy and Health SciencesWayne State UniversityClinical Specialist - CardiologyHarper University HospitalDetroit, Michigan

Mark A. Munger, PharmD, FCCPProfessor, Department of PharmacotherapyAssociate Dean for Academic AffairsUniversity of Utah College of PharmacySalt Lake City, Utah

Keith M. Olsen, PharmD, FCCP, FCCMProfessor and Chair, Department of Pharmacy

Practice University of Nebraska Medical Center College of

PharmacyOmaha, Nebraska

Kari L. Olson, BSc(Pharm), PharmD, BCPS Clinical Pharmacy Specialist Kaiser Permanente Colorado Aurora, Colorado

Carol A. Ott, PharmD, BCPPClinical Assistant ProfessorSchool of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical SciencesPurdue UniversityIndianapolis, Indiana

Brian R. Overholser, PharmDAssistant ProfessorSchool of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical SciencesPurdue UniversityAdjunct Assistant ProfessorSchool of MedicineIndiana UniversityIndianapolis, Indiana

Robert B. Parker, PharmD, FCCPProfessorDepartment of Clinical PharmacyUniversity of TennesseeMemphis, Tennessee

Mary H. Parker, PharmD, BCPS (AQ Cardiology),CPPDirector, Cardiovascular Risk Reduction ClinicsClinical Pharmacist PractitionerLeBauer HeartCareGreensboro, North Carolina

Reviewers xxi

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Nicole R. Pinelli, PharmD, MSAssistant ProfessorDepartment of Pharmacy PracticeCollege of Pharmacy and Health SciencesWayne State Univeristy and Henry Ford HospitalDetroit, Michigan

Theresa R. Prosser, PharmD, AE-C, BCPS, FCCPProfessor of Pharmacy PracticeSt. Louis College of PharmacySt. Louis, Missouri

Cynthia A. Sanoski, B.S., PharmD, FCCP, BCPSChair, Department of Pharmacy PracticeAssociate ProfessorJefferson School of PharmacyThomas Jefferson UniversityPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania

Terry L. Schwinghammer, PharmD, FCCP, FASHP,BCPSProfessor and Chair, Department of Clinical

PharmacyWest Virginia University School of PharmacyMorgantown, West Virginia

Stacy S. Shord, PharmD, BCOPU.S. Food and Drug AdministrationCenter for Drug Evaluation and ResearchOffice of Clinical PharmacologyDivision of Clinical Pharmacology 5Silver Spring, Maryland

Glen L. Stimmel, PharmD, BCPPProfessor of Clinical Pharmacy and PsychiatryUniversity of Southern CaliforniaSchools of Pharmacy and MedicineLos Angeles, California

Jeffrey S. Stroup, PharmD, BCPSAssociate Professor of MedicineOklahoma State University Center for Health

SciencesTulsa, Oklahoma

Robert L. Talbert, PharmD, FCCP, BCPS, FAHAProfessorCollege of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at

AustinAustin, TexasProfessor of Medicine, School of MedicineUniversity of Texas Health Science Center at San

AntonioSan Antonio, Texas

James E. Tisdale, PharmDProfessorSchool of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical SciencesPurdue UniversityAdjunct ProfessorIndiana UniversitySchool of MedicineIndianapolis, Indiana

Toby C. Trujillo, PharmD, BCPS (AQ Cardiology)Associate ProfessorUniversity of Colorado DenverSchool of Pharmacy - Department of Clinical

PharmacyAurora, Colorado

Sony Tuteja, PharmD, BCPSAssociateUniversity of Iowa College of PharmacyDepartment of Pharmaceutics and Experimental

TherapeuticsIowa City, Iowa

Mary L. Wagner, PharmD, M.S.Associate ProfessorErnest Mario School of PharmacyRutgers, The State University of New JerseyPiscataway, New Jersey

Barbara S. Wiggins, PharmD, BCPS (AQCardiology), CLS, FAHA,FNLA, FCCPDiplomate, Accreditation Council for Clinical

LipidologyPharmacy Clinical Specialist-CardiologyUniversity of Virginia Health SystemClinical Assistant Professor in Internal MedicineUniversity of Virginia School of MedicineCharlottesville, Virginia

Sheila M. Wilhelm, PharmD, BCPSAssistant ProfessorDepartment of Pharmacy PracticeCollege of Pharmacy and Health SciencesWayne State UniversityClinical Specialist - Internal MedicineHarper University HospitalDetroit, Michigan

Gary C. Yee, PharmD, FCCP, BCOPProfessor and Associate Dean College of PharmacyUniversity of Nebraska Medical CenterOmaha, Nebraska

xxii Reviewers

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