Jamaica Two

7/30/2019 Jamaica Two

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Pieces of Jamaica


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Nanny of the Maroons

It is not certain whether Nanny was born in Jamaica or in Africa. It is said thatshe was of Ashante origin and was the sister of Cudjoe, the leader of theTrelawny Town Maroons. An individual who sparked numerous stories andlegends, she nimbly straddles the realms of reality and myth. In 1517, whenthe Spanish ruled Jamaica, the first group of Africans arrived as slaves. Whenthe British captured the island in 1655, many of the Spanish left, and theirslaves became free. These ex-slaves fled to different hilly areas around the

island. There they banded together to fight against the British and protecttheir freedom. They became known as Maroons. Some believe the namecomes from the Spanish word, cimarron meaning wild.

Although said to be small and wiry Nanny is recognized as a champion offreedom, a female warrior who promoted guerrilla warfare tactics against herBritish foes. She is recognized as a leader who symbolized hope in times ofcrisis and fostered respect for her own Ashanti traditions. She is also
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immortalized as a high priestess with great powers. Nanny is said to have diedin the 1750s and is buried at Bump Grave in what is now known as MooreTown in Portland, at the eastern end of Jamaica. Today Jamaicans honourNanny as a National Hero out of respect for her wise, fighting spirit and hercommitment to freedom and independence. An artists impression of her can

be found on the five-hundred-dollar ($500) bill.

Samuel Sharpe

(via)

Born in the parish of St. James, and named after his master, Samuel Sharpe isknown for his pivotal role in the 1831 Christmas Rebellion on the KensingtonEstate, a rebellion credited as instrumental to full emancipation in 1838.Sharpe, a Baptist preacher, was literate, a strong speaker and very religious.Sharpe had read many British anti-slavery bulletins and believed thatJamaicas only chance for redemption was the total abolition of slavery.Sharpe came up with an idea of passive resistance and communicated thismessage to slaves after prayer meetings on different estates. He explained hisbelief that the slaves had been freed in England but kept enslaved by theplanters in Jamaica, and described how they could conduct a peaceful strike a
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few days after Christmas by simply refusing to return to work in the fieldsunless their concerns were heard.

Between 18,000-50,000 slaves joined in as news of the idea spread toTrelawny, Westmoreland, St. Elizabeth and Manchester. Daddy Sharpes

peaceful protest was not to be however. It quickly turned into the largest slaverebellion in the islands history. On December 27, 1831, the Kensington Estatewas set afire as a signal of the rebellion. Soon multiple fires broke out and allthoughts of non-violence fled. Great houses and cane fields in the west wereburned and hundreds of lives were lost. By the first week in January therebellion had been put down by the militia the dead included 14 whites and500 slaves most slaves having died during the period of retribution thatfollowed the rebellion. One such slave was Sam Sharpe who on May 28, 1832was tried and hung for his part as organizer.

Sharpes last words stand as testimony to the type of man he was and thecause to which he was so deeply committed: I would rather die in yondergallows, than live for a minute more in slavery. Sam Sharpe Square inMontego Bay is named after him and his picture appears on the fifty-dollar($50) bill.

Paul Bogle

(via)

Paul Bogle, it is believed, was born free about 1822. He was a Baptist deaconin Stony Gut, a few miles north of Morant Bay, and was eligible to vote at a
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time when there were only 104 voters in the parish of St. Thomas. He becamea supporter of landowner and politician and fellow Baptist George WilliamGordon. In 1864, Gordon made Bogle a deacon in the Baptist church. As socialinjustices and peoples grievances grew Bogle led a group of small farmers 45miles to discuss their grievances with Governor Eyre in Spanish Town, but

they were denied an audience. This left the people of Stony Gut with a lack ofconfidence, and distrust for the Government, and Bogles supporters grew innumber.

Poverty and injustice in the society and lack of public confidence in the centralauthority urged Bogle to lead a protest march to the Morant Bay courthouseon October 11, 1865. In a violent confrontation with full official forces thatfollowed the march, nearly 500 people were killed and a greater number wasflogged and punished before order was restored. Bogle was captured andhanged on October 24, 1865; but his forceful demonstration achieved its

objectives. It paved the way for the establishment of just practices in thecourts and it brought about a change in official attitude which made possiblethe social and economic betterment of the people. The Morant Bay rebellionturned out to be one of the defining points in Jamaicas struggle for bothpolitical and economical enhancement. Bogles demonstration ultimatelyachieved its objectives and paved the way for the new attitudes.

George William Gordon
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Born to a slave mother and a planter father who was attorney to several sugarestates in Jamaica, George William Gordon was self-educated and alandowner in the parish of St. Thomas. Gordon had established his own NativeBaptist church, of which Paul Bogle was a deacon, and was a member of theJamaica Assembly. He became the voice of the people, who did not qualify to

vote, and had subdivided his own lands, selling lots cheaply to the people andorganising marketing of their produce at a fair price.

Gordon urged the people to protest against and resist the oppressive andunjust conditions under which they were forced to live. He was accused ofinstigating the Morant Bay Rebellion. In October, 1865 following the rebellion,George William Gordon was taken from Kingston to Morant Bay, where hewas charged for complicity in the rebellion and executed. Gordons death andthe brutality of Governor Edward John Eyres suppression of the revolt wascause for concern in Britain. In 1969, when Jamaica decimalized its currency

the Hon. George William Gordon appeared on the ten dollar note (now acoin).

Marcus Garvey
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Marcus Garvey was born in St. Anns Bay, Jamaica, on 17th August, 1887.After seven years of schooling he worked as a printer. He became an activetrade unionist and in 1907 was elected vice president of compositors branchof the printers union. He helped lead a printers strike (1908-09) and after itcollapsed the union disintegrated. In 1911 Garvey moved to England and

briefly studied at Birbeck College where he met other blacks who wereinvolved in the struggle to obtain independence from the British Empire.Inspired by what he heard he returned to Jamaica and established theUniversal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) and published thepamphlet, The Negro Race and Its Problems. Garvey was influenced by theideas of Booker T. Washington and made plans to develop a trade school forthe poor similar to the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama.

Garvey arrived in the United States on 23rd March 1916 and immediatelylaunched a year-long tour of the country. He organized the first branch of

UNIA in June 1917 and began published the Negro World, a journal thatpromoted his African nationalist ideas. Garveys organization was extremelypopular and by 1919 UNIA had 30 branches and over 2 million members. Likethe National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People (NAACP)Garvey campaigned against lynching, Jim Crow laws, denial of black votingrights and racial discrimination. Where UNIA differed from other civil rightsorganizations was on how the problem could be solved. Garvey doubtedwhether whites in the United States would ever agree to African Americansbeing treated as equals and argued for segregation rather than integration.Garvey suggested that African Americans should go and live in Africa. He

wrote that he believed in the principle of Europe for the Europeans, and Asiafor the Asiatics and Africa forthe Africans at home and abroad.

Sir Alexander Bustamante


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(Via)

Born as William Alexander Clarke to an Irish Roman Catholic planter, RobertConstantine Clarke, and wife Mary ne Wilson, who was of mixed race. Heclaimed that he took the name Bustamante to honour an Iberian sea captainwho befriended him in his youth. After travelling the world, including workingas a policeman in Cuba and as a dietician in a New York City hospital, hereturned to Jamaica in 1932 and became a leader of the struggle againstcolonial rule. He first brought himself to public attention as a writer of lettersto the Daily Gleaner newspaper; in 1937 he became treasurer of the Jamaica

Workers Union which had been founded by labour activist Allan G.S. Coombs.During the 1938 labour rebellion he quickly became identified as thespokesman for striking workers. Coombs JWU became the BustamanteIndustrial Trade Union (BITU) after the revolt, and Bustamante becameknown as The Chief.

He was imprisoned for subversive activities in 1940. However, the anti-colonial effort resulted in the granting of universal suffrage to Jamaica. Hewas released from prison in 1943 and founded the Jamaica Labour Party thesame year, having previously been a member of the party founded by his

cousin, Norman Manley, the Peoples National Party (founded 1938).Bustamantes party won 22 of 32 seats in the first House of Representativeselected by universal suffrage, making Bustamante the unofficial governmentleader (as Minister for Communications) until the position of Chief Ministerwas created in 1953. He held this position until the JLP was defeated in 1955.In 1947 and 1948 he also served as mayor of Kingston. Sir AlexanderBustamante shares with his cousin Norman Washington Manley, the honour
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of being one of the two Founding Fathers of Jamaicas Independence,attained peacefully, August 6, 1962.

Norman Manley

(Via)

NormanWashington Manley was born in Roxborough in JamaicasManchester parish, on July 4, 1893. His father, Thomas Albert SamuelManley, who was the illegitimate son of an English trader from Yorkshire anda former slave, worked as an agricultural businessman and sold Jamaicanspices and fruits to the United States. Norman Manleys mother, MargaretShearer, was the daughter of a pen-keeper of Irish descent and his Mulattowife. As a young man, Manley was a brilliant scholar, soldier and athlete,

studying law at Jesus College, Oxford as a Rhodes Scholar. He enlisted andfought in the First World War in the Royal Field Artillery, and later returnedto Jamaica to serve as a barrister.

He identified himself with the cause of the workers at the time of the labourtroubles of 1938 and donated time and advocacy to the cause. Manley and thePNP supported the trade union movement, then led by AlexanderBustamante, while leading the demand for universal adult suffrage. When
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Suffrage came, Manley had to wait ten years and two terms before his partywas elected to office. He was a strong advocate of the Federation of the WestIndies, established in 1958, but when Sir Alexander Bustamante declared thatopposition Jamaica Labour Party would take Jamaica out of the Federation,Norman Manley, already renowned for his integrity and commitment to

democracy, called a referendum, unprecedented in Jamaica, to let the peopledecide. The vote was decidedly against Jamaicas continued membership ofthe Federation. Norman Manley, after arranging Jamaicas orderly withdrawalfrom the union, set up a joint committee to decide on a constitution forseparate independence for Jamaica. He himself chaired the committee withgreat distinction and then led the team that negotiated Jamaicasindependence from Britain

Asafa Powell

Asafa Powell

Asafa PowellC.D(born 23 November 1982) is aJamaicansprinterwho specialises in the100 metres. He held

the 100 mworld recordbetween June 2005 and May 2008, with times of 9.77 and 9.74 seconds respectively.

Powell has consistently broken the10-second barrierin competition, with his personal best of 9.72 s being the

fourth fastest time in the history of the event. As of July 2011, Powell has broken the ten-second barrier legally

more times than anyone else 80 times in total.
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Powell competed in the 100 m at the2004 Athens Olympicsand the2008 Beijing Olympicsbut failed to convert

his success to the world stage, finishing fifth both times. However, in Beijing with the Jamaican team he won a

gold medal and set the world andOlympic recordin the4 100 metres relay. At the2007 Osaka World

Championshipshe won a bronze and a silver medal in the 100 m and 4 x 100 m relay respectively and he has

been successful at the Commonwealth, winning two gold and one silver medal. At the2009 World

Championshipshe won 100 m bronze and a relay gold. Powell has won five times at theIAAF World Athletics

Finaland is the 100 m record holder for the event.

Powell also holds the record for the fastest 100 metres run to place third. In August 2009, he ran 9.84 seconds

in the World Athletics Championships from Berlin, Germany.

Powell suffers from pre-race anxiety and has underperformed his abilities in some major races.

Biography and sprinting career

Born on 23 November 1982, inSpanish Town,Jamaica, Asafa Powell is the youngest of six sons of

twoministers. His first name, Asafa has aYorubaorigin. A past student of Ewarton Primary School and

Charlemont High School, both in St. Catherine, Jamaica. Powell planned to be a mechanic before he took up

running while studying inKingston, Jamaica.[3][4]

His eldest brotherDonovan,[5]

was a 60 m finalist in the1999

World Indoor Championships.[6]

Running runs in the family: His brothers clocked 9.5[dubiousdiscuss]

seconds for

the 100 m dash, his mother 11.4, and his father 10.2.[2]

Powell is a member of the MVP (Maximizing Velocity

and Power) Track & Field Club based at the University of Technology (U-Tech), Kingston,[7]

and has been

coached by Stephen Francis since 2001.

Physiology and running style

Asafa Powell is 190 cm tall and weighs 88 kg. In spite of his height, he has an explosive start unusual for big

runners. His long legs give him a mechanical advantage and his maximum stride length was recorded at

2.60 m. He is a mid-foot striker: he puts his much of his foot, foot on the ground for maximum friction to push

off. This enables him to his turnover, or rate of stepping, is fast. His poses major muscle, which lifts the leg for

the next stride, has four times the normal cross-sectional area. His tendons are extremely hard: it takes 43 kg

of muscular force to stretch the average man's thigh tendons 1 cm, 59 kg for Japanese champion

sprinterNobuharu Asahara; but for Powell it takes 114 kg of muscle strength.[2]

These extremely hard tendons

increase the amount of force that is elastically stored and then restored to momentum at each stride. However,

the most impressive thing about his running is his technique and how he combines that with immense power

every time he runs. His leg extension and clawing is great and his back-kick is very short and low.
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Morant Bay rebellion

The Morant Bay rebellion began on October 11, 1865, whenPaul Bogleled 200 to 300 black men and

women into the town ofMorant Bay, parish ofSt. Thomas in the East,Jamaica. The rebellion and its aftermath

were a major turning point in Jamaica's history, and also generated a significant political debate inBritain.Today, the rebellion remains controversial, and is frequently mentioned by specialists in black and colonial

studies.

Background

Slaveryended in Jamaica on August 1, 1834, with the passing of theBritish Emancipation Act, which led to

emancipation on 1 August 1838 the date on which former slaves became free to choose their employment

and employer. On paper, former slaves gained the right to vote; however, most blacks remained desperately

poor, and a highpoll taxeffectively excluded them from the franchise. During the elections of 1864, fewer than

2,000 black Jamaicans were eligible to vote out of a total population of over 436,000, despite outnumbering

whites by a ratio of 32:1. A two-yeardroughtpreceding 1865 made economic conditions still worse for the

population of former slaves and their descendants, and rumours began circulating that white planters intended

to restore slavery.

In 1865, Dr. Edward Underhill, Secretary of theBaptist Missionary Societyof Great Britain, wrote a letter to

theColonial Officein order to express Jamaica's current poor state of affairs. This letter was later shown to

Jamaica's GovernorEdward Eyre, who immediately tried to deny the truth of its statements, and Jamaica's

poor blacks began organizing in "Underhill Meetings." In fact, peasants inSt. Ann parishsent a petition

toQueen Victoriaasking for Crown lands to cultivate as they could not find land for themselves, but it passed

by Eyre first and he enclosed a letter with his own comments.

The Queen's reply left no doubt in the minds of the poor that Eyre had influenced her opinion she encouraged

the poor to work harder, rather than offering any help. George William Gordon, a wealthy mulatto politician,

began encouraging the people to find ways to make their grievances known. One of his followers was a church

deacon namedPaul Bogle.

Following the massacres of Europeans during theIndian Rebellion of 1857, the British population on Jamaica,

as in many other British colonies, was fearful of a black uprising

The Jamaica Independence Festival is a celebration ofJamaica's independence, a status gained in 1962.

The festival was initiated in 1962 by then Minister of Community Development (and later Prime

Minister)Edward Seaga, to showcase literary, fine, and performing artists, and to celebrate "things
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Jamaican". The festival was considered integral to national development as a way of giving Jamaicans a sense

of who they are, and what their history and culture is all about.The festival was scheduled for the first Monday

in August, to coincide with the holiday to celebrate both independence and emancipation..The festival includes

agricultural exhibitions, and street parades, climaxing in a grand gala atKingston's National Stadium.

Supporting events take place all over the island. A formal organizing group, the Jamaica Festival Commission

was established by an act of parliament in 1968, which became the Jamaica Cultural Development

Commission (JCDC) by another parliamentary act in 1980.[Today, the administrative structure includes a large

volunteer-base with a JCDC officer appointed to oversee activities in each parish. The festival now includes the

Miss Jamaica Festival Queen Contest, a nationalMentoband competition, and aGospelsong competition.

One of the highlights of the festival is the Popular Song Competition (before 1990 known as the Independence

Festival Song Competition), which first took place in 1966, and has been won by artists such asThe

Maytals,Desmond Dekker,Freddie McKay, andEric Donaldson.

Independent Jamaica:1962-Present Day

Jamaica gained a degree of local political control in the mid-1940s. ThePeople's National Party(PNP)

was founded in 1938. Its main rival, theJamaica Labour Party(JLP) was established five years later. The

first elections under universal adult suffrage were held in 1944. Jamaica joined nine other UK territories in

theFederation of the West Indiesin 1958 but withdrew after Jamaican voters rejected membership in

1961. Jamaica gained independence on August 6, 1962, remaining a member of the Commonwealth of

Nations. The first prime minister was Alexanderof the Jamaica Labour Party.

Initially, power swapped between thePeople's National Partyand theJamaican Labour

Partyregularly.Michael Manleywas the first PNP prime minister in 1972. He introduced socialist policies

and relations with Cuba. His second term elections marked the start of repeated political violence. Whenthe PNP lost power in 1980Edward Seagaimmediately began to reverse the policies of his predecessor,

bringing in privatization and seeking closer ties with the USA. When the PNP and Manley returned to

power in 1989 they continued the more moderate policies and were returned in the elections of 1993 and

1998. Manley resigned for health reasons in 1992 and was succeeded as leader of the PNP by Percival

Patterson.

Historically, Jamaican emigration has been heavy. In the late 19th century and early 20th century, many

Jamaicans migrated toCentral America,Cuba, and theDominican Republicto work in the banana and

canefields. In the 1950s the primary destination was to theUnited Kingdom; but since the United

Kingdom restricted emigration in 1962, major flow has been to theUnited StatesandCanada. The

heaviest flow of emigration particularly toNew York, andMiamioccurred during the 1990s and continues

to the present day due to high economical crisis. About 20,000 Jamaicans emigrate to the United States

each year; another 200,000 visit annually. New York,Hartford, CT, Miami, andFort Lauderdaleare among

the U.S. cities with the largest Jamaican population. In New York, over half of Jamaican expatriates

reside in Brooklyn. Remittances from the expatriate communities in the United States, United Kingdom,

andCanadamake increasingly significant contributions to Jamaica's economy.

General Sir Lionel Smith, 1st BaronetGCBGCH(9 October 1778 2 January 1842) was

aBritishdiplomat, colonial administrator, and soldier.
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His mother was noted writer and feministCharlotte Turner Smith.

Smith wasGovernor of Tobagoin 1833 and thenGovernor of Barbados,Viceroyof the colony

ofWinward Islandsand Grenada from 1833 to 1836.

He was awarded aBaronetcyon 19 July 1838 for his service asGovernor of Jamaicafrom 1836 to 1839.

During his governorship,The United Kingdompassed theAbolition Actthat stated that slavery "shall be

and is hereby utterly abolished and unlawful".
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The Jamaica National Flag

One of the most popular national symbols of Jamaica, The

Jamaica National Flag was first raised on Independence Day, August6, 1962.

It signifies the birth of our nation. The Flag brings to mind memories

of past achievements and gives inspiration towards further success.It is flown on many triumphant occasions, showing the pride that Jamaicans have in theircountry and in the flag itself.

The Jamaican Coat of Arms

The Jamaican national motto is Out of Many

One People, based on the populations

multi-racial roots. The motto is representedon the Coat of Arms, showing a male and

female member of the Taino tribe standing

on either side of a shield which bears a redcross with five golden pineapples. The crest

shows a Jamaican crocodile mounted on theRoyal Helmet of the British Monarchy andmantling.


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The National Fruit The Ackee (Blighia sapida)

Carry me ackee go a Linstead Market, not a quattie wud sell is a line in

the popular Jamaican folk song Linstead Market.

Ackee is the national fruit of Jamaica as well as a component of thenational dish ackee and codfish. Although the ackee is not indigenousto Jamaica, it has remarkable historic associations.

National Bird - The DoctorBird (Trochilus polytmus)

The doctor bird or swallow tail humming

bird, is one of the most outstanding of the320 species of hummingbirds. It lives only

in Jamaica. These birds beautiful feathershave no counterpart in the entire bird

population and they produce iridescentcolours characteristic only of that family.

In addition to these beautiful feathers, the

mature male has tow long tails whichstream behind him when he flies. The

doctor bird remains a colorful nationalsymbol of Jamaica!


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The National Flower Lignum Vitae (Guiacum officinale)

The Lignum Vitae was found here by Christopher Columbus. Its

name, when translated from Latin, means wood of life

probably adopted because of its medicinal qualities. The short,compact tree is native to continental tropical American and the

West Indies. In Jamaica it grows best in the dry woodlandalong the north and south coasts of the island.

National Tree The Blue Mahoe (Hibiscus Elatus)

The Blue Mahoe is the national tree of Jamaica. It is indigenous to the island and growsquite rapidly, often attaining 20m (66ft) or more in height. In wetter districts it will grow ina wide range of elevations, up to 1200m (4000 ft.) and is often used in reforestation.

The tree is quite attractive with its straight trunk, broad green leaves and hibiscus-likeflowers.


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On 1 August 1838, Governor Sir Lionel read theProclamation of Freedomto a crowd of 8,000 at the

Celebration ofEmancipationin the Square ofSpanish Town, the then capital of Jamaica. The day has

since been a day of celebration on Jamaica and a public holiday since 1893.

He left Jamaica in 1839 having run into difficulties with the passing of thePrisons Actand dissolving

Jamaica'sAssembly.

Lionel Town,Clarendon, Jamaica is named after the Governor.

He was 5thGovernor of Mauritiusfrom 16 Jul 1840 to 2 Jan 1842.
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Jamaica Two

Documents

Transcript of Jamaica Two