ContentsArticles

Jahn–Teller effect 1Hermann Arthur Jahn 4Edward Teller 6

ReferencesArticle Sources and Contributors 22Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 23

Article LicensesLicense 24

JahnTeller effect 1

Jahn–Teller effectThe Jahn–Teller effect, sometimes also known as Jahn–Teller distortion, or the Jahn–Teller theorem, describesthe geometrical distortion of molecules and ions that is associated with certain electron configurations. Thiselectronic effect is named after Hermann Arthur Jahn and Edward Teller, who proved, using group theory, thatorbital nonlinear spatially degenerate molecules cannot be stable.[1] The theorem essentially states that any nonlinearmolecule with a spatially degenerate electronic ground state will undergo a geometrical distortion that removes thatdegeneracy, because the distortion lowers the overall energy of the species. For description of another type ofgeometrical distortion that occurs in crystals with substitutional impurities see article off-center ions.

Transition metal chemistry

The Jahn–Teller effect is responsible for the tetragonaldistortion of the hexaaquacopper(II) complex ion,

[Cu(OH2)6]2+, which might otherwise possess octahedralgeometry. The two axial Cu−O distances are 238 pm,

whereas the four equatorial Cu−O distances are ~195 pm.

The Jahn–Teller effect is most often encountered inoctahedral complexes of the transition metals.[3] Thephenomenon is very common in six-coordinate copper(II)complexes.[4] The d9 electronic configuration of this ion givesthree electrons in the two degenerate eg orbitals, leading to adoubly degenerate electronic ground state. Such complexesdistort along one of the molecular fourfold axes (alwayslabelled the z axis), which has the effect of removing theorbital and electronic degeneracies and lowering the overallenergy. The distortion normally takes the form of elongatingthe bonds to the ligands lying along the z axis, butoccasionally occurs as a shortening of these bonds instead (theJahn–Teller theorem does not predict the direction of thedistortion, only the presence of an unstable geometry). Whensuch an elongation occurs, the effect is to lower theelectrostatic repulsion between the electron-pair on the Lewisbasic ligand and any electrons in orbitals with a z component,thus lowering the energy of the complex. If the undistortedcomplex would be expected to have an inversion centre, this ispreserved after the distortion.

In octahedral complexes, the Jahn–Teller effect is mostpronounced when an odd number of electrons occupy the eg orbitals. This situation arises in complexes with theconfigurations d9, low-spin d7 or high-spin d4 complexes, all of which have doubly degenerate ground states. In suchcompounds the eg orbitals involved in the degeneracy point directly at the ligands, so distortion can result in a largeenergetic stabilisation. Strictly speaking, the effect also occurs when there is a degeneracy due to the electrons in thet2g orbitals (i.e. configurations such as d1 or d2, both of which are triply degenerate). In such cases, however, theeffect is much less noticeable, because there is a much smaller lowering of

JahnTeller effect 2

A recent study shows that the copper(II) ioncoordinates five water molecules in an elongatedsquare pyramid with four Cu-Oeq bonds (2x1.98Å and 2x1.95 Å) and a long Cu-Oax bond (2.35Å). The four equatorial ligands were distorted

from the mean equatorial plane by ± 17degrees.[2]

repulsion on taking ligands further away from the t2g orbitals, which donot point directly at the ligands (see the table below). The same is truein tetrahedral complexes (e.g. manganate: distortion is very subtlebecause there is less stabilisation to be gained because the ligands arenot pointing directly at the orbitals.

The expected effects for octahedral coordination are given in thefollowing table:

Jahn–Teller effect

Number of d electrons 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

High spin w w s w w s

Low spin w w w w s s

w: weak Jahn–Teller effect (t2g orbitals unevenly occupied), s: strong Jahn–Teller effect expected (eg orbitalsunevenly occupied), blank: no Jahn–Teller effect expected.The Jahn–Teller effect is manifested in the UV-VIS absorbance spectra of some compounds, where it often causessplitting of bands. It is readily apparent in the structures of many copper(II) complexes.[2] Additional, detailedinformation about the anisotropy of such complexes and the nature of the ligand binding can be however obtainedfrom the fine structure of the low-temperature electron spin resonance spectra.

The Jahn–Teller effect forces the radical anion ofcyclooctatetraene (-1) to be non-symmetric (see text)

Organic chemistry

The Jahn–Teller effect is sometimes encountered in organiccompounds, as in the case of cyclobutadiene[5] andcyclooctatetraene,[6] although in some cases the pseudoJahn–Teller effect (also sometimes called the "second orderJahn–Teller effect") is apparently not present in the D4htransition structure.[7] A clear case however is the case of theCOT radical anion, wherein the traditional frost circle π MOdiagram (image at right) shows clearly a non-equally filled setof degenerate orbitals. This configuration therefore distortsaccording to the Jahn–Teller effect (see reference forcomputational detail of distortion specifics).[8]

JahnTeller effect 3

References[1] H. Jahn and E. Teller (1937). "Stability of Polyatomic Molecules in Degenerate Electronic States. I. Orbital Degeneracy". Proceedings of the

Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences (1934-1990) 161 (905): 220–235. Bibcode 1937RSPSA.161..220J.doi:10.1098/rspa.1937.0142.

[2] Patrick Frank, Maurizio Benfatto, Robert K. Szilagyi, Paola D'Angelo, Stefano Della Longa, and Keith O. Hodgson "The Solution Structureof [Cu(aq)]2+ and Its Implications for Rack-Induced Bonding in Blue Copper Protein Active Sites" Inorganic Chemistry 2005, vol 44, pp1922–1933.doi:10.1021/ic0400639

[3] Shriver, D. F. & Atkins, P. W. (1999). Inorganic Chemistry (3rd ed) pp 235–236. Oxford University Press ISBN 0-19-850330-X.[4] Rob Janes and Elaine A. Moore (2004). Metal-ligand bonding (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=qsP7mmhqvj4C& pg=PA23&

dq="Jahn-Teller+ distortion"). Royal Society of Chemistry. ISBN 0-85404-979-7. .[5] A simple quantum mechanical model that illustrates the Jahn-Teller effect Peter Senn; J. Chem. Educ., 1992, 69 (10), p 819 (http:/ / pubs. acs.

org/ doi/ pdf/ 10. 1021/ ed069p819) doi:10.1021/ed069p819[6] Frank-Gerrit Klärner (2001). "About the Antiaromaticity of Planar Cyclooctatetraene". Angewandte Chemie, Int. Ed. Eng. 40 (21):

3977–3981. doi:10.1002/1521-3773(20011105)40:21<3977::AID-ANIE3977>3.0.CO;2-N.[7] Michael J. Bearpark; Blancafort, Luis; Robb, Michael (2002). "The pseudo-Jahn–Teller effect: a CASSCF diagnostic". Molecular Physics

100 (11): 1735–1739. Bibcode 2002MolPh.100.1735B. doi:10.1080/00268970110105442.[8] Michael J. Bearpark; Kim, Yong Seol (2000). "Observation of Both Jahn–Teller Distorted Forms (b1g and b2g) of the Cyclooctatetraene

Anion Radical in a 1,2-Disubstituted System". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 122 (13): 3211–3215. doi:10.1021/ja9943501.

External links• Crystal-field Theory, Tight-binding Method, and Jahn-Teller Effect (http:/ / www. cond-mat. de/ events/ correl12/

manuscripts/ pavarini. pdf) in E. Pavarini, E. Koch, F. Anders, and M. Jarrell (eds.): Correlated Electrons: FromModels to Materials, Jülich 2012, ISBN 978-3-89336-796-2

Hermann Arthur Jahn 4

Hermann Arthur Jahn

Hermann Arthur JahnBorn May 31, 1907

Colchester, England

Died October 24, 1979 (aged 72)Southampton, England

Residence Southampton

Nationality English

Fields Quantum Mechanics

Institutions Aachen University of Technology

Alma mater University College, London BSc1928University of Leipzig PhD

Doctoral advisor Werner Heisenberg

Known for Jahn-Teller effect

Professor Hermann Arthur Jahn (b. 31 May 1907, Colchester, England; d. 24 October 1979 Southampton) was anEnglish scientist of German origin.[1] With Edward Teller, he identified the Jahn-Teller effect.[2]

Early lifeHe was the son of Friedrich Wilhelm Hermann Jahn and Marion May Curtiss. He attended City School on MonksRoad in Lincoln.Jahn received a BSc in Chemistry [3] at University College, London in 1928. He received his PhD on 14 February1935 under the supervision of Werner Heisenberg at the University of Leipzig. The title of his dissertation was "Therotation and oscillation of the methane molecule".[4] From 1935-41 he did research at the Davy Faraday ResearchLaboratory at the Royal Institution in London.

CareerFrom 1941-6 he was based at the Royal Aircraft Establishment at Farnborough Airfield. He was (the first) Professorof Applied Mathematics at the University of Southampton from 1949-73. He published scientific papers on quantummechanics and group theory.

Personal lifeHe married Karoline Schuler in 1943 in Hendon. They had a son (born 1944) and a daughter (born 1946). He died in1979 aged 72.

Hermann Arthur Jahn 5

ReferencesThis article has been translated from the article in the German-language Wikipedia.[1] P. T. Landsberg (1980). "Hermann Arthur Jahn" (http:/ / blms. oxfordjournals. org/ cgi/ reprint/ 12/ 5/ 383). Bull. London Math. Soc. 12 (5):

383–386. doi:10.1112/blms/12.5.383. .[2] H. Jahn and E. Teller (1937). "Stability of Polyatomic Molecules in Degenerate Electronic States. I. Orbital Degeneracy". Proceedings of the

Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences (1934-1990) 161 (905): 220–235. Bibcode 1937RSPSA.161..220J.doi:10.1098/rspa.1937.0142.

[3] http:/ / www. chem. ucl. ac. uk[4] H. A. Jahn (1935). "Rotation und Schwingung des Methanmoleküls (The rotation and oscillation of the methane molecule)". Annalen der

Physik 415 (6): 529–556. Bibcode 1935AnP...415..529J. doi:10.1002/andp.19354150604.

Edward Teller 6

Edward Teller

Edward Teller

Edward Teller in 1958 as Director of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

Born January 15, 1908Budapest, Austria-Hungary(now Hungary)

Died September 9, 2003 (aged 95)Stanford, California,United States

Residence United States

Nationality Hungarian-American

Fields Physics (theoretical)[1]

Institutions University of GöttingenBohr InstituteUniversity College LondonGeorge Washington UniversityManhattan ProjectUniversity of ChicagoFlorida Institute of TechnologyUC DavisUC BerkeleyLawrence LivermoreHoover Institution

Alma mater University of KarlsruheUniversity of Leipzig

Doctoral advisor Werner Heisenberg

Doctoral students Chen Ning YangLincoln WolfensteinMarshall RosenbluthCharles Critchfield

Known for Jahn–Teller effectHydrogen bomb

Edward Teller 7

Notable awards Harvey Prize (1975)

Signature

Edward Teller (Hungarian: Teller Ede; January 15, 1908 – September 9, 2003) was a Hungarian-Americantheoretical physicist[1][2][3] , known colloquially as "the father of the hydrogen bomb", even though he claimed hedid not care for the title.[4] Teller made numerous contributions to nuclear and molecular physics, spectroscopy (theJahn–Teller and Renner–Teller effects), and surface physics. His extension of Fermi's theory of beta decay (in theform of the so-called Gamow–Teller transitions) provided an important stepping stone in the applications of thistheory. The Jahn–Teller effect and the BET theory have retained their original formulation and are still mainstays inphysics and chemistry.[5] Teller also made contributions to Thomas–Fermi theory, the precursor of density functionaltheory, a standard modern tool in the quantum mechanical treatment of complex molecules. In 1953, along withNicholas Metropolis and Marshall Rosenbluth, Teller co-authored a paper[6] which is a standard starting point for theapplications of the Monte Carlo method to statistical mechanics.Teller emigrated to the United States in the 1930s, and was an early member of the Manhattan Project charged withdeveloping the first atomic bombs. During this time he made a serious push to develop the first fusion-basedweapons as well, but these were deferred until after World War II. After his controversial testimony in the securityclearance hearing of his former Los Alamos colleague J. Robert Oppenheimer, Teller was ostracized by much of thescientific community. He continued to find support from the U.S. government and military research establishment,particularly for his advocacy for nuclear energy development, a strong nuclear arsenal, and a vigorous nuclear testingprogram. He was a co-founder of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), and was both its director andassociate director for many years.In his later years he became especially known for his advocacy of controversial technological solutions to bothmilitary and civilian problems, including a plan to excavate an artificial harbor in Alaska using thermonuclearexplosives. He was a vigorous advocate of Reagan's Strategic Defense Initiative. Throughout his life, Teller wasknown both for his scientific ability and his difficult interpersonal relations and volatile personality, and isconsidered one of the inspirations for the character Dr. Strangelove in the 1964 movie of the same name.

Early life and educationTeller was born in Budapest, Hungary (then Austria-Hungary) into a Jewish family in the year 1908. When he wasvery young, his grandfather told his mother not to be too unhappy that he was apparently an idiot, because he hadn'tspoken by the age of three. A doctor suggested he might be mentally retarded. Teller had no interest in speakingbecause his father spoke Hungarian and very poor German, and his mother spoke German and very poor Hungarian.As a result, he decided that they didn't know what they were talking about. Despite being raised in a Jewish family,he later on became an agnostic.[7] He became very interested in numbers, and would calculate in his head largenumbers, such as the number of seconds in a year.[8]

He left Hungary in 1926 (partly due to the numerus clausus rule under Horthy's regime). The political climate andrevolutions in Hungary during his youth instilled a lingering animosity for both Communism and Fascism inTeller.[9] When he was a young student, his right foot was severed in a streetcar accident in Munich, requiring him towear a prosthetic foot and leaving him with a lifelong limp. Teller graduated in chemical engineering at theUniversity of Karlsruhe and received his Ph.D. in physics under Werner Heisenberg at the University of Leipzig.Teller's Ph.D. dissertation dealt with one of the first accurate quantum mechanical treatments of the hydrogenmolecular ion. In 1930 he befriended Russian physicists George Gamow and Lev Landau. Teller's lifelong friendshipwith a Czech physicist, George Placzek, was very important for Teller's scientific and philosophical development. Itwas Placzek who arranged a summer stay in Rome with Enrico Fermi for young Teller, thus orienting his scientificcareer in nuclear physics.[10]

Edward Teller 8

Teller spent two years at the University of Göttingen, and left in 1933 through the aid of the International RescueCommittee. He went briefly to England, and moved for a year to Copenhagen, where he worked under Niels Bohr. InFebruary 1934, he married Augusta Maria "Mici" (pronounced "Mitzi") Harkanyi, the sister of a longtime friend.In 1935, thanks to George Gamow's incentive, Teller was invited to the United States to become a Professor ofPhysics at George Washington University (GWU), where he worked with Gamow until 1941. Prior to the discoveryof fission in 1939, Teller was engaged as a theoretical physicist, working in the fields of quantum, molecular, andnuclear physics. In 1941, after becoming a naturalized citizen of the United States, his interest turned to the use ofnuclear energy, both fusion and fission.

Teller in his youth

At GWU, Teller predicted the Jahn–Teller effect (1937), which distortsmolecules in certain situations; this affects the chemical reactions of metals,and in particular the coloration of certain metallic dyes. Teller and HermannArthur Jahn analyzed it as a piece of purely mathematical physics. Incollaboration with Brunauer and Emmet, Teller also made an importantcontribution to surface physics and chemistry: the so-calledBrunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) isotherm.[11]

When World War II began, Teller wanted to contribute to the war effort. Onthe advice of the well-known Caltech aerodynamicist and fellow Hungarianémigré Theodore von Kármán, Teller collaborated with his friend Hans Bethein developing a theory of shock-wave propagation. In later years, theirexplanation of the behavior of the gas behind such a wave proved valuable toscientists who were studying missile re-entry.[12]

Manhattan ProjectIn 1942, Teller was invited to be part of Robert Oppenheimer's summer planning seminar at the University ofCalifornia, Berkeley for the origins of the Manhattan Project, the Allied effort to develop the first nuclear weapons.A few weeks earlier, Teller had been meeting with his friend and colleague Enrico Fermi about the prospects ofatomic warfare, and Fermi had nonchalantly suggested that perhaps a weapon based on nuclear fission could be usedto set off an even larger nuclear fusion reaction. Even though he initially explained to Fermi why he thought the ideawould not work, Teller was fascinated by the possibility and was quickly bored with the idea of "just" an atomicbomb (even though this was not yet anywhere near completion). At the Berkeley session, Teller diverted discussionfrom the fission weapon to the possibility of a fusion weapon—what he called the "Super" (an early version of whatwas later to be known as a hydrogen bomb).[13]

On December 6, 1941, the United States had begun development of the atomic bomb, under the supervision ofArthur Compton, chairman of the University of Chicago physics department, who coordinated uranium research withColumbia University, Princeton University, University of Chicago, and University of California, Berkeley.Eventually Compton transferred the Columbia and Princeton scientists to the Metallurgical Laboratory at Chicago,and Enrico Fermi moved in at the end of April 1942 and the construction of Chicago Pile 1 began. Teller was leftbehind at first, but then called to Chicago two months later. In early 1943, the Los Alamos laboratory was built todesign an atomic bomb under the supervision of Oppenheimer in Los Alamos, New Mexico. Teller moved there inApril 1943.[14]

Edward Teller 9

Teller's ID badge photo from LosAlamos

Teller became part of the Theoretical Physics division at the then-secret LosAlamos laboratory during the war, and continued to push his ideas for afusion weapon even though it had been put on a low priority during the war(as the creation of a fission weapon was proving to be difficult enough byitself). Because of his interest in the H-bomb, and his frustration at havingbeen passed over for director of the theoretical division (the job was insteadgiven to Hans Bethe), Teller refused to engage in the calculations for theimplosion mechanism of the fission bomb. This caused tensions with otherresearchers, as additional scientists had to be employed to do thatwork—including Klaus Fuchs, who was later revealed to be a Soviet spy.[15]

Apparently, Teller managed to also irk his neighbors by playing the piano latein the night.[16] However, Teller made valuable contributions to bombresearch, especially in the elucidation of the implosion mechanism. He alsowas one of the few scientists to actually watch (with eye protection) the firsttest detonation in July 1945, rather than follow orders to lie on the ground

with backs turned. He later said that the atomic flash "was as if I had pulled open the curtain in a dark room andbroad daylight streamed in."[17]

In 1946, Teller participated in a conference in which the properties of thermonuclear fuels such as deuterium and thepossible design of a hydrogen bomb were discussed. It was concluded that Teller's assessment of a hydrogen bombhad been too favourable, and that both the quantity of deuterium needed, as well as the radiation losses duringdeuterium burning, would shed doubt on its workability. Addition of expensive tritium to the thermonuclear mixturewould likely lower its ignition temperature, but even so, nobody knew at that time how much tritium would beneeded, and whether even tritium addition would encourage heat propagation. At the end of the conference, in spiteof opposition by some members such as Robert Serber, Teller submitted an unduly optimistic report in which he saidthat a hydrogen bomb was feasible, and that further work should be encouraged on its development. Fuchs had alsoparticipated in this conference, and transmitted this information to Moscow. The model of Teller's "classical Super"was so uncertain that Oppenheimer would later say that he wished the Russians were building their own hydrogenbomb based on that design, so that it would almost certainly retard their progress on it.[18]

In 1946, Teller left Los Alamos to return to the University of Chicago as a professor and close associate of EnricoFermi and Maria Mayer.[19] He was now known as the father of the hydrogen bomb.

Edward Teller 10

Hydrogen bomb

The Teller-Ulam design kept the fission andfusion fuel physically separated from one

another, and used radiation from the primarydevice "reflected" off the surrounding casing to

compress the secondary.

Following the Soviet Union's first test detonation of an atomic bomb in1949, President Truman announced a crash development program for ahydrogen bomb. Teller returned to Los Alamos in 1950 to work on theproject. He insisted on involving more theorists, such as Klaus Fuchs;it was Fuchs who later claimed to invent compression by means ofradiation implosion back in 1946.[20] However many of Teller'sprominent colleagues, like Bethe and Oppenheimer, were sure that theproject of the H-bomb was technically infeasible and politicallyundesirable. None of the available designs were yet workable.However Soviet scientists who had worked on their own hydrogenbomb have claimed that they developed it independently.[21][22]

In 1950, calculations by the Polish mathematician Stanislaw Ulam andhis collaborator Cornelius Everett, along with confirmations by Fermi,had shown that not only was Teller's earlier estimate of the quantity oftritium needed for the H-bomb a low one, but that even with higheramounts of tritium, the energy loss in the fusion process would be toogreat to enable the fusion reaction to propagate. However, in 1951, inthe joint report by Ulam and Teller of March 1951, "HydrodynamicLenses and Radiation Mirrors", an innovative idea emerged, and it wasdeveloped into the first workable design for a megaton-range H-bomb.The exact contribution provided respectively from Ulam and Teller towhat became known as the Teller–Ulam design is not definitivelyknown in the public domain, and the exact contributions of each andhow the final idea was arrived upon has been a point of dispute in bothpublic and classified discussions since the early 1950s.[23][24]

In an interview with Scientific American from 1999, Teller told the reporter:"I contributed; Ulam did not. I'm sorry I had to answer it in this abrupt way. Ulam was rightly dissatisfiedwith an old approach. He came to me with a part of an idea which I already had worked out and had difficultygetting people to listen to. He was willing to sign a paper. When it then came to defending that paper andreally putting work into it, he refused. He said, 'I don't believe in it.'"[9]

The issue is controversial. Bethe considered Teller's contribution to the invention of the H-bomb a true innovation asearly as 1952,[25] and referred to his work as a "stroke of genius" in 1954.[26] In both cases, however, Betheemphasized Teller's role as a way of stressing that the development of the H-bomb could not have been hastened byadditional support or funding, and Teller greatly disagreed with Bethe's assessment. Other scientists (antagonistic toTeller, such as J. Carson Mark) have claimed that Teller would have never gotten any closer without the assistanceof Ulam and others.[27] Ulam himself claimed that Teller only produced a "more generalized" version of Ulam'soriginal design.[28]

The breakthrough—the details of which are still classified—was apparently the separation of the fission and fusion components of the weapons, and to use the radiation produced by the fission bomb to first compress the fusion fuel before igniting it. Ulam's idea seems to have been to use mechanical shock from the primary to encourage fusion in the secondary, while Teller quickly realized that radiation from the primary would do the job much earlier and more efficiently. Some members of the laboratory (J. Carson Mark in particular) later expressed that the idea to use the radiation would have eventually occurred to anyone working on the physical processes involved, and that the obvious reason why Teller thought of radiation right away was because he was already working on the "Greenhouse"

Edward Teller 11

tests for the spring of 1951, in which the effect of the energy from a fission bomb on a mixture of deuterium andtritium was going to be investigated.[29]

Whatever the actual components of the so-called Teller–Ulam design and the respective contributions of those whoworked on it, after it was proposed it was immediately seen by the scientists working on the project as the answerwhich had been so long sought. Those who previously had doubted whether a fission-fusion bomb would be feasibleat all were converted into believing that it was only a matter of time before both the USA and the USSR haddeveloped multi-megaton weapons. Even Oppenheimer, who was originally opposed to the project, called the idea"technically sweet."[30]

The 10.4 Mt "Ivy Mike" shot of 1952 appeared tovindicate Teller's long-time advocacy for the

hydrogen bomb.

Though he had helped to come up with the design and had been along-time proponent of the concept, Teller was not chosen to head thedevelopment project (his reputation of a thorny personality likelyplayed a role in this). In 1952 he left Los Alamos and joined the newlyestablished Livermore branch of the University of California RadiationLaboratory, which had been created largely through his urging. Afterthe detonation of "Ivy Mike", the first thermonuclear weapon to utilizethe Teller–Ulam configuration, on November 1, 1952, Teller becameknown in the press as the "father of the hydrogen bomb." Tellerhimself refrained from attending the test—he claimed not to feelwelcome at the Pacific Proving Grounds—and instead saw its resultson a seismograph in the basement of a hall in Berkeley.[29]

There was an opinion that by analyzing the fallout from this test, the Soviets (led in their H-bomb work by AndreiSakharov) could have deciphered the new American design. However, this was later denied by the Soviet bombresearchers.[31] Because of official secrecy, little information about the bomb's development was released by thegovernment, and press reports often attributed the entire weapon's design and development to Teller and his newLivermore Laboratory (when it was actually developed by Los Alamos).[21]

Many of Teller's colleagues were irritated that he seemed to enjoy taking full credit for something he had only a partin, and in response, with encouragement from Enrico Fermi, Teller authored an article titled "The Work of ManyPeople," which appeared in Science magazine in February 1955, emphasizing that he was not alone in the weapon'sdevelopment. He would later write in his memoirs that he had told a "white lie" in the 1955 article in order to "sootheruffled feelings", and claimed full credit for the invention.[32][33]

Teller was known for getting engrossed in projects which were theoretically interesting but practically unfeasible(the classic "Super" was one such project.)[16] About his work on the hydrogen bomb, Bethe said:

"Nobody will blame Teller because the calculations of 1946 were wrong, especially because adequatecomputing machines were not available at Los Alamos. But he was blamed at Los Alamos for leading thelaboratory, and indeed the whole country, into an adventurous programme on the basis of calculations, whichhe himself must have known to have been very incomplete."[34]

During the Manhattan Project, Teller also advocated the development of a bomb using uranium hydride, which manyof his fellow theorists said would be unlikely to work. At Livermore, Teller continued work on the hydride bomb,and the result was a dud. Ulam once wrote to a colleague about an idea he had shared with Teller: "Edward is full ofenthusiasm about these possibilities; this is perhaps an indication they will not work." Fermi once said that Tellerwas the only monomaniac he knew who had several manias.[35]

Carey Sublette of Nuclear Weapon Archive argues that Ulam came up with the radiation implosion compressiondesign of thermonuclear weapons, but that on the other hand Teller has gotten little credit for being the first topropose fusion boosting in 1945, which is essential for miniaturization and reliability and is used in all of today'snuclear weapons.[36]

Edward Teller 12

Oppenheimer controversy

Teller testified about J. Robert Oppenheimer in1954.

Teller became controversial in 1954 when he testified against J. RobertOppenheimer, a former head of Los Alamos and an advisor to theAtomic Energy Commission, at Oppenheimer's security clearancehearing. Teller had clashed with Oppenheimer many times at LosAlamos over issues relating both to fission and fusion research, andduring Oppenheimer's trial he was the only member of the scientificcommunity to label Oppenheimer a security risk.[37]

Asked at the hearing by AEC attorney Roger Robb whether he wasplanning "to suggest that Dr. Oppenheimer is disloyal to the UnitedStates", Teller replied that:

I do not want to suggest anything of the kind. I knowOppenheimer as an intellectually most alert and a verycomplicated person, and I think it would be presumptuous andwrong on my part if I would try in any way to analyze hismotives. But I have always assumed, and I now assume that he isloyal to the United States. I believe this, and I shall believe ituntil I see very conclusive proof to the opposite.[38]

However, he was immediately asked whether he believed thatOppenheimer was a "security risk", to which he testified:

In a great number of cases I have seen Dr. Oppenheimer act—I understood that Dr. Oppenheimer acted—in away which for me was exceedingly hard to understand. I thoroughly disagreed with him in numerous issuesand his actions frankly appeared to me confused and complicated. To this extent I feel that I would like to seethe vital interests of this country in hands which I understand better, and therefore trust more. In this verylimited sense I would like to express a feeling that I would feel personally more secure if public matters wouldrest in other hands.[26]

Teller also testified that Oppenheimer's opinion about the thermonuclear program seemed to be based more on thescientific feasibility of the weapon than anything else. He additionally testified that Oppenheimer's direction of LosAlamos was "a very outstanding achievement" both as a scientist and an administrator, lauding his "very quickmind" and that he made "just a most wonderful and excellent director."After this, however, he detailed ways in which he felt that Oppenheimer had hindered his efforts towards an activethermonuclear development program, and at length criticized Oppenheimer's decisions not to invest more work ontothe question at different points in his career, saying:

If it is a question of wisdom and judgment, as demonstrated by actions since 1945, then I would say one wouldbe wiser not to grant clearance.[26]

Oppenheimer's security clearance was revoked after the hearings. Most of Teller's former colleagues disapproved ofhis testimony and he became ostracized by much of the scientific community.[37] After the fact, Teller consistentlydenied that he was intending to damn Oppenheimer, and even claimed that he was attempting to exonerate him.Documentary evidence has suggested that this was likely not the case, however. Six days before the testimony,Teller met with an AEC liaison officer and suggested "deepening the charges" in his testimony.[39] It has beensuggested that Teller's testimony against Oppenheimer was an attempt to remove Oppenheimer from power so thatTeller could become the leader of the American nuclear scientist community.[40]

Teller always insisted that his testimony had not significantly harmed Oppenheimer. In 2002, Teller contended that Oppenheimer was "not destroyed" by the security hearing but "no longer asked to assist in policy matters." He

Edward Teller 13

claimed his words were an overreaction, because he had only just learned of Oppenheimer’s failure to immediatelyreport an approach by Haakon Chevalier, who had approached Oppenheimer to help the Russians. Teller said that, inhindsight, he would have responded differently.[37]

US Government work and political advocacyAfter the Oppenheimer controversy, Teller became ostracized by much of the scientific community, but was stillquite welcome in the government and military science circles. Along with his traditional advocacy for nuclear energydevelopment, a strong nuclear arsenal, and a vigorous nuclear testing program, he had helped to develop nuclearreactor safety standards as the chair of the Reactor Safeguard Committee of the AEC in the late 1940s,[41] and laterheaded an effort at General Atomics which designed research reactors in which a nuclear meltdown would beimpossible (the TRIGA).[42]

During the 1960s, Teller argued vigorouslyagainst the proposed nuclear test ban, testifying

before Congress as well as on television.

Teller promoted increased defense spending to counter the perceivedSoviet missile threat. He was a signatory to the 1958 report by themilitary sub-panel of the Rockefeller Brothers funded Special StudiesProject, which called for a $3 billion annual increase in America'smilitary budget.[43]

He was Director of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory(1958–1960), which he helped to found (along with Ernest O.Lawrence), and after that he continued as an Associate Director. Hechaired the committee that founded the Space Sciences Laboratory atBerkeley. He also served concurrently as a Professor of Physics at theUniversity of California, Berkeley. He was a tireless advocate of astrong nuclear program and argued for continued testing anddevelopment—in fact, he stepped down from the directorship of Livermore so that he could better lobby against theproposed test ban.[44] He testified against the test ban both before Congress as well as on television.

Teller established the Department of Applied Science at the University of California, Davis and LLNL in 1963,which holds the Edward Teller endowed professorship in his honor.[45] In 1975 he retired from both the lab andBerkeley, and was named Director Emeritus of the Livermore Laboratory and appointed Senior Research Fellow atthe Hoover Institution.[16] In 1983, he spoke at The Thomas Jefferson School, a conference of intellectuals discussingObjectivism organized by economist Professor George Reisman, where he received a standing ovation.[46] After thefall of communism in Hungary in 1989, he made several visits to his country of origin, and paid careful attention tothe political changes there.

Edward Teller 14

Operation Plowshare and Project Chariot

One of the Chariot schemes involved chainingfive thermonuclear devices to create the artificial

harbor.

Teller was one of the strongest and best-known advocates forinvestigating non-military uses of nuclear explosives, which the UnitedStates explored under Operation Plowshare. One of the mostcontroversial projects he proposed was a plan to use a multi-megatonhydrogen bomb to dig a deep-water harbor more than a mile long andhalf a mile wide to use for shipment of resources from coal and oilfields through Point Hope, Alaska. The Atomic Energy Commissionaccepted Teller's proposal in 1958 and it was designated ProjectChariot. While the AEC was scouting out the Alaskan site, and havingwithdrawn the land from the public domain, Teller publicly advocatedthe economic benefits of the plan, but was unable to convince localgovernment leaders that the plan was financially viable.[47]

Other scientists criticized the project as being potentially unsafe for thelocal wildlife and the Inupiat people living near the designated area,who were not officially told of the plan until March 1960.[48]

Additionally, it turned out that the harbor would be ice-bound for ninemonths out of the year. In the end, due to the financial infeasibility ofthe project and the concerns over radiation-related health issues, theproject was cancelled in 1962.

A related experiment which also had Teller's endorsement was a plan to extract oil from the tar sands in northernAlberta with nuclear explosions. The plan actually received the endorsement of the Alberta government, but wasrejected by the Government of Canada under Prime Minister John Diefenbaker, who was opposed to having anynuclear weapons in Canada, although Canada had nuclear weapons from 1963 to 1984.[49][50]

Nuclear technology and IsraelFor some twenty years, Teller advised Israel on nuclear matters in general, and on the building of a hydrogen bombin particular.[51] In 1952, Teller and Oppenheimer had a long meeting with David Ben-Gurion in Tel Aviv, tellinghim that the best way to accumulate plutonium was to burn natural uranium in a nuclear reactor. Starting in 1964, aconnection between Teller and Israel was made by the physicist Yuval Neeman, who had similar political views.Between 1964 and 1967, Teller visited Israel six times, lecturing at Tel Aviv University, and advising the chiefs ofIsrael's scientific-security circle as well as prime ministers and cabinet members.[52]

At each of his talks with members of the Israeli security establishment's highest levels he would make them swearthat they would never be tempted into signing the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.[53] In 1967 when the Israelinuclear program was nearing completion, Teller informed Neeman that he was going to tell the CIA that Israel hadbuilt nuclear weapons and explain that it was justified by the background of the Six-Day War.[54] After Neemancleared it with Prime Minister Levi Eshkol, Teller briefed the head of the CIA's Office of Science and Technology,Carl Duckett.[54] It took a year for Teller to convince the CIA that Israel had obtained nuclear capability; theinformation then went through CIA Director Richard Helms and then to the US president at that time, Lyndon B.Johnson.[54] Teller also persuaded them to end the American attempts to inspect the Negev Nuclear Research Centerin Dimona.[54] Teller's personal opinion became factual assertion, when in 1976 Carl Duckett testified in Congressbefore the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, that after receiving information from "American scientist", he drafted aNational Intelligence Estimate (NIE) on Israel's nuclear capability.[54]

In 1980s, Teller again visited Israel to advise the Israeli government on building a nuclear reactor.[55] Three decades later, Teller confirmed that it was during his visits that he concluded that Israel was in possession of nuclear

Edward Teller 15

weapons.[54] After conveying the matter to the U.S. government, Teller reportedly said: "They [Israeli] have it, andthey were clever enough to trust their research and not to test, they know that to test would get them into trouble."[54]

Three Mile IslandTeller suffered a heart attack in 1979, which he blamed on Jane Fonda; after the Three Mile Island accident, theactress outspokenly lobbied against nuclear power while promoting her latest movie, The China Syndrome (a moviedepicting a nuclear accident which coincidentally was released only a little over a week before the actual incident.)In response, Teller acted quickly to lobby in favor of nuclear energy, testifying to its safety and reliability, and aftersuch a flurry of activity suffered the attack. Teller authored a two-page spread in the Wall Street Journal whichappeared on July 31, 1979, under the headline "I was the only victim of Three-Mile Island", which opened with:

“On May 7, a few weeks after the accident at Three-Mile Island, I was in Washington. I was there to refute some of that propaganda that RalphNader, Jane Fonda and their kind are spewing to the news media in their attempt to frighten people away from nuclear power. I am 71 yearsold, and I was working 20 hours a day. The strain was too much. The next day, I suffered a heart attack. You might say that I was the only onewhose health was affected by that reactor near Harrisburg. No, that would be wrong. It was not the reactor. It was Jane Fonda. Reactors are notdangerous.[56] ”

The next day, The New York Times ran an editorial criticizing the ad, noting that it was sponsored by DresserIndustries, the firm that had manufactured one of the defective valves that contributed to the Three Mile Islandaccident.[57]

Strategic Defense Initiative

Teller became a major lobbying force of the Strategic Defense Initiative toPresident Ronald Reagan in the 1980s.

In the 1980s, Teller began a strongcampaign for what was later called theStrategic Defense Initiative (SDI), deridedby critics as "Star Wars," the concept ofusing ground and satellite-based lasers,particle beams and missiles to destroyincoming Soviet ICBMs. Teller lobbied withgovernment agencies—and got the approvalof President Ronald Reagan—for a plan todevelop a system using elaborate satelliteswhich used atomic weapons to fire X-raylasers at incoming missiles— as part of abroader scientific research program intodefenses against nuclear weapons. Scandalerupted when Teller (and his associateLowell Wood) were accused of deliberatelyoverselling the program and perhaps had encouraged the dismissal of a laboratory director (Roy Woodruff) who hadattempted to correct the error.[57] His claims led to a joke which circulated in the scientific community, that a newunit of unfounded optimism was designated as the teller; one teller was so large that most events had to be measuredin nanotellers or picotellers. Many prominent scientists argued that the system was futile. Bethe, along with IBMphysicist Richard Garwin and Cornell University colleague Kurt Gottfried, wrote an article in Scientific Americanwhich analyzed the system and concluded that any putative enemy could disable such a system by the use of suitabledecoys. The project's funding was eventually scaled back.

Edward Teller 16

Many scientists opposed strategic defense on moral or political rather than purely technical grounds. They arguedthat, even if an effective system could be produced, it would undermine the system of Mutually Assured Destruction(MAD) that had prevented all-out war between the western democracies and the communist bloc. An effectivedefense, they contended, would make such a war "winnable" and therefore more likely.[57]

Despite (or perhaps because of) his hawkish reputation, Teller made a public point of noting that he regretted the useof the first atomic bombs on civilian cities during World War II. He further claimed that before the bombing ofHiroshima he had indeed lobbied Oppenheimer to use the weapons first in a "demonstration" which could bewitnessed by the Japanese high-command and citizenry before using them to inflict thousands of deaths. The "fatherof the hydrogen bomb" would use this quasi-anti-nuclear stance (he would say that he believed nuclear weapons tobe unfortunate, but that the arms race was unavoidable due to the intractable nature of Communism) to promotetechnologies such as SDI, arguing that they were needed to make sure that nuclear weapons could never be usedagain (Better a shield than a sword was the title of one of his books on the subject).There is contrary evidence. In the 1970s, a letter of Teller to Leó Szilárd emerged, dated July 2, 1945:

"Our only hope is in getting the facts of our results before the people. This might help convince everybody thenext war would be fatal. For this purpose, actual combat-use might even be the best thing."[58]

The historian Barton Bernstein argued that it is an "unconvincing claim" by Teller that he was a "covert dissenter" tothe use of the weapon.[59] In his 2001 Memoirs, Teller claims that he did lobby Oppenheimer, but that Oppenheimerhad convinced him that he should take no action and that the scientists should leave military questions in the handsof the military; Teller claims he was not aware that Oppenheimer and other scientists were being consulted as to theactual use of the weapon and implies that Oppenheimer was being hypocritical.[60]

Teller's own comments on the role of lasers in SDI, as disclosed in live panel discussions, were published, and areavailable, in two laser conference proceedings.[61][62]

Legacy

Edward Teller in his later years

In his early career, Teller made contributions to nuclearand molecular physics, spectroscopy (the Jahn–Tellerand Renner–Teller effects), and surface physics. Hisextension of Fermi's theory of beta decay (in the formof the so-called Gamow–Teller transitions) provided animportant stepping stone in the applications of thistheory. The Jahn–Teller effect and the BET theory haveretained their original formulation and are stillmainstays in physics and chemistry.[5] Teller also madecontributions to Thomas–Fermi theory, the precursor ofdensity functional theory, a standard modern tool in thequantum mechanical treatment of complex molecules.In 1953, along with Nicholas Metropolis and MarshallRosenbluth, Teller co-authored a paper[6] which is astandard starting point for the applications of the Monte Carlo method to statistical mechanics.

Teller's vigorous advocacy for strength through nuclear weapons, especially when so many of his wartime colleagueslater expressed regret about the arms race,

Edward Teller 17

Appearing on television discussion After Dark in 1987

made him an easy target for the "mad scientist"stereotype. In 1991 he was awarded one of the first IgNobel Prizes for Peace in recognition of his "lifelongefforts to change the meaning of peace as we know it".He was also rumored to be one of the inspirations forthe character of Dr. Strangelove in Stanley Kubrick's1964 satirical film of the same name[16] (othersspeculated to be RAND theorist Herman Kahn, rocketscientist Wernher von Braun, and Secretary of DefenseRobert McNamara). In the aforementioned ScientificAmerican interview from 1999, he was reported ashaving bristled at the question: "My name is notStrangelove. I don't know about Strangelove. I'm notinterested in Strangelove. What else can I say?... Look. Say it three times more, and I throw you out of this office."[9]

Nobel Prize winning physicist Isidor I. Rabi once suggested that "It would have been a better world withoutTeller."[63] In addition, Teller's false claims that Stanislaw Ulam made no significant contribution to thedevelopment of the hydrogen bomb (despite Ulam's key insights of using compression and staging elements togenerate the thermonuclear reaction) and his personal attacks on Oppenheimer caused even greater animosity withinthe general physics community towards Teller.[40]

In 1986, he was awarded the United States Military Academy's Sylvanus Thayer Award.[64] He was a fellow of theAmerican Academy of Arts and Sciences, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and theAmerican Nuclear Society.[19] Among the honors he received were the Albert Einstein Award, the Enrico FermiAward, the Corvin Chain and the National Medal of Science.[64] He was also named as part of the group of "U.S.Scientists" who were Time magazine's People of the Year in 1960,[65] and an asteroid, 5006 Teller, is named afterhim.[66] He was awarded with the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President George W. Bush less than twomonths before his death.[16] His final paper, published posthumously, advocated the construction of a prototypeliquid fluoride thorium reactor.[67][68]

Teller died in Stanford, California on September 9, 2003, at the age of 95.[16][69]

Notes[1] "Setting up Project Y: The Idea of Super Bomb" (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=kBBu7lTJc4EC& pg=PA45& dq=edward+ teller+

theoretical+ physics& hl=en& sa=X& ei=wtTbUIzHAsfoiAKevYDgCQ& ved=0CGMQuwUwCDgK#v=onepage& q=edward tellertheoretical physics& f=true) (google book). Critical assembly : a technical history of Los Alamos during the Opppenheimer years, 1943–1945(1. publ. ed.). Cambridge u.a.: Cambridge Univ. Press. 1993. ISBN 0-521-44132-3. . Retrieved 27 December 2012.

[2] Heilbron, ed. by J. L. (2005). "Edward Teller" (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=XPrqOr7P0QwC& pg=PA286& dq=edward+ teller+theoretical+ physics& hl=en& sa=X& ei=bdPbUKTmC4bMigKO54GwAQ& ved=0CF4QuwUwBw#v=onepage& q=edward teller theoreticalphysics& f=false) (google books). The Oxford guide to the history of physics and astronomy (1st ed. ed.). Oxford [u.a.]: Oxford Univ. Press.pp. 286–290. ISBN 978-0-19-517198-3. .

[3] Academies, National Academy of Engineering, National Research Council of the National (2003). "Biographies" (http:/ / books. google. com/books?id=3vP_7YPOiFoC& pg=PA129& dq=edward+ teller+ theoretical+ physics& hl=en& sa=X& ei=cNXbUM3-CIGDjAK974DgBg&ved=0CE8Q6AEwBTgU#v=onepage& q=edward teller theoretical physics& f=true) (google books). The carbon dioxide dilemma : promisingtechnologies and policies ; proceedings of a symposium, April 23–24, 2002.. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press. p. 135.ISBN 0-309-08921-2. .

[4] "I have always considered that description in poor taste." Teller, Memoirs, p. 546.[5][5] Goodchild 2005, p. 36[6] Metropolis, Nicholas; Rosenbluth, Arianna W,; Rosenbluth, Marshall N.; Teller, Augusta H.; Teller, Edward (1953). "Equation of State

Calculations by Fast Computing Machines". Journal of Chemical Physics 21 (6): 1087–1092. Bibcode 1953JChPh..21.1087M.doi:10.1063/1.1699114. ISSN 0021-9606.

[7] Edward Teller (2002). Memoirs: A Twentieth Century Journey In Science And Politics. Basic Books. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-7382-0778-0. "Religion was not an issue in my family; indeed, it was never discussed. My only religious training came because the Minta required that all

Edward Teller 18

students take classes in their respective religions. My family celebrated one holiday, the Day of Atonement, when we all fasted. Yet my fathersaid prayers for his parents on Saturdays and on all the Jewish holidays. The idea of God that I absorbed was that it would be wonderful if Heexisted: We needed Him desperately but had not seen Him in many thousands of years."

[8] Video in which Teller recalls his earliest memories (http:/ / www. youtube. com/ watch?v=8vnNwSwTfsU). Youtube.com[9] Stix, Gary (October 1999). "Infamy and honor at the Atomic Café: Edward Teller has no regrets about his contentious career" (http:/ / www.

sciam. com/ article. cfm?articleID=0003A1F2-E235-1C73-9B81809EC588EF21& pageNumber=1& catID=2). Scientific American: 42–43. .Retrieved 2007-11-25.

[10] Teller, Memoirs, p. 80; see also "Interview with Edward Teller, part 40. Going to Rome with Placzek to visit Fermi" (http:/ / www.peoplesarchive. com/ search/ ?searchterms=Placzek& storyId=4424). Peoples Archive. .

[11] Journal of the American Chemical Society, 60 (2) , pp. 309–319 (1938).[12] For Teller's academic career through 1941, see either Goodchild 2005, chapters 3 to 5, or Blumberg and Panos 1990, chapters 3 to 5; also

ANB George Gamow (http:/ / www. anb. org/ articles/ 13/ 13-00581. html). (The ANB has not been updated since Teller's death.) For his ownaccount, see Teller, Memoirs, chapters 6 to 14.

[13][13] Rhodes 1995; Herken 2002.[14] Hughes, Colin (2005). "The Real Edward Teller?" (http:/ / www. logosjournal. com/ issue_4. 2/ hughes. htm). Logosonline. . Retrieved

2007-10-31.[15][15] Herken 2002.[16] Shurkin, Joel N (September 10, 2003). "Edward Teller, 'Father of the Hydrogen Bomb,' is dead at 95" (http:/ / news. stanford. edu/ news/

2003/ september24/ tellerobit-924. html). Stanford Report (Stanford News Service). . Retrieved 2007-11-27.[17] "Edward Teller, RIP" (http:/ / www. thenewatlantis. com/ publications/ edward-teller-rip). The New Atlantis. Fall 2003. .[18][18] Rhodes 1995, p. 255.[19] "About the lab:Edward Teller—A Life Dedicated to Science" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20080418072655/ http:/ / www. llnl. gov/ llnl/

history/ edward_teller. html). Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. January 7, 2004. Archived from the original (http:/ / www. llnl. gov/llnl/ history/ edward_teller. html) on 2008-04-18. . Retrieved 2007-11-28.

[20][20] Goncharov 2005.[21] Khariton, Yuli; Yuri Smirnov (May 1993). "The Khariton version". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 49 (4): 20–31.[22][22] Goncharov 2005[23] Rhodes 1995, pp. 461–472.[24][24] Gorelik 2009.[25] Bethe, Hans (1952). "Memorandum on the History of the Thermonuclear Program" (http:/ / www. fas. org/ nuke/ guide/ usa/ nuclear/

bethe-52. htm). Federation of American Scientists. . Retrieved 2007-12-15.[26] Bethe, Hans (1954). "Testimony in the Matter of J. Robert Oppenheimer" (http:/ / www. atomicarchive. com/ Docs/ Oppenheimer/

OppyTrial2. shtml). Atomic Archive. . Retrieved 2006-11-10.[27] Carlson, Bengt (July/August 2003). "How Ulam set the stage". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 59 (4): 46–51. doi:10.2968/059004013.[28] Ulam, Stanislaw (1976). Adventures of a Mathematician. Scribner. p. 220. ISBN 0-684-14391-7.[29][29] Rhodes 1995.[30] Thorpe, Charles (2006). Oppenheimer: The Tragic Intellect. University of Chicago Press. p. 106. ISBN 0-226-79845-3.[31][31] Gorelik 2009[32] Teller, Memoirs, p. 407, fn. 6.[33] Uchii, Soshichi (2003-07-22). "Review of Edward Teller's Memoirs" (http:/ / www. bun. kyoto-u. ac. jp/ phisci/ archives/ newsletters/

newslet_52. html). PHS Newsletter 52. . Retrieved 2009-10-22.[34] Bethe, Hans A. (1982). "Comments on The History of the H-Bomb" (http:/ / www. fas. org/ sgp/ othergov/ doe/ lanl/ pubs/ 00285791. pdf)

(PDF). Los Alamos Science 3 (3): 47. . Retrieved 2007-11-28.[35][35] Herken 2002: Fermi on p. 25, Ulam on p. 137[36] 3. Credit – or blame? (http:/ / whyfiles. org/ 186ed_teller/ 4. html) whyfiles.org[37] Lennick, Michael. " A Final Interview with Edward Teller (http:/ / americanheritage. com/ articles/ magazine/ ah/ 2005/ 3/ 2005_3_54.

shtml)", American Heritage, June/July 2005.[38] Teller, Edward (April 28, 1954). "In the Matter of J. Robert Oppenheimer: Transcript of Hearing Before Personnel Security Board" (http:/ /

www. pbs. org/ wgbh/ amex/ bomb/ filmmore/ reference/ primary/ tellertestimony. html). pbs.org. United States Government Printing Office. .Retrieved 2007-11-24.

[39] Shapin, Steven (2002-04-25). "Megaton Man" (http:/ / www. lrb. co. uk/ v24/ n08/ shap01_. html). London Review of Books. . Retrieved2007-11-24. Review of Edward Teller's Memoirs.

[40] McMillan, Priscilla (2005). The Ruin of J. Robert Oppenheimer and The Birth of the Arms Race. Viking. ISBN 0-670-03422-3.[41] Teller, Memoirs, ch. 22.[42] Teller, Memoirs, pp. 423–424.[43] "Rockefeller Report Calls for Meeting It With Better Military Setup, Sustained Will" (http:/ / www. time. com/ time/ printout/

0,8816,862822,00. html). Time magazine. January 13, 1958. .[44][44] Herken, p. 330.

Edward Teller 19

[45] "Hertz Foundation Makes US$1 Million Endowment in Honor of Edward Teller" (http:/ / www. news. ucdavis. edu/ search/ news_detail.lasso?id=4550) (Press release). UC Davis News Service. 1999-06-14. . Retrieved 2007-11-24.

[46] The Jefferson School of Philosophy, Economics, and Psychology (http:/ / www. capitalism. net/ TJS Mission Statement. htm) (Address isP.O. Box)

[47][47] O'Neill 1994.[48] O'Neill, Firecracker Boys, pp, 97, 111; Broad, Teller's War, p.48.[49] Loreto, Frank (2002-04-26). "Review of Nuclear Dynamite" (http:/ / www. umanitoba. ca/ outreach/ cm/ vol8/ no17/ nucleardynamite.

html). 8. CM Magazine. .[50] Clearwater, John (1998). "Canadian Nuclear Weapons" (http:/ / www. user. dccnet. com/ welcomewoods/ Nuclear_Free_Georgia_Strait/

clearwater. html). Dundurn Press (Toronto). .[51] Karpin, Michael (2005). The Bomb in the Basement. New York: Simon & Schuster Paperbacks. pp. 289–293. ISBN 0-7432-6595-5.[52] Gábor Palló (2000). "The Hungarian Phenomenon in Israeli Science" (https:/ / docs. google. com/ viewer?a=v&

q=cache:Kihw-fEuORsJ:www. scs. illinois. edu/ ~mainzv/ HIST/ bulletin_open_access/ v25-1/ v25-1%20p35-42. pdf+ edward+ teller+israel& hl=en& gl=us& pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESiD0rk9r4olo6gaghkjMmUyrHXccqLZ8L7BFk3NJ08OgyaIQNumKy1gVimWh17r-h52svcP1STekLdeglCpgWtrYDGFHFmOnS42uLzyxIIUehv5_FeLPCObb5TzqHb5wQ3-MCSe&sig=AHIEtbSIoqK_5BW4y6tCHGK-4UFRbJP9Vg). Hungarian Academy of Science 25 (1). . Retrieved 11 December 2012.

[53] Benny, Avni (6 May 2010). "Ghost of Edward Teller Haunts United Nations Nuclear Parley" (http:/ / www. nysun. com/ foreign/ghost-of-edward-teller-haunts-united-nations/ 86944/ ). The Sun, New York. . Retrieved 11 December 2012.

[54] Cohen, Avner (October 15, 1999). "The Battle over the NPT: America Learns the Truth" (http:/ / books. google. com/books?id=Y4xBmM-f06cC& pg=PA297& dq=edward+ teller+ israel& hl=en#v=onepage& q=edward teller israel& f=true) (google Book).Israel and the bomb.. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 478. ISBN 978-0231104838. .

[55] UPI (December 6, 1982). "Edward Teller in Israel To Advise on a Reactor" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 1982/ 12/ 06/ world/edward-teller-in-israel-to-advise-on-a-reactor. html). The New York Times. . Retrieved 11 December 2012.

[56] "I was the only victim of Three-Mile Island," [advertisement] The Washington Post, (July 31, 1979): 24–25.[57][57] Broad 1992.[58][58] Teller, Edward: Better a Shield than a Sword: Perspectives on Defense and Technology, The Free Press, New York, 1987 p. 57 ISBN

0-02-932461-0.[59] Essay Review-From the A-Bomb to Star Wars: Edward Teller's History. Better A Shield Than a Sword: Perspectives on Defense and

Technology Technology and Culture, Vol. 31, No. 4. (Oct., 1990), p. 848[60] Teller, Memoirs, pp. 206–209.[61] Wang, C. P. (Ed.), Proceedings of the International Conference on Lasers '85 (STS, McLean, Va, 1986).[62] Duarte, F. J. (Ed.), Proceedings of the International Conference on Lasers '87 (STS, McLean, Va, 1988).[63] This quote has been primarily attributed to Rabi in many news sources (see, e.g., McKie, Robin, Megaton megalomaniac (http:/ / books.

guardian. co. uk/ reviews/ scienceandnature/ 0,6121,1207700,00. html), The Observer, May 2, 2004), but it has also in a few reputable sourcesbeen attributed to Hans Bethe (i.e. in the notes to the Epilogue in Herken 2002 (http:/ / www. brotherhoodofthebomb. com/ bhbmedia/notes_epilogue. doc), note 40).

[64][64] "Presidential Medal of Freedom Recipient Dr. Edward Teller". Presidential Medal of Freedom.[65] "Time Person of the year, 1960: U.S. Scientists" (http:/ / www. time. com/ time/ covers/ 0,16641,19610102,00. html). Time magazine.

January 2, 1961. . Retrieved 2007-11-28.[66] "The Ames Astrogram: Teller visits Ames" (http:/ / www. nasa. gov/ centers/ ames/ pdf/ 80021main_112700Astrogram. pdf) (PDF). NASA.

November 27, 2000. p. 6. . Retrieved 2007-11-28.[67] Motherboard TV: Doctor Teller's Strange Loves, from the Hydrogen Bomb to Thorium Energy (http:/ / motherboard. vice. com/ 2012/ 3/ 7/

motherboard-tv-doctor-teller-s-strange-loves-from-the-hydrogen-bomb-to-thorium-energy--2)[68] Moir, Ralph; Teller, Edward (2005). "Thorium-Fueled Underground Power Plant Based on Molten Salt Technology" (http:/ / www. new.

ans. org/ pubs/ journals/ nt/ a_3655). Nuclear Technology (American Nuclear Society) 151 (3): 334–340. . Retrieved 22 March 2012. PDF(http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20101005073843/ http:/ / www. geocities. com/ rmoir2003/ moir_teller. pdf)

[69][69] He had suffered a stroke two days previous, and had long been suffering from a number of conditions related to his advanced age. Goodchild2005, p. 394.

Edward Teller 20

ReferencesHerken (2002) is the source where not otherwise indicated.• Broad, William J. Teller’s War: The Top-Secret Story Behind the Star Wars Deception. New York: Simon &

Schuster, 1992. ISBN 0-671-70106-1.• Herken, Gregg. Brotherhood of the Bomb: The Tangled Lives and Loyalties of Robert Oppenheimer, Ernest

Lawrence, and Edward Teller. New York: Henry Holt, 2002. ISBN 0-8050-6588-1.• Goncharov, German (2005). "The extraordinarily beautiful physical principle of thermonuclear charge design (on

the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the test of RDS-37 — the first Soviet two-stage thermonuclear charge".Physics-Uspekhi 48 (11): 1187–1196. Bibcode 2005PhyU...48.1187G.doi:10.1070/PU2005v048n11ABEH005839. Russian text (free download) (http:/ / ufn. ru/ en/ articles/ 2005/ 11/g/ )

• Gorelik, Gennady (2009). "The Paternity of the H-Bombs: Soviet-American Perspectives". Physics in Perspective11 (2): 169–197. Bibcode 2009PhP....11..169G. doi:10.1007/s00016-007-0377-8.

• O'Neill, Dan. The Firecracker Boys. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1994. ISBN 0-312-11086-3.• Rhodes, Richard. Dark Sun: The Making of the Hydrogen Bomb. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1995. ISBN

0-684-80400-X.• Teller, Edward, with Judith L. Shoolery. Memoirs: A Twentieth-Century Journey in Science and Politics.

Cambridge, Mass.: Perseus Publishing, 2001. ISBN 0-7382-0532-X.

Further readingWritten by Teller

• Our Nuclear Future; Facts, Dangers, and Opportunities (1958)• Basic Concepts of Physics (1960)• The Legacy of Hiroshima (1962)• Energy from Heaven and Earth (1979)• The Pursuit of Simplicity (1980)• Better a Shield Than a Sword: Perspectives on Defense and Technology (1987)• Conversations on the Dark Secrets of Physics (1991)• Memoirs: A Twentieth-Century Journey in Science and Politics (2001)Books about Teller

• William J. Broad, Teller’s war: the top-secret story behind the Star Wars deception (Simon & Schuster, 1992).• Gregg Herken, Brotherhood of the bomb: the tangled lives and loyalties of Robert Oppenheimer, Ernest

Lawrence (Henry Holt, 2002).• Peter Goodchild, Edward Teller: the real Dr. Strangelove (Harvard University Press, 2005).• Stanley A. Blumberg and Louis G. Panos. Edward Teller : giant of the golden age of physics; a biography

(Scribner's, 1990)• Istvan Hargittai, Judging Edward Teller: a closer look at one of the most influential scientists of the twentieth

century (Prometheus, 2010).References to Teller in Other Writings

• Carl Sagan writes at length about Teller's career in chapter 16 of his book The Demon-Haunted World: Science asa Candle in the Dark (Headline, 1996), p. 268–274.

Edward Teller 21

External links• Annotated Bibliography for Edward Teller from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues (http:/ / alsos. wlu.

edu/ qsearch. aspx?browse=people/ Teller,+ Edward)• LLNL's Edward Teller page (http:/ / www. llnl. gov/ pao/ news/ teller_edward/ teller_edward/ teller_index. html)• LLNL Interview with Edward Teller (http:/ / www. llnl. gov/ llnl/ history/ teller. html)• "Edward Teller's Role in the Oppenheimer Hearings" (http:/ / www. pbs. org/ wgbh/ amex/ bomb/ filmmore/

reference/ interview/ rhodes12. html) interview with Richard Rhodes• Edward Teller's FBI file (http:/ / www. thememoryhole. org/ fbi/ teller_edward. htm) – Outlines years of FBI

agents trying to establish whether or not he was the same person as another Edward Teller who taught at aMarxist school in New York.

• Video excerpts from a televised debate between Edward Teller and Linus Pauling, titled "Fallout andDisarmament," February 20, 1958 (http:/ / osulibrary. oregonstate. edu/ specialcollections/ coll/ pauling/ peace/video/ 1958v. 3. html)

• Edward Teller (http:/ / books. nap. edu/ html/ biomems/ eteller. pdf) Biographical memoir of Teller by FreemanDyson, released by the National Academy of Sciences.

• A radio interview with Edward Teller (http:/ / lewisfrumkes. com/ radioshow/ edward-teller-interview) Aired onthe Lewis Burke Frumkes Radio Show in January 1988.

• The Paternity of the H-Bombs: Soviet-American Perspectives (http:/ / people. bu. edu/ gorelik/GGorelik_H-Fathers_Phys-perspect-2009_w. htm)

• Edward Teller tells his life story at Web of Stories (http:/ / webofstories. com/ people/ edward. teller/ 1) (video)• Edward Teller speaks at Lasers '87 (http:/ / www. opticsjournal. com/ teller. htm) while conference chairman, F.

J. Duarte, looks on.

Article Sources and Contributors 22

Article Sources and ContributorsJahn–Teller effect  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=533156902  Contributors: AliveFreeHappy, Andrea.zitolo, Bci2, Benjah-bmm27, Brichcja, Cadmium, Carabinieri,Chochopk, Chousze, Chris the speller, Crystal whacker, Cyberfunk, Dicklyon, Ericl234, Good Olfactory, GreatWhiteNortherner, Hess88, Itub, Japanese Searobin, Jotomicron, L.Sochava, Leyo,Linas, Mahanga, MatthewEHarbowy, MickeyDonald, Oakwood, Out of Phase User, P.wormer, Pmanderson, Random user 39849958, Ravenous75, Rifleman 82, Rjwilmsi, Rune.welsh, Savager,Serioso95, Smokefoot, Srnec, Sun Creator, Sunev, Unyoyega, V8rik, Vacalm, 43 anonymous edits

Hermann Arthur Jahn  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=533157031  Contributors: 1ForTheMoney, Bletchley, Brichcja, David Berardan, DinosaursLoveExistence, GeneNygaard, John, Olessi, Rifleman 82, Sai2020, Stone, 2 anonymous edits

Edward Teller  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=532657068  Contributors: 62.253.64.xxx, AAA!, Abberley2, Adam Bishop, Adam78, Aelffin, Ahoerstemeier, Akamad,Akriasas, Alai, Aldis90, Alex Bakharev, Alex F., Alexf, Alexroma, Alf.laylah.wa.laylah, Amadib, Ambanmba, AnOpenMedium, Anders.Warga, Andrei Stroe, Andres, Andrij Kursetsky,Android79, Animum, Antandrus, Anthony22, Antigrandiose, Anubis3, ArepoEn, Ark30inf, Art LaPella, Aschwole, Ashujo, Asi013, Attilios, Aurelioh, Avraham, Awiseman, AxelBoldt, Azucar,Bahamut Star, Baxter9, Bbsrock, Bduke, Before My Ken, Bemoeial, Betacommand, Betathetapi545, Bevo, Bletchley, Blondlieut, Bobblewik, Bratsche, Brighterorange, Bunzil, Byronshock,C5mjohn, CNicol, CWenger, Cactus.man, Cadwaladr, Calvados, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Captain Proton, Cataclysm, Cgingold, Chadloder, Chicheley, Christian List, Churchgoer251,Chzz, Circeus, Clarince63, Clarityfiend, Clemwang, Closedmouth, Cocu, CommonsDelinker, CoolKid1993, Corrigendas, Courcelles, Crohnie, Crosbiesmith, Cuchullain, Curps, D6, DJClayworth, DO'Neil, DanielCristofani, Darac, David R. Ingham, David Shay, Davidcannon, Davshul, Dbenbenn, Deer*lake, Delirium, Denisarona, Dflt1122, Diannaa, Dilsoncardoso,Disambigutron, Dlittler, Docu, Dominus, Donfbreed, DrKiernan, Dueche, Duncharris, Dungodung, E.Kupsova, ESkog, Ed Poor, Edcolins, Edgy01, Edwy, Ehn, Elminster Aumar, Emdx,Emeritahears, Emerson7, Emre D., Eternalbadluckcharm, Falcorian, Fastfission, Figureofnine, Footyfanatic3000, Forthnoggin, Frank, Freakofnurture, Freakybuck, GDW13, Gabbe, GaiusCornelius, GangofOne, Gap9551, GcSwRhIc, Gerolsteiner, Ggorelik, Giftlite, Gleannnangealt, Gogo Dodo, Good Olfactory, GrafZahl, Greg L, GregorB, Grendelkhan, Grin, Gwernol,H-Vergilius, Hadal, Hall Monitor, HappyLarry88, Hardwigg, Harthacnut, Hatmatbbat10, Hawkeye7, Headbomb, HereToHelp, Hillock65, Hmains, Howcheng, Hugo999, Humus sapiens, Huon,ILorbb, ILovePlankton, Icairns, Ideyal, Indrian, Interviewseeker, InverseHypercube, Ironboy11, Itub, J intela, JDB, JHMM13, JWB, JackO'Lantern, Jamesinderbyshire, Janggeom, Jason Carreiro,Jcandy, JeLuF, Jeffq, Jengod, JeremyA, Jiang, Jim1138, Jimbonator, Jmcc150, John, John Nevard, John of Lancaster, JohnWhitlock, Joke137, Jose Ramos, JoshuaZ, Jossi, Joy, Jrm2007, Jtelser,Julia W, Jxm, JzG, KF, Kannie Dood, Kbdank71, Kbh3rd, Khoikhoi, Kkm010, Koavf, Kosebamse, KoshVorlon, Kozuch, Kronosz 284, Ksn, Kubigula, Kumuty, Larast, LeCire, Lexi Marie,Liftarn, Ligulem, Limulus, Ling.Nut, Lokifer, Luk, Lumidek, Luuva, MZMcBride, Macaddct1984, Magnus Manske, Malwinder25, Maphisto86, Marco Krohn, Mark91, Massimo Macconi,Master shepherd, Masterpiece2000, Materialscientist, Mav, Melesse, Meno25, Menuetto, Mercurywoodrose, Mezzaluna, Michaelbusch, Mikebebop, Mr.98, Mrstin, Mtslutz, MuonRay, Nageh,Neutrality, NewEnglandYankee, Nfgii, Nicaron, Nick Number, Nightscream, Ninmacer20, No Free Nickname Left, NoEdward, Nobunaga24, Northryde, Northwesterner1, Novum,Nuria.puigpinos, Oatmeal batman, Olessi, Omcnew, Omegastar, Omnipaedista, On Thermonuclear War, Orthoepy, Outriggr, P.wormer, PDH, Paul A, Paul Richter, Paulc1001, Perceval, PeterDelmonte, Peterpumkineater, Petersec, Philip Trueman, Plasticup, Pmanderson, PoccilScript, Pschemp, Pstudier, Quibik, RJHall, RMHED, RS1900, RachelBrown, Ragesoss, RandomTool2,Raudys, Raul654, RayAYang, RayKiddy, Rdsmith4, Reddi, Renato Caniatti, RexNL, Reyk, Reywas92, Rglovejoy, Rhombus, Rich Farmbrough, Risacher, Rjwilmsi, Rkmlai, Robert1947,RobertG, Rodney Boyd, Roybb95, Rreagan007, Rsabbatini, Runt, Rupertslander, ST47, Saforrest, SandyGeorgia, Satanaka, Savidan, Scewing, Schlafly, Schutz, Scottfisher, Senator2029, Seqsea,Setsuden, Sfahey, Shanes, Shinryuu, Silence, SilentP, Skysmith, Slac, Snocrates, Snowmanradio, Someguy1221, Speciate, Sspillers, Stevage, Steve McKinney, Steve8675309, Subrata Roy,SummerPhD, Sun Creator, Supertrooper, SureFire, Svick, TFBCT1, TGC55, Taagane19, Tabletop, TastyPoutine, Tgeairn, Thaurisil, The Anome, The Thing That Should Not Be, ThePowerofX,Thornhill23, Thorwald, ThreeBlindMice, Threeafterthree, Thue, TimBentley, Timwi, Tiptoety, Tjmayerinsf, Tom harrison, Tony Jonick, Tony1, TonyTheTiger, Topherwhelan,Tothebarricades.tk, TotoBaggins, Trapolator, Trelvis, Truthanado, Twthmoses, Uhhhhhno, Uranus93, Usedup, Uwjason, Valentinian, Vanished user 194difuh2ruhqwdoinxojakdjncno234r,Vanished user 5zariu3jisj0j4irj, Vaughan Pratt, Vegasprof, W guice, WLior, WVhybrid, Wall5625, Wallie, Wayward, Wellspring, WhisperToMe, Will Beback, Winston365, Wnissen,Woknam66, Woohookitty, Worldatpeace1, Wtf98, Zac has fallen, Zocky, Zzyzx11, 518 ,أحمد ,הסטודנט anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 23

Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:Hexaaquacopper(II)-3D-balls.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Hexaaquacopper(II)-3D-balls.png  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Ben MillsFile:Cu water.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Cu_water.png  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: User:Andrea.zitoloFile:COT rad anion Frost orbs.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:COT_rad_anion_Frost_orbs.png  License: Public domain  Contributors: Cisco79, Daniele Pugliesi,Stefan4File:EdwardTeller1958 fewer smudges.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:EdwardTeller1958_fewer_smudges.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike3.0  Contributors: , Papa Lima WhiskeyFile:Edward Teller signature.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Edward_Teller_signature.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Edward TellerCreated in vectorformat by ScewingImage:Edward Teller (boy).jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Edward_Teller_(boy).jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Bohème, Crakkerjakk, Fastfission,G.dallorto, 1 anonymous editsImage:Edward Teller ID badge.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Edward_Teller_ID_badge.png  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Bomazi, Fastfission,InfrogmationImage:Teller-Ulam device 3D.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Teller-Ulam_device_3D.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:FastfissionImage:Ivy Mike H Bomb.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ivy_Mike_H_Bomb.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Bomazi, 1 anonymous editsImage:Edward Teller (1958)-LLNL.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Edward_Teller_(1958)-LLNL.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: BenTels, Hawkeye7,Infrogmation, PawełMMImage:Edward Teller on television.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Edward_Teller_on_television.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Bohème, Fastfission,InfrogmationImage:Project Chariot plans.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Project_Chariot_plans.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: AnRo0002, Dankarl, Fastfission,WikipediaMasterImage:Edward Teller and Ronald Reagan.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Edward_Teller_and_Ronald_Reagan.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors:Admrboltz, Ephraim33, Fastfission, Happyme22, Infrogmation, TCYImage:Edward Teller (later years).jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Edward_Teller_(later_years).jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Choihei, InfrogmationImage:Edward Teller After Dark 3rd July 1987.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Edward_Teller_After_Dark_3rd_July_1987.JPG  License: GNU FreeDocumentation License  Contributors: Original uploader was AnOpenMedium at en.wikipedia

License 24

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