JAA ATPL ( A ) THEORY COURSE - Ventum Airventumair.eu/pliki/atpl/VFR_AND_IFR_COMUNICATION.pdf ·...
Transcript of JAA ATPL ( A ) THEORY COURSE - Ventum Airventumair.eu/pliki/atpl/VFR_AND_IFR_COMUNICATION.pdf ·...
JAA ATPL ( A ) THEORY COURSE
MASS AND BALANCE 031 00 00 00
091 01 00 00 - GENERAL
091 02 00 00 - AERODROME CONTROL
091 03 00 00 - APPROACH CONTROL
091 04 00 00 - GENERAL RADAR PHRASEOLOGY
091 05 00 00 - COMUNICATIONS FAILURE
091 06 00 00 - DISTRESS AND URGENCY PROCEDURES
091 07 00 00 - AERODROME CONTROL
091 08 00 00 - APPROACH CONTROL
091 09 00 00 - AREA CONTROL
VFR AND IFR COMMUNICATION 091 00 00 00
GENERAL- 091 01 00 00
AERODROME CONTROL SERVICE- Air traffic control service for aerodrome traffic
AERODROME TRAFFIC- All traffic on the manoeuvering area of an aerodrome and all traffic
flying in the vicinity of an aerodrome
AERODROME TRAFFIC CIRCUIT- The specified path to be flown by an aircraft operating
in the vicinity of an aerodrome
AERONAUTICAL MOBILE SERVICE- A mobile service between aeronautical stations and
aircraft stations, or between aircraft stations, in survival craft stations may participate; emergency
position- indicating radio beacon stations may also participate in this service on designated
distress and emergency frequencies
AERONAUTICAL STATION- A land station in the aeronautical mobile service. In certain
instances, an aeronautical station may be located, for example, on board ship or on a platform at
sea
AIR- GROUND COMMUNICATION- Two-way communication between aircraft and stations
or locations on the surface of the earth
VFR AND IFR COMMUNICATION 091 00 00 00
GENERAL- 091 01 00 00
AIR TRAFFIC- All aircraft in flight or operating on the manoeuvring area of an aerodrome
AIR TRAFFIC SERVICE- A generic term meaning veriously, flight information service,
alerting service, air traffic advisory service, air traffic control service, area control service,
approach control service, or air traffic services reporting office
AIR TRAFFIC SERVICES UNIT- A generic term meaning variously, air traffic control unit,
flight information centre, or air traffic services reporting office
AIRWAY- A control area or portion thereof established in the form of a corridor equipped with
radio navigation aids
ALTITUDE- The vertical distance of a level, a point, or an object considered as a point
measured from mean sea level (MSL)
APPROACH CONTROL SERVICE- ATC service for arriving or departing controlled flight
APRON- A defined area, on a land aerodrome, intended to accommodate aircraft for the
purposes
of loading or unloading passengers, mail or cargo, fuelling, parking, or maintenance
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GENERAL- 091 01 00 00
AREA CONTROL CENTRE- A unit established to provide Air Traffic Control Service to
controlled flights in control areas under its jurisdiction
AUTOMATIC TERMINAL INFORMATION SERVICE- The provision of current, routine
information to arriving and departing aircraft by means of a continuous and repetitive broadcast
throughout the day or a specified portion of the day
BLIND TRANSMISSION- A transmission from one station to another station in circumstances
where two- way communication cannot be established but where it is believed the called station
is able to receive the transmission
BROADCAST- A transmission of information relating to air navigation that is not addressed to a
specific station or stations
CLEARANCE LIMIT- The point to which an aircraft is granted an Air Traffic Control
Clearance
Controlled Airspace- An Airspace of defined dimensions within which Air Traffic Control
Service is provided to IFR flights and to VFR flights in accordance with the airspace
classification
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GENERAL- 091 01 00 00
EXPECTED APPROACH TIME- The time at whichATC expects that an arriving aircraft,
following a delay, will leave the holding point to complete its approach for a landing
FLIGHT INFORMATION CENTRE- A unit established to provide flight information service
and alerting service
FLIGHT PLAN- Specified information provided to Air Traffic Services Units, relative to an
intended flight or portion of a flight of an aircraft
HEADING- The direction in which the longitudinal axis of an aircraft is pointed, usually
expressed in degrees from Norts
HOLDING POINT- A specified location, identified by visual or other means, in the vincinity of
which the position of an aircraft in flight is maintained in accordance with ATC clearences
HOLDING PRECEDURE- A pre-determined manoeuvre which keeps an aircraft within a
specified airspace while awaiting further clearence
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GENERAL- 091 01 00 00
IFR FLIGHT- A flight condituced in accordance with instrument flight rules
INSTRUMENT METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS- Meteorogical conditions expressed in
terms of visibility, distance from cloud, and ceiling, less than the minima specified for visual
meteorogical conditions
LEVEL- A generic term relating to the vertical position of an aircraft in flight and meaning
variously, distance from cloud, and ceiling, less than the minima specified for visual meteorogical
conditions
MANOEUVRING AREA- That part of an aerodrome to be used for the take- off, landing, and
taxiing of aircraft, excluding aprons
MISSED APPROACH PROCEDURE- The procedure to be followed if the approach cannot be
continued
MOVEMENT AREA- That part of an aerodrome to be used for the take- off, landing, and
taxiing of aircraft, consisting of the manoeuvring area and the aprons
VFR AND IFR COMMUNICATION 091 00 00 00
GENERAL- 091 01 00 00
Q-CODE- A combination of three letters, the first being the letter Q, which has a specific
meaning relating to aeronautical information or procedures. The Q-code was formulated when
wireless telegraphy (W/T) using Morse code was predominat. When used in RTF, the individual
letters are pronounced as per the alphabet ie. QNH is „kew-enn-aitch” never „Quebec November
Hotel”
RADAR APPROACH- An approach in which the final approach phase is executed under the
direction of a radar contoller
RADAR IDENTIFICATION- The situation which exist when the radar position of a particular
aircraft is seen on a radar display and positively identified by the ATC controller
RADAR VECTORING- Provision of navigational guidance to aircraft in the form of specific
headings, based on the use of radar
REPORTING POINT- A Specified geographical location in relation to which the position of an
aircraft can be reported
VFR AND IFR COMMUNICATION 091 00 00 00
GENERAL- 091 01 00 00
ESTABLISHMENT AND CONTINUATION OF COMMUNICATION
When establishing communications, an aircraft should use the full callsign of both the aircraft
and the aeronautical station.
GROUND TO AIR Aircraft callsign- message or reply
AIR TO GROUND
- Initiation of new information/ request etc- Aircraft callsign then message
- Reply- Repeat of the information/ readback acknowledgement then aircraft callsign
VFR AND IFR COMMUNICATION 091 00 00 00
GENERAL- 091 01 00 00
VFR AND IFR COMMUNICATION 091 00 00 00
GENERAL- 091 02 00 00
INTRODUCTION
As stated before, concise and unambiguous phreaseology is vital to the safe and efficient
operation of an aerodrome. Remember, it is not only the means by which controllers pass
instructions and information, but it is also the means by which pilots maintain an awareness of
what is happening around them.
To help the pilot, controllers should not transmit to an aircraft during the busy times of flight
unless there are safety reasons for doing so. Controllers should not make transmissions during:
- TAKE OFF
- THE LAST PART OF THE FINAL APPROACH
- THE LANDING ROLL
Local procedures do vary from aerodrome to aerodrome. These notes cover the basic phraseology
necessary for the safe operation of aircraft.
VFR AND IFR COMMUNICATION 091 00 00 00
AERODROME CONTROL- 091 02 00 00
DEPARTURE INFORMATION AND ENGINE STARTING PROCEDURES
Where no ATIS is avaible, the pilot may ask for the current aerodrome information before
requesting start-up.
Request to start engines are normally mode to help ATC plan the departure of aircraft. The added
bonus to the pilot is that less fuel is wasted if there are delays on the ground. At some aerodrome
the position of the aircraft is made with this call. If the aerodrome has an ATIS broadcast then
acknowledgement of the ATIS broadcast letter is made at this time requested in the broadcast. If
any delay to departure is expected, the controller will indicate a time to start-up.
VFR AND IFR COMMUNICATION 091 00 00 00
AERODROME CONTROL- 091 02 00 00
VFR AND IFR COMMUNICATION 091 00 00 00
AERODROME CONTROL- 091 02 00 00
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AERODROME CONTROL- 091 02 00 00
VFR AND IFR COMMUNICATION 091 00 00 00
AERODROME CONTROL- 091 02 00 00
AERODROME TRAFFIC CIRCUIT
Make a request to join the circuit in good time to allow for a planned entry, taking other
aircraft into account. Traffic circuits usign a right hand pattern will be specified. Left hand
patterns need not be specified.
To assist in the explanation of some of the terms used in this section, the circuit diagram
below shows the position of the three main reporting points.
VFR AND IFR COMMUNICATION 091 00 00 00
APPROACH CONTROL - 091 03 00 00
VFR DEPARTURES
A departing VFR flight being handled by approach control may be passed information on known
relevant traffic so that the pilot can maintain a safe separation. Pilots should tell the approach
control unit when leaving its area of jurisdiction.
VFR ARRIVALS
General a pilot of an arriving VFR flight is expected to establish with the approach control unit
and request instructions before entering its area of juristiction. IF there is an ATIS broadcast
avaible, the pilot should acknowledge that it was received. IF there is no ATIS broadcast, the
approach controller passes the aerodrome details.
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APPROACH CONTROL - 091 03 00 00
VFR AND IFR COMMUNICATION 091 00 00 00
APPROACH CONTROL - 091 03 00 00
TEST PROCEDURES:
Any test transmission should take the following form:
- The identification of the aeronautical station being called
- The aircraft callsign
- The words RADIO CHECK
- The frequency used
REPLY TRANSMISION SHOULD TAKE THE FOLLOWING FORMAT:
- The identification of the station calling
- The identification of the station replying
- Information regarding the readability of the transmission
THE READABILITY OF A TRANSMISSION IS CLASSIFIED IN ACCORDANCE WITH
THE READABILITY SCALE AS FOLLOWS:
- Unreadable
- Readable now and then
- Readable but with difficulty
- Readable
- Perfectly readable
VFR AND IFR COMMUNICATION 091 00 00 00
GENERAL RADAR PHRASEOLOGY- 091 04 00 00
RADAR IDENTIFICATION AND VECTORING:
Radar vectors may be given to establish the identification of an aircraft. Other means available to
the controller are:
- Position reports information
- Requesting the aircraft to make turns
- The use of bearing and distance information from a radio beacon or geographical position SSR
information
VFR AND IFR COMMUNICATION 091 00 00 00
GENERAL RADAR PHRASEOLOGY- 091 04 00 00
VFR AND IFR COMMUNICATION 091 00 00 00
GENERAL RADAR PHRASEOLOGY- 091 04 00 00
VFR AND IFR COMMUNICATION 091 00 00 00
COMMUNICATIONS FAILURE- 091 05 00 00
INITIAL ACTIONS
Check the following points:
- The radio is switched on and the volume is set
- The headset/ microphone is plugged in
- The correct frequency is set
- The station is not out of range
- The station is open
AIR TO GROUND
When an aircraft fails to establish contact with the ground station on the assigned frequency, the
pilot should:
- Attempt to establish contact on another frequency appropriate to the route. If this fails
- Attempt to establish communications with another aircraft or another ground station
- Monitor the VHF frequency for other aircraft calls
If all attempts fail to establish contact:
The aircraft transmits is message twice on the designated frequency proceded by the phrase „
TRANSMITTING BLIND”
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COMMUNICATIONS FAILURE- 091 05 00 00
GROUND TO AIR
Where a ground station is unable to contact an aircraft on the frequency to which an aircraft is
supposed to be listening:
Request other stations to help by calling the aircraft
Request aircraft in the vicinty to attempt to establish communications
An ATC clearance will no be made to an aircraft except at the specific request of the originator.
VFR AND IFR COMMUNICATION 091 00 00 00
DISTERSS AND URGENCY PROCEDURES- 091 06 00 00
INTRODUCTION
Distress and urgency conditions are defined as:
DISTRESS- A condition of being threatened by serious and/or imminent danger requiring
immediate assistance
URGENCY- A condition concerning the safety of an aircraft, another vehicle, or some person on
board ir within sight, which does not require immediate assistance.
The words spoken in the case of a distress or urgency condition are:
DISTRESS- MAYDAY Spoken three times at the start of the initial distress call
URGENCY- PAN PAN Spoken three times at the start of the initial urgency call
VFR AND IFR COMMUNICATION 091 00 00 00
DISTERSS AND URGENCY PROCEDURES- 091 06 00 00
DISTRESS PROCEDURES
A distress message should contain as many of the following elements as possible. Use the order
shown if possible, but remember, time may be short:
- Name of the station addressed
- Identification of the aircraft
- Nature of the distress condition
- Position, level and heading of the aircraft
- Any other useful information
The provisions listed do not stop an aircraft using all means at its disposal to attract attention and
making its condition known. It is expected that any station hearing a distress call will offer any
assistance needed.
VFR AND IFR COMMUNICATION 091 00 00 00
DISTERSS AND URGENCY PROCEDURES- 091 06 00 00
VFR AND IFR COMMUNICATION 091 00 00 00
DISTERSS AND URGENCY PROCEDURES- 091 06 00 00
OR IF A SERVICE IS NEEDED:
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DISTERSS AND URGENCY PROCEDURES- 091 06 00 00
URGENCY PROCEDURES
An urgency message should contain as many of the elements of the distress message as are
required by the circumstances. As with the message, make the call on the frequency in ude. All
other stations should take care not to interfere with the transmission of an urugency message.
VFR AND IFR COMMUNICATION 091 00 00 00
DISTERSS AND URGENCY PROCEDURES- 091 06 00 00
ASSUMPTIONS The IFR Communications examination overlaps with the VFR Communications. Study the
communications manual as a whole for the IFR Communications examination.
DEFINITIONS:
The following definitions are required for the approach and holding phases of IFR
communications:
Accepting Unit/ Controller- ATCU/ ATC next to take control of an aircraft
AIR REPORT- A report from an aircraft in flight prepared in conformity with requirements for
position, and operational and/or meteorological reporting.
AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL INSTRUCTION- Directives issued ATC for the purpose of
requiring a pilot to take a specific action.
AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL SERVICE- A service provided for the purpose of:
- Preventing collisions:
- Between aircraft;
- On the manoeuvring area between aircraft and obstructions.
- Expediting and maintaining an orderly flow of air traffic.
VFR AND IFR COMMUNICATION 091 00 00 00
DISTERSS AND URGENCY PROCEDURES- 091 06 00 00
BASE TURN- A turn executed by the aircraft during the initial approach between the end of the
outbound track and the beginning of the intermediate or final approach track. The tracks are not
reciprocal.
CONTROL AREA- A controled airspace extending upwards from a specific limit above the
earth.
CONTROLLED AERODROME- An aerodrome which provides air traffic control service to
aircraft.
CONTROLLED FLIGHT- Any flight which is subject to an air traffic control clearance.
CURRENT FLIGHT PLAN- The flight plan, including changes, if any, brought about by
subsequent clearences.
VFR AND IFR COMMUNICATION 091 00 00 00
AERODROME CONTROL- 091 07 00 00
RUNWAY VISUAL RANGE
When transmitting the RVR either abbreviation is used or the words „ Runway Visual Range”
followed by the runway number, the positions for multiple readings (if necessary), and finaly the
RVR value.
DEPARTURE INFORMATION AND ENGINE STARTING PROCEDURES|
Where no ATIS is availeble, a pilot may ask for current information before requesting start-up.
Requests to start engines are normally made to facilitate ATC planning and excessive fuel
wastage by aircraft delayed on the ground.
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AERODROME CONTROLE- 091 07 00 00
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AERODROME CONTROLE- 091 07 00 00
VFR AND IFR COMMUNICATION 091 00 00 00
APPROACH CONTROLE- 091 08 00 00
IFR DEPARTURES
At many airports arrivals and departures are controlled by one unit. At larger airports, seperate
arrival and departure control units may be used. As well as the ATC route clearance, a departing
IFR flight may be given departure instructions to facilitate separation. The instructions may be in
plain language or in the form of a Standard Instrument Departure (SID).
VFR AND IFR COMMUNICATION 091 00 00 00
APPROACH CONTROLE- 091 08 00 00
VFR AND IFR COMMUNICATION 091 00 00 00
APPROACH CONTROLE- 091 08 00 00
IFR ARRIVALS
Approach Control normally advises the aircraft of the type of approach to be expected
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APPROACH CONTROLE- 091 08 00 00
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APPROACH CONTROLE- 091 08 00 00
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APPROACH CONTROLE- 091 08 00 00
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APPROACH CONTROLE- 091 08 00 00
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APPROACH CONTROLE- 091 08 00 00
HOLDING PROCEDURES
Holding procedures should be published. If a pilot requires a detailed description of the holding
procedure based on a facility, the following phraseology is used.
To assist the pilot, controllers should pass the information in the following format.
- FIX
- LEVEL
- INBOUND TRACK
- RIGHT OR LEFT TURNS
- TIME OF LEG
VFR AND IFR COMMUNICATION 091 00 00 00
AREA CONTROL- 091 09 00 00
INTRODUCTION
Area control units vary in size and complexity. The scenarios given below are applicable to area
control no matter what the unit size. Phraseology is of general nature, however, some of the
scenarios shown to relate to specific non- radar situations.
VFR AND IFR COMMUNICATION 091 00 00 00
AREA CONTROL- 091 09 00 00
VFR AND IFR COMMUNICATION 091 00 00 00
AREA CONTROL- 091 09 00 00
VFR AND IFR COMMUNICATION 091 00 00 00
AREA CONTROL- 091 09 00 00
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AREA CONTROL- 091 09 00 00
VFR AND IFR COMMUNICATION 091 00 00 00
AREA CONTROL- 091 09 00 00
POSITION REPORTING
Position reporting is used to assist in establishing separation. The contents of a position report are
shown below. The last three items may be omitted when regional air navigation agreements
allow.
- AIRCRAFT IDENTIFICATION
- POSITION
- TIME
- FLIGHT LEVEL OR ALTITUDE
- NEXT POSITION AND TIME OVER
- ENSUING SIGNIFICANT POINT
VFR AND IFR COMMUNICATION 091 00 00 00
AREA CONTROL- 091 09 00 00