J421: Analytic Journalism J421: Week II-III Ways of seeing/understanding: General Systems Theory.
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Transcript of J421: Analytic Journalism J421: Week II-III Ways of seeing/understanding: General Systems Theory.
2 J421 - Week II © J.T.Johnson 2000-2--3_____________________________Fall ‘04
Readings for last and this week
What is/a the point(s) Steve Ross makes about the Challenger Space Shuttle settlement?
Steve Ross uses this article as a prologue to why reporters need to know how to use spreadsheets, but he also presents a larger issue about reporters, journalism and journalism education. --What do you think that is?
3 J421 - Week II © J.T.Johnson 2000-2--3_____________________________Fall ‘04
McGrath
McGrath’s article on the complexity of prediction talks about the “Fair Model.” What is a “model?” “A model is an abstraction -- a simplified
representation of a more complex object or system of objects. In most sciences, we use models to predict the behavior of the more complex system that we have modeled.”
4 J421 - Week II © J.T.Johnson 2000-2--3_____________________________Fall ‘04
Examples of models
Physics - models to predict the flow of air molecules over the wing of an aircraft.
Computer performance engineering - models to predict throughput and response time for computer systems.
Economic forecasting - models to predict consumer spending, the effect of tax increases or tax cuts on the markets
Political science – models to predict voter reaction
5 J421 - Week II © J.T.Johnson 2000-2--3_____________________________Fall ‘04
What is a Model?
Explains how nature operates Derived from observations It simplifies and categorizes the
information. A model must be sensible, but it
has limitations
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Properties of a Model
A human inventions, not a blown up picture of nature.
Models can be wrong because they are based on speculations and oversimplification
Become more complicated with age. You must understand the assumptions
in the model, and look for weaknesses.
We learn more when the model is wrong than when it is right
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Application of Models
Simulation models Weather prediction
http://www.weather.com/outlook/driving/interstate/regional?reg=ne
How a city works http://www.communityviz.com/index.asp?circuit=4&fuse=library
How journalists use simulation models: The Institute for Interactive Journalism http://www.j-lab.org/cool_poli.html
8 J421 - Week II © J.T.Johnson 2000-2--3_____________________________Fall ‘04
How journalists use simulation models
The Institute for Interactive Journalism http://www.j-lab.org/cool_poli.html
Everett, Washington Herald’s “Waterfront Renaissance” http://www.heraldnet.com/waterfront/13898794.CFM
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Application of models
Subsection on Elections, Public Opinion, and Voting Behavior of the American Political Science
Association http://www.apsanet.org/~elections/ Political Forecasting Special Interest Group
http://morris.wharton.upenn.edu/forecast/Political/
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Journalists, et al., in Infosphere
Changing Infosphere:
InMetabolism
Latent Energy
EnergyOut
DataIn Analysis Info
Out
Species in Biosphere:
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Think of a phenomenon as . . .
. . . an onion (with a peel and layers) . . . an organism (with stages of life, blood,
head, and heart) . . . a factory (with raw material, source of
power, bosses, and workers) . . . a building (with foundation, windows, and
façade) . . . an ecology (with niches, climates, and food
chains) Source: Weinberg, Gerald M. “An Introduction to General Systems Thinking” http://www.dorsethouse.com/books/gst.html See also http://www.geraldmweinberg.com/Bookstuff/Each_Book/GST.html
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Think of a phenomenon as . . .
. . . a language (with grammar, dialects, and speakers)
. . . a code (with secrets, transmitters, and receivers)
. . . a body (with personality, sexuality, upbringing, and occasional disease)
. . . a system (with inputs, feedback, and outputs) . . . a structure (with hierarchy, needs, and
objectives)
Source: Horwitz, Richard P. http://twist.lib.uiowa.edu/rhorwitz/rootsas.htm ©2000
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Think of a phenomenon as . . .
. . . a game (with plays, rules, and referees) . . . a drama (with roles, script, and audience) . . . a city (with streets, sewer lines, and
neighborhoods) . . . a text (with authors, genres, and readers) . . . an ideology (with premises and
implications) . . . a regime (with a currency, rulers, and
rebels).
Source: Horwitz, Richard P. http://twist.lib.uiowa.edu/rhorwitz/rootsas.htm ©2000
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Why General Systems Theory?
If one learns the structures, when transferring from one discipline to another, much of the learning could be transferred. When studying a new discipline one would simply have to learn the labels on the structures in the new discipline.
15 J421 - Week II © J.T.Johnson 2000-2--3_____________________________Fall ‘04
Narrowing the Focus: GST
Resource: http://www.systems-thinking.org/welcome.htm
"Studies the organization of phenomena.... Investigates both principles common to all complex entities and the 'models' (usually mathematical) which can be used to describe them.“
SYSTEMS: "...things that collectively behave differently as opposed to their behavior when separated.“
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Examples of systems thinking
“Inspiration” http://www.inspiration.com/test/dswmedia/intro.html
Golda Meir and Indira Gandhihttp://www.inspiration.com/productinfo/inspiration/using_insp/index.cfm?fuseaction=socialstudies
Causes of the French Revolutionhttp://www.inspiration.com/productinfo/inspiration/using_insp/index.cfm?fuseaction=socialstudies
Congress of Viennahttp://www.inspiration.com/diagrams/ed/fire.html
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Brief introduction to GST
Attributes of a system….1. Composed of variables, i.e. elements
that can be defined, or described, separately. Sub-variables. Tree-to-branch-to-
leaf-to-cell
2. There are relationships between variables Horizontal relationships Vertical (i.e. hierarchical)
relationships
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Brief introduction to GST
3. A system has boundaries Conceptual Legal: corporate, jurisdiction Geographic Cultural
4. A system has goals, self-defined or with a definition imposed by a server/researcher Make money Provide for group security, happiness,
procreation
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Brief introduction to GST
5. A system learns from changes in its variables or environment
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A newspaper as a system
Editorial
Production
Circulation
Advertising
“Backoffice”
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A newspaper as a system
Editorial
Local News
Int’l News Business Sports
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A newspaper variables and sub-systems
Editorial
Local News
Int’l News Business Sports
High SchoolCollegeProfessional
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System hierarchy and “zooming”
Editorial
Sports
Newspaper
Media
Football
H. S. Football
Higher Concept
Lower Concept
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Online enterprise Dynamic system model
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Value of GST
Demands definition/focus on exactly what system are you talking about?
Demands consideration of level of analysis, i.e. “zooming” levels of focus
Demands definition of variables and then the relative importance of those variables
Demands consideration of relationships between variables
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GST as basis for simulation models Once system, goals, variables and
relationships defined, can start to ask “How do we measure the strength of those relationships?”
This is where dynamic simulation models kick in.
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These activities involve resources and power Resources:
The symbolic and material components a system needs to carry out its tasks.
Power: The use of resources by one system in order to gain compliance by another system.
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Power role
Power roles Resource-controlling relationships Taken on mostly by systems
Producer Power Role Creates material for release to public Competition over niches
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Why General Systems Theory?
If one learns the structures, when transferring from one discipline to another, much of the learning could be transferred.
When studying a new discipline one would simply have to learn the labels on the structures in the new discipline.
30 J421 - Week II © J.T.Johnson 2000-2--3_____________________________Fall ‘04
How many ways to “knowing”?