J. Mosquera
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Protocols to measure GHG in Agriculture
Inventory and practical use
J. MosqueraIII Workshop de la Red Remedia, 10-11 Abril 2014
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Standard method?
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GHG emissions (per component, 2011)
86.2%
CO2CH4N2OOther81.1%
9.5%
6.8% 2.6%ES (2011)
CO2CH4N2OOther86.2%
7.8%
4.7% 1.3%NL (2011)
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GHG emissions (per source, 2011)
ES (2011)
78%
11%8%
4%
NL (2011)
84%
8%5%
2%
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CH4 and N2O sources
Enteric fermentation (CH4)●Dairy cattle●Swine, sheep, goat and horses●Poultry
Manure management●Slurry (CH4, little/no N2O)●Straw/deep litter (CH4 and N2O)
Agricultural soils●N2O●Little/no CH4
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CH4 and N2O emissions (ES, 2011)
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CH4 and N2O emissions (NL, 2011)
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Manure management chain
Outside storage
NH3, OdourCH4, N2O
Manure application
NH3
OdourN2O
Manure treatment
NH3, OdourCH4, N2O
Grazing
NH3
CH4
N2O
NH3, OdourCH4, N2O
Housing
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Housing
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Storage
1. Fresh manure2. Between product3. Final product
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Treatment
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Applicationsurface spreading trailing shoetrailing hoseshallow injection
surface spreadingincorporation as
sequential operation
injectionshallow injection
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Research question National inventories Emission factors Understanding emission processes Effect of new technologies and mitigation options
Calculated emissions●Activity data●Emission factors
Direct measurements
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Measurement protocol Measurement strategy
●Type of source●Animal vs. manure●Manure management chain
●Management
Measurement method●Research question●Source characteristics●Resources
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Housing
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Single-farm protocol
0
5
10
15
20
25
NH 3
con
cent
ratio
n [m
g m
-3]
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Vent
. rat
e [m
3 uur
-1 p
er a
nim
al]
0
500
1000
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2500
0 30 60 90 120
150
180
210
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Bod
y w
eigh
t (g)
Forced ventilation● Concentration
o NOx monitoro Photoacoustic
● Ventilation rateo Fan wheel anemometer
Natural ventilation● Tracer gas ratio method
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Single-farm protocol
+ Benefits●Accurate at the farm level●Emission process●Management vs. emissions●Daily and seasonal patterns
- Drawbacks●Costs (equipment, labour, maintenance)●Not accurate at the system level
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Sources of variance (NH3)
Fattening pigs Sows
Between farms (sb) 44 % 32%
Within a farm (sw) 45% 23%
Statistical analysis: REML method
Yij = C + S +s2b + s2
w
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Number of farm locations
=2totals
mlkequipment
××
2s
Monitor
+×lkwithin2s
+kbetween2s
Ogink and Klarenbeek (1997)
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Distribution of measurements (cycle)
y = 31.2 + 1.2 xR2 = 0.96
0%
50%
100%
150%
200%
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
% a
vera
ge e
mis
sion
Day in production cycle
NH3
y = 32.0 + 1.2 xR2 = 0.97
0%
50%
100%
150%
200%
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
% a
vera
ge e
mis
sion
Day in production cycle
CH4
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Measurement period (I)
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Measurement period (II)
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Multi-farm measurement protocol
Measurements at 4 farm locations
Continuous measurements not necessary
6 measurement days per farm
Measurement period at least 24 h
Equipment: random errors allowed
Growing pattern at random, equally distributed
Year round measurements
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Example: broilers
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25000 30 60 90 120
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Ani
mal
wei
ght (
g)
Day in the year
Farm 1 Farm 2 Farm 3 Farm 4
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
0 7 14 21 28 35 42
Ani
mal
wei
ght (
g)
Day in production cycle
Farm 1 Farm 2 Farm 3 Farm 4
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Case-control approach
Two compartments: case (treatment), control (no treatment)
Same farm location
Same management (Temp., Vent., age, feeding)
+ Management effects reduced
+ Easy applicable in pig and poultry systems
- Difficult to apply for dairy cattle systems
http://www.veracert.eu/en/technology-manufacturers/test-protocols/
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Measurement methodsVentilation rate Concentrations
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Real-time measurements
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Storage
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GHG emissions from storage Emission sources
●Slurry (CH4, little/no N2O)●Straw /deep litter (CH4 and N2O)
No specific measurement protocol
Emission measurements●Chamber measurements (static and flow-through)●Micrometeorological methods●Tracer gas approach
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Chamber measurements
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Integrated horizontal flux approach
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Gradient methodOpen-path TDL laser (two heights) Sampling line (two heights)
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Tracer gas approach
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Application
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Chamber measurements
http://www.globalresearchalliance.org/app/uploads/2013/05/Chamber_Methodology_Guidelines_Final-2013.pdf
Minimum requirements●Chamber design●Deployment protocol●Sample collection, storage
and analysis●Automated chambers●Data analysis
Protocol●Spatial variability●Temporal variability
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Measurement methods (review)
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10408347.2013.843055
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Take home message
Measurement protocol●Research question●Source characteristics●Resources
Integral approach●Multi-component●Multi-stage
Protocols are continuously evolving Improvisation
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Questions?
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