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85:1544-1555, 1998.J Appl PhysiolSebastianelliWilliam J. Kraemer, Jeff S. Volek, Jill A. Bush, Margot Putukian and Wayne J.supplementationheavy-resistance exercise with or without nutritionalHormonal responses to consecutive days of

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ISSN: 0363-6143, ESSN: 1522-1563. Visit our website at http://www.the-aps.org/.Physiological Society, 9650 Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD 20814-3991. Copyright 1998 by the American Physiological Society.those papers emphasizing adaptive and integrative mechanisms. It is published 12 times a year (monthly) by the American

publishes original papers that deal with diverse areas of research in applied physiology, especiallyJournal of Applied Physiology
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creased immediatelypostexercise and stayed elevatedabove baseline through 60 min postexercise.Comparedwith placebo, lactate concentrationswere significantlylower during supplementation at several time points ondays2and3. Immediately postexercise on days1 and2duringplacebo, there was a significant increaseinCKactivity which remained above preexercise values theentire60minon day1 and15minpostexerciseon day2.Therewerenosignificantdifferences between treat-ment conditionsinCK activity. Serumglucose concen-trations were significantly elevated above preexerciseconcentrations at30 and45minpostexerciseon days1and 2and 15 and 30 minpostexercise on day3duringsupplementation, whereas glucose remained stable dur-ing placebo. Compared with placebo, supplementationresulted in significantlyhigher glucose concentrationsat 30 and 45 min postexercise on day2 and a signifi-cantly lowerpreexercise value on day3.

Serum total testosterone and SHBG responses areshown in Fig. 2. Testosterone significantly increasedimmediately postexercise for both treatmentconditionson all 3 days. After the immediate postexercise in-

crease, total testosterone concentrations declined tobelow resting values on day 3 during placebo and ondays 2 and 3 during supplementation. Testosteroneconcentrations were significantly higher during pla-ceboat restand45minpostexerciseon day2andat30min postexercise on day 3. There were no significantdifferences for any time points on days2 and 3 com-paredwithcorresponding timepoints on day1.Serum

SHBGconcentrations tended toincreasewithexerciseand thendecline below resting values.Comparedwithday1, immediate postexercise values during supplemen-tation were lower on days 2 and 3. Similar to totaltestosterone, SHBG values during placebowere signifi-cantly higher at several time points compared withthose during supplementation. There were no signifi-cant differences in the free-androgen index (total testos-terone/SHBG) between treatment conditions at anytime pointon any day (Table 4).

Serum growth hormone concentrations significantlyincreased immediately postexercise and returned toresting concentrations by 60 min of recovery (Fig. 3).On day1,growth hormoneconcentrationsat0, 15,and

Fig. 2. Serum total testosterone (A) and sexhormone-binding globulin (SHBG; B ) r esponses t o 3 consecutivedays of heavy-resistance exercise. During the supple-ment condition, subjects consumed a protein-carbohy-drate drink2 h beforeand immediatelyafterworkouts,and duringplacebo conditionsubjects consumeda pla-cebodrinkat the sametime points.Values are means 6SE. 0, 15, 30, 45, and60,postexercisetimepoints (min).*P# 0.05 from co rrespondingpreexercise value. P#0.05 from corresponding value for Placebo. P# 0.05from corresponding time pointon day1.

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increased clearance of lactate via gluconeogenesis inthe liveroroxidation by skeletal muscle.

Testosterone concentrations increased immediatelypostexercise and then returned toward resting levelsover the next 60 min of recovery for placebo. In con-trast, testosterone fell to below resting values duringsupplementation. Chandleret al. (8) observed a similarphenomenon in men who consumed a liquid supple-ment containing both protein and carbohydrate com-pared with a noncaloric placebo. These data indicate

that calories, in the form of carbohydrate and/or pro-tein, have an acute attenuating effect on circulatingtestosterone concentrations. Although there is a gen-eral lack of information on the impact of dietarysubstances on testosterone, we propose two potentialdietary-related factors that may explain our findings.First,percent dietary fat during supplementation wassignificantly lower than during the placebo condition(14 vs. 24% of total energy). In healthy active men, adiet witha lowpercentage ofdietary fat is associatedwith lower testosterone concentrations (53). Second,theprotein-to-carbohydrate ratioduringsupplementa-

tion was significantly higher than during placebotreat-ment condition (0.4vs 0.3).A high protein-to-carbohy-drate ratio is also associated with lower testosteroneconcentrations in healthy active men (52). Further-more, switching from a high-protein diet to a low-protein diet (i.e., decreasing the protein-to-carbohy-drate ratio) has been shown to significantly increasetotal testosterone and SHBG (1). In support of thistheory, both testosterone and SHBG concentrationswere lower during the supplement condition in which

theprotein-to-carbohydrate ratiowas highercomparedwith placebo. The exact mechanism(s) by which thequantityand compositionofdietarynutrients regulatetestosterone andits binding proteins remaintobefullyelucidated.

The lower testosterone values in the study by Chand-ler et al. (8) occurred at the same time insulin concentra-tionswere elevated,suggesting aninteractionbetweenthese two anabolic hormones. Interestingly, the sameinverse pattern of response between testosterone andinsulin was also observed in this study. That is, wheninsulin concentrations were highest, testosterone concen-

Fig. 3. Serum growth hormone (A) and cortisol (B)responses. During supplement condition, subjects con-sumed a protein-carbohydrate drink 2 h before andimmediately after the workouts, and during placebocondition subjects consumed a placebo drink at sametime points. Values are means 6 SE. *P# 0.05 fromcorrespondingpreexercisevalue. P# 0.05 fromcorre-sponding valueforplacebo.P# 0.05fromcorrespond-

ing time pointon day1.



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influencedby lactate(40).Thus the increased prolactinresponse on day1 during supplementation when lac-tatewasalsohigheraddsfurthersupport to the theorythat increases in lactate and H1 contribute to growthhormone and prolactin secretion during exercise. Thephysiological significance ofprolactin in men is unclear.Prolactinand growth hormone share similar sequencehomology and immune system activities (19) and there-foremaybe important factorsinvolvedin the recoveryfrom exercise-induced muscle disruption.

The cortisol response to exercise was diminished byday3 compared with day1 for both treatment condi-tions.A similar decrease in the exercise-induced corti-sol response was reported by Fry et al. (18) in elitejunior weight lifters exposed to 1 wk of high-volumeresistance training.This response has beenattributedto altered hypothalamic and/or pituitary function onthe basis of the fact that subjects exhibited depressedb-endorphin concentrations (18). Both b-endorphin andACTH are cleaved from the same precursor, propiomela-nocortin polypeptide, and therefore less ACTH wasavailable t ointeract with theadrenalcortex, resulting

in a reducedstimulusfor cortisolsecretion andbiosyn-thesis.Becausewedidnotmeasure either b-endorphinorACTH, t hesignificanceoft hesefactorsincontribut-ing tothe lowercortisol response in the presentinvesti-gation is only speculative.Yet, in a study by Kraemer etal. (32), it was shown that b-endorphin, ACTH, andcortisol response patterns are linked in magnitude inresponse to a given heavy-resistance exerciseprotocol.

Blood CK is a well-accepted marker of skeletalmuscle tissue disruption, and resistance exercise has

been shown to elevate this enzyme (31). The responsetime between increases in CK and muscle damageprobably vary with themodeandintensityofexericse.In this study,CK valueswere lowestbefore exerciseonday1, highest during recovery on day2, and midwaybetween these values on day 3. Kraemer et al. (31)observed a significantcorrelation between peakcortisolconcentrations immediately after an intense resistanceexercise protocol and peak CK values 24 h later.Similarly, the cortisol response toexercise was signifi-cantly higher on day 1, which corresponds with thesignificantly higher CK values observed on day2in this

Fig. 4. Serum insulin (A) and insulin-like growthfactor-I(IGF-I;B) responses.During supplementcondi-tion, subjects consumed a protein-carbohydrate drink2 h beforeand immediatelyafterworkouts, and duringplacebo condition subjects consumeda placebodrinkatsame timepoints. Values are means 6 SE. *P# 0.05from corresponding preexercise value. P# 0.05 fromcorresponding value for placebo. P# 0.05 fromcorre-

sponding time pointon day1.



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50. Thissen, J. P., J. M. Ketelslegers, and L. E. Underwood.Nutritional regulation ofthe insulin-likegrowthfactors. Endocr.Rev. 15:80101, 1994.

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