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MICROCONROLLER BASEDINTERACTIVE VOICE RESPONSE
SYSTEM
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Abstract
The Interactive Voice Response (IVR) System serves as a bridge
between people and computer databases by connecting the
telephone network with the database. The telephone user can
access the information from anywhere at anytime simply by
dialing a specified number and following an on-line instruction
when a connection has been established. The IVR system uses
pre-recorded or computer generated voice responses to provide
information in response to an input from a telephone caller. The
input may be given by means of touch-tone or Dual Tone Multi-
Frequency (DTMF) signal, which is generated when a caller
presses a key of his/her telephone set, and the sequence of
messages to be played is determined dynamically according to an
internal menu structure (maintained within the IVR application
program) and the user input.
The IVRS system which will be designed will provide an ideal
platform for the operation of start-ups and existing small
concerns. It will be a highly economical and efficient way to
replace the Dialogic card which is very costly and requires a high
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maintenance and regular upgradation. The IVRS system which will
be designed will consist of simple components like microcontroller
and some basic application chips interfaced to a PC which will
have small software running in the backend while the other jobs
are performed on the front end. Microcontroller Based Ivrs For
College Automation Now-A-Days Every Institution Needs
Automation. As A Part Of College automation, We Have Decided
To Do A Project Voice Interactive System For College
Automation. Our Project Allows The User To Know The Students
Attendance And Marks Quickly Through The Telephone Line
Without The Intention Of The College Authority. In The Hardware
Side Embedded System Has Been Used. The Microcontroller
Controls The Whole Hardware. Telephone Line Is Used For
Communication Purpose. Visual Basic Has Been Used For Software
Programming. Presentation In The Class And Outcome Of The
University Are Made Reachable To The Parents By Our Project. It Will
Be Very Obliging To The Parents To Be Acquainted With Their
Sons/DaughtersRecital In The College.
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WHAT IS IVRS SYSTEM
Interactive Voice Response (IVR) product, interactive technology that allows a
computer to detect voice and keypad inputs. IVR technology is used extensively in
telecommunications, but is also being introduced into automobile systems for
hands-free operation. Current deployment in automobiles revolves around satellite
navigation, audio and mobile phone systems. In telecommunications, IVR allows
customers to access a companys database via a telephone touchtone keypad or by
speech recognition, after which they can service their own enquiries by following
the instructions. IVR systems can respond with pre-recorded or dynamically
generated audio to further direct users on how to proceed. IVR systems can be used
to control almost any function where the interface can be broken down into a series
of simple menu choices. In telecommunications applications, such as customer
support lines, IVR systems generally scale well to handle large call volumes.
It has become common in industries that have recently entered the telecom
industry to refer to an Automated Attendant as an IVR. The terms Automated
Attendant and IVRare distinct and mean different things to traditional telecom
professionals, whereas emerging telephony and VoIP professionals often use the
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customer_supporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customer_supporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_attendanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_attendanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customer_supporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customer_support -
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term IVR as a catch-all to signify any kind of telephony menu, even a basic
automated attendant.
History
The blueprint for IVR began in 1941, when Bell System developed a new tone
dialing methodology. Bell unveiled the first telephone that could dial area codes
using Dual Tone Multi Frequency DTMF technology at the Seattle World Fair in
1962. DTMF telephones enabled the use of inband signaling.
Despite the fact that more companies began using the system in the 1970s to
automate tasks in call centers, the technology was still costly and complicated
which made for low market penetration. However, by the 1980s a number of new
competitors entered the market and uptake of IVR technology started to increase.
When call centers began to migrate to multimedia contact centers in the late 90's,
companies began to invest in web-enablement and Computer Telephony
Integration (CTI) with IVR systems. IVR became vital for call centers deploying
universal queuing and routing solutions and acted as an agent which collected
customer data to enable intelligent routing decisions.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DTMFhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DTMFhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DTMFhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DTMF -
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Having remained technologically static since its development in the 1980s, speech
recognition started to become more common and cheaper to deploy. This was due
to increased Computer Processing Power and the migration of Speech applications
from propriety code to the VXML standard. The introduction of the VXML
standard also simplified the integration process between IVR systems and any back
end hosts.
Typical uses
IVR systems are typically used to service high call volumes, reduce cost and
improve the customer experience. Examples of typical IVR applications are:
telephone banking, televoting, and credit card transactions. Large companies use
IVR services to extend the business hours of operation.
Call centers use IVR systems to identify and segment callers. The ability to
identify customers allows the ability to tailor services according to the customer
profile. It also allows the option of choosing automated services. Information can
be fed to the caller allowing choices such as: wait in the queue, choose an
automated service, or request a callback (at a suitable time and telephone number).
The use of computer telephony integration (CTI) will allow the IVR system to look
up the caller line identification (CLI) on a network database and identify the caller.
This is currently accurate for about 80% of inbound calls. In the cases where CLI
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is withheld or unavailable, the caller can be asked to identify themselves by other
methods such as a PIN or password. The use of DNIS will ensure that the correct
application and language is executed by the IVR system.
CTI allows a contact center or organisation to gather information about the caller
as a means of directing their inquiry to an appropriate agent. CTI can also extract
important or relevant information about the individual customer from the database,
making for a more effective and efficient service.
The use of IVR and voice automation enables a company to improve its customer
service and lower its costs, due to the fact that callers queries can be resolved
without the cost of a live agent who, in turn, can be directed to deal with specific
areas of the service. If the caller does not find the information they need, or require
further assistance, the call is then transferred to an agent who can deal with them
directly through CTI integration. This makes for a more efficient system in which
agents have more time to deal with complex interactions, for example, customer
retention, up selling, cross selling and issue resolution. This way, the customer is
more likely to be satisfied with a personalised service and the interaction is likely
to be more fulfilling and rewarding for the agent, as opposed to dealing with basic
enquiries that require yes/no responses, such as obtaining customer details.
Employee satisfaction is important in the telecommunications industry due to the
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fast turnover of staff, IVR is therefore one way of retaining a workforce and
allowing them to do a more effective job.
IVR also enables customer prioritisation. In a system whereby individual
customers may have a different status, for example, a bronze, gold or platinum card
holder, the service will automatically prioritise the individuals call and, in the case
of a platinum card holder, move them to the front of the calling queue.
Voice-Activated Dialers
(VAD) Voice-activated IVR systems are now used to replace the switchboard or
PABX (Private Automatic Branch eXchange) operators and are used in many
hospitals and large businesses to reduce the caller waiting time. An additional
function is the ability to allow external callers to page hospital staff and transfer
the inbound call to the paged person.
Entertainment and Information
The largest installed IVR platforms are used for applications such as tele-voting on
TV game shows such as Pop Idoland Big Brotherwhich can generate enormous
call spikes. Often the network provider will have to deploy Call gapping in the
Public network to prevent Network overload.
The following are some of the more common uses of an IVR:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_Idolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Brother_(TV_series)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_gappinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_Idolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Brother_(TV_series)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_gapping -
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Mobile (Pay as you go Top up)
Telephone Banking (Balance, payments, and transfers)
Mobile Purchases (particularly for mobile content, such as ringtones and
logos)
Caller identification and routing
Order Placements (Credit Card Payments)
Airline (Ticket booking, Flight arrivals, Flight departures, Checkin)
Adult entertainment (Dating, Chat line etc)
Weather forecasts
Anonymous Access
IVR systems also allow callers to obtain data relatively anonymously. Hospitals
and Clinics have used IVR systems to allow callers to receive anonymous access to
test results. This is information that could easily be handled by a person but the
IVR system is used to preserve privacy and avoid potential embarrassment of
sensitive information or test results. Users are given a passcode to access their
results.
Clinical Trials
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IVR systems are used by pharmaceutical companies and contract research
organizations to conduct clinical trials and manage the large volumes of data
generated. The caller will respond to questions in their preferred language and their
responses will be logged into a database and possibly recorded at the same time to
confirm authenticity. Applications include patient randomization and drug supply
management.
Outbound Calling
IVR systems can be used for outbound calls, as IVR systems are more intelligent
than Dialler systems, they can recognise different line conditions.
RNA Ring No Answer
Answered by Voicemail or Answering machine (In this circumstances they
can leave a message)
Fax Tone (IVR can leave a Fax Message based upon a TIFF Image)
Answer (IVR can tell the customer who is calling and ask them to wait for
an agent)
Recognise Divert messages and abandon call.
IVR uses Call Progress Detection to monitor Line conditions, and report to the
IVR Database.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract_research_organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract_research_organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_trialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract_research_organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract_research_organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_trial -
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Technologies Used
DTMF signals (entered from the telephone keypad) and natural language speech
recognition interpret the caller's response to voice prompts.
Other technologies include the ability to speak complex and dynamic information
such as an e-mail, news report or weather information using Text-To-Speech
(TTS). TTS is computer generated synthesized speech that is no longer the robotic
voice generally associated with computers. Real voices create the speech in tiny
fragments that are spliced together (concatenated) before being played to the caller.
An IVR can be utilized in several different ways:
1. Equipment installed on the customer premise
2. Equipment installed in the PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network)
3. Application service provider(ASP).
4. Hosted IVR
A simple voicemail system is different from IVR in that it is person to person
whereas an IVR is person to computer. IVR voiceforms can be used to provide a
more complex voicemail experience to the caller. For example, the IVR could ask
if the caller wishes to hear, edit, forward or remove a message that was just
recorded.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual-tone_multi-frequencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_keypadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_recognitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_recognitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_synthesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_service_providerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voicemailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual-tone_multi-frequencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_keypadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_recognitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_recognitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_synthesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_service_providerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voicemail -
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An automatic call distributor(ACD) is often the first point of contact when calling
many larger businesses. An ACD uses digital storage devices to play greetings or
announcements, but typically routes a caller without prompting for input. An IVR
can play announcements and request an input from the caller. This information can
be used to profile the caller and route the call to an agent with a particular skillset.
(A skillset is a function applied to a group of call-center agents with a particular
skill.)
Interactive voice response can be used to front-end a call center operation by
identifying the needs of the caller. Information can be obtained from the caller
such as account numbers. Answers to simple questions such as account balances or
pre-recorded information can be provided without operator intervention. Account
numbers from the IVR are often compared to caller ID data for security reasons
and additional IVR responses are required if the caller ID data does not match the
account record.
IVR call flows are created in a variety of ways. A traditional IVR depended upon
proprietary programming or scripting languages, whereas modern IVR applications
are structured similar to WWW pages, using VoiceXML[1] , CCXML[2], SRGS[3],
SALT or T-XML languages. The ability to use XML developed applications
allows a Web serverto act as an application server, freeing the developer to focus
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_call_distributorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_centerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caller_IDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWWhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VoiceXMLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactive_voice_response#cite_note-VXML-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactive_voice_response#cite_note-VXML-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactive_voice_response#cite_note-CCXML-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactive_voice_response#cite_note-SRGS-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_Application_Language_Tagshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_serverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_serverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_call_distributorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_centerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caller_IDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWWhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VoiceXMLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactive_voice_response#cite_note-VXML-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactive_voice_response#cite_note-CCXML-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactive_voice_response#cite_note-SRGS-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_Application_Language_Tagshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_serverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_server -
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on the call flow. It was widely believed that developers would no longer require
specialized programming skills, however this has been proven to be misguided as
IVR applications need to understand the human reaction to the application
dialogue. This is the difference between a good user experience and IVR hell.
Higher level IVR development tools are available in recent years to further
simplify the application development process. A call flow diagram can be drawn
with a GUI tool and the application code (VoiceXML or SALT) can be
automatically generated. In addition, these tools normally provide extension
mechanisms for software integration, such as HTTP interface to web site and Java
interface for connecting to a database.
In telecommunications, an audio response unit (ARU) is a device that provides
synthesized voice responses to touch-tone keypresses (DTMF) by processing calls
based on (a) the call-originator input, (b) information received from a database,
and (c) information in the incoming call, such as the time of day.
ARUs increase the number of information calls handled and to provide consistent
quality in information retrieval.
Outsourcing vs. Contact Center Automation
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DTMFhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DTMF -
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Contact Centers are very expensive to run, and can be seen as a drain on
companies' operations.[citation needed] Contact Centres are usually seen as Cost Centres,
however the ability to upsell services and products can reduce operational
expenditure.
Methods of reducing Contact Center running costs include outsourcing and
automation. Outsourcing to other countries can reduce operational expenditure by
as much as 30%, however, differences in culture and language can prove
problematic for customers, whose dissatisfaction can lead to customer complaints
and loss of business. Also if is more difficult to upsell to customers from foreign
Contact Centres.
Automation in a Contact Center can also reduce operational expenditure by around
30% though the introduction of technologies such as customer profiling, CTI, and
IVR using speech recognition. The use of automation in the contact center
promotes efficiency, allowing contact centers to be located in the country from
which the call is originated. Customer satisfaction can be monitored by the use of
customer survey applications. The information from survey applications can be
used to improve customer service.
VoIP
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outsourcinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outsourcing -
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The increased usage ofVoIP in voice networks is likely to affect how IVR will be
used in voice networks, this is due to the introduction of protocols such as SIP. The
introduction of SIP means that point to point communications is no longer
restricted to voice calls but can now be extended to multimedia technologies such
as video. This will bring a new meaning to automated services as IVR extends its
reach to video calls. Many IVR manufacturers are currently working on IVVR
(Interactive Voice and Video Response) systems, especially for the mobile phone
networks. The use of video will give IVR systems the ability to use graphical and
video information to assist the caller.
The introduction of video IVR may allow systems in the future the ability to read
emotions and facial expressions. It may be used to identify the caller, using
technology such as Iris scan or other biometric means. Recordings of the caller
may be stored to monitor certain transactions, and will be used to reduce identity
fraud.
Unified Communications in the SIP Contact Center
With the introduction of SIP Contact Centers, Automation has finally come of age.
Calls arriving at a SIP contact Center must now be queued against a SIP IVR
system. Call Control in a SIP Contact Center is controlled by VXML scripting
which is an extension of the language used to write modern IVR Applications. As
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VoIPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Session_initiation_protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Session_initiation_protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VoIPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Session_initiation_protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Session_initiation_protocol -
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calls are queued in the SIP Contact Center the IVR system can provide Treatment,
Automation, Wait for a fixed period, or play music. Inbound Calls to a SIP Contact
Center must be queued or terminated against a SIP end Point. In addition SIP IVR
systems can be used to replace agents directly by the use of BBUA (Back to Back
User agents).
] Interactive Messaging Response (IMR)
As communications have migrated to multimedia so has Automation. The
introduction of Instant Messaging (IM) in Contact Centers is starting to take off.
Agents can handle up to 6 different IM conversations at the same time and so agent
productivity is increasing. IVR systems are now starting to handle IM
conversations using existing Speech Recognitian Technology. This is different
from email handeling as email automated response is based on key word spotting.
IM conversations are different to email as IM is conversational. The use of texting
abbreviations and smilies requires different grammars than those currently used for
speech recognition. IM is also starting to replace texting on Multimdeia Mobile
handsets and is expected to become more widely used.
Hosted vs. On-Premise IVR
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With the introduction of Web services into the Contact Center, integration has been
simplified. The use of Web based applications allow IVR applications to be hosted
remotely from the Contact Center. This allows the use of hosted IVR applications
using speech to be made available to smaller Contact Centers across the globe and
is likely to lead to an expansion of ASP (Application Service Providers).
IVR applications can also be hosted in the public network, which do not require
contact centre integration. This will include public announcement messages or
message services for small business. It is also possible to use two prong IVR
services where the initial IVR application is used to route the call to the
appropriate contact centre. This can be used to balance loading across multiple
contact centres or provide business continuity in the event of system outage.
Criticism
IVR is sometimes criticized as being unhelpful and difficult to use due to poor
design and lack of appreciation of the caller's needs.[4] Some callers object to
providing voice response to an automated system and prefer speaking with a
human respondent. A properly designed IVR application should provide the caller's
needs promptly and with a minimum of complexity. [neutrality disputed] However some
companies use IVR to reduce operational costs and will not offer similar services
using agents. Such services tend to frustrate customers who feel that their right to
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactive_voice_response#cite_note-IVR-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_viewhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactive_voice_response#cite_note-IVR-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view -
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speak to an agent is being restricted. Companies that deploy such services tend to
ignore customer opinion. Such services are used in debt recovery and giveaways
(Such as Concert tickets, Satellite/Cable Receivers etc).
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STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER 220 VOTL AC TO 9 VOLT AC
DIODE IN 4007 (2)
IC 7805 ( 5 VOLT REGULATOR)
IC 8870 ( DTMF DECODER)
IC 89C2051 ( 20 PIN MICROCONTROLLER FROM 8051 FMILY)
DIP SWITCH ( 4 POINT ) FOR RING DETECTION
IC 555 FOR ( AUTO HOOK UP TELEPHONE LINE)
MAX 232 ( PC INTERFACE )
CRYSTAL 3,58 Mhtz with 8870
AUDIO COUPLING TRANSFORMER
TRANSISTOR BC 558, BC 548
RESISTOR: 470 OHM (4), 22K OHM (2), 10 K OHM (6), 1K OHM (4),
150 OHM (1), 1 MOHM (1)
CPACITOR 10 MFD (1), 1000MFD (2), 1 MFD (4), 33 PF (2), 104 PF
92)
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CIRCUIT WORKING.
In this project we total four IC to provide a automation in the IVRS system. In
this project we use ic 8870 as a DTMF decoder. IC 89s51 as a microcontroller to
interface with the pc and telephone line. IC max232 is RS232 compatible ic and
provide a connectivity between computer and IVRS system. IC 555 provide a
ring detection logic.
In this project we connect landline connection. IN this project first of all we dial
the particular number on college, this phone must be landline phone. As the phone
line is automatic on by a shunt resistance provide by a relay circuit. For ring
detection we use one pc 817 Opto-coupler to provide a optical connectivity
between telephone line ic 555. Output from the opto-coupler is connected to the
pin no 2 of the ic 555. Ic 555 provide a small timer option to provide a delay . Ic
555 provide a square wave to the microcontroller from pin no 3 of the ic. Output
from the ic 555 is connected to the pin no 9 of the controller.
IC 89s51 ( microcontroller ) detect the pulse and count the pulse. Microcontroller
compare with this pulse with the external DIP switch setting. With the help of
DIP switch, we change the ring detection time logic. BY using this DIP switch we
set the total ring count detection .
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After ring detection, first of all we switch on the telephone line by connecting a
resistance across the telephone line with the help of relay coil. As the relay coil is
on , telephone line is on and now we detect the dtmf code.
DTMF CODE is special telephony code , which is use in this ivrs system. As
parents press any digit from the keypad of landline/mobile then this code is receive
by the DTMF decoder. DTMF decoder decode the dtmf signal and this signal is
converted into BCD signal. This BCD signal is further connected to the
microcontroller circuit. Micro-controller get this code in the accumulator and
compare with the internal code set by the operator. Microcontroller convert the
code into serial code and transfer to the PC serial port via Max 232 IC. IC 232
provide a TTL voltage level to the computer .
In the computer we get the signal from hardware circuit and provide a voice
response automation on the telephone line via sound card output. Output from the
sound card is connected to the audio-coupling transformer and then signal is
coupled on the telephone line
IVRS SYSTEM WITH MOBILE INTERFACE
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Program code
ring bit p3.5
call_recv bit p3.7
input equ p1
flag equ 20h
flag0 bit flag.0
flag1 bit flag.1
org 0000h
ljmp main
org 0003h
reti
org 000bh
reti
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org 0013h
reti
org 001bh
reti
org 0023h
ljmp SERIAL
reti
SERIAL:
clr es
jnb ri,$
mov a,sbuf
cjne a,#13d,nxt1_serial
nxt1_serial:
setb es
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reti
main:
mov psw,#00h
mov sp,#040h
mov tmod,#20h
mov th0,#00h
mov tl0,#00h
mov th1,#0ffh
mov tl1,#0ffh
mov tcon,#00h
mov ie,#90h
mov ip,#00h
mov scon,#50h
anl pcon,#7fh
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mov p0,#0ffh
mov p1,#0ffh
mov p2,#0ffh
mov p3,#0ffh
main_lp2:
setb call_recv
clr tr1
clr es
mov a,input
mov r2,a
main_lp1:
clr tr1
clr es
setb call_recv
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jnb ring,$
lcall delay
jb ring,$
jnb ring,$
jb ring,$
djnz r2,main_lp1
setb tr1
setb es
clr call_recv
mov a,#10d
call transmitted
back:
jb flag0,main_lp2
mov a,input
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cjne a,#1d,nxt1
ljmp l1
nxt1: cjne a,#2d,nxt2
ljmp l2
nxt2: cjne a,#3d,nxt3
ljmp l3
nxt3: cjne a,#4d,nxt4
ljmp l4
nxt4: cjne a,#5d,nxt5
ljmp l5
nxt5: cjne a,#6d,nxt6
ljmp l6
nxt6: cjne a,#7d,nxt7
ljmp l7
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nxt7: cjne a,#8d,nxt8
ljmp l8
nxt8: cjne a,#9d,nxt9
ljmp l9
nxt9: cjne a,#10d,nxt10
ljmp l10
nxt10: cjne a,#11d,nxt11
ljmp l11
nxt11: cjne a,#12d,nxt12
ljmp l12
nxt12: sjmp back
l1:
mov a,input
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anl a,#0fh
cjne a,#1d,m1
sjmp l1
m1:
mov a,#'1'
call transmitted
ljmp back
l2:
mov a,input
anl a,#0fh
cjne a,#2d,m2
sjmp l2
m2:
mov a,#'2'
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call transmitted
ljmp back
l3:
mov a,input
anl a,#0fh
cjne a,#3d,m3
sjmp l3
m3:
mov a,#'3'
call transmitted
ljmp back
l4:
mov a,input
anl a,#0fh
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cjne a,#4d,m4
sjmp l4
m4:
mov a,#'4'
call transmitted
ljmp back
l5:
mov a,input
anl a,#0fh
cjne a,#5d,m5
sjmp l5
m5:
mov a,#'5'
call transmitted
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ljmp back
l6:
mov a,input
anl a,#0fh
cjne a,#6d,m6
sjmp l6
m6:
mov a,#'6'
call transmitted
ljmp back
l7:
mov a,input
anl a,#0fh
cjne a,#7d,m7
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sjmp l7
m7:
mov a,#'7'
call transmitted
ljmp back
l8:
mov a,input
anl a,#0fh
cjne a,#8d,m8
sjmp l8
m8:
mov a,#'8'
call transmitted
ljmp back
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l9:
mov a,input
anl a,#0fh
cjne a,#9d,m9
sjmp l9
m9:
mov a,#'9'
call transmitted
ljmp back
l10:
mov a,input
anl a,#0fh
cjne a,#10d,m10
sjmp l10
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m10:
mov a,#'0'
call transmitted
ljmp back
l11:
mov a,input
anl a,#0fh
cjne a,#11d,m11
sjmp l11
m11:
mov a,#'*'
call transmitted
ljmp back
l12:
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mov a,input
anl a,#0fh
cjne a,#12d,m12
sjmp l12
m12:
mov a,#'#'
call transmitted
ljmp back
transmitted:
mov sbuf,a
jnb ti,$
setb es
ret
delay:
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mov r0,#75d
loop: djnz r0,loop
ret
DELAY100:
mov r0,#15d
DLP100:
mov r1,#200d
DEL100:
djnz r1,DEL100
djnz r0,DLP100
RET
end END
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HOW TO PROGRAM BLANK CHIP.
8051 micro controller
The 8051
The 8051 developed and launched in the early 80`s, is one of the
most popular micro controller in use today. It has a reasonablylarge amount of built in ROM and RAM. In addition it has the
ability to access external memory.
The generic term `8x51` is used to define the device. The value
of x defining the kind of ROM, i.e. x=0, indicates none, x=3,
indicates mask ROM, x=7, indicates EPROM and x=9 indicates
EEPROM or Flash.
Different micro controllers in market.
PIC One of the famous microcontrollers used in theindustries. It is based on RISC Architecture which makes themicrocontroller process faster than other microcontroller.
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First of all we select and open the assembler and wrote a
program code in the file. After wrote a software we
assemble the software by using internal assembler of the
8051 editor. If there is no error then assembler assemble
the software abd 0 error is show the output window.
now assembler generate a ASM file and HEX file. This hex file is
useful for us to program the blank chip.
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Now we transfer the hex code into the blank chip with the help of
serial programmer kit. In the programmer we insert a blank chip
0f 89s51 series . these chips are multi time programmable chip.
This programming kit is seperatally available in the market and
we transfer the hex code into blank chip with the help of the serial
programmer kit
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WELCOME TO THE WORLD OF THE
MICROCONTROLLERS.
Look around. Notice the smart intelligent systems? Be it the T.V,
washing machines, video games, telephones, automobiles, aero
planes, power systems, or any application having a LED or a LCD
as a user interface, the control is likely to be in the hands of a
micro controller!
Measure and control, thats where the micro controller is at its
best.
Micro controllers are here to stay. Going by the current trend, it is
obvious that micro controllers will be playing bigger and bigger
roles in the different activities of our lives.
These embedded chips are very small, but are designed to
replace components much bigger and bulky In size. They processinformation very intelligently and efficiently. They sense the
environment around them. The signals they gather are tuned into
digital data that streams through tributaries of circuit lines at the
speed of light. Inside the microprocessor collates and calculators.
The software has middling intelligence. Then in a split second, the
processed streams are shoved out.
What is the primary difference between a
microprocessor and a micro controller?
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Unlike the microprocessor, the micro controller can be
considered to be a true Computer on a chip.
In addition to the various features like the ALU, PC, SP and
registers found on a microprocessor, the micro controller alsoincorporates features like the ROM, RAM, Ports, timers, clock
circuits, counters, reset functions etc.
While the microprocessor is more a general-purpose device, used
for read, write and calculations on data, the micro controller, in
addition to the above functions also controls the environment.
8051 micro controller
The 8051
The 8051 developed and launched in the early 80`s, is one of the
most popular micro controller in use today. It has a reasonably
large amount of built in ROM and RAM. In addition it has the
ability to access external memory.
The generic term `8x51` is used to define the device. The value
of x defining the kind of ROM, i.e. x=0, indicates none, x=3,
indicates mask ROM, x=7, indicates EPROM and x=9 indicates
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EEPROM or Flash.
A note on ROM
The early 8051, namely the 8031 was designed without any ROM.This device could run only with external memory connected to it.
Subsequent developments lead to the development of the PROM
or the programmable ROM. This type had the disadvantage of
being highly unreliable.
The next in line, was the EPROM or Erasable Programmable ROM.
These devices used ultraviolet light erasable memory cells. Thus
a program could be loaded, tested and erased using ultra violetrays. A new program could then be loaded again.
An improved EPROM was the EEPROM or the electrically erasable
PROM. This does not require ultra violet rays, and memory can be
cleared using circuits within the chip itself.
Finally there is the FLASH, which is an improvement over the
EEPROM. While the terms EEPROM and flash are sometimes usedinterchangeably, the difference lies in the fact that flash erases
the complete memory at one stroke, and not act on the individual
cells. This results in reducing the time for erasure.
Different microcontrollers in market.
PIC One of the famous microcontrollers used in the industries. It isbased on RISC Architecture which makes the microcontroller process fasterthan other microcontroller.
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INTEL These are the first to manufacture microcontrollers. These arenot as sophisticated other microcontrollers but still the easiest one to learn.
ATMEL Atmels AVR microcontrollers are one of the most powerfulin the embedded industry. This is the only microcontroller having 1kb of rameven the entry stage. But it is unfortunate that in India we are unable to findthis kind of microcontroller.
Intel 8051
Intel 8051 is CISC architecture which is easy to program in assembly language and
also has a good support for High level languages.
The memory of the microcontroller can be extended up to 64k.
This microcontroller is one of the easiest microcontrollers to learn.
The 8051 microcontroller is in the field for more than 20 years. There are lots of
books and study materials are readily available for 8051.
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Derivatives
The best thing done by Intel is to give the designs of the 8051 microcontroller to
everyone. So it is not the fact that Intel is the only manufacture for the 8051 there
more than 20 manufactures, with each of minimum 20 models. Literally there arehundreds of models of 8051 microcontroller available in market to choose. Some of
the major manufactures of 8051 are
Atmel
Philips
Philips
The Philipss 8051 derivatives has more number of features than in any
microcontroller. The costs of the Philips microcontrollers are higher than the Atmels
which makes us to choose Atmel more often than Philips
Dallas
Dallas has made many revolutions in the semiconductor market. Dallass 8051
derivative is the fastest one in the market. It works 3 times as fast as a 8051 can
process. But we are unable to get more in India.
Atmel
These people were the one to master the flash devices. They are the cheapest
microcontroller available in the market. Atmels even introduced a 20pin variant of
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8051 named 2051. The Atmels 8051 derivatives can be got in India less than 70
rupees. There are lots of cheap programmers available in India for Atmel. So it is
always good for students to stick with 8051 when you learn a new microcontroller.
Architecture
Architecture is must to learn because before learning new machine it is necessary to
learn the capabilities of the machine. This is some thing like before learning about the
car you cannot become a good driver. The architecture of the 8051 is given below.
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The 8051 doesnt have any special feature than other microcontroller. The only
feature is that it is easy to learn. Architecture makes us to know about the hardware
features of the microcontroller. The features of the 8051 are
4K Bytes of Flash Memory
128 x 8-Bit Internal RAM
Fully Static Operation: 1 MHz to 24 MHz 32 Programmable I/O Lines
Two 16-Bit Timer/Counters
Six Interrupt Sources (5 Vectored)
Programmable Serial Channel Low Power Idle and Power Down Modes
The 8051 has a 8-Bit CPU that means it is able to process 8 bit of data at a time. 8051
has 235 instructions. Some of the important registers and their functions are
Lets now move on to a practical example. We shall work on a simple practical
application and using the example as a base, shall explore the various features of
the 8051 microcontroller.
Consider an electric circuit as follows,
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The positive side (+ve) of the battery is connected to one side of
a switch. The other side of the switch is connected to a bulb or
LED (Light Emitting Diode). The bulb is then connected to a
resistor, and the other end of the resistor is connected to the
negative (-ve) side of the battery.
When the switch is closed or switched on the bulb glows. When
the switch is open or switched off the bulb goes off
If you are instructed to put the switch on and off every 30
seconds, how would you do it? Obviously you would keep looking
at your watch and every time the second hand crosses 30
seconds you would keep turning the switch on and off.
Imagine if you had to do this action consistently for a full day. Do
you think you would be able to do it? Now if you had to do this for
a month, a year??
No way, you would say!
The next step would be, then to make it automatic. This is where
we use the Microcontroller.
But if the action has to take place every 30 seconds, how will the
microcontroller keep track of time?
Execution time
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Look at the following instruction,
clr p1.0
This is an assembly language instruction. It means we are
instructing the microcontroller to put a value of zero in bit zeroof port one. This instruction is equivalent to telling the
microcontroller to switch on the bulb. The instruction then to
instruct the microcontroller to switch off the bulb is,
Set p1.0
This instructs the microcontroller to put a value of one in bit zero
of port one.
Dont worry about what bit zero and port one means. We shall
learn it in more detail as we proceed.
There are a set of well defined instructions, which are used while
communicating with the microcontroller. Each of these
instructions requires a standard number of cycles to execute. The
cycle could be one or more in number.
How is this time then calculated?
The speed with which a microcontroller executes instructions is
determined by what is known as the crystal speed. A crystal is a
component connected externally to the microcontroller. The
crystal has different values, and some of the used values are
6MHZ, 10MHZ, and 11.059 MHz etc.Thus a 10MHZ crystal would pulse at the rate of 10,000,000 times
per second.
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The time is calculated using the formula
No of cycles per second = Crystal frequency in HZ / 12.
For a 10MHZ crystal the number of cycles would be,
10,000,000/12=833333.33333 cycles.
This means that in one second, the microcontroller would execute 833333.33333
cycles.
Therefore for one cycle, what would be the time? Try it out.
The instruction clr p1.0 would use one cycle to execute. Similarly, the instruction
setb p1.0 also uses one cycle.
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So go ahead and calculate what would be the number of cycles required to be
executed to get a time of 30 seconds!
Getting back to our bulb example, all we would need to do is to instruct the
microcontroller to carry out some instructions equivalent to a period of 30 seconds,
like counting from zero upwards, then switch on the bulb, carry out instructions
equivalent to 30 seconds and switch off the bulb.
Just put the whole thing in a loop, and you have a never ending on-off sequence.
Let us now have a look at the features of the 8051core,
keeping the above example as a reference,
1. 8-bit CPU.( Consisting of the A and B registers)
Most of the transactions within the microcontroller are carried out
through the A register, also known as the Accumulator. In
addition all arithmetic functions are carried out generally in the
A register. There is another register known as the B register,
which is used exclusively for multiplication and division.
Thus an 8-bit notation would indicate that the maximum valuethat can be input into these registers is 11111111. Puzzled?
The value is not decimal 111, 11,111! It represents a binary
number, having an equivalent value of FF in Hexadecimal and a
value of 255 in decimal.
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We shall read in more detail on the different numbering systems
namely the Binary and Hexadecimal system in our next module.
2. 4K on-chip ROM
Once you have written out the instructions for the microcontroller,
where do you put these instructions?
Obviously you would like these instructions to be safe, and not
get deleted or changed during execution. Hence you would load it
into the ROM
The size of the program you write is bound to vary depending on
the application, and the number of lines. The 8051 microcontroller
gives you space to load up to 4K of program size into the internal
ROM.
4K, thats all? Well just wait. You would be surprised at the
amount of stuff you can load in this 4K of space.
Of course you could always extend the space by connecting to
64K of external ROM if required.
3. 128 bytes on-chip RAM
This is the space provided for executing the program in terms of
moving data, storing data etc.
4. 32 I/O lines. (Four- 8 bit ports, labeled P0, P1, P2, P3)
In our bulb example, we used the notation p1.0. This means bit
zero of port one. One bit controls one bulb.
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Thus port one would have 8 bits. There are a total of four ports
named p0, p1, p2, p3, giving a total of 32 lines. These lines can
be used both as input or output.
5. Two 16 bit timers / counters.
A microcontroller normally executes one instruction at a time.
However certain applications would require that some event has
to be tracked independent of the main program.
The manufacturers have provided a solution, by providing two
timers. These timers execute in the background independent ofthe main program. Once the required time has been reached,
(remember the time calculations described above?), they can
trigger a branch in the main program.
These timers can also be used as counters, so that they can count
the number of events, and on reaching the required count, can
cause a branch in the main program.
6. Full Duplex serial data receiver / transmitter.
The 8051 microcontroller is capable of communicating with
external devices like the PC etc. Here data is sent in the form of
bytes, at predefined speeds, also known as baud rates.
The transmission is serial, in the sense, one bit at a time
7. 5- interrupt sources with two priority levels (Two
external and three internal)
During the discussion on the timers, we had indicated that the
timers can trigger a branch in the main program. However, what
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would we do in case we would like the microcontroller to take the
branch, and then return back to the main program, without
having to constantly check whether the required time / count has
been reached?
This is where the interrupts come into play. These can be set to
either the timers, or to some external events. Whenever the
background program has reached the required criteria in terms of
time or count or an external event, the branch is taken, and on
completion of the branch, the control returns to the main
program.
Priority levels indicate which interrupt is more important, andneeds to be executed first in case two interrupts occur at the
same time.
8. On-chip clock oscillator.
This represents the oscillator circuits within the microcontroller.
Thus the hardware is reduced to just simply connecting an
external crystal, to achieve the required pulsing rate.
PIN FUNCTION OF IC 89C51.
1 Supplypin of this ic is pin no 40. Normally we apply a 5 volt regulateddc power supply to this pin. For this purpose either we use step downtransformer power supply or we use 9 volt battery with 7805 regulator.
2 Groundpin of this ic is pin no 20. Pin no 20 is normally connected to theground pin ( normally negative point of the power supply.
3 XTAL is connected to the pin no 18 and pin no 19 of this ic. The quartzcrystal oscillator connected to XTAL1 and XTAL2 PIN. These pins also needs
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two capacitors of 30 pf value. One side of each capacitor is connected tocrystal and other pis is connected to the ground point. Normally weconnect a 12 MHz or 11.0592 MHz crystal with this ic.. But we use crystalupto 20 MHz to this pins
4 RESETPIN.. Pin no 9 is the reset pin of this ic.. It is an active high pin.On applying a high pulse to this pin, the micro controller will reset andterminate all activities. This is often referred to as a power on reset. Thehigh pulse mustbe high for a minimum of 2 machine cycles before it is allowed to go low.
5. PORT0 Port 0 occupies a total of 8 pins. Pin no 32 to pin no 39. It can beused for input or output. We connect all the pins of the port 0 with the
pullup resistor (10 k ohm) externally. This is due to fact that port 0 is an
open drain mode. It is just like a open collector transistor.
6. PORT1. ALL the ports in micrcontroller is 8 bit widepin no 1 to pin no 8because it is a 8 bit controller. All the main register and sfr all is mainly 8
bit wide. Port 1 is also occupies a 8 pins. But there is no need of pull up
resistor in this port. Upon reset port 1 act as a input port. Upon reset all the
ports act as a input port
7. PORT2. port 2 also have a 8 pins. It can be used as a input or output.
There is no need of any pull up resistor to this pin.
PORT 3. Port3 occupies a totoal 8 pins from pin no 10 to pin no 17. Itcan be used as input or output. Port 3 does not require any pull up
resistor. The same as port 1 and port2. Port 3 is configured as an output
port on reset. Port 3 has the additional function of providing some
important signals such as interrupts. Port 3 also use for serial
communication.
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ALE ALE is an output pin and is active high. When connecting an 8031 to externalmemory, port 0 provides both address and data. In other words, the 8031 multiplexes
address and data through port 0 to save pins. The ALE pin is used for demultiplexing
the address and data by connecting to the ic 74ls373 chip.
PSEN. PSEN stands for program store eneable. In an 8031 based system in whichan external rom holds the program code, this pin is connected to the OE pin of the
rom.
EA. EA. In 89c51 8751 or any other family member of the ateml 89c51 series all
come with on-chip rom to store programs, in such cases the EA pin is connected tothe Vcc. For family member 8031 and 8032 is which there is no on chip rom, code is
stored in external memory and this is fetched by 8031. In that case EA pin must be
connected to GND pin to indicate that the code is stored externally.
SPECIAL FUNCTION REGISTER ( SFR) ADDRESSES.
ACC ACCUMULATOR 0E0H
B B REGISTER 0F0H
PSW PROGRAM STATUS WORD 0D0H
SP STACK POINTER 81H
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DPTR DATA POINTER 2 BYTES
DPL LOW BYTE OF DPTR 82H
DPH HIGH BYTE OF DPTR 83H
P0 PORT0 80H
P1 PORT1 90H
P2 PORT2 0A0H
P3 PORT3 0B0H
TMOD TIMER/COUNTER MODE CONTROL 89H
TCON TIMER COUNTER CONTROL 88H
TH0 TIMER 0 HIGH BYTE 8CH
TLO TIMER 0 LOW BYTE 8AH
TH1 TIMER 1 HIGH BYTE 8DH
TL1 TIMER 1 LOW BYTE 8BH
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SCON SERIAL CONTROL 98H
SBUF SERIAL DATA BUFFER 99H
PCON POWER CONTROL 87H
INSTRUCTIONS
SINGLE BIT INSTRUCTIONS.
SETB BIT SET THE BIT =1
CLR BIT CLEAR THE BIT =0
CPL BIT COMPLIMENT THE BIT 0 =1, 1=0
JB BIT,TARGET JUMP TO TARGET IF BIT =1
JNB BIT, TARGET JUMP TO TARGET IF BIT =0
JBC BIT,TARGET JUMP TO TARGET IF BIT =1 &THEN CLEAR THE BIT
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MOV INSTRUCTIONS
MOV instruction simply copy the data from one location to another location
MOV D,S
Copy the data from(S) source to D(destination)
MOV R0,A ; Copy contents of A into Register R0
MOV R1,A ; Copy contents of A into register R1
MOV A,R3; copy contents of Register R3 into Accnmulator.
DIRECT LOADING THROUGH MOV
MOV A,#23H ; Direct load the value of 23h in A
MOV R0,#12h ; direct load the value of 12h in R0
MOV R5,#0F9H ; Load the F9 value in the Register R5
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ADD INSTRUCTIONS.
ADD instructions adds the source byte to the accumulator ( A) and place the result inthe Accumulator.
MOV A, #25H
ADD A,#42H ; BY this instructions we add the value 42h in Accumulator
( 42H+ 25H)
ADDA,R3 ;By this instructions we move the data from register r3 to
accumulator and then add the contents of the register into
accumulator .
SUBROUTINE CALL FUNCTION.
ACALL,TARGET ADDRESS
By this instructions we call subroutines with a target address within 2k bytes from
the current program counter.
LCALL, TARGET ADDRESS.
ACALL is a limit for the 2 k byte program counter, but for upto 64k byte we use
LCALL instructions.. Note that LCALL is a 3 byte instructions.
ACALL is a two byte instructions.
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AJMP TARGET ADDRESS.
This is for absolute jump
AJMP stand for absolute jump. It transfers program execution to the target address
unconditionally. The target address for this instruction must be
withib 2 k byte of program memory.
LJMP is also for absoltute jump. It tranfer program execution to the target addres
unconditionally. This is a 3 byte instructions LJMP jump to any
address within 64 k byte location.
INSTRUCTIONS RELATED TO THE CARRY
JC TARGET
JUMP TO THE TARGET IF CY FLAG =1
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JNC TARGET
JUMP TO THE TARGET ADDRESS IF CY FLAG IS = 0
INSTRUCTIONS RELASTED TO JUMP WITH ACCUMULATOR
JZ TARGET
JUMP TO TARGET IF A = 0
JNZ TARGET
JUMP IF ACCUMULATOR IS NOT ZERO
This instructions jumps if registe A has a value other than zero
INSTRUCTIONS RELATED TO THE ROTATE
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RL A
ROTATE LEFT THE ACCUMULATOR
BY this instructions we rotate the bits of A left. The bits rotated
out of A are rotated back into A at the opposite end
RR A
By this instruction we rotate the contents of the accumulator from
right to left from LSB to MSB
RRC A
This is same as RR A but difference is that the bit rotated out of
register first enter in to carry and then enter into MSB
RLC A
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ROTATE A LEFT THROUGH CARRY
Same as above but but shift the data from MSB to carry and
carry to LSB
RET
This is return from subroutine. This instructions is used to return
from a subroutine previously entered by instructions LCALL and
ACALL.
RET1
THIS is used at the end of an interrupt service routine. We use
this instructions after intruupt routine,
PUSH.
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This copies the indicated byte onto the stack and increments SP
by . This instructions supports only direct addressing mode.
POP.
POP FROM STACK.
This copies the byte pointed to be SP to the location whose directaddress is indicated, and decrements SP by 1. Notice that this
instructions supports only direct addressing mode.
DPTR INSTRUCTIONS.
MOV DPTR,#16 BIT VALUE
LOAD DATA POINTER
This instructions load the 16 bit dptr register with a 16 bit
immediate value
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MOV C A,@A+DPTR
This instructions moves a byte of data located in program ROM
into register A. This allows us to put strings of data, such as look
up table elements.
MOVC A,@A+PC
This instructions moves a byte of data located in the program area to A. the address
of the desired byte of data is formed by adding the program counter ( PC) register
to the original value of the accumulator.
INC BYTE
This instructions add 1 to the register or memory location
specified by the operand.
INC A
INC Rn
INC DIRECT
DEC BYTE
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This instructions subtracts 1 from the byte operand. Note that CY
is unchanged
DEC A
DEC Rn
DEC DIRECT
ARITHMATIC INSTRUCTIONS.
ANL dest-byte, source-byte
This perform a logical AND operation
This performs a logical AND on the operands, bit by bit, storing
the result in the destination. Notice that both the source and
destination values are byte size only
`
DIV AB
This instructions divides a byte accumulator by the byte in
register B. It is assumed that both register A and B contain an
unsigned byte. After the division the quotient will be in register A
and the remainder in register B.
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TMOD ( TIMER MODE ) REGISTER
Both timer is the 89c51 share the one register TMOD. 4 LSB bit for the timer 0 and 4
MSB for the timer 1.
In each case lower 2 bits set the mode of the timer
Upper two bits set the operations.
GATE: Gating control when set. Timer/counter is enabled only while the INTX
pin is high and the TRx control pin is set. When cleared, the timer is enabled
whenever the TRx control bit is set
C/T : Timer or counter selected cleared for timer operation ( input from
internal system clock)
M1 Mode bit 1
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M0 Mode bit 0
M1 M0 MODE OPERATING MODE
0 0 0 13 BIT TIMER/MODE
0 1 1 16 BIT TIMER MODE
1 0 2 8 BIT AUTO RELOAD
1 1 3 SPLIT TIMER MODE
PSW ( PROGRAM STATUS WORD)
CY PSW.7 CARRY FLAG
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AC PSW.6 AUXILIARY CARRY
F0 PSW.5 AVAILABLE FOR THE USER FRO GENERAL PURPOSE
RS1 PSW.4 REGISTER BANK SELECTOR BIT 1
RS0 PSW.3 REGISTER BANK SELECTOR BIT 0
0V PSW.2 OVERFLOW FLAG
-- PSW.1 USER DEFINABLE BIT
P PSW.0 PARITY FLAG SET/CLEARED BY HARDWARE
PCON REGISATER ( NON BIT ADDRESSABLE)
If the SMOD = 0 ( DEFAULT ON RESET)
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TH1 = CRYSTAL FREQUENCY
256---- ____________________
384 X BAUD RATE
If the SMOD IS = 1
CRYSTAL FREQUENCY
TH1 = 256--------------------------------------
192 X BAUD RATE
There are two ways to increase the baud rate of data transfer in the 8051
1. To use a higher frequency crystal2. To change a bit in the PCON register
PCON register is an 8 bit register . Of the 8 bits, some are unused, and some are used
for the power control capability of the 8051. the bit which is used for the serial
communication is D7, the SMOD bit. When the 8051 is powered up, D7 ( SMOD BIT)OF PCON register is zero. We can set it to high by software and thereby double the
baud rate
BAUD RATE COMPARISION FOR SMOD = 0 AND SMOD =1
TH1 ( DECIMAL) HEX SMOD =0 SMOD =1
-3 FD 9600 19200
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-6 FA 4800 9600
-12 F4 2400 4800
-24 E8 1200 2400
XTAL = 11.0592 MHZ
IE ( INTERRUPT ENABLE REGISTOR)
EA IE.7 Disable all interrupts if EA = 0, no interrupts is acknowledged
If EA is 1, each interrupt source is individually enabled or disbaled
By sending or clearing its enable bit.
IE.6 NOT implemented
ET2 IE.5 enables or disables timer 2 overflag in 89c52 only
ES IE.4 Enables or disables all serial interrupt
ET1 IE.3 Enables or Disables timer 1 overflow interrupt
EX1 IE.2 Enables or disables external interrupt
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ET0 IE.1 Enables or Disbales timer 0 interrupt.
EX0 IE.0 Enables or Disables external interrupt 0
INTERRUPT PRIORITY REGISTER
If the bit is 0, the corresponding interrupt has a lower priority and if the bit is 1 the
corresponding interrupt has a higher priority
IP.7 NOT IMPLEMENTED, RESERVED FOR FUTURE USE.
IP.6 NOT IMPLEMENTED, RESERVED FOR FUTURE USE
PT2 IP.5 DEFINE THE TIMER 2 INTERRUPT PRIORITY LELVEL
PS IP.4 DEFINES THE SERIAL PORT INTERRUPT PRIORITY LEVEL
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PT1 IP.3 DEFINES THE TIMER 1 INTERRUPT PRIORITY LEVEL
PX1 IP.2 DEFINES EXTERNAL INTERRUPT 1 PRIORITY LEVEL
PT0 IP.1 DEFINES THE TIMER 0 INTERRUPT PRIORITY LEVEL
PX0 IP.0 DEFINES THE EXTERNAL INTERRUPT 0 PRIORITY LEVEL
SCON: SERIAL PORT CONTROL REGISTER , BIT ADDRESSABLE
SCON
SM0 : SCON.7 Serial Port mode specifier
SM1 : SCON.6 Serial Port mode specifier
SM2 : SCON.5
REN : SCON.4 Set/cleared by the software to Enable/disable reception
TB8 : SCON.3 The 9th bit that will be transmitted in modes 2 and 3,
Set/cleared
By software
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RB8 : SCON.2 In modes 2 &3, is the 9th data bit that was received. In mode 1,
If SM2 = 0, RB8 is the stop bit that was received. In mode 0
RB8 is not used
T1 : SCON.1 Transmit interrupt flag. Set by hardware at the end of the 8th bit
Time in mode 0, or at the beginning of the stop bit in the other
Modes. Must be cleared by software
R1 SCON.0 Receive interrupt flag. Set by hardware at the end of the 8
th
bit
Time in mode 0, or halfway through the stop bit time in the
other
Modes. Must be cleared by the software.
TCON TIMER COUNTER CONTROL REGISTER
This is a bit addressable
TF1 TCON.7 Timer 1 overflow flag. Set by hardware when the Timer/Counter 1
Overflows. Cleared by hardware as processor
TR1 TCON.6 Timer 1 run control bit. Set/cleared by software to turn Timer
Counter 1 On/off
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TF0 TCON.5 Timer 0 overflow flag. Set by hardware when the timer/counter 0
Overflows. Cleared by hardware as processor
TR0 TCON.4 Timer 0 run control bit. Set/cleared by software to turn timer
Counter 0 on/off.
IE1 TCON.3 External interrupt 1 edge flag
ITI TCON.2 Interrupt 1 type control bit
IE0 TCON.1 External interrupt 0 edge
IT0 TCON.0 Interrupt 0 type control bit.
- 8051 Instruction Set
Arithmetic Operations
Mnemonic Description Size Cycles
ADD A,Rn Add register to Accumulator (ACC). 1 1
ADD A,direct Add direct byte to ACC. 2 1
ADD A,@Ri Add indirect RAM to ACC . 1 1
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ADD A,#data Add immediate data to ACC . 2 1
ADDC A,Rn Add register to ACC with carry . 1 1
ADDC A,direct Add direct byte to ACC with carry. 2 1
ADDC A,@Ri Add indirect RAM to ACC with carry. 1 1
ADDC A,#data Add immediate data to ACC with carry. 2 1
SUBB A,Rn Subtract register from ACC with borrow. 1 1
SUBB A,direct Subtract direct byte from ACC with borrow 2 1
SUBB A,@Ri Subtract indirect RAM from ACC with borrow. 1 1
SUBB A,#data Subtract immediate data from ACC with borrow. 2 1
INC A Increment ACC. 1 1
INC Rn Increment register. 1 1
INC direct Increment direct byte. 2 1
IN
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Ivrs system diagram with mobile attachment.
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