IUVA Workshop HH Nov 11 - cosman
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Transcript of IUVA Workshop HH Nov 11 - cosman
Lessons&Learned&from&over&a&Decade&of&Involvement&in&Regula6ng&UV&Applica6ons:&Prac6cal&Considera6ons&for&Ballast&Water&
Treatment&&
Jim&Cosman&November&22,&2011&
Presenta6on&Overview&
• Interdependent(rela+onship(between(filtra+on(and(UV(disinfec+on(
• Scaling(of(filtra+on(and(UV(disinfec+on(systems(–(challenges(modeling(process(efficacy(
• Tracking(of(cri+cal(treatment(components(• Standards(for(ballast(water(filters(
(
(
Background&and&Context&
• Status(of(Ballast(Water(Conven+on(– (Contrac+ng(par+es(30(out(of(the(30(needed(for(entry(into(force.(
– (Contrac+ng(par+es(represent(26.44%(of(the(world(tonnage,(whereas(35%(will(be(needed(for(the(Conven+on(to(enter(into(force(
• US(Coast(Guard(Ballast(Water(Discharge(Standards(went(to(OMB(review(on(11/11/11(S90(Day(Review(
• Type(approved(ballast(water(treatment(systems(– 8(BWT(systems(incorpora+ng(UV(type(approved(– ~8(addi+onal(systems(incorpora+ng(UV(in(process(of(being(approved(
(
Ra6onale&for&Presenta6on&
• “Approval)of)a)system,)however,)does)not)ensure)that)a)given)system)will)work)on)all)vessels)or)in)all)situa9ons.)To)sa9sfy)the)Conven9on,)a)discharge)must)comply)with)the)D?2)standard)throughout)the)life)of)the)vessel”)(Guidelines&For&Approval&Of&Ballast&Water&Management&&Systems&(G8),&Sec6on&1.5)&
(As&stakeholders,&we&need&to&put&the&appropriate®ulatory&frameworks&in&place&to&ensure&that&the&likelihood&of&this&occurring&increases&drama6cally&
Tes6ng&Challenges&
5.&Summary&of&water¶meters&at&each&test&facility&The(natural(water(quality(parameters((Table(1)(at(selected(facili+es(clearly(show(that(ambient(water(condi+ons(do(not(always(meet(the(standards(required(by(IMO(Guideline(G8(for(the(landSbased(tests.(To(meet(the(G8(challenge(water(requirements,(substances(and(organisms(may(have(to(be(added(to(the(water.(Source:&Global&Expert&Workshop&On&Harmoniza6on&Of&Methodologies&For&Test&Facili6es&Of&Ballast&Water&Management&Systems,&24[25&January&2010,&Page&5&
Star6ng&Principles&
• Complex(problem(versus(potable(water(and(wastewater(applica+ons(– Variable(water(quali+es(–(ports(around(the(world(– Wide(range(of(organisms(– UV(typically(employed(in(conjunc+on(with(filtra+on((
• UV(disinfec+on(must(not(be(put(at(a(disadvantage(for(ballast(water(applica+ons(S((All(treatment(technologies(must(be(dealt(with(on(an(equal(basis(
(
Drinking(Water(Treatment(
• Source(water(for(treatment((e.g.(lake,(river)(typically(has(a(narrow(and(defined(water(quality(profile(with(only(seasonal(varia+ons.(
• Filtra+on(and(UV(Disinfec+on(typically(part(of(a(treatment(train(with(mul+ple(process(steps(
• UV(Disinfec+on(typically(placed(at(the(end(of(the(treatment(train(in(the(best(water(quality(possible(
• Regula+ons(specify(performance(requirements(for(filtra+on(and(UV(disinfec+on(• Filtra+on:(log(removal(requirements(• UV(disinfec+on:((
• Dose(requirement:(e.g.(40(mJ/cm2(
• Log(inac+va+on(requirements:(e.g.(2.5(log(Cryptosporidium)
(
Ballast(Water(Treatment(
• Source(water(drawn(from(ports(around(the(world:(highly(variable(water(quali+es(
• Filtra+on(and(UV(Disinfec+on(are(the(only(treatment(processes(–(no(upstream(treatment((
• Regula+ons(specify(end(of(pipe(performance(requirements(for(en+re(treatment(system(
UV(Disinfec+on(
Ballast&Tank&
UV&Disinfec6on&Filter&
Ballast(Water(Treatment(
Filtra6on&UV&Disinfec6on&
Ballast&Tank&Source&Water&
Receiving&Water&
Water(Quality(Parameters(• Salinity(• Temperature(• pH(• Organic(Loading(• Turbidity(• Organisms(
Ballast(Water(Discharge(Standards(
Filtra6on&Func6on&• Removal(of((
organisms(• Removal(of(sediment(• Damages(organisms(
UV&Disinfec6on&Func6on&• Inac+va+on(of(
organisms(
Ballast(Water(Treatment(
Filtra6on&UV&Disinfec6on&
Ballast&Tank&Source&Water&
Receiving&Water&
Water(Quality(Parameters(• Salinity(• Temperature(• pH(• Organic(Loading(• Turbidity((• Organisms(
• The&Performance&of&both&technologies&are&interdependent&(e.g.&level&of&filtra6on&applied&will&impact&amount&of&UV&energy&applied)&
Ballast(Water(Discharge(Standards(
Measuring(System(Efficacy(
• From(a(regulatory(compliance(standpoint,(must(treat(it(as(an(integrated(system(–(can’t(set(standards(for(filtra+on(and(UV(disinfec+on(in(isola+on(
• En+re(system(must(be(treated(as(an(integrated(system(and(thoroughly(tested(
• System(efficacy(is(a(result(of(a(synergis+c(effect(between(the(filter(and(UV(system.((Efficacy(is(a(func+on(of:(– Organism(type(– Amount(of(organisms(in(influent(water(– Methods(u+lized(to(measure(viability((e.g.(grow(out(versus(staining)(
Scaling(UV(SystemsS(3(Fundamental(Approaches(
250(m3/h(
250(m3/h(
250(m3/h(
250(m3/h(
250(m3/h(
250(m3/h(
2500(m3/h(
1500(m3/h(
1000(m3/h(
250(m3/h(
Land(based(test(of((each(discrete(flow(model(and(u+lize(empirically(validated(units(
Land(based(test(of(only(one(discrete(flow(model(and(u+lize(mathema+cal(models(or(Computa+onal(Fluid(Dynamics(to(scale(up(to(larger(flows(
250(m3/h(
1000(m3/h(
1500(m3/h(
2500(m3/h(
Land(based(test(of(only(one(discrete(flow(model(and(u+lize(same(unit(in(parallel(for(larger(flows(
Type(Approved(Systems(incorpora+ng(UV((
System& Total&Rated&Capacity&m3/h&
Discrete&Flow&Models&[&BWT&
Discrete&Flow&Models&[&UV&
Flow&model&tested&–&land&and&ship&
Manufacturer&A& 60(–6000( ~(24( ~(8( 250(m3/h(land(250(m3/h(ship(
Manufacturer&B& 50S6000( ~(13( Unknown( 250(m3/h(land(260(m3/h(ship(
Manufacturer&C& Up(to(3000(( Unknown( 1((250(m3/h)( 500(m3/h(land(
Manufacturer&D& Up(to(3000(( Unknown( 1((167(m3/h)( 330(m3/h(land(
Scaling(of(Ballast(Water(Treatment(Systems(Approach& Issues&
Land(based(test(only(one(discrete(flow(model(and(u+lize(same(unit(in(parallel(for(larger(flows((
• Technically(sound(on(UV(por+on(–(using(parallel(modular(approach(
• System(footprint(large(due(to(manifolding(mul+ple(units((e.g.(10(X(250(m3/h)(
• Issues(with(scaling(filter(–(filters(typically(not(employed(in(a(parallel(modular(approach(
• Filter(redundancy(
Land(based(test(only(one(discrete(flow(model(and(u+lize(mathema+cal(models(or(Computa+onal(Fluid(Dynamics(to(scale(up(to(larger(flows((
• No(empirical(proof(that(the(system(will(work(at(higher(flows(
• Danger(that(the(system(has(been(undersized(and(will(not(meet(port(state(control(requirements(
Land(based(test(of(each(discrete(flow(model(and(u+lize(empirically(validated(units((
• Lowest(risk(op+on(–(generates(empirical(test(data(for(each(discrete(flow(model(
• Costly(–(land(based(test(each(discrete(flow(model(
• Time(consuming(–(land(based(test(each(discrete(flow(model(
IMO(Guidance(on(Scaling(of(Ballast(Water(Management(Systems(
1.2(An(equipment(review(and(cer+fica+on(of(a(scaled(system(should(be(undertaken(by(the(Administra+on.(Such(a(review(should(be(supported(by:(
.1(Mathema+cal(modeling(and/or(calcula+ons(demonstra+ng(that(any(parameters(that(would(affect(system(performance(are(equivalent(between(base(and(scaled(units;((
1.8.2&Validated(mathema+cal(model(and/or(calcula+ons(should(be(used(to(predict(that(the(key(performance(parameters(will(be(achieved(in(the(scaled(unit(design(and(that(the(fundamental(mechanism(of(opera+on(is(not(changed.(
IMO&Circular&BWM.2/Circ.&33&–&Guidance&on&Scaling&of&Ballast&Water&Management&Systems,&August&8,&2011&
Challenges(Modeling(UV(Disinfec+on(1. There(is(linle(agreement(on(appropriate(procedures(for(assessing(the(
credibility(of(CFD(models.((2. CFD(models(for(predic+on(of(UV(dose(delivered(by(a(reactor(comprise(
coupled(submodels(for(turbulent(flow,(microbial(transport,(UV(intensity,(and(microbial(inac+va+on.(Many(op+ons(and(approaches(are(available(for(each(subSmodel.(Currently,(no(consensus(has(been(reached(for(which(approaches(are(most(suitable(for(predic+ng(UV(dose(delivery(in(a(fullSscale(reactor.(
(3. CFD(modeling(of(UV(dose(delivery(requires(a(mul+Sdisciplinary(approach.(
Knowledge(of(fluid(mechanics,(light(physics,(microbial(inac+va+on,(numerical(modeling,(and(UV(process(engineering(is(essen+al(for(credible(CFD(modeling(of(UV(dose(delivery.(The(pool(of(this(type(of(integrated(exper+se(is(currently(limited,(which(presents(a(challenge(for(states(tasked(to(review(CFD(modeling(reports.(
Source:&hnp://www.epa.gov/ogwdw/disinfec+on/lt2/pdfs/guide_lt2_uvguidance.pdf,(Sec+on(D6.(page(DS25(
Tracking(of(Cri+cal(Treatment(Components(1. The(majority(of(land(and(ship(based(test(en++es(are(not(providing(
specific(descrip+ons(of(the(Ballast(Water(Treatment(system(tested(during(land(and(ship(based(tes+ng(in(their(test(reports(
2. In(addi+on,(there(is(typically(no(evidence(that(cri+cal(treatment(components(in(the(system(have(been(recorded((at(each(test).((For(example:(
• UV(lamp(serial(numbers(• Filter(element(serial(numbers(• UV(sensor(informa+on(
3. Audi+ng(processes(to(verify(on(vessel(compliance(are(unclear(and(not(yet(established((e.g.(port(state(control(verifying(lamps)(
(
Implemen6ng&processes&to&track&cri6cal&treatment&components&is&one&of&the&easiest&and&most&immediate&steps&that&can&be&taken&to&eliminate&the&&possibility&of&noncompliance.&
Tracking(of(Cri+cal(Treatment(Components(
Type&Approval&Cer6ficate&
Land&Based&Test&Report&
Ship&Based&Test&Report&
Verifica+on(process(must(be(in(place(that(ensures(that(cri+cal(components(u+lized(in(type(approval(tes+ng(are(actually(used(in(the(system(employed(on(vessels(
Detailed system description
1. Filter element utilized in testing: Model and serial number
2. UV Lamp utilized in
testing: Model and serial number
3. Intensity sensor
utilized in testing: Model and serial number
Tracking(of(Cri+cal(Treatment(Components(
Filter(Ra+ng(Claims(• Standards(required(for(BWT(filters(–(how(do(you(characterize?(• Micron(ra+ngs(are(not(appropriate(to(describe(• Ra+ng(must(take(following(aspects(into(account:(
– Filter(weaves(differ((e.g.(plain,(dutch,(twill,(twin)(–(weave(impacts(performance(
– Different(ways(to(define(micron(ra+ngs((e.g.(bubble(test,(sieve(test,(tests(under(pressure(vs.(not)(–(micron(ra+ngs(not(appropriate(
– Different(diameters(between(warp(and(wer(wires(lead(to(different(flow(characteris+cs(which(lead(to(different(performance(
– Organisms(removed(are(not(spheres,(they(are(complex(mul+(cellular(structures(
Micron(ra+ngs(are(not(the(most(appropriate(way(to(characterize(a(filter.(((
Conclusions(
1. UV(and(filtra+on(must(be(treated(as(an(integrated(system(from(a(regulatory(compliance(standpoint(–(not(appropriate(to(set(minimum(UV(dose(values(
2. Scaling(of(filtra+on(and(UV(systems(increases(the(risk(of(nonScompliance(–(many(barriers(to(assessing(validity(of(CFD(models(for(UV(disinfec+on,(and(many(challenges(modeling(overall(process(efficacy ((
3. Cri+cal(treatment(components(must(be(documented(during(tes+ng(and(tracked(in(the(field(–(must(use(the(same(components(on(vessels(
4. Standards(are(required(for(filters(u+lized(in(ballast(water(treatment(–(standard(test(to(assign(micron(ra+ngs(((