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IUPAC-NIST Solubility Data Series. 74. Actinide Carbon Compounds
Editor
Jiri Halaa
Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
Contributors ~*Evaluator!
Jiri Hala*Masaryk University, Czech Republic
James D. NavratilClemson University, USA
~Received 15 August 2000; accepted 2 December 2000!
This volume presents solubility data of the carbonates, salts of carboxylic acids, andother carbon containing compounds of actinides. Covered are compounds of thorium,uranium, neptunium, plutonium, americium, and one system for curium. No solubilitydata on carbonates or other carbon containing compounds have been found for otheractinide elements. The literature has been covered up to the end of 1999, and there wasa great effort to have the literature survey as complete as possible. Only those publishedresults that report meaningful data were considered for the volume. Papers that reportedqualitative results with statements like sparingly soluble or insoluble, etc. were notconsidered. In addition to papers that published numerical data, some papers that pre-sented data in graphical form only were considered as well. They were considered for thevolume either if no other data were available for the system, if the data were published indifficult to obtain older literature, or if the data were considered to be of importance forother reasons. For many compounds it was not possible to provide the Chemical Ab-stracts Registry Numbers since these have not yet been assigned. For this reason, theRegistry Number index is incomplete. 2001 American Institute of Physics.
Key words: actinides; actinide carbon compounds; aqueous solutions; nonaqueous solutions; solubility.
Contents
1. Preface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5332. Introduction to the Solubility Data Series:
Solubility of Solids in Liquids. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5342.1. The Nature of the Project. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5342.2. Compilations and Evaluations. . . . . . . . . . . . 534
2.2.1. Compilations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5342.2.2. Evaluations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535
2.3. Quantities and Units Used in Compilationand Evaluation of Solubility Data. . . . . . . . . 5352.3.1. Mixtures, Solutions, and
Solubilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5352.3.2. Physicochemical Quantities and
Units. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5362.4. References for the Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . 537
3. The Solubility of Actinium Compounds. . . . . . . . . 5393.1. Actinium Oxalate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539
4. The Solubility of Thorium Compounds. . . . . . . . . 541
a!Electronic mail: [email protected] 2001 American Institute of Physics.
0047-26892001302531168$35.00 531
4.1. Thorium Oxocarbonate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5414.2. Salts of Pentakis~carbonato! Thorate ~6-!. . . 542
4.2.1 Evaluation of theNa6Th~CO3!51Na2CO31H2OSystem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542
4.3. Guanidinium Trisfluorotris~carbonato!Thorate ~6-!. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544
4.4. Hexamminecobalt~III!Pentakis~carbonato!Aqua Thorate ~6-!. . . . . . 545
4.5. Thorium Formate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5454.5.1. Thorium Formate Trihydrate. . . . . . 545
4.6. Thorium Acetate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5464.7. Thorium Carboxylates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5474.8. Thorium O-Alkylcarbonodithioates. . . . . . . . 5484.9. Thorium Oxalate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 548
4.9.1. Evaluation of the Th~C2O4!21H2OSystem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 548
4.9.2. Thorium Oxalate Dihydrate. . . . . . . 5494.9.3. Evaluation of the
Th~C2O4!21HNO31H2O System.. . 5514.9.4. Evaluation of the
Th~C2O4!21H2SO41H2O System. . 553
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4.9.5. Evaluation of theTh~C2O4!21~NH4!2C2O41H2OSystem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557
4.9.6. Evaluation of theTh~C2O4!21C2H2O41HNO31H2OSystem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 564
4.9.7. Th~C2O4!21Th~CO3!21Na2C2O41Na2CO31H2O System. . . . . . . . . . 568
4.10. Ammonium Tetrakis~oxalato!thorate. . . . . . . 5694.11. Thorium Oxobis~o-hydroxybenzoate!. . . . . . 5694.12. Thorium ~5-nitro!Barbiturate. . . . . . . . . . . . . 5704.13. Thorium 8-Hydroxyquinolinate. . . . . . . . . . . 5714.14. Thorium Phthalocyaninate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571
5. The Solubility of Uranium Compounds. . . . . . . . . 5725.1. Uranium Dioxo Carbonate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 572
5.1.1. Evaluation of theUO2CO3CO3
2Na2CO3H2OSystem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 572
5.2. Sodium Dicarbonatodioxouranate~VI!~2-!. . . 5815.3. Salts of Tris~carbonato!Dioxouranante~4-!. . 5825.4. Sodium Pentakis~carbonato!
Bis$dioxouranate~VI!%~6-!. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5875.5. Uranium~VI! Dioxo Bis~carboxylates!. . . . . . 5885.6. Uranium~VI! Dioxobis~acetate! Dihydrate... 5915.7. Sodium Tris~acetato! Dioxouranate~VI!. . . . . 5915.8. Sodium Zinc Tris~dioxouranium~VI!!
Nonakis~acetate!. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5935.9. Uranium~VI! Dioxo
Bis~carboxylates!1Organic Solvent1WaterTernary Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593
5.10. Uranium~VI! DioxoBis~benzenesulfonate!1Phosphoric AcidTri-n-Butyl Ester1Water System. . . . . . . . . 600
5.11. Uranium~IV! Oxalate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6015.11.1 Evaluation of the U~C2O4!21H2O
System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6015.11.2 Evaluation of the
U~C2O4!21HCl1H2O System. . . . . 6035.11.3. Potassium Tetrakis~Oxalato!
Uranate~IV!. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6095.11.4. Uranium~VI! Dioxo~oxalate!. . . . . . 6095.11.5. Evaluation of the UO2C2O41H2O
System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6095.11.6. Evaluation of the
UO2C2O41HNO31H2O System.. . . 6115.11.7. Uranium~VI! Dioxo~oxalate!
N,N8-Dimethyl FormamideMonosolvate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 624
5.12. Ammonium Tris~o-hydroxybenzoato!Dioxouranate ~VI!. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 625
5.13. Uranium~VI! Dioxo~8-hydroxyquino-linate!. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 626
5.14. Uranium~VI!Dioxo~ethylenediaminetetraacetate!. . . . . . . . 629
5.15. Uranium~VI! Dioxo@4,4,4-trifluoro-1-~2-thienyl!-1,3-butanedionate#. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629
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5.16. Uranium~IV! Phthalocyaninate. . . . . . . . . . . . 6306. The Solubility of Neptunium Compounds. . . . . . . 630
6.1. Neptunium~VI! Dioxocarbonate. . . . . . . . . . . 6306.2. Salts of Dioxocarbonato Neptunate~V!~-1!. . 631
6.2.1. Evaluation of theNaNpO2CO31CO21NaClO41H2OSystem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 631
6.3. Salts of Dioxo Bis~carbonato!Neptunate~V!~-3!. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 632
6.4. Salts of Dioxo Tris~carbonato!Neptunate~V!~-5!. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643
6.5. Hexamminecobalt~III! Salts ofDioxo~carbonate! Neptunates. . . . . . . . . . . . . 645
6.6. Neptunium~IV! Oxalate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6456.7. Neptunium~VI! Dioxo~oxalate!. . . . . . . . . . . 647
7. The Solubility of Plutonium Compounds. . . . . . . . 6487.1. Plutonium~VI! Dioxocarbonate. . . . . . . . . . . 648
7.1.1. Evaluation of thePuO2CO31CO21NaClO41H2OSystem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 648
7.2. Ammonium Tris~carbonato!Dioxoplutonate~VI!~-4!. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 652
7.3. Ammonium HydroxocarbonatoDioxoplutonate~VI!~-1!. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 654
7.4. Hexamminecobalt~III! Salt ofPentakis~carbonato!Aquaplutonate~IV!~-6!. . 654
7.5. Plutonium~III! Formate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6557.6. Plutonium~III! Oxalate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 656
7.6.1. Evaluation of thePu2~C2O4!31C2H2O41HNO31AscorbicAcid or Hydrazine1H2O System... 657
7.7. Plutonium~IV! Oxalate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6617.7.1. Evaluation of the Pu~C2O4!21H2O
System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6617.7.2. Evaluation of the
Pu~C2O4!21HNO31H2O System. . . 6627.8. Plutonium~VI! Dioxo~oxalate!. . . . . . . . . . . . 6667.9. Plutonium~III! o-hydroxybenzoate. . . . . . . . . 6687.10. Plutonium~IV! oxo~o-hydroxybenzoates!. . . . 6697.11. Plutonium~IV! 8-Hydroxyquinolinates. . . . . . 6717.12. Plutonium~IV!
N-Hydroxy-N-Nitrosobenzeneaminate. . . . . . 6728. The Solubility of Americium Compounds. . . . . . . 673
8.1. Americium~III! Carbonate andAmericium~III! Hydrogencarbonate. . . . . . . . 6738.1.1. Evaluation of the Am~OH!CO3 or
Am2~CO3!31CO3221NaClO41H2O
System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6738.2. Salts of Carbonatodioxoamericiate~V!~-1!... 6778.3. Americium~III! Formate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6788.4. Americium~III! Oxalate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 679
9. The Solubility of Curium Compounds. . . . . . . . . . 6849.1. Curium~III! Oxalate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 684
10. System Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68611. Registry Number Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69112. Author Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 694
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533533IUPAC-NIST SOLUBILITY DATA SERIES
List of Tables1. Interconversions between quantities used as
measures of solubilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 538
List of Figures1. Thorium tetrakis~formate!formic acidwater
system. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5452. Thorium bis~oxalate!nitric acidwater system.. . 5513. Thorium bis~oxalate!ammonium oxalatewater
system. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5604. Uranium ~VI! dioxobis~acetate!tri-n-butyl
phosphatewater system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5905. Uranium ~VI! dioxo bis~trifluoroacetate!diethyl
etherwater system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5946. Uranium ~VI! dioxo bis~trifluoroacetate!
tri-n-butyl phosphatewater system . . . . . . . . . . . . 5957. Uranium ~VI! dioxo bis~monochloroacetate!
diethyl etherwater system. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5958. Uranium ~VI! dioxo bis~monochloroacetate!
tri-n-butyl phosphatewater system. . . . . . . . . . . . 5979. Uranium ~VI! dioxo bis~trichloroacetate!diethyl
etherwater system. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59810. Uranium ~VI! dioxo bis~trichloroacetate!
tri-n-butyl phosphatewater system. . . . . . . . . . . . 59911. Uranium ~VI! dioxo bis~benzenesulfonate!
tri-n-butyl phosphatewater system. . . . . . . . . . . . 60012. Uranium ~VI! dioxooxalatesodium oxalate
water system. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60113. Uranium ~VI! dioxooxalateammonium oxalate
water system. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61714. Uranium ~VI! dioxooxalatepotassium oxalate
water system. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61815. Sodium carbonato dioxoneptunate ~V!sodium
perchloratecarbon dioxidewater system. . . . . . . 61816. Sodium carbonato dioxoneptunate ~V!sodium
perchloratecarbon dioxidewater system. . . . . . . 63417. Sodium carbonato dioxoneptunate ~V!sodium
perchloratecarbon dioxidewater system. . . . . . . 63618. Sodium carbonato dioxoneptunate ~V!sodium
chloridecarbon dioxidewater system. . . . . . . . . . 63719. Sodium bis~carbonato! dioxoneptunate ~V!
sodium carbonatesodium nitratecarbondioxidewater system. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 639
20. Plutonium ~VI! dioxocarbonatesodiumhydrogen carbonatesodium perchloratecarbondioxidewater system. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 649
21. Diplutonium ~III!tris~oxalate!oxalic acidnitric acidwater system. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 658
22. Plutonium ~IV! bis~oxalate!nitric acidwatersystem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 662
23. Diamericium tris~carbonate!sodiumperchloratecarbon dioxidewater system. . . . . . . 674
24. Diamericium ~III!tris~oxalate!oxalic acidnitric acidwater system. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 682
25. Dicurium ~III!tris~oxalate!oxalic acidnitricacidwater system. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 684
1. Preface
This volume presents solubility data of the carbonates,salts of carboxylic acids, and other carbon containing com-pounds of actinides. Covered are compounds of thorium,uranium, neptunium, plutonium, americium, and one systemfor curium. No solubility data on carbonates or other carboncontaining compounds have been found for other actinideelements. The literature has been covered up to the end of1999, and there was a great effort to have the literature sur-vey as complete as possible.
Only those published results that report meaningful datawere considered for the volume. Papers that reported quali-tative results with statements like sparingly soluble orinsoluble, etc. were not considered. In addition to papersthat published numerical data some papers that presenteddata in graphical form only were considered as well. Theywere considered for the volume either if no other data wereavailable for the system, if the data were published in diffi-cult to obtain older literature, or if the data were consideredto be of importance for other reasons. The first two criterialed the compiler to include sometimes papers in which theauthors failed to specify conditions such as temperature,equilibrium time, or methods of analysis. The last criterionhas particularly been applied to many of the recent papers onthe solubility of actinide carbonates where high precision pHtitration technique was used to obtain the solubility datawhich were, however, reported in graphical form, or occa-sionally as solubility products, without reporting numericalsolubility data. Another reason for including these data wastheir importance from the point of view of environmentalscience since carbonates of actinides are substances relevantto the chemical behavior of actinides in radioactive wasterepositories. Phase diagrams were included for some of themulticomponent systems. Of the many systems covered bythe volume relatively few were studied by more than onelaboratory. Thus the opportunity to carry out evaluations hasbeen limited, and only 17 systems have been evaluated. Insome of these systems, however, there has been so muchuncertainty that even tentative solubility values could not berecommended.
Of all published papers only two remained unavailable tothe compiler, and could not be included. These are the fol-lowing two reports from the Institute of Radiochemistry,Technical University, Munich, Germany: M. F. Bernkopf, J.I. Kim, Report RCM-02884, 1984, reporting the solubility ofAm~OH!CO3 in 0.1 mol dm
23 NaClO4, and W. Runde, J. I.Kim, Report RCM-01094, 1994, reporting the solubility ofNaAm~V!O2CO3 in 3 and 5 mol dm
23 NaCl. For many com-pounds it was not possible to show the Chemical AbstractsRegistry Numbers since these have not been assigned. Forthis reason, the Registry Number index is incomplete.
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534534 JIRI HALA
2. Introduction to the Solubility DataSeries: Solubility of Solids in Liquids
2.1. The Nature of the Project
The Solubility Data project ~SDP! has as its aim a com-prehensive review of published data for solubilities of gases,liquids, and solids in liquids or solids. Data of suitable pre-cision are compiled for each publication on data sheets in auniform format. The data for each system are evaluated and,where data from independent sources agree sufficiently, rec-ommended values are proposed. The evaluation sheets, rec-ommended values, and compiled data sheets are publishedon consecutive pages.
2.2. Compilations and Evaluations
The formats for the compilations and critical evaluationshave been standardized for all volumes. A description ofthese formats follows.
2.2.1. Compilations
The format used for the compilations is, for the most part,self-explanatory. Normally, a compilation sheet is dividedinto boxes, with detailed contents described below.
Components Each component is listed according toIUPAC name, formula, and Chemical Abstracts ~CA! Regis-try Number. The Chemical Abstracts name is also included ifthis differs from the IUPAC name, as are trivial names ifappropriate. IUPAC and common names are cross-referenced to Chemical Abstracts names in the System In-dex.
The formula is given either in terms of the IUPAC orHill 1 system and the choice of formula is governed by whatis usual for most current users; i.e., IUPAC for inorganiccompounds, and Hill system for organic compounds. Com-ponents are ordered on a given compilation sheet accordingto:
~a! saturating components,~b! nonsaturating components, and~c! solvents.
In each of ~a!, ~b! or ~c!, the components are arranged inorder according to the IUPAC 18-column periodic table withtwo additional rows:
Columns 1 and 2: H, alkali elements, ammonium, alkalineearth elements
Columns 312: transition elementsColumns 1317: boron, carbon, nitrogen groups; chalco-
genides, halogensColumn 18: noble gasesRow 1: Ce to LuRow 2: Th to the end of the known elements, in order of
atomic number.The same order is followed in arranging the compilation
sheets within a given volume.
J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 30, No. 2, 2001
Original Measurements References are abbreviated in theforms given by Chemical Abstracts Service Source Index~CASSI!. Names originally in other than Roman alphabetsare given as transliterated by Chemical Abstracts. In the caseof multiple entries ~for example, translations! an asterisk in-dicates the publication used for compilation of the data.
Variables Ranges of temperature, pressure, etc., are indi-cated here.
Prepared by The names of all compilers are given here.Experimental Data Components are described as ~1!, ~2!,
etc., as defined in the Components box. Data are reportedin the units used in the original publication, with the excep-tion that modern names for units and quantities are used;e.g., mass percent for weight percent; mol dm23 for molar;etc. Usually, only one type of value ~e.g., mass percent! isfound in the original paper, and the compiler has added theother type of value ~e.g., mole percent! from computer cal-culations based on 1989 atomic weights.2 Temperatures areexpressed as t/C, t/F or T/K as in the original; if neces-sary, conversions to T/K are made, sometimes in the compi-lations and always in the critical evaluation. However, theauthors units are expressed according to IUPACrecommendations3 as far as possible.
Errors in calculations, fitting equations, etc., are noted, andwhere possible corrected. Material inserted by the compileris identified by the word compiler or by the compilersname in parentheses or in a footnote. In addition, compiler-calculated values of mole or mass fractions are included ifthe original data do not use these units. If densities are re-ported in the original paper, conversions from concentrationsto mole fractions are included, but otherwise this is done inthe evaluation, with the values and sources of the densitiesbeing quoted and referenced.
Details of smoothing equations ~with limits! are includedif they are present in the original publication and if the tem-perature or pressure ranges are wide enough to justify thisprocedure and if the compiler finds that the equations areconsistent with the data.
The precision of the original data is preserved when de-rived quantities are calculated, if necessary by the inclusionof one additional significant figure. In some cases, compilersnote that numerical data have been obtained from publishedgraphs using digitizing techniques. In these cases, the preci-sion of the data can be determined by the quality of theoriginal graph and the limitations of the digitizing technique.In some cases graphs have been included, either to illustratedata more clearly, or if this is the only information in theoriginal. Full grids are not usually inserted all it is not in-tended that users should read data from the graphs.
Method The apparatus and procedure are mentionedbriefly. Abbreviations used in Chemical Abstracts are oftenused here to save space, reference being made to sources offurther detail if these are cited in the original paper.
Source and Purity of Materials For each component, re-ferred to as ~1!, ~2!, etc., the following information ~in thisorder and in abbreviated form! is provided if available in the
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535535IUPAC-NIST SOLUBILITY DATA SERIES
original paper: source and specified method of preparation;properties; degree of purity.
Estimated Error If estimated errors were omitted by theoriginal authors, and if relevant information is available, thecompilers have attempted to estimate errors ~identified bycompiler or the compilers name in parentheses or in afootnote! from the internal consistency of data and type ofapparatus used. Methods used by the compilers for estimat-ing and reporting errors are based on Ku and Eisenhart.4
Comments and/or Additional Data Many compilationsinclude this section which provides short comments relevantto the general nature of the work or additional experimentaland thermodynamic data which are judged by the compiler tobe of value to the reader.
References The format for these follows the format forthe Original Measurements box, except that final page num-bers are omitted. References ~usually cited in the originalpaper! are given where relevant to interpretation of the com-pile data, or where cross reference can be made to othercompilations.
2.2.2. Evaluations
The evaluators task is to assess the reliability and qualityof the data, to estimate errors where necessary, and to rec-ommend best values. The evaluation takes the form of asummary in which all the data supplied by the compiler havebeen critically reviewed. There are only three boxes on atypical evaluation sheet, and these are described below.
Components The format is the same as on the Compila-tion sheets.
Evaluator The name and affiliation of the evaluator~s!and date up to which the literature was checked.
Critical Evaluation ~a! Critical text. The evaluatorchecks that the compiled data are correct, assesses their reli-ability and quality, estimates errors where necessary, andrecommends numerical values based on all the publisheddata ~including theses, patents and reports! for each givensystem. Thus, the evaluator reviews the merits or shortcom-ings of the various data. Only published data are considered.Documented rejection of some published data may occur atthis stage, and the corresponding compilations may be re-moved.
The solubility of comparatively few systems is knownwith sufficient accuracy to enable a set of recommended val-ues to be presented. Although many systems have been stud-ied by at least two workers, the range of temperatures isoften sufficiently different to make meaningful comparisonimpossible.
Occasionally, it is not clear why two groups of workersobtained very different but internally consistent sets of re-sults at the same temperature, although both sets of resultswere obtained by reliable methods. In such cases, a definitiveassessment may not be possible. In some cases, two or moresets of data have been classified as tentative even though thesets are mutually inconsistent.
~b! Fitting equations. If the use of a smoothing equation is
justifiable the evaluator may provide an equation represent-ing the solubility as a function of the variables reported onall the compilation sheets, stating the limits within which itshould be used.
~c! Graphical summary. In addition to ~b! above, graphicalsummaries are often given.
~d! Recommended values. Data are recommended if theresults of at least two independent groups are available andthey are in good agreement, and if the evaluator has no doubtas to the adequacy and reliability of the applied experimentaland computational procedures. Data are reported as tentativeif only one set of measurements is available, or if the evalu-ator considers some aspect of the computational or experi-mental method as mildly undesirable but estimates that itshould cause only minor error. Data are considered as doubt-ful if the evaluator considers some aspect of the computa-tional or experimental method as undesirable but still consid-ers the data to have some value where the order of magnitudeof the solubility is needed. Data determined by an inadequatemethod or under ill-defined conditions are rejected. How-ever, references to these data are included in the evaluationtogether with a comment by the evaluator as to the reason fortheir rejection.
~e! References. All pertinent references are given here,including all those publications appearing in the accompany-ing compilation sheets and those which, by virtue of theirpoor precision, have been rejected and not compiled.
~f! Units. While the original data may be reported in theunits used by the investigators, the final recommended valuesare reported in SI units3 when the data can be accuratelyconverted.
2.3. Quantities and Units Used in Compilation andEvaluation of Solubility Data
2.3.1. Mixtures, Solutions, and Solubilities
A mixture5 describes a gaseous, liquid or solid phase con-taining more than one substance, where the substances are alltreated in the same way.
A solution5 describes a liquid or solid phase containingmore than one substance, when for convenience one of thesubstances, which is called the solvent, and may itself be amixture, is treated differently than the other substances,which are called solutes. If the sum of the mole fractions ofthe solutes is small compared to unity, the solution is calleda dilute solution.
The solubility of a solute 1 ~solid, liquid, or gas! is theanalytical composition of a saturated solution, expressed interms of the proportion of the designated solute in a desig-nated solvent.6
Saturated implies equilibrium with respect to the pro-cesses of dissolution and precipitation; the equilibrium maybe stable or metastable. The solubility of a substance inmetastable equilibrium is usually greater than that of thesame substance in stable equilibrium. ~Strictly speaking, it isthe activity of the substance in metastable equilibrium that is
J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 30, No. 2, 2001
-
536536 JIRI HALA
greater.! Care must be taken to distinguish true metastabilityfrom supersaturation, where equilibrium does not exist.
Either point of view, mixture or solution, may be taken indescribing solubility. The two points of view find their ex-pression in the reference states used for definition of activi-ties, activity coefficients, and osmotic coefficients.
Note that the composition of a saturated mixture ~or solu-tion! can be described in terms of any suitable set of thermo-dynamic components. Thus, the solubility of a salt hydrate inwater is usually given as the relative proportions of anhy-drous salt in solution, rather then the relative proportions ofhydrated salt and water.
2.3.2. Physicochemical Quantities and Units
Solubilities of solids have been the subject of research fora long time, and have been expressed in a great many ways,as described below. In each case, specification of the tem-perature and either partial or total pressure of the saturatinggaseous component is necessary. The nomenclature and unitsfollow, where possible, IUPAC Green Book.3 A few quanti-ties follow the ISO standards7 or the German standard;8 see areview by Cvitas9 for details.
A Note on Nomenclature The nomenclature of theIUPAC Green Book3 calls the solute component B and thesolvent component A. In compilations and evaluations, thefirst-named component ~component 1! is the solute, and thesecond ~component 2 for a two-component system! is thesolvent. The reader should bear these distinctions in nomen-clature in mind when comparing equations given here withthose in the Green Book.
1. Mole fraction of substance 1, x1 or x(1) ~condensedphases!, y1 ~gases!:
xl5n1Y (s51
c
ns , ~1!
where ns is the amount of substance of s, and c is the numberof distinct substances present ~often the number of thermo-dynamic components in the system!. Mole percent of sub-stance 1 is 100 x1 .
2. Ionic mole fractions of salt i, xi1 ,xi2 : For mixture of sbinary salts i, each of which ionizes completely into ni1cations and y i2 anions, with y i5v i11y i2 and a mixture ofp nonelectrolytes k, of which some may be considered assolvent components, a generalization of the definition inRobinson and Stokes gives:10
x1i5y1ix1i
11( j51s ~y j21 !x j
, x2i5y2ix1i
y1ii51...s ,
~2!
x0k5x j
11( j51s ~y j21 !x j
, k5~s11 !. . .c . ~3!
The sum of these mole fractions is unity, so that, with c5s1p
J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 30, No. 2, 2001
(i51
s
~x1i1x2i!1 (i5s11
c
xoi51. ~4!
General conversions to other units in multicomponent sys-tems are complicated. For a three-component system con-taining nonelectrolyte 1, electrolyte 2, and solvent 3,
x15y12xo1
y122~y221 !x12x25
x12y122~y221 !x12
. ~5!
These relations are used in solubility equations for salts, andfor tabulation of salt effects of solubilities of gases.
3. Mass fraction of substance 1, w1 or w(1):
w15g1Y (s51
c
gs ~6!
where gs is the mass of substance s. Mass percent of sub-stance 1 is 100 w1 . The equivalent terms weight fraction,weight percent, and g(1)/100 g solution are no longer used.
4. Solute mole fraction of substance 1, xy ,1 :
xs ,15m1Y (s51
c8
ms5x1Y (s51
c8
xs , ~7!
where c8 is the number of solutes in the mixture. Thesequantities are sometimes called Janecke mole ~mass!fractions.11,12 Solute mass fraction of substance 1, ws ,1 , isdefined analogously.
5. Solvent mole fraction of substance 1, xy ,1 :
xy ,15x1Y (s51
p
xs . ~8!
Here, p is the number of solvent components in the mixture.Solvent mass fraction of substance 1, wy ,1 , is defined analo-gously.
6. Molality of solute 1 in a solvent 2, m1 :
m15n1 /n2M 2 ~9!
SI base units: mol kg21. Here, M 2 is the molar mass of thesolvent.
7. Aquamolality, Solvomolality of substance 1 in a mixedsolvent with components 2, 3,13 m1
(3) :
m1~3 !5m1M /M 3 ~10!
SI base units: mol kg21. Here, the average molar mass of thesolvent is
M5xy ,2M 21~12yy ,2!M 3 ~11!
and xy , is the solvent mole fraction of component 2. Thisterm is used most frequently in discussing comparative solu-bilities in water ~component 2! and heavy water ~component3! and in their mixtures.
8. Amount concentration of solute 1 in a solution of vol-ume V , c1 :
c15@formula of solute#5n1 /V ~12!
-
537537IUPAC-NIST SOLUBILITY DATA SERIES
SI base units: mol cm23. The symbol c1 is preferred to @for-mula of solute#, but both are used. The old terms molarity,molar and moles per unit volume are no longer used.
9. Mass concentration of solute 1 in a solution of volumeV , r1 :
r15g1 /V5c1M 1 /V ~13!
SI base units: kg m23.10. Mole ratio, rA,B ~dimensionless!:
9
rn ,125n1 /n2 . ~14!
Mass ratio, symbol zA,B , may be defined analogously.9
11. Ionic strength, Im ~molality basis!, or Ic ~concentrationbasis!:
Im51
2 (i mizi2, Ic5
1
2 (i c iz iz, ~15!
where zi is the charge number of ion i. While these quantitiesare not used generally to express solubilities, they are used toexpress the compositions of nonsaturating components. For asingle salt i with ions of charge numbers z1 and z2 ,
Im5uz1z2uymi , Ic5uz1z2uyci . ~16!
Mole and mass fractions and mole ratios are appropriate toeither the mixture of the solution point of view. The otherquantities are appropriate to the solution point of view only.Conversions between pairs of these quantities can be carriedout using the equation given in Table 1 at the end of thisIntroduction. Other useful quantities will be defined in theprefaces to individual volumes or on specific data sheets.
Salt hydrates are generally not considered to be saturatingcomponents since most solubilities are expressed in terms ofthe anhydrous salt. The existence of hydrates or solvates isnoted carefully in the critical evaluation.
Mineralogical names are also quoted, along with their CARegistry Numbers, again usually in the text and CA RegistryNumbers ~where available! are given usually in the criticalevaluation.
In addition to the quantities defined above, the followingare useful in conversions between concentrations and otherquantities.
12. Density, r:
r5g/V5(s1
c
rs ~17!
SI base units: kg m23. Here g is the total mass of the system.13. Relative density, d5r/r0: the ratio of the density of a
mixture at temperature t, pressure p to the density of a ref-
erence substance at temperature t8, pressure p8. For liquidsolutions, the reference substance is often water at 4 C, 1bar. ~In some cases 1 atm is used instead of 1 bar.! The termspecific gravity is no longer used.
Thermodynamics of Solubility Thermodynamic analysisof solubility phenomena provides a rational basis for the con-struction of functions to represent solubility data, and thusaids in evaluation, and sometimes enables thermodynamicquantities to be extracted. Both these aims are often difficultto achieve because of a lack of experimental or theoreticalactivity coefficients. Where thermodynamic quantities can befound, they are not evaluated critically, since this task wouldinvolve examination of a large body of data that is not di-rectly relevant to solubility. Where possible, procedures forevaluation are based on established thermodynamic methods.Specific procedures used in a particular volume will be de-scribed in the Preface to this volume.
2.4. References for the Introduction
1 E. A. Hill, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 22, 473 ~1900!.2 IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances, PureAppl. Chem. 63, 975 ~1989!.
3 L. Mills et al., eds., Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry~The Green Book! ~Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, UK, 1993!.
4 H. H. Ku, p. 73; C. Eisenhart, p. 69; in H. H. Ku, ed., Precision Measure-ment and Calibration NBS Special Publication 300, Vol. 1 ~NBS, Wash-ington, 1969!.
5 V. Gold et al., eds., Compendium of Analytical Nomenclature ~The GoldBook! ~Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, UK, 1987!.
6 H. Freiser and G. H. Nancollas, eds., Compendium of Analytical Nomen-clature ~The Orange Book! ~Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford,UK, 1987!, Sect. 9.1.8.
7 ISO Standards Handbook, Quantities and Units ~International StandardsOrganization, Geneva, 1993!.
8 German Standard, DIN 1310, Zusammensetzung von Mischphasen ~BeuthVerlag, Berlin, 1984!.
9 T. Cvitas, Chem. Int 17, 123 ~1995!.10 R. A. Robinson and R. H. Stokes, Electrolyte Solutions, 2nd ed. ~Butter-
worths, London, 1959!.11 E. Z. Janecke, Anorg. Chem. 51, 132 ~1906!.12 H. L. Priedman, J. Chem. Phys. 32, 1351 ~1960!.13 J. W. Lorimer, R. Cohen-Adad, and J. W. Lorimer, Alkali Metal and
Ammonium Chlorides in Water and Heavy Water (Binary Systems), IU-PAC Solubility Data Series, Vol. 47 ~Pergamon, Oxford, UK, 1991!, p.495.
This section was written by:R. Cohen-Adad Villeurbeanne, FranceJ. W. Lorimer London, Ont, CanadaM. Salomon Sea Bright, NJ, USAM.-T. Saugier-Cohen Adad Villeurbenne, France
December 1995
J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 30, No. 2, 2001
-
538538 JIRI HALA
TABLE 1. Interconversions between quantities used as measures of solubilities c-component systems containing c21 solutes i and single solvent c ~rdensityof solution: M 1molar masses of i. For relations for two-component systems, set summations to 0!.
xi wi mi ci
xi5 xi
1
11MiMc
H 1wi211(j1c21 SMcMi21D wjwi J
1
111
miMc1(
ji
c21
mjmi
1
111
McSrci2MiD1(j1
c21cjci
S12 MjMcD
wi5
1
11McMi
H1xi211(j1c21 SMjMc21D xjxi J wi
1
111
miM1S11(
j1
c21
mjMjD ciMirmi5
1
Mc S1xi212(j1c21
xjxiD
1
Mi S 1wi212(j1c21
wjwi
D mi1
1
ciSr2(
j1
c21
cjMjD2Mici5
r
Mi1McH1xi211(j1c21 SMjMc21D xjxi J
rwiMi
r
1
miS11(
j1
c21
mjMjD2Mj ci
J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 30, No. 2, 2001
-
.24
h,th
eso
lutio
nw
asej
ecte
dfr
omth
eco
neby
gase
ous
radi
olyt
icpr
oduc
ts!.
Sam
ples
from
satu
rate
dso
lutio
ns(;
102
4m
l)w
ere
take
nin
toca
libra
ted
capi
llari
esan
dpl
aced
into
akn
own
volu
me
of1
mol
dm2
3H
NO
3.Fr
omth
isso
lutio
nsa
mpl
esfo
rco
untin
gof
227 A
cw
ere
take
n.Fo
rm
icro
scal
em
easu
rem
ents
,th
ew
ork
was
done
in0.
5
2m
lvo
lum
es.
Ac 2
~C2O
4!3
was
prec
ipita
ted
from
HN
O3
solu
tion
with
asa
tura
ted
solu
tion
of~N
H4!
2C2O
4.T
hepr
ecip
itate
was
cent
rifu
ged
and
repe
ated
lyw
ashe
dan
dco
vere
dw
ithw
ater
.T
opr
epar
esa
mpl
esfo
rco
untin
g,th
esa
mpl
esw
ere
take
nth
roug
ha
capi
llary
fille
dw
ithfin
egl
ass
fiber
byus
ing
am
icro
pum
p,in
to1
mL
1m
oldm
23
HN
O3
afte
rw
hich
the
pipe
ttew
asw
ashe
dse
vera
ltim
esw
ithth
isso
lutio
n.
mpo
nent
s:O
rigi
nal
Mea
sure
men
ts:
Dia
ctin
ium
tris
~oxa
late
!;A
c 2~C
2O4!
3;@7
264-
35-9
#O
xalic
acid
;C
2H2O
4;
@144
-62-
7#W
ater
;H
2O;
@773
2-18
-5#
D.
M.
Ziv
and
I.A
.Sh
esta
kova
,R
adio
khim
iya
7,16
6
75~1
965!
.
riab
les:
Pre
pare
dby
:
K:2
94/m
oldm
23:5
310
25
0.5
J.H
ala
and
J.D
.N
avra
til
Exp
erim
enta
lD
ata
Com
posi
tion
ofox
alic
acid
solu
tions
satu
rate
dat
21C
with
Ac 2
~C2O
4!3a
C2H
2O4
2/m
oldm
23 )
pHA
c31
~mg
dm2
3 !A
c31
(106
mol
dm2
3 !A
c 2~C
2O4!
3
(106
c 1/m
oldm
23 !
C2O
422
b
(105
mol
dm2
3 !
53
102
53.
42.
511
5.5
0.69
53
102
43.
01.
25.
32.
62.
96
53
102
32.
30.
964.
22.
15.
85
53
102
10.
97.
85c
34.6
c17
.3c
8.0
heco
mpo
sitio
nof
the
equi
libri
umso
lidph
ases
was
not
repo
rted
.al
cula
ted
byau
thor
sfr
omto
tal
oxal
icac
idco
ncen
trat
ion,
pH,
and
diss
ocia
tion
cons
tant
sof
oxal
icac
id,
Ka1
55.
9310
22
mol
dm2
3 ,
a25
6.43
102
5m
oldm
23 .
his
incr
ease
inso
lubi
lity
ofA
c 2~C
2O4!
3w
asex
plai
ned
byth
eau
thor
sby
ash
arpe
rin
crea
sein
the
H1
ion
conc
entr
atio
nin
com
pari
son
ithth
atof
C2O
422io
n,an
dpa
rtly
byco
mpl
exfo
rmat
ion. Aux
iliar
yIn
form
atio
n
etho
dA
ppar
atusP
roce
dure
:So
urce
and
Pur
ity
ofM
ater
ials
:
ther
mal
met
hod
onm
icro
scal
ew
asus
ed.
Ac 2
~C2O
4!3
was
cipi
tate
dfr
omH
NO
3so
lutio
nw
ithsa
tura
ted
solu
tion
ofH
4!2C
2O4.
The
prec
ipita
tew
asce
ntri
fuge
dan
dre
peat
edly
shed
and
cove
red
with
oxal
icac
idso
lutio
nin
whi
chth
elu
bilit
yw
asto
bede
term
ined
,an
dst
irre
dfo
r10
15
h.T
his
rrin
gtim
ew
asta
ken
assu
ffici
ent
tore
ach
equi
libri
um,
byal
ogy
toa
sim
ilar
stud
yof
La~
III!
oxal
ate.
1T
opr
epar
epl
esfo
r22
7 Ac
coun
ting
~em
anat
ion
met
hod!
,ce
ntri
fugi
ngel
fw
asno
tsu
ffici
ent
sinc
ea
film
ofA
c 2~C
2O4!
3re
mai
ned
the
supe
rnat
ant
surf
ace.
The
sam
ples
wer
eta
ken
thro
ugh
api
llary
fille
dw
ithfin
egl
ass
fiber
byus
ing
am
icro
pum
p,in
to1
ml
1m
oldm
23
HN
O3
afte
rw
hich
the
pipe
ttew
asw
ashe
dse
vera
ltim
esw
ithth
isso
lutio
n.
Sour
cean
dpu
rity
of22
7 Ac
prep
arat
ion
and
ofch
emic
als
used
not
spec
ified
.
Est
imat
edE
rror
:T
empe
ratu
re:
prec
isio
n6
1K
~aut
hors
!So
lubi
lity:
Insu
ffici
ent
data
give
nto
allo
wfo
rer
ror
estim
ate
Ref
eren
ces:
1 R.V
.Bry
zgal
ova
and
N.V
.Che
rnits
kaya
,Rad
iokh
imiy
a3,
478
~196
1!.
539539IUPAC-NIST SOLUBILITY DATA SERIES
. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 30, No. 2, 2001
3.T
he
So
lub
ility
of
Act
iniu
mC
om
po
un
ds
3.1.
Act
iniu
mO
xala
te
Com
pone
nts:
Ori
gina
lM
easu
rem
ents
:
~1!
Dia
ctin
ium
tris
~oxa
late
!;A
c 2~C
2O4!
3;@7
264-
35-9
#~2
!W
ater
,H
2O;
@773
2-18
-5#
D.
M.
Ziv
and
I.A
.Sh
esta
kova
,R
adio
khim
iya
7,16
6
75~1
965!
.
Var
iabl
es:
Pre
pare
dby
:
T/K
:294
J.H
ala
and
J.D
.N
avra
til
Exp
erim
enta
lD
ata
Solu
bilit
yat
21C
ofA
c 2~C
2O4!
3in
wat
era
Met
hod
Ac3
1a
~mg
dm2
3 !A
c31
b
106
mol
dm2
3A
c 2~C
2O4!
3
(106
c 1/m
oldm
23 !
1027
Ksp0
c
~mol
5dm
215
!10
27K
sp0d
~mol
5dm
215
!
Mic
ro0.
863.
861.
902.
702.
67
Ultr
amic
ro1.
56.
63.
342
.04.
22
Ultr
amic
ro1.
77.
53.
780
.07.
69
a The
com
posi
tion
ofth
eeq
uilib
rium
solid
phas
esw
asno
tre
port
ed.
b The
auth
ors
did
not
com
men
ton
the
diff
eren
ces
inre
sults
obta
ined
byth
etw
om
etho
dsus
ed.
c Cal
cula
ted
byth
eau
thor
sas
Ksp0
5@A
c31
#2@C
2O422
#3.
Inso
lutio
nsof
Ac 2
~C2O
4!3
inw
ater
the
auth
ors
assu
med
the
C2O
422co
ncen
trat
ion
tobe
equa
lto
thre
etim
esth
eex
peri
men
tally
foun
dco
ncen
trat
ion
ofA
c 2~C
2O4!
3,an
dg
65
1.0.
d Cal
cula
ted
byco
mpi
ler
acco
rdin
gto
the
proc
edur
eou
tline
din
foot
note
,c.
Aux
iliar
yIn
form
atio
n
Met
hod
App
arat
usP
roce
dure
:So
urce
and
Pur
ity
ofM
ater
ials
:
Tw
ova
riat
ions
ofth
eis
othe
rmal
met
hod
wer
eus
ed.
For
ultr
amic
rosc
ale
mea
sure
men
ts,
30m
g~;
2m
Ci!
of22
7 Ac
was
diss
olve
din
0.01
ml
1.5
mol
dm2
3H
NO
3an
dpr
ecip
itate
dw
ith0.
25m
oldm
23
~NH
4!2C
2O4
ina
wor
king
cone
~vol
ume
of10
30
ml!
unde
ra
mic
rosc
ope.
Aft
er1
hof
stan
ding
the
prec
ipita
tew
asce
ntri
fuge
d,m
othe
rliq
uor
rem
oved
,re
peat
edly
was
hed,
cove
red
with
H2O
,an
dst
irre
dfo
r10
15
hin
ave
ssel
fille
dw
ithw
ater
orgl
ycer
ine
into
whi
chan
ultr
athe
rmoc
oupl
ew
aslo
wer
edto
mon
itor
the
tem
pera
ture
.T
his
stir
ring
time
was
assu
med
tobe
suffi
cien
tto
reac
heq
uilib
rium
,by
anal
ogy
toa
sim
ilar
stud
yof
La~
III!
oxal
ate,
1an
dal
sow
assu
itabl
efr
omth
epo
int
ofvi
ewof
radi
olys
isef
fect
s~f
oreq
uilib
ratio
ntim
es
Sour
cean
dpu
rity
of22
7 Ac
prep
arat
ion
and
ofch
emic
als
used
not
spec
ified
.
Est
imat
edE
rror
:T
empe
ratu
re:
prec
isio
n6
1K
~aut
hors
!So
lubi
lity:
insu
ffici
ent
data
give
nto
allo
wfo
rer
ror
estim
ate
Ref
eren
ces:
1 R.V
.Bry
zgal
ova
and
N.V
.Che
rnits
kaya
,Rad
iokh
imiy
a3,
478
~196
1!.
Co
~1!
~2!
~3!
Va
T/
c 2 (c a T b C K c T w M Iso
pre
~N wa
so sti
an sam
its on ca
J
-
onth
esu
pern
atan
tsu
rfac
e.T
hesa
mpl
esw
ere
take
nth
roug
ha
capi
llary
fille
dw
ithfin
egl
ass
fiber
byus
ing
am
icro
pum
p,in
to1
ml
1m
oldm
23 H
NO
3af
ter
whi
chth
epi
pette
was
was
hed
seve
ral
times
with
this
solu
tion.
~196
1!.
mpo
nent
s:O
rigi
nal
Mea
sure
men
ts:
Dia
ctin
ium
tris
~oxa
late
!;A
c 2~C
2O4!
3;@7
264-
35-9
#O
xalic
acid
;C
2H2O
4;@1
44-6
2-7#
Nitr
icac
id;
HN
O3;
@769
7-37
-2#
Wat
er;
H2O
;@7
732-
18-5
#
M.
L.
Salu
tsky
and
H.
W.
Kir
by,
Ana
l.C
hem
.28
,17
80
2~1
956!
.
riab
les:
Pre
pare
dby
:
/mol
dm2
3 :0.
25/m
oldm
23 :
0.1
J.H
ala
and
J.D
.N
avra
til
Exp
erim
enta
lD
ata
om
easu
rem
ents
wer
em
ade
atan
unsp
ecifi
edro
omte
mpe
ratu
re.
The
two
valu
esof
actin
ium
conc
entr
atio
nin
solu
tion
of0.
25l
dm2
3ox
alic
acid
and
appr
oxim
atel
y0.
1m
oldm
23
HN
O3
(pH
51.
2)sa
tura
ted
with
actin
ium
oxal
ate
wer
e0.
0149
and
0.01
58m
g/m
l.T
hese
wer
ere
calc
ulat
edby
the
com
pile
rsto
the
solu
bilit
yof
Ac 2
~C2O
4!3
as0.
0179
and
0.01
90m
gA
c 2~C
2O4!
3/m
lor
3.28
102
5an
d3.
483
102
5m
oldm
23 .
The
aver
age
solu
bilit
yis
then
c 15
3.43
102
5m
oldm
23 .
Aux
iliar
yIn
form
atio
n
etho
dA
ppar
atusP
roce
dure
:So
urce
and
Pur
ity
ofM
ater
ials
:
eso
lubi
lity
data
wer
eob
tain
edfr
omth
em
ass
bala
nce
ring
the
prep
arat
ive
wor
kon
carr
ier
free
prec
ipita
tion
ofcr
ocon
cent
ratio
ns~7
mg
or0.
5m
Ci/m
L!
of22
7 Ac.
Aft
ero
prec
ipita
tions
with
dim
ethy
loxa
late
,ac
tiniu
mox
alat
ew
asrr
edat
60
70C
for
30m
in,
then
for
anad
ditio
nal
90m
inan
unsp
ecifi
edro
omte
mpe
ratu
re,
and
filte
red.
The
filtr
ates
rean
alyz
edra
dioc
hem
ical
lyfo
r22
7 Ac.
122
7 Th
was
rem
oved
doub
leth
oriu
mio
date
prec
ipita
tion,
then
223 R
aw
asov
edby
doub
lepr
ecip
itatio
nof
Ba~
NO
3!2
in80
%H
NO
3.iq
uots
ofth
eso
lutio
nco
ntai
ning
the
fres
hly
puri
fied
tiniu
mw
ere
mou
nted
onst
ainl
ess
stee
ldi
sks
and
a-c
ount
ed1
day
orm
ore
afte
rpu
rific
atio
n.T
heco
unts
wer
eco
rrec
ted
the
grow
thof
the
actin
ium
deca
ypr
oduc
ts.
Mac
roco
ncen
trat
ions
of22
7 Ac
wer
epr
epar
edby
neut
ron
irra
diat
ion
ofra
dium
.Fro
mth
eac
tiniu
mfr
actio
nob
tain
edby
ion
exch
ange
onD
owex
50re
sin,
actin
ium
oxal
ate
was
prep
ared
bydo
uble
hom
ogen
eous
prec
ipita
tion
with
dim
ethy
loxa
late
at60
70
C.
Dim
ethy
loxa
late
was
recr
ysta
llize
dfr
omm
etha
nol.
Est
imat
edE
rror
:So
lubi
lity:
insu
ffici
ent
data
give
nto
allo
wfo
rer
ror
estim
ate.
Ref
eren
ces:
1 H.
W.
Kir
by,
U.S
.A.E
.C.
Rep
ort
ML
M-7
73,
1952
.
540540 JIRI HALA
Com
pone
nts:
Ori
gina
lM
easu
rem
ents
:
~1!
Dia
ctin
ium
tris
~oxa
late
!;A
c 2~C
2O4!
3;@7
264-
35-9
#~2
!N
itric
acid
;H
NO
3;
@769
7-37
-2#
~3!
Wat
er;
H2O
;@7
732-
18-5
#
D.
M.
Ziv
and
I.A
.Sh
esta
kova
,R
adio
khim
iya
7,16
6
75~1
965!
.
Var
iabl
es:
Pre
pare
dby
:
T/K
:294
J.H
ala
and
J.D
.N
avra
til
Exp
erim
enta
lD
ata
Four
mea
sure
men
tsfo
rth
eso
lubi
lity
ofA
c 2~C
2O4!
3in
0.01
mol
dm2
3H
NO
3at
21C
a
Ac3
1
~mg
dm2
3 !A
c31
(104
mol
dm2
3 !A
c 2~C
2O4!
3
(105
c 1/m
oldm
23 )
Ksp
d
(102
6m
ol5
dm2
15!
C2O
422
(106
mol
dm2
3 )K
sp0e
(102
7m
ol5
dm2
15!
41.0
b1.
89.
014
.81.
667.
5
40.0
c1.
768.
813
.21.
626.
7
34.0
c1.
507.
54.
21.
232.
1
30.0
c1.
36.
52.
961.
21.
5
a The
com
posi
tion
ofth
eeq
uilib
rium
solid
phas
esw
asno
tre
port
ed.
b pH
51.
85.
c pH
52.
00.
d Cal
cula
ted
byau
thor
sas
Ksp
5@A
c31
#2@C
2O422
#3.
Tot
alox
alat
eco
ncen
trat
ion
inth
esa
tura
ted
solu
tions
was
assu
med
tobe
equa
lto
thre
etim
esth
eex
peri
men
tally
foun
dco
ncen
trat
ion
ofA
c 2~C
2O4!
3.T
heeq
uilib
rium
conc
entr
atio
nof
C2O
422w
asth
enca
lcul
ated
byus
ing
the
diss
ocia
tion
cons
tant
sof
oxal
icac
id,
Ka1
55.
9310
22
mol
dm2
3an
dK
a25
6.43
102
5m
oldm
23
~sou
rce
not
repo
rted
!,an
dth
eex
peri
-m
enta
llyde
term
ined
pH.
e Cal
cula
ted
byth
eau
thor
sby
taki
ngg
65
0.55
asth
em
ean
ioni
cac
tivity
coef
ficie
ntof
Ac 2
~C2O
4!3.
Aux
iliar
yIn
form
atio
n
Met
hod
App
arat
usP
roce
dure
:So
urce
and
Pur
ity
ofM
ater
ials
:
Isot
herm
alm
etho
don
mic
rosc
ale
was
used
.A
c 2~C
2O4!
3w
aspr
ecip
itate
dfr
omH
NO
3so
lutio
nw
ithsa
tura
ted
solu
tion
of~N
H4!
2C2O
4.T
hepr
ecip
itate
was
cent
rifu
ged
and
repe
ated
lyw
ashe
dan
dco
vere
dw
ithox
alic
acid
solu
tion
inw
hich
the
solu
bilit
yw
asto
bede
term
ined
,an
dst
irre
dfo
r10
15
h.T
his
stir
ring
time
was
take
nas
suffi
cien
tto
reac
heq
uilib
rium
,by
anal
ogy
toa
sim
ilar
stud
yof
La~
III!
oxal
ate.
1T
opr
epar
esa
mpl
esfo
r22
7 Ac
coun
ting
~em
anat
ion
met
hod!
,ce
ntri
fugi
ngits
elf
was
not
suffi
cien
tsi
nce
afil
mof
Ac 2
~C2O
4!3
rem
aine
d
Sour
cean
dpu
rity
of22
7 Ac
prep
arat
ion
and
ofch
emic
als
used
not
spec
ified
.
Est
imat
edE
rror
:T
empe
ratu
re:
prec
isio
n6
1K
~aut
hors
!So
lubi
lity:
insu
ffici
ent
data
give
nto
allo
wfo
rer
ror
estim
ate.
Ref
eren
ces:
1 R.V
.Bry
zgal
ova
and
N.V
.Che
rnits
kaya
,Rad
iokh
imiy
a3,
478
Co
~1!
~2!
~3!
~4!
Va
c 2 c 3 Tw
mo
Ac
3 M Th
du ma
tw sti
at we
by rem
Al
ac for
for
J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 30, No. 2, 2001
-
puri
tyw
asch
ecke
dby
mea
suri
ngits
half
-lif
ean
dm
axim
umbe
taen
ergy
.T
h~N
O3!
4w
aspu
rifie
dfr
ombe
taac
tive
deca
ypr
oduc
tsof
ThB
byco
prec
ipita
tion
with
lead
sulfi
de.S
ourc
eof
mat
eria
lsus
edno
tsp
ecifi
ed.
NaC
lO4
was
ach
emic
ally
pure
prod
uct,
and
was
recr
ysta
llize
dfr
omw
ater
.
Est
imat
edE
rror
:T
empe
ratu
re:
prec
isio
n6
0.05
K~a
utho
rs!
Solu
bilit
y:pr
ecis
ion
ofth
era
diom
etri
cm
etho
d6
~2
3%!
~aut
hors
!.
Ref
eren
ces:
1 G.
T.
Seab
org,
Edi
tor,
The
Act
inid
es~R
ussi
antr
ansl
atio
n!~I
nizd
at,
Mos
cow
,19
95!,
p.45
4.2 T
.So
llman
nan
dE
.D
.B
row
n,A
m.
J.Ph
ys.
18,
427
~190
7!.
mpo
nent
s:O
rigi
nal
Mea
sure
men
ts:
Tho
rium
oxoc
arbo
nate
;T
hOC
O3;
@#
Sodi
umca
rbon
ate;
Na 2
CO
3;@4
97-1
9-8#
Sodi
umpe
rchl
orat
e;N
aClO
4;@7
601-
89-0
#W
ater
;H
2O;
@773
2-18
-5#
O.
I.Z
akha
rov
and
G.
G.
Mik
hailo
v,Iz
v.V
UZ
Khi
m.
Khi
m.
Tek
hnol
.3,
No.
1,45
8
~196
0!.
riab
les:
Pre
pare
dby
:
K:
293
/mol
dm2
3 :0
0.
97at
cons
tant
ioni
cst
reng
thof
3.00
ldm
23
J.H
ala
Exp
erim
enta
lD
ata
Solu
bilit
yat
20C
ofT
hOC
O3
inN
a 2C
O3
NaC
lO4
solu
tions
a
Na 2
CO
3
2/m
oldm
23 )
Th
~Mg
L2
1 !T
hOC
O3
(102
mol
dm2
3 )b
Solid
phas
ec
025
.30.
0109
ThO
CO
38H
2O,
@#
0.00
760
.20.
0259
-
0.01
424
20.
1043
Th:
CO
251.
0:1.
5
0.02
358
50.
252
Th:
CO
251.
0:1.
8
0.03
110
000.
431
Th:
CO
251.
0:1.
99
0.04
415
600.
672
Th:
CO
251.
0:2.
16
0.07
725
601.
10-
0.09
128
101.
21-
0.14
638
001.
64d
0.16
147
302.
04d
0.19
151
502.
22d
0.20
957
702.
49d
0.27
266
602.
87d
0.37
583
703.
61d
0.41
591
203.
93d
0.54
1055
04.
55d
0.74
1120
04.
83d
0.97
1317
05.
68d
nic
stre
ngth
kept
cons
tant
at3.
00m
oldm
23
byus
ing
NaC
lO4.
alcu
late
dby
com
pile
r.c R
esul
tsba
sed
ontw
oor
thre
ean
alys
esin
each
mea
sure
men
t.d T
heso
lidph
ase
show
edth
eN
a:T
h:C
O3
:H2O
ratio
of6:
1:5:
12.
The
auth
ors
sugg
este
dth
ree
poss
ible
form
ulas
for
it,i.e
.,N
a 6T
h~C
O3!
512
H2O
,N
a 4T
h~C
O3!
4N
a 2C
O3
12H
2O,
and
Na 2
Th~
CO
3!3
2Na 2
CO
312
H2O
.O
fth
ese
they
pref
erre
dth
ela
ston
ew
ithco
ordi
natio
nnu
mbe
rof
6fo
rth
oriu
m~I
V!.
Sinc
eth
eT
h~C
O3!
562io
nis
aw
ell
esta
blis
hed
spec
ies,
3th
eco
mpi
ler
tent
ativ
ely
sugg
ests
the
Na 6
Th~
CO
3!5
12H
2O@1
2386
-47-
9#as
am
ore
prob
able
solid
phas
e.
541541IUPAC-NIST SOLUBILITY DATA SERIES
. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 30, No. 2, 2001
4.T
he
So
lub
ility
of
Th
ori
um
Co
mp
ou
nd
s
4.1.
Th
ori
um
Oxo
carb
on
ate
Com
pone
nts:
Ori
gina
lM
easu
rem
ents
:
~1!
Tho
rium
oxoc
arbo
nate
;T
hOC
O3
;@
#~2
!So
dium
perc
hlor
ate;
NaC
lO4
;@7
601-
89-0
#~3
!W
ater
;H
2O;
@773
2-18
-5#
O.
I.Z
akha
rov
and
G.
G.
Mik
hailo
v,Iz
v.V
UZ
Khi
m.
Khi
m.
Tek
hnol
.3,
No.
1,45
8
~196
0!.
Var
iabl
es:
Pre
pare
dby
:
T/K
:29
3c 2
/mol
dm2
3 :0
and
3J.
Hal
a
Exp
erim
enta
lD
ata
Solu
bilit
yat
20C
ofT
hOC
O3
inw
ater
and
3.0
mol
dm2
3N
aClO
4
NaC
lO4
(c2
/mol
dm2
3 )T
hOC
O3
~mg
L2
1 !T
hOC
O3
(105
c 1/m
oldm
23 )
NaC
lO4
(c2
/mol
dm2
3 )T
hOC
O3
~mg
L2
1 !T
hOC
O3
(105
c 1/m
oldm
23 )
022
.13.
000
25.9
23.0
23.6
21.2
25.3
22.1
61.
1a7.
17b
24.9
61.
2a8.
08
a Ave
rage
valu
e~a
utho
rs!.
b Cal
cula
ted
byco
mpi
ler
for
the
aver
age
valu
e.
Add
ition
alin
form
atio
n:So
lubi
lity
prod
uct
ofT
hOC
O3
was
calc
ulat
edby
the
auth
ors
asK
sp05
@ThO
21#@
CO
322#5
93
102
9m
ol2
dm2
6as
sum
ing
unit
activ
ityco
effic
ient
s.So
lidph
ases
wer
eno
tin
vest
igat
edbu
tba
sed
onm
easu
rem
ents
inth
eT
hOC
O3
Na 2
CO
3
NaC
lO4
H2O
syst
emin
the
sam
edo
cum
ent,
com
pile
ras
sum
esth
isto
beT
hOC
O3
8H2O
,@
#.
Aux
iliar
yIn
form
atio
n
Met
hod
App
arat
usP
roce
dure
:So
urce
and
Pur
ity
ofM
ater
ials
:
Isot
herm
alm
etho
dus
ed.
Exc
ess
solid
was
equi
libra
ted
for
3
10h
ina
ther
mos
tat.
Fres
hly
prep
ared
solid
was
used
sinc
eth
eso
lubi
lity
ofT
hOC
O3
was
foun
dto
beso
mew
hat
depe
nden
ton
the
age
ofth
epr
oduc
t.Sa
tura
ted
solu
tions
wer
ean
alyz
edra
diom
etri
cally
for
thor
ium
.
ThO
CO
38H
2Ow
aspr
epar
edby
prec
ipita
tion
ofT
h~N
O3!
4
solu
tion
labe
led
with
UX
1~2
34T
h!,
with
aneq
uiva
lent
amou
ntof
Na 2
CO
3so
lutio
n.1
The
prec
ipita
tew
asw
ashe
dw
ithw
ater
and
air
drie
d.A
naly
sis
~mas
s%
!:fo
und
57.5
ThO
2,10
.4C
O2,
32.4
H2O
,ca
lcul
ated
for
octa
hydr
ate
~com
pile
r!58
.39
ThO
2,9.
73C
O2,
31.8
7H
2O.
UX
1w
aspr
epar
edfr
omag
edur
aniu
msa
ltsac
cord
ing
toSo
llman
nan
dB
row
n,2
and
itsra
dioc
hem
ical
Co
~1!
~2!
~3!
~4!
Va
T/
c 2 mo
(c a Io
b C
J
-
4.2.
Sal
tso
fP
enta
kis
carb
on
ato
Th
ora
te6-
Eva
luat
ion
of
the
Na 6
ThC
O3
5N
a 2C
O3
H2O
Sys
tem
mpo
nent
s:E
valu
ator
:
Hex
asod
ium
pent
akis
~car
bona
to!t
hora
te;
Na 6
Th~
CO
3!5;
610-
62-9
#So
dium
carb
onat
e;N
a 2C
O3;
@497
-19-
8#W
ater
;H
2O;
@773
2-18
-5#
J.H
ala,
Dep
artm
ent
ofIn
orga
nic
Che
mis
try
Mas
aryk
Uni
vers
ity,6
1137
Brn
o,C
zech
Rep
ublic
,Fe
brua
ry20
00
Cri
tica
lE
valu
atio
nT
heso
lubi
lity
inth
issy
stem
was
repo
rted
intw
odo
cum
ents
.1,2
Con
side
rabl
edi
scre
panc
ies
betw
een
the
two
sets
ofda
ta,
exce
edin
gse
whi
chco
uld
bedu
eto
diff
eren
tco
nditi
ons
~i.e
.,io
nic
stre
ngth
,ra
nge
ofN
a 2C
O3
conc
entr
atio
n!us
ed,
are
obvi
ous.
Luz
hnay
aan
dva
leva
1re
port
edth
eso
lubi
lity
at29
8.15
Kof
Na 6
Th~
CO
3!5
asa
func
tion
ofso
dium
carb
onat
eco
ncen
trat
ion
abov
e0.
78m
oldm
23
2CO
3.In
this
conc
entr
atio
nra
nge,
the
solu
bilit
yof
the
salt
was
repo
rted
tode
crea
sew
ithin
crea
sing
Na 2
CO
3co
ncen
trat
ion
~the
auth
ors
reun
able
tom
easu
reth
eso
lubi
lity
atlo
wer
Na 2
CO
3co
ncen
trat
ions
beca
use
ofhy
drol
ysis
ofN
a 6T
h~C
O3!
5!.
On
the
cont
rary
,D
ervi
nd
Fauc
herr
e2re
port
edth
eso
lubi
lity
ofN
a 6T
h~C
O3!
5to
incr
ease
with
incr
easi
ngN
a 2C
O3
conc
entr
atio
nab
ove
0.4
mol
dm2
3N
a 2C
O3
dex
plai
ned
the
data
byth
efo
rmat
ion
ofth
eT
h~C
O3!
682io
nin
solu
tion.
At
Na 2
CO
3co
ncen
trat
ion
belo
w0.
4m
oldm
23
and
atio
nic
engt
hof
2.0
mol
dm2
3 ,th
eso
lubi
lity
ofN
a 6T
h~C
O3!
5w
asre
port
edto
bein
depe
nden
ton
Na 2
CO
3co
ncen
trat
ion.
Sinc
eth
ere
does
not
mto
bean
yob
viou
sre
ason
for
givi
ngpr
efer
ence
toon
ese
tof
data
over
the
othe
r,re
inve
stig
atio
nof
this
syst
emw
ould
bene
eded
fore
afin
alco
nclu
sion
abou
tth
eso
lubi
lity
ofN
a 6T
h~C
O3!
5in
aque
ous
Na 2
CO
3so
lutio
nsco
uld
bem
ade.
fere
nces
:
.P.
Luz
hnay
aan
dI.
S.K
oval
eva,
Zh.
Neo
rg.
Khi
m.
6,14
40~1
961!
.
Der
vin
and
J.Fa
uche
rre,
Bul
l.So
c.C
him
.Fr
ance
,29
30~1
973!
.
542542 JIRI HALA
Aux
iliar
yIn
form
atio
n
Met
hod
App
arat
usP
roce
dure
:So
urce
and
Pur
ity
ofM
ater
ials
:
Isot
herm
alm
etho
dus
ed.
Exc
ess
solid
was
equi
libra
ted
for
3
10h
ina
ther
mos
tat.
Fres
hly
prep
ared
solid
was
used
sinc
eth
eso
lubi
lity
ofT
hOC
O3
was
foun
dto
beso
mew
hat
depe
nden
ton
the
age
ofth
epr
oduc
t.T
heso
lidw
aseq
uilib
rate
dw
ithN
aClO
4/N
a 2C
O3
solu
tions
atco
nsta
ntio
nic
stre
ngth
of3.
0m
oldm
23 .
Satu
rate
dso
lutio
nsw
ere
anal
yzed
for
thor
ium
eith
erra
diom
etri
cally
orgr
avim
etri
cally
,de
pend
ing
onth
oriu
mco
ncen
trat
ion,
and
for
carb
onat
etit
rim
etri
cally
usin
ga
stan
dard
HC
lso
lutio
n.So
lidph
ases
wer
ean
alyz
edfo
rw
ater
and
carb
ondi
oxid
egr
avim
etri
cally
duri
ngth
erm
alde
com
posi
tion,
and
inth
ere
sidu
eN
a 2C
O3
was
dete
rmin
edtit
rim
etri
cally
and
thor
ium
grav
imet
rica
lly.
ThO
CO
38H
2Ow
aspr
epar
edby
prec
ipita
tion
ofT
h~N
O3!
4
solu
tion
labe
led
with
UX
1~2
34T
h!,
with
aneq
uiva
lent
amou
ntof
Na 2
CO
3so
lutio
n.1
The
prec
ipita
tew
asw
ashe
dw
ithw
ater
and
air
drie
d.A
naly
sis
~mas
s%
!:fo
und
57.5
ThO
2,10
.4C
O2,
32.4
H2O
,ca
lcul
ated
for
octa
hydr
ate
~com
pile
r!58
.39
ThO
2,9.
73C
O2,
31.8
7H
2O.
UX
1w
aspr
epar
edfr
omag
edur
aniu
msa
ltsac
cord
ing
toSo
llman
nan
dB
row
n,2
and
itsra
dioc
hem
ical
puri
tyw
asch
ecke
dby
mea
suri
ngha
lf-l
ife
and
max
imum
beta
ener
gy.
Th~
NO
3!4
was
puri
fied
from
beta
activ
ede
cay
prod
ucts
ofT
hBby
copr
ecip
itatio
nw
ithle
adsu
lfide
.Sou
rce
ofm
ater
ials
used
not
spec
ified
.So
dium
salts
used
wer
ech
emic
ally
pure
prod
ucts
,an
dw
ere
recr
ysta
llize
dfr
omw
ater
.
Est
imat
edE
rror
:T
empe
ratu
re:
prec
isio
n6
0.05
K~a
utho
rs!.
Rad
iom
etri
cm
etho
d:pr
ecis
ion
6~2
3!
%~a
utho
rs!.
Ref
eren
ces:
1 G.
T.
Seab
org,
Edi
tor,
The
Act
inid
es~R
ussi
antr
ansl
atio
n!~I
nizd
at,
Mos
cow
,19
95!,
p.45
4.2 T
.So
llman
nan
dE
.D
.B
row
n,A
m.
J.Ph
ys.
18,
427
~190
7!.
3 J.
Der
vin
and
J.Fa
uche
rre,
Bul
l.So
c.C
him
.Fr
ance
,29
30~1
973!
.
Co
~1!
@19
~2!
~3!
tho
Ko
Na
we
an an str
see
be Re
1 N 2 J.
J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 30, No. 2, 2001
-
Met
hod
App
arat
usP
roce
dure
:So
urce
and
Pur
ity
ofM
ater
ials
:
Isot
herm
alm
etho
dus
ed.
Mix
ture
sw
ere
equi
libra
ted
ina
ther
mos
tate
dba
thfo
r2
days
whi
chw
assu
ffici
ent
tore
ach
equi
libri
um.
Sam
ples
ofth
esa
tura
ted
solu
tions
and
the
solid
phas
esw
ere
anal
yzed
grav
imet
rica
llyfo
rth
oriu
m,
sodi
uman
dca
rbon
ate.
Tho
rium
was
dete
rmin
edas
ThO
2an
dso
dium
asN
a 2SO
4.T
ode
term
ine
carb
onat
e,th
esa
mpl
ew
asre
acte
dw
ithdi
lute
HC
lan
dth
eca
rbon
diox
ide
evol
ved
was
abso
rbed
ina
wei
ghed
Utu
befil
led
with
asca
rite
.So
lidph
ases
wer
eal
soch
arac
teri
zed
byth
em
etho
dof
wet
resi
dues
,x-
ray
diff
ract
ion
and
ther
mal
anal
ysis
.
Sour
ce,
puri
ty,
orm
etho
dof
prep
arat
ion
ofN
a 6T
h~C
O3!
5w
asno
tsp
ecifi
ed.
Na 2
CO
3w
aspr
epar
edfr
omre
agen
tgr
ade
deca
hydr
ate
~sou
rce
not
spec
ified
!by
heat
ing
itin
asi
lver
dish
.
Est
imat
edE
rror
:T
empe
ratu
re:
prec
isio
nno
tre
port
ed.
Solu
bilit
y:in
suffi
cien
tda
taw
ere
give
nto
allo
wfo
rer
ror
estim
ate.
mpo
nent
s:O
rigi
nal
Mea
sure
men
ts:
Hex
asod
ium
pent
akis
~car
bona
to!t
hora
te;
Na 6
Th~
CO
3!5;
610-
62-9
#So
dium
carb
onat
e;N
a 2C
O3;
@497
-19-
8#or
Sodi
umdr
ogen
carb
onat
e;N
aHC
O3;
@144
-55-
8#W
ater
;H
2O;
@773
2-18
-5#
J.D
ervi
nan
dJ.
Fauc
herr
e,B
ull.
Soc.
Chi
m.F
ranc
ept
.1,2
930
3
~197
3!.
riab
les:
Pre
pare
dby
:
K:
298
/mol
dm2
3 :0.
15
1.0
~Na 2
CO
3or
NaH
CO
3!J.
Hal
a
Exp
erim
enta
lD
ata
Solu
bilit
ies
at25
Cof
Na 6
Th~
CO
3!5
inaq
ueou
sso
lutio
nsof
Na 2
CO
3or
NaH
CO
3
CO
322or
HC
O32
(c2
/mol
dm2
3 )N
a 6T
h~C
O3!
5
~mol
dm2
3 !K
spd
~mol
7dm
221
!So
lidph
ase
O322
#,0,
4a,b
,e0.
0215
1.37
Na 6
Th~
CO
3!5
12H
2O
CO
32#5
0.15
1.
0a,c
0.02
08f
1.34
not
repo
rted
olut
ions
cont
aine
dco
nsta
ntco
ncen
trat
ion
ofN
a1io
nsof
2.0
mol
dm2
3 .ol
utio
nsof
Na 2
CO
3.ol
utio
nsof
NaH
CO
3.
sp5
@Th~
CO
3!562
#@N
a1#6
.th
ighe
rca
rbon
ate
ion
conc
entr
atio
nth
eso
lubi
lity
ofN
a 6T
h~C
O3!
5in
crea
sed
~res
ults
wer
epr
esen
ted
ingr
aphi
calf
orm
only
!w
hich
was
terp
rete
dby
the
auth
ors
asbe
ing
due
toth
efo
rmat
ion
ofth
eT
h~C
O3!
682io
nin
the
satu
rate
dso
lutio
n.bt
aine
dby
auth
ors
asth
eav
erag
eof
eigh
tm
easu
rem
ents
.
Aux
iliar
yIn
form
atio
n
etho
dA
ppar
atusP
roce
dure
:So
urce
and
Pur
ity
ofM
ater
ials
:
ther
mal
met
hod
used
.E
xces
sso
lidw
aseq
uilib
rate
dfo
r48
ithN
a 2C
O3
orN
aHC
O3
solu
tions
ofco
nsta
ntN
a1io
nnc
entr
atio
nin
poly
ethy
lene
bottl
es.
The
salt
used
toin
tain
Na1
conc
entr
atio
nat
the
cons
tant
valu
ew
asno
tec
ified
.A
fter
equi
libra
tion,
thor
ium
was
dete
rmin
edin
the
urat
edso
lutio
nstit
rim
etri
cally
with
ED
TA
.T
heeq
uilib
rium
lidph
ases
wer
ean
alyz
edto
asce
rtai
nth
atth
eir
com
posi
tion
not
chan
gedu
ring
equi
libra
tion.
Na 6
Th~
CO
3!5
was
prep
ared
bycr
ysta
lliza
tion
from
1m
oldm
23
Th~
NO
3!4
onad
ditio
nof
Na 2
CO
3so
lutio
nac
cord
ing
toD
ervi
net
al.1
Com
pile
ras
sum
esth
atN
a 6T
h~C
O3!
512
H2O
was
prep
ared
.Sou
rce
and
puri
tyof
mat
eria
lsus
edw
ere
nots
peci
fied.
Est
imat
edE
rror
:T
empe
ratu
re:
prec
isio
nno
tre
port
ed.
Solu
bilit
y:in
suffi
cien
tda
tagi
ven
toal
low
for
erro
res
timat
e.
Ref
eren
ces:
1 J.
Der
vin,
J.Fa
uche
rre,
P.H
erpi
n,an
dS.
Vol
itois
,B
ull.
Soc.
Chi
m.
Fran
ce26
34~1
973!
.
543543IUPAC-NIST SOLUBILITY DATA SERIES
. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 30, No. 2, 2001
Com
pone
nts:
Ori
gina
lM
easu
rem
ents
:
~1!
Hex
asod
ium
pent
akis
~car
bona
to!t
hora
te;